Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Movement disorders are a group of nervous system conditions that affect movement. They can cause either increased movements or reduced or slow movements. […] There are many types of movement disorders that cause different symptoms. […] A wide variety of factors can cause movement disorders, including: […] Some types of movement disorders can be caused by an altered gene. The altered gene is passed down from a parent to a child. This is called an inherited condition. Huntington’s disease and Wilson’s disease are two movement disorders that can be inherited. […] Medicines such as anti-seizure and anti-psychotic medicines can lead to movement disorders. […] Illegal drugs such as cocaine can cause movement disorders such as chorea. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause chorea or ataxia.

• #2 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia. […] Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders. […] Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders. […] For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven’t found the exact cause, it’s called idiopathic.

• #2 Movement Disorders | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/movementdisorders.html

  Movement disorders are neurologic conditions that cause problems with movement, such as: […] Causes of movement disorders include: […] Genetics […] Infections […] Medicines […] Damage to the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves […] Metabolic disorders […] Stroke and vascular diseases […] Toxins.

• #3 Movement Disorders: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/neuro/parkinsons-disease-movement-disorders/symptoms

  What causes movement disorders? Movement disorders are caused by damage to specific regions of the brain that are implicated in the modulation of motor functions, which are distinct from those areas that control motor functions. In many cases, the cause of a persons movement disorder cannot be identified. In other cases, a movement disorder may be caused by: […] Genetics. Huntingtons disease is caused by a mutation in a gene. Some cases of Parkinsons disease or dystonia may be genetic. Wilsons disease is a rare, inherited disorder that causes too much copper to build up in the body and results in problems with movement. […] Medications. Some medications cause side effects such as tremors or involuntary movements including Parkinsonism. […] Infections. Ataxia may be a complication of some infections. […] Stroke or head injury can cause Parkinsonism. […] Toxins can cause some movement disorders.

• #4 Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center | Stony Brook Neuroscience Institute

  https://neuro.stonybrookmedicine.edu/centers/movement/most_common_movement_disorders

  Functional movement disorder refers to abnormal involuntary movements that are caused by a problem with how signals are sent through the brain. […] Huntington’s disease is an inherited disorder that causes brain cells, called neurons, to die in various areas of the brain, which in turn causes disability that gets worse over time. […] Each child of a parent with Huntingtons disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the gene that causes the disease. […] Essential tremor is another disorder that can cause a persons arms to shake rhythmically when the arms are being used to perform a function such as eating, writing, dressing, drinking or when holding a posture such as with the arms outstretched in front of the body. […] Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Some forms of dystonia are genetic but the cause for the majority of cases is not known.

• #4 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Unlike Parkinsons disease, the risk of developing secondary parkinsonism may be minimized by careful medication management. Spasticity usually is caused by damage to the portion of the brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movement. […] It may result from spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, brain damage caused by a lack of oxygen, severe head injury and metabolic diseases such as Lou Gehrigs disease (ALS). Wilsons Disease is a genetic disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the liver or brain. […] In order to inherit it, both parents must carry a gene that is passed along to the child.

• #5 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  There are many causes for chorea, but the more common causes are drug-induced (PD meds like levodopa), immune-mediated (Anti-phospholipid syndrome), post-infectious (Sydenhams chorea), and neurodegenerative (Huntington disease). […] Main pathophysiology is degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum (GABAergic efferent projections). […] Genetics: Autosomal Dominant, CAG trinucleotide repeat. […] The most common clinically encountered cause is a drug-induced dystonia, i.e., acute dystonic reaction. […] The primary goal is to reduce copper levels. […] The main drug is zinc, but also trientine and D-penicillamine.

• #5 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  Parkinsons disease is an age-related degenerative brain condition, meaning it causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. […] Most cases happen for unknown reasons, but some are inherited. […] Although there are several recognized risk factors for Parkinsons disease, such as exposure to pesticides, for now, the only confirmed causes of Parkinsons disease are genetic. […] When Parkinsons disease isnt genetic, experts classify it as idiopathic (this term comes from Greek and means a disease of its own). That means they dont know exactly why it happens. […] Parkinsons disease can have a familial cause, which means you can inherit it from one or both of your parents. However, this only makes up about 10% of all cases. […] Experts believe idiopathic Parkinsons disease happens because of problems with how your body uses a protein called -synuclein (alpha sy-nu-clee-in).

• #6 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  Movement disorders are neurologic disorders that cause either an excess or a paucity of movement. […] The main feature of hypokinetic disorders is bradykinesia or slowness of movement. […] In general, many of the hypokinetic disorders have at its core principle reduced dopamine neurotransmission. […] The prototype example is Parkinson disease. […] Loss of dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra effects both the direct and indirect pathways. […] The loss of DA in the indirect pathway leads to a decrease inhibition in the striatum. […] Risk Factors (selected): Environmental: Pesticide. Genetic: GBA (acid beta-glucocerebrosidase) mutations are the most common mutation in sporadic cases. […] An important clue is the response to alcohol; alcohol is often associated with an improvement in the tremors.

• #7 Dystonia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/dystonia/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of dystonia is unknown, though researchers believe the condition is related to an issue in the basal ganglia, the part of the brain responsible for „telling” your muscles to contract. There are genetic forms of dystonia as well. […] If a genetic cause is suspected the blood tests may be sent for genetic testing.

• #8 Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center | Stony Brook Neuroscience Institute

  https://neuro.stonybrookmedicine.edu/centers/movement/most_common_movement_disorders

  Functional movement disorder refers to abnormal involuntary movements that are caused by a problem with how signals are sent through the brain. […] Huntington’s disease is an inherited disorder that causes brain cells, called neurons, to die in various areas of the brain, which in turn causes disability that gets worse over time. […] Each child of a parent with Huntingtons disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the gene that causes the disease. […] Essential tremor is another disorder that can cause a persons arms to shake rhythmically when the arms are being used to perform a function such as eating, writing, dressing, drinking or when holding a posture such as with the arms outstretched in front of the body. […] Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Some forms of dystonia are genetic but the cause for the majority of cases is not known.

• #9 Conditions We Treat – Neurology Solutions

  https://www.neurologysolutions.com/movement-disorders/

  A movement disorder is a neurological condition that causes problems with a persons movement. […] Some movement disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, are classified as neurodegenerative, a type of disease where the nervous system cells stop working or die. […] Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder in the United States, behind essential tremor and Parkinsons disease. […] Atypical Parkinsonism disorder, also called Parkinsons Plus, is a set of progressive, neurodegenerative movement disorders with signs and symptoms that resemble those of Parkinsons disease, but that generally do not respond well to levodopa, the primary medication used to treat Parkinsons. […] REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a chronic, non-familial sleep-related movement disorder characterized by dream enactment and the patients loss of inherent muscle atonia during REM sleep.

• #10 Movement Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and What You Need to Know

  https://www.sparshhospital.com/blog/movement-disorders/

  What are the Causes of Movement Disorders? […] The causes of movement disorders can be diverse and complex. Some common causes include: […] Genetic Factors: Many abnormal movement disorders, like Huntingtons disease, have a genetic component. It runs in families. […] Brain Injuries or Lesions: Damage to specific brain areas can lead to movement disorders. […] Infections: Certain infections affecting the brain can cause movement disorders. […] Autoimmune Conditions: In some cases, the immune system may mistakenly attack parts of the nervous system. […] Toxins: Exposure to certain toxins or heavy metals can lead to movement disorders. […] Medications: Some medications, particularly those affecting brain chemistry, can develop movement disorders as a side effect. […] Neurodegenerative Processes: Many movement disorders result from progressive nerve cell damage in specific brain areas. […] Vascular Problems: Strokes or other issues affecting blood flow to the brain can cause movement disorders. […] Unknown Causes: In many cases, the exact reason for a movement disorder may not be identifiable.

• #11 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  The condition is hereditary a child with one affected parent has a 50 percent chance of developing Huntingtons disease. MSA is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease affecting movement, blood pressure and other body functions. […] Medication may be prescribed to treat some of the symptoms associated with this disease. Myoclonus is classified into several major types and many subcategories. […] Some of the diseases associated with myoclonus are Celiac disease, Angelman syndrome, Huntingtons disease, Rett syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimers disease. Parkinsons disease is caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra, which controls movement. […] Most Parkinsons patients are treated with medications to relieve the symptoms of the disease. Secondary Parkinsonism is a disorder with symptoms similar to Parkinsons disease, but caused by medication side effects, different neurodegenerative disorders, illness or brain damage.

• #12 Movement Symptoms | Parkinson’s Foundation

  https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/movement-symptoms

  Parkinsons disease (PD) is called a movement disorder because of the tremors, slowing and stiffening movements it can cause, and these are the most obvious symptoms of the disease. […] What causes Parkinsons movement symptoms? Dopamine is a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) that is primarily responsible for controlling movement, emotional responses and the ability to feel pleasure and pain. In people with Parkinsons, the cells that make dopamine are impaired. As Parkinsons progresses, more dopamine-producing brain cells die. Your brain eventually reaches a point where it stops producing dopamine in any significant amount. This causes increasing problems with movement. […] Parkinsons affects everyone differently and symptoms can change throughout the course of the disease. Only half of all people with PD will experience tremor, for instance. Though Parkinson’s is diagnosed based on primary movement symptoms, it can produce many secondary movement symptoms too. When alpha-synuclein, a common brain protein, misfolds and clumps specific areas of the brain, it diminishes the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine is vital to smooth, coordinated movements and other body processes. Parkinson’s symptoms arise from dopamine declines and affect people who live with the disease differently.

• #13 Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/neurology-neurosurgery/parkinsons

  Parkinson’s disease is caused by the progressive loss of a certain type of neuron cells in the brain. This results in a shortage of the chemical messenger called dopamine, which is important for controlling the body’s motor functions. […] Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system that causes impaired or involuntary movements and can affect behavior, mood and other non-motor functions of the body. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease, meaning it worsens over time. […] Parkinson’s disease symptoms can often be controlled with medication alone, or with a combination of medication and surgical intervention, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), for patients who meet certain criteria. The extent to which symptoms can be reduced depends on each patient’s individual circumstances.

• #14 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  The condition is hereditary a child with one affected parent has a 50 percent chance of developing Huntingtons disease. MSA is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease affecting movement, blood pressure and other body functions. […] Medication may be prescribed to treat some of the symptoms associated with this disease. Myoclonus is classified into several major types and many subcategories. […] Some of the diseases associated with myoclonus are Celiac disease, Angelman syndrome, Huntingtons disease, Rett syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimers disease. Parkinsons disease is caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra, which controls movement. […] Most Parkinsons patients are treated with medications to relieve the symptoms of the disease. Secondary Parkinsonism is a disorder with symptoms similar to Parkinsons disease, but caused by medication side effects, different neurodegenerative disorders, illness or brain damage.

• #15 Movement Disorders and Parkinson’s Disease | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/parkinsons-disease-movement-disorders

  This neurological condition causes repetitive and involuntary movements such as grimacing, eye blinking and other uncontrollable movements. […] This movement disorder causes unpleasant, abnormal feelings in the legs while relaxing or lying down. […] This is a rare genetic disorder that causes excessive amounts of copper to build up in the body.

• #16 Movement Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24847-movement-disorders

  Movement disorders cause increased and/or slow movement. They can affect actions you choose to make or cause uncontrolled movements. […] Damage to or malfunction of the areas of your brain that control movement results in a movement disorder. […] In general, movement disorders develop from damage to or malfunction of certain parts of your brain that control movement, including your: […] Several situations can result in damage to these areas, including: […] Some movement disorders have a single cause that healthcare providers can identify. But in many cases, the condition results from multiple factors. Some movement disorders have unknown causes.

• #17

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/movement-disorders/

  There are various factors that can contribute to the development of movement disorders. One common cause is damage or dysfunction in the areas of the brain that control movement, such as the basal ganglia or cerebellum. This can be a result of genetic mutations, trauma, infections, or exposure to certain toxins. Additionally, some movement disorders may be secondary to other underlying medical conditions. For example, Parkinson’s disease is often associated with a loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Other conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or certain medications can also lead to movement abnormalities. In certain cases, movement disorders may be idiopathic, meaning that their exact cause is unknown. However, ongoing research is dedicated to unraveling the underlying mechanisms and potential genetic factors involved in these conditions. By understanding the causes of movement disorders, healthcare professionals can tailor treatment plans and therapies accordingly. […] The causes of movement disorders can vary depending on the specific condition. Some may be caused by genetic factors, while others can result from brain injuries, infections, medication side effects, or certain underlying medical conditions.

• #18 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological conditions that affect your ability to make and control movements. You may have involuntary (uncontrolled) movements, such as tremors or jerking motions. […] Several factors can cause movement disorders. Nerve cell (neuron) damage or death to areas of your brain can affect how your body moves. Some people have gene changes that affect the brain. […] Gene changes (mutations) cause some types of movement disorders. You may inherit this gene change from a parent, or the gene may mutate spontaneously. […] Many movement disorders become more common as you get older. […] A traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases your risk. […] Infectious diseases, such as bacterial meningitis, can cause brain swelling that leads to a movement disorder. […] Behaviors, such as using tobacco or excessive alcohol use, may increase risk.

• #19 Movement Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders can result from many types of brain injury, such as head trauma, infection, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, toxins, or unintended side effects of medications. […] They can also be a symptom of other, underlying diseases or conditions, including genetic disorders.

• #20 Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602779/

  Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological or systemic diseases. […] Cerebrovascular diseases represent up to 22% of secondary movement disorders, and involuntary movements develop after 1-4% of strokes. […] Post-stroke movement disorders can manifest in parkinsonism or a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders including chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, stereotypies, and akathisia. […] These movement disorders have been encountered in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistula affecting the basal ganglia, their connections, or both.

• #21 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Metabolic disorders can cause toxins to build up in your body, leading to nerve or brain damage. […] Having a stroke or vascular disease that affects blood flow to your brain may raise your risk. […] Exposure to certain toxins, such as manganese, iron, carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide, puts you at risk.

• #22 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Unlike Parkinsons disease, the risk of developing secondary parkinsonism may be minimized by careful medication management. Spasticity usually is caused by damage to the portion of the brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movement. […] It may result from spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, brain damage caused by a lack of oxygen, severe head injury and metabolic diseases such as Lou Gehrigs disease (ALS). Wilsons Disease is a genetic disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the liver or brain. […] In order to inherit it, both parents must carry a gene that is passed along to the child.

• #23 Involuntary Movements: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/movement-uncontrollable

  Involuntary movements like tremors or tics result from issues with the nerves or muscles. Some underlying medical conditions may cause them, such as low blood sugar, hypoxia, and multiple sclerosis. […] In general, involuntary movement suggests damage to nerves or areas of your brain that affect motor coordination. However, a variety of underlying conditions can produce involuntary movement. […] In children, some of the most common causes of involuntary movements are: hypoxia, kernicterus, cerebral palsy. […] In adults, some of the most common causes of involuntary movements include: drug use, use of neuroleptic medications prescribed for psychiatric disorders over a long period, tumors, brain injury, stroke, degenerative disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, seizure disorders, untreated syphilis, thyroid diseases, genetic disorders, including Huntingtons disease and Wilsons disease.

• #24 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Movement disorders are a group of nervous system conditions that affect movement. They can cause either increased movements or reduced or slow movements. […] There are many types of movement disorders that cause different symptoms. […] A wide variety of factors can cause movement disorders, including: […] Some types of movement disorders can be caused by an altered gene. The altered gene is passed down from a parent to a child. This is called an inherited condition. Huntington’s disease and Wilson’s disease are two movement disorders that can be inherited. […] Medicines such as anti-seizure and anti-psychotic medicines can lead to movement disorders. […] Illegal drugs such as cocaine can cause movement disorders such as chorea. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause chorea or ataxia.

• #25 Drug-induced movement disorders – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/drug-induced-movement-disorders.html

  Many therapeutic and illicit drugs can cause movement disorders. Antipsychotics and antiemetics are most commonly implicated. […] Both therapeutic and illicit drugs can cause neurological adverse effects, including movement disorders. The most common causes of drug-induced movement disorders are dopamine receptor blocking drugs, including antipsychotics and antiemetics. […] Drug-induced movement disorders can range from tremors to life-threatening syndromes. […] The time of onset of the movement disorder may be acute, subacute, or chronic. The severity can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. […] Acute drug-induced movement disorders occur within minutes to days of drug ingestion. […] Drug-induced parkinsonism is typically characterised by bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. It is the second commonest cause of parkinsonism after idiopathic Parkinsons disease. Various drugs have been associated with parkinsonism.

• #26 Drug-induced movement disorders – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/drug-induced-movement-disorders.html

  Many therapeutic and illicit drugs can cause movement disorders. Antipsychotics and antiemetics are most commonly implicated. […] Both therapeutic and illicit drugs can cause neurological adverse effects, including movement disorders. The most common causes of drug-induced movement disorders are dopamine receptor blocking drugs, including antipsychotics and antiemetics. […] Drug-induced movement disorders can range from tremors to life-threatening syndromes. […] The time of onset of the movement disorder may be acute, subacute, or chronic. The severity can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. […] Acute drug-induced movement disorders occur within minutes to days of drug ingestion. […] Drug-induced parkinsonism is typically characterised by bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. It is the second commonest cause of parkinsonism after idiopathic Parkinsons disease. Various drugs have been associated with parkinsonism.

• #27 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-including-dystonias-choreas/

  HMDs can result from genetic abnormalities, neurodegenerative diseases, structural lesions, infection, drugs, toxins, or psychogenic causes. […] However, in many cases, HMDs have no clear cause and are thus identified as idiopathic. […] Tremor, especially essential tremor (ET), is the most frequent type of HMD seen in clinical practice. […] Huntington’s Disease is the most frequent cause of chorea with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 10/100,000 people. […] Psychiatric illnesses and associated neuroleptic medications have been associated with HMD. […] Environmental factors such as nicotine, alcohol (and withdrawal), carbon monoxide, lead, mercury, toluene, DDT, naphthalene, manganese, lindane, arsenic, kepone, cyanide and dioxins can cause tremors. […] Psychiatric illness and HMD are commonly associated suggesting the underlying pathophysiology is potentially intertwined.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Movement disorders are neurological syndromes where there may be excess of movement or a paucity of movement that is not connected to weakness, paralysis of spasticity of the muscles. […] Although genetics is the commonly implicated cause of abnormal movements there are other causes such as stress, drugs and so forth. […] These may be caused due to intake of certain drugs. Antipsychotic medications taken for psychiatric conditions like Schizophrenia or anti-nausea agents like Metoclopramide may lead to these movement disorders. […] Chronic disease like an over active thyroid gland can lead to abnormal movements like tremors. […] Alcohol consumption may lead to ataxia an abnormal movement or gait. […] Iron deficiency is thought to be responsible for Restless leg syndrome although the exact cause of the condition is unknown.

• #29 Drug-induced movement disorders – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/drug-induced-movement-disorders.html

  Many therapeutic and illicit drugs can cause movement disorders. Antipsychotics and antiemetics are most commonly implicated. […] Both therapeutic and illicit drugs can cause neurological adverse effects, including movement disorders. The most common causes of drug-induced movement disorders are dopamine receptor blocking drugs, including antipsychotics and antiemetics. […] Drug-induced movement disorders can range from tremors to life-threatening syndromes. […] The time of onset of the movement disorder may be acute, subacute, or chronic. The severity can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. […] Acute drug-induced movement disorders occur within minutes to days of drug ingestion. […] Drug-induced parkinsonism is typically characterised by bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. It is the second commonest cause of parkinsonism after idiopathic Parkinsons disease. Various drugs have been associated with parkinsonism.

• #30 Involuntary Movements: Types, Causes, and Examples, Stanford 25 | Stanford Medicine 25 | Stanford Medicine

  https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/the25/involuntary-movements-and-tremors.html

  Involuntary movements compose a group of uncontrolled movements that may manifest as a tremor, tic, myoclonic jerk, chorea, athetosis, dystonia or hemiballism. The underlying causes and observation of these diagnoses are reviewed here. […] Recognition of involuntary movements associated with hyperkinetic movement disorders is an important diagnostic skill. […] Causes include Parkinson’s disease, drug-induced parkinsonism and less common supranuclear palsy. […] Most acute hyperkinetic drug reactions result in dystonia, typically generalized in children and focal in adults. […] Most subacute reactions result in akathisia. […] Tardive dyskinesia (TD) most often develops months to years after antipsychotic treatment is initiated. […] Most commonly caused by medications, brain lesions, or brainstem pathology. […] Psychogenic movement disorders are common and may mimic any of the conditions described above.

• #31 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  There are many causes for chorea, but the more common causes are drug-induced (PD meds like levodopa), immune-mediated (Anti-phospholipid syndrome), post-infectious (Sydenhams chorea), and neurodegenerative (Huntington disease). […] Main pathophysiology is degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum (GABAergic efferent projections). […] Genetics: Autosomal Dominant, CAG trinucleotide repeat. […] The most common clinically encountered cause is a drug-induced dystonia, i.e., acute dystonic reaction. […] The primary goal is to reduce copper levels. […] The main drug is zinc, but also trientine and D-penicillamine.

• #32 SOP: acute hyperkinetic movement disorders | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00260-w

• #33 Complex Movement Disorders

  https://www.gillettechildrens.org/conditions-care/complex-movement-disorders

  What causes complex movement disorders? […] Many factors might increase a person’s risk for developing a complex movement disorder. Some of the most common include: […] Brain injury from low oxygen levels in the blood stream at birth, which causes cerebral palsy […] Geneticssome forms of dystonia are inherited […] Other disorders or conditionssuch as severe jaundice after birth, infections or reactions to certain medicines […] Tardive syndromes are caused by exposure to certain antipsychotic medicines (such as haloperidol). […] Other rare causes of chorea in children include side effects from medication or toxins, stroke, and genetic metabolic conditions.

• #34 Movement Disorders | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/movementdisorders.html

  Movement disorders are neurologic conditions that cause problems with movement, such as: […] Causes of movement disorders include: […] Genetics […] Infections […] Medicines […] Damage to the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves […] Metabolic disorders […] Stroke and vascular diseases […] Toxins.

• #35 Systemic diseases that cause movement disorders – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15619457/

  The present review is aimed at providing practical assistance to the clinical neurologist in reaching a diagnosis, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of movement disorders associated with systemic diseases, and determining appropriate therapy. […] Infectious disease by direct effect or as an acquired autoimmune neurological disease, stroke, hypoxia-ischemia, paraneoplastic syndromes, collagen disorders, endocrine, liver and kidney diseases that may cause hypokinetic or hyperkinetic abnormal movement are considered separately. […] The type and evolution of abnormal movement caused by systemic disease vary with age and underlying pathology. […] Therapy for abnormal movements should include a primary treatment for the systemic disease.

• #36 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological conditions that affect your ability to make and control movements. You may have involuntary (uncontrolled) movements, such as tremors or jerking motions. […] Several factors can cause movement disorders. Nerve cell (neuron) damage or death to areas of your brain can affect how your body moves. Some people have gene changes that affect the brain. […] Gene changes (mutations) cause some types of movement disorders. You may inherit this gene change from a parent, or the gene may mutate spontaneously. […] Many movement disorders become more common as you get older. […] A traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases your risk. […] Infectious diseases, such as bacterial meningitis, can cause brain swelling that leads to a movement disorder. […] Behaviors, such as using tobacco or excessive alcohol use, may increase risk.

• #37 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  There are many causes for chorea, but the more common causes are drug-induced (PD meds like levodopa), immune-mediated (Anti-phospholipid syndrome), post-infectious (Sydenhams chorea), and neurodegenerative (Huntington disease). […] Main pathophysiology is degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum (GABAergic efferent projections). […] Genetics: Autosomal Dominant, CAG trinucleotide repeat. […] The most common clinically encountered cause is a drug-induced dystonia, i.e., acute dystonic reaction. […] The primary goal is to reduce copper levels. […] The main drug is zinc, but also trientine and D-penicillamine.

• #38 Movement Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms – Bansal Hospital

  https://bansalhospital.com/movement-disorders

  Certain infections, such as encephalitis and meningitis, can cause brain inflammation, leading to movement disorders. […] Exposure to certain toxins, such as carbon monoxide, can damage the brain and cause movement disorders. […] Disorders that affect the body’s metabolism, such as Wilson’s disease, can cause movement disorders. […] Some autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and multiple sclerosis, can attack the areas of the brain responsible for movement control and cause movement disorders. […] In some cases, the cause of a movement disorder may be unknown. These cases are often referred to as idiopathic movement disorders.

• #39 Autoimmune Movement Disorders in Adults

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-sept/autoimmune-movement-disorders-in-adults

  As antibodies to neuronal targets are described, we see the clinical spectrum and pathophysiology of autoimmune movement disorders more clearly. […] These developments also reflect on movement disorders associated with neuronal antibodies, a field that is continuously broadening. […] Although these conditions are rare overall, they are a not-to-miss diagnosis because of the treatment implications: the earlier immunotherapy is initiated, the better the outcome. […] To facilitate prompt immunotherapy, new diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis highlight the importance of clinical recognition. […] Movement disorders may be the first or most prominent presentation of autoimmune encephalitis and can present with characteristic phenotypes, with associated red flags or other diagnostic clues.

• #40 SOP: acute hyperkinetic movement disorders | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00260-w

• #41 Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602779/

  Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological or systemic diseases. […] Cerebrovascular diseases represent up to 22% of secondary movement disorders, and involuntary movements develop after 1-4% of strokes. […] Post-stroke movement disorders can manifest in parkinsonism or a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders including chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, stereotypies, and akathisia. […] These movement disorders have been encountered in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistula affecting the basal ganglia, their connections, or both.

• #42 Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602779/

  Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological or systemic diseases. […] Cerebrovascular diseases represent up to 22% of secondary movement disorders, and involuntary movements develop after 1-4% of strokes. […] Post-stroke movement disorders can manifest in parkinsonism or a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders including chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, stereotypies, and akathisia. […] These movement disorders have been encountered in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistula affecting the basal ganglia, their connections, or both.

• #43 Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602779/

  Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological or systemic diseases. […] Cerebrovascular diseases represent up to 22% of secondary movement disorders, and involuntary movements develop after 1-4% of strokes. […] Post-stroke movement disorders can manifest in parkinsonism or a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders including chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, stereotypies, and akathisia. […] These movement disorders have been encountered in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistula affecting the basal ganglia, their connections, or both.

• #44 Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602779/

  Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological or systemic diseases. […] Cerebrovascular diseases represent up to 22% of secondary movement disorders, and involuntary movements develop after 1-4% of strokes. […] Post-stroke movement disorders can manifest in parkinsonism or a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders including chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, stereotypies, and akathisia. […] These movement disorders have been encountered in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistula affecting the basal ganglia, their connections, or both.

• #45 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Metabolic disorders can cause toxins to build up in your body, leading to nerve or brain damage. […] Having a stroke or vascular disease that affects blood flow to your brain may raise your risk. […] Exposure to certain toxins, such as manganese, iron, carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide, puts you at risk.

• #46 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Movement disorders are neurological syndromes where there may be excess of movement or a paucity of movement that is not connected to weakness, paralysis of spasticity of the muscles. […] Although genetics is the commonly implicated cause of abnormal movements there are other causes such as stress, drugs and so forth. […] These may be caused due to intake of certain drugs. Antipsychotic medications taken for psychiatric conditions like Schizophrenia or anti-nausea agents like Metoclopramide may lead to these movement disorders. […] Chronic disease like an over active thyroid gland can lead to abnormal movements like tremors. […] Alcohol consumption may lead to ataxia an abnormal movement or gait. […] Iron deficiency is thought to be responsible for Restless leg syndrome although the exact cause of the condition is unknown.

• #47 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-including-dystonias-choreas/

  HMDs can result from genetic abnormalities, neurodegenerative diseases, structural lesions, infection, drugs, toxins, or psychogenic causes. […] However, in many cases, HMDs have no clear cause and are thus identified as idiopathic. […] Tremor, especially essential tremor (ET), is the most frequent type of HMD seen in clinical practice. […] Huntington’s Disease is the most frequent cause of chorea with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 10/100,000 people. […] Psychiatric illnesses and associated neuroleptic medications have been associated with HMD. […] Environmental factors such as nicotine, alcohol (and withdrawal), carbon monoxide, lead, mercury, toluene, DDT, naphthalene, manganese, lindane, arsenic, kepone, cyanide and dioxins can cause tremors. […] Psychiatric illness and HMD are commonly associated suggesting the underlying pathophysiology is potentially intertwined.

• #48 Drug-induced movement disorders – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/drug-induced-movement-disorders.html

  Additionally, toxins can cause parkinsonism. These include 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), organophosphate pesticides, manganese, methanol, cyanide, carbon monoxide, and carbon disulphide. […] Tardive movement disorders include dyskinesias (typically orobuccolingual), stereotypies, akathisia, dystonia (focal, segmental or generalised), myoclonus, tremor and tics. Additionally, tardive parkinsonism may be experienced. […] Movement disorders secondary to illicit drugs are usually acute and self-limiting, but can occasionally be life-threatening. […] Movement disorders are a common, and at times life-threatening, adverse effect of many drugs, most commonly dopamine receptor blocking drugs.

• #49 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Copper excess in the body leads to Wilsons disease characterized by abnormal movements, psychiatric and liver disease manifestations. […] Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative condition. There is a reduction of cells in the basal ganglia that produce a chemical messenger of the brain called Dopamine. […] It has mainly genetics as a cause. There are other causes such as exposure to heavy metals, such as prolonged exposure to copper and manganese or exposure to pesticides and exposure to antipsychotic drugs like phenothiazines, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and anti-vomiting agent metoclopramide. […] Huntingtons disease is primarily caused by genetic defects that are inherited. The defect lies in the 4th chromosome and is transmitted to the offspring almost certainly (autosomal dominant trait).

• #50 Stereotypic Movement Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/stereotypic-movement-disorder-5270509

  Brain conditions or injuries: The condition may be caused by brain injuries or neurological problems in childhood. […] Developmental conditions: Developmental conditions like autism can cause a child to develop secondary motor stereotypies. […] Gender: Boys may be more likely to develop stereotypic movement disorder than girls. […] Additionally, using certain stimulant drugs like cocaine or amphetamines may cause short but severe bursts of movements. Long-term use of stimulant drugs can lead to longer episodes of movements. The movements cease when the person stops using drugs.

• #51 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Movement disorders are a group of nervous system conditions that affect movement. They can cause either increased movements or reduced or slow movements. […] There are many types of movement disorders that cause different symptoms. […] A wide variety of factors can cause movement disorders, including: […] Some types of movement disorders can be caused by an altered gene. The altered gene is passed down from a parent to a child. This is called an inherited condition. Huntington’s disease and Wilson’s disease are two movement disorders that can be inherited. […] Medicines such as anti-seizure and anti-psychotic medicines can lead to movement disorders. […] Illegal drugs such as cocaine can cause movement disorders such as chorea. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause chorea or ataxia.

• #52 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Movement disorders are a group of nervous system conditions that affect movement. They can cause either increased movements or reduced or slow movements. […] There are many types of movement disorders that cause different symptoms. […] A wide variety of factors can cause movement disorders, including: […] Some types of movement disorders can be caused by an altered gene. The altered gene is passed down from a parent to a child. This is called an inherited condition. Huntington’s disease and Wilson’s disease are two movement disorders that can be inherited. […] Medicines such as anti-seizure and anti-psychotic medicines can lead to movement disorders. […] Illegal drugs such as cocaine can cause movement disorders such as chorea. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause chorea or ataxia.

• #53 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  Movement disorders are neurologic disorders that cause either an excess or a paucity of movement. […] The main feature of hypokinetic disorders is bradykinesia or slowness of movement. […] In general, many of the hypokinetic disorders have at its core principle reduced dopamine neurotransmission. […] The prototype example is Parkinson disease. […] Loss of dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra effects both the direct and indirect pathways. […] The loss of DA in the indirect pathway leads to a decrease inhibition in the striatum. […] Risk Factors (selected): Environmental: Pesticide. Genetic: GBA (acid beta-glucocerebrosidase) mutations are the most common mutation in sporadic cases. […] An important clue is the response to alcohol; alcohol is often associated with an improvement in the tremors.

• #54 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Movement disorders are neurological syndromes where there may be excess of movement or a paucity of movement that is not connected to weakness, paralysis of spasticity of the muscles. […] Although genetics is the commonly implicated cause of abnormal movements there are other causes such as stress, drugs and so forth. […] These may be caused due to intake of certain drugs. Antipsychotic medications taken for psychiatric conditions like Schizophrenia or anti-nausea agents like Metoclopramide may lead to these movement disorders. […] Chronic disease like an over active thyroid gland can lead to abnormal movements like tremors. […] Alcohol consumption may lead to ataxia an abnormal movement or gait. […] Iron deficiency is thought to be responsible for Restless leg syndrome although the exact cause of the condition is unknown.

• #55 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Metabolic disorders can cause toxins to build up in your body, leading to nerve or brain damage. […] Having a stroke or vascular disease that affects blood flow to your brain may raise your risk. […] Exposure to certain toxins, such as manganese, iron, carbon dioxide and carbon disulfide, puts you at risk.

• #56 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia. […] Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders. […] Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders. […] For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven’t found the exact cause, it’s called idiopathic.

• #57 Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/neurology-neurosurgery/parkinsons

  Parkinson’s disease is caused by the progressive loss of a certain type of neuron cells in the brain. This results in a shortage of the chemical messenger called dopamine, which is important for controlling the body’s motor functions. […] Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system that causes impaired or involuntary movements and can affect behavior, mood and other non-motor functions of the body. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease, meaning it worsens over time. […] Parkinson’s disease symptoms can often be controlled with medication alone, or with a combination of medication and surgical intervention, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), for patients who meet certain criteria. The extent to which symptoms can be reduced depends on each patient’s individual circumstances.

• #58 Movement Symptoms | Parkinson’s Foundation

  https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/movement-symptoms

  Parkinsons disease (PD) is called a movement disorder because of the tremors, slowing and stiffening movements it can cause, and these are the most obvious symptoms of the disease. […] What causes Parkinsons movement symptoms? Dopamine is a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) that is primarily responsible for controlling movement, emotional responses and the ability to feel pleasure and pain. In people with Parkinsons, the cells that make dopamine are impaired. As Parkinsons progresses, more dopamine-producing brain cells die. Your brain eventually reaches a point where it stops producing dopamine in any significant amount. This causes increasing problems with movement. […] Parkinsons affects everyone differently and symptoms can change throughout the course of the disease. Only half of all people with PD will experience tremor, for instance. Though Parkinson’s is diagnosed based on primary movement symptoms, it can produce many secondary movement symptoms too. When alpha-synuclein, a common brain protein, misfolds and clumps specific areas of the brain, it diminishes the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine is vital to smooth, coordinated movements and other body processes. Parkinson’s symptoms arise from dopamine declines and affect people who live with the disease differently.

• #59 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  Parkinsons disease is an age-related degenerative brain condition, meaning it causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. […] Most cases happen for unknown reasons, but some are inherited. […] Although there are several recognized risk factors for Parkinsons disease, such as exposure to pesticides, for now, the only confirmed causes of Parkinsons disease are genetic. […] When Parkinsons disease isnt genetic, experts classify it as idiopathic (this term comes from Greek and means a disease of its own). That means they dont know exactly why it happens. […] Parkinsons disease can have a familial cause, which means you can inherit it from one or both of your parents. However, this only makes up about 10% of all cases. […] Experts believe idiopathic Parkinsons disease happens because of problems with how your body uses a protein called -synuclein (alpha sy-nu-clee-in).

• #60 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  Parkinsons disease is an age-related degenerative brain condition, meaning it causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. […] Most cases happen for unknown reasons, but some are inherited. […] Although there are several recognized risk factors for Parkinsons disease, such as exposure to pesticides, for now, the only confirmed causes of Parkinsons disease are genetic. […] When Parkinsons disease isnt genetic, experts classify it as idiopathic (this term comes from Greek and means a disease of its own). That means they dont know exactly why it happens. […] Parkinsons disease can have a familial cause, which means you can inherit it from one or both of your parents. However, this only makes up about 10% of all cases. […] Experts believe idiopathic Parkinsons disease happens because of problems with how your body uses a protein called -synuclein (alpha sy-nu-clee-in).

• #61 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  Parkinsons disease is an age-related degenerative brain condition, meaning it causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. […] Most cases happen for unknown reasons, but some are inherited. […] Although there are several recognized risk factors for Parkinsons disease, such as exposure to pesticides, for now, the only confirmed causes of Parkinsons disease are genetic. […] When Parkinsons disease isnt genetic, experts classify it as idiopathic (this term comes from Greek and means a disease of its own). That means they dont know exactly why it happens. […] Parkinsons disease can have a familial cause, which means you can inherit it from one or both of your parents. However, this only makes up about 10% of all cases. […] Experts believe idiopathic Parkinsons disease happens because of problems with how your body uses a protein called -synuclein (alpha sy-nu-clee-in).

• #62 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  The buildup of these Lewy bodies (which doesnt happen with some of the genetic problems that cause Parkinsons disease) causes toxic effects and cell damage. […] There are conditions or circumstances experts have linked to parkinsonism. […] Several medications can cause a parkinsonism-like effect. […] Exposure to several substances, such as manganese dust, carbon monoxide, fumes from welding or certain pesticides, can lead to parkinsonism. […] Repeated head injuries, such as those from high-impact or contact sports like boxing, football, hockey, etc., can cause brain damage.

• #63 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Copper excess in the body leads to Wilsons disease characterized by abnormal movements, psychiatric and liver disease manifestations. […] Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative condition. There is a reduction of cells in the basal ganglia that produce a chemical messenger of the brain called Dopamine. […] It has mainly genetics as a cause. There are other causes such as exposure to heavy metals, such as prolonged exposure to copper and manganese or exposure to pesticides and exposure to antipsychotic drugs like phenothiazines, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and anti-vomiting agent metoclopramide. […] Huntingtons disease is primarily caused by genetic defects that are inherited. The defect lies in the 4th chromosome and is transmitted to the offspring almost certainly (autosomal dominant trait).

• #64 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  Movement disorders are neurologic disorders that cause either an excess or a paucity of movement. […] The main feature of hypokinetic disorders is bradykinesia or slowness of movement. […] In general, many of the hypokinetic disorders have at its core principle reduced dopamine neurotransmission. […] The prototype example is Parkinson disease. […] Loss of dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra effects both the direct and indirect pathways. […] The loss of DA in the indirect pathway leads to a decrease inhibition in the striatum. […] Risk Factors (selected): Environmental: Pesticide. Genetic: GBA (acid beta-glucocerebrosidase) mutations are the most common mutation in sporadic cases. […] An important clue is the response to alcohol; alcohol is often associated with an improvement in the tremors.

• #65 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-including-dystonias-choreas/

  HMDs can result from genetic abnormalities, neurodegenerative diseases, structural lesions, infection, drugs, toxins, or psychogenic causes. […] However, in many cases, HMDs have no clear cause and are thus identified as idiopathic. […] Tremor, especially essential tremor (ET), is the most frequent type of HMD seen in clinical practice. […] Huntington’s Disease is the most frequent cause of chorea with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 10/100,000 people. […] Psychiatric illnesses and associated neuroleptic medications have been associated with HMD. […] Environmental factors such as nicotine, alcohol (and withdrawal), carbon monoxide, lead, mercury, toluene, DDT, naphthalene, manganese, lindane, arsenic, kepone, cyanide and dioxins can cause tremors. […] Psychiatric illness and HMD are commonly associated suggesting the underlying pathophysiology is potentially intertwined.

• #66 Movement Disorders |Types and Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are a group of neurological disorders that affect the motor and movement systems of the brain, most commonly an individual’s speed, quality, and ease of movement. […] The many causes of this movement disorder include biochemical abnormalities, degenerative disorders, psychiatric dysfunction, toxins and drugs. […] Parkinsons disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. […] Huntington’s disease is an inherited brain disorder that results in the progressive loss of physical control and mental faculties. […] Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, continual muscular contractions. […] Essential tremor is the most common movement disorder and is characterized by rhythmic shaking that occurs during voluntary movement (action tremor).

• #67 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Ataxia is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain, brainstem or spinal cord. […] If a metabolic disorder can be identified as the underlying cause, specific treatment may be available in select cases. Dystonia results from abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a deep part of the brain which helps control coordination of movement. […] There is a three-tiered approach to treating dystonia: botulinum toxin (botox) injections, medication and surgery. Essential tremor is caused by abnormalities in areas of the brain that control movement and is not tied to an underlying disease (e.g., Parkinsons disease). […] About 50 percent of patients have a family history of the condition. Huntingtons disease is a progressive, degenerative and fatal disease caused by the deterioration of certain nerve cells in the brain.

• #68 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Ataxia is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain, brainstem or spinal cord. […] If a metabolic disorder can be identified as the underlying cause, specific treatment may be available in select cases. Dystonia results from abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a deep part of the brain which helps control coordination of movement. […] There is a three-tiered approach to treating dystonia: botulinum toxin (botox) injections, medication and surgery. Essential tremor is caused by abnormalities in areas of the brain that control movement and is not tied to an underlying disease (e.g., Parkinsons disease). […] About 50 percent of patients have a family history of the condition. Huntingtons disease is a progressive, degenerative and fatal disease caused by the deterioration of certain nerve cells in the brain.

• #69 Types of Movement Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/movement-disorders/types

  Essential tremor often affects people over age 65. It may be caused by a genetic mutation or changes in areas of the brain that control movement. It is not linked to an underlying disease, such as Parkinsons. […] Some types of dystonia are genetic, but most dont have a clear cause.

• #70 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  Movement disorders are neurologic disorders that cause either an excess or a paucity of movement. […] The main feature of hypokinetic disorders is bradykinesia or slowness of movement. […] In general, many of the hypokinetic disorders have at its core principle reduced dopamine neurotransmission. […] The prototype example is Parkinson disease. […] Loss of dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra effects both the direct and indirect pathways. […] The loss of DA in the indirect pathway leads to a decrease inhibition in the striatum. […] Risk Factors (selected): Environmental: Pesticide. Genetic: GBA (acid beta-glucocerebrosidase) mutations are the most common mutation in sporadic cases. […] An important clue is the response to alcohol; alcohol is often associated with an improvement in the tremors.

• #71 Dystonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350480

  Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract. This can cause twisting motions or other movements that happen repeatedly and that aren’t under the person’s control. […] The exact cause of dystonia isn’t known. But it might involve changes in communication between nerve cells in several regions of the brain. Some forms of dystonia are passed down in families. […] Dystonia also can be a symptom of another disease or condition, including: Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Wilson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, birth injury, stroke, brain tumor or certain conditions that develop in some people with cancer, known as paraneoplastic syndromes, lack of oxygen or carbon monoxide poisoning, infections, such as tuberculosis or encephalitis, reactions to certain medicines or heavy metal poisoning.

• #72 Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center | Stony Brook Neuroscience Institute

  https://neuro.stonybrookmedicine.edu/centers/movement/most_common_movement_disorders

  Functional movement disorder refers to abnormal involuntary movements that are caused by a problem with how signals are sent through the brain. […] Huntington’s disease is an inherited disorder that causes brain cells, called neurons, to die in various areas of the brain, which in turn causes disability that gets worse over time. […] Each child of a parent with Huntingtons disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the gene that causes the disease. […] Essential tremor is another disorder that can cause a persons arms to shake rhythmically when the arms are being used to perform a function such as eating, writing, dressing, drinking or when holding a posture such as with the arms outstretched in front of the body. […] Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Some forms of dystonia are genetic but the cause for the majority of cases is not known.

• #73 Dystonia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/dystonia/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of dystonia is unknown, though researchers believe the condition is related to an issue in the basal ganglia, the part of the brain responsible for „telling” your muscles to contract. There are genetic forms of dystonia as well. […] If a genetic cause is suspected the blood tests may be sent for genetic testing.

• #74 Complex Movement Disorders

  https://www.gillettechildrens.org/conditions-care/complex-movement-disorders

  What causes complex movement disorders? […] Many factors might increase a person’s risk for developing a complex movement disorder. Some of the most common include: […] Brain injury from low oxygen levels in the blood stream at birth, which causes cerebral palsy […] Geneticssome forms of dystonia are inherited […] Other disorders or conditionssuch as severe jaundice after birth, infections or reactions to certain medicines […] Tardive syndromes are caused by exposure to certain antipsychotic medicines (such as haloperidol). […] Other rare causes of chorea in children include side effects from medication or toxins, stroke, and genetic metabolic conditions.

• #75 Types of Movement Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/movement-disorders/types

  Essential tremor often affects people over age 65. It may be caused by a genetic mutation or changes in areas of the brain that control movement. It is not linked to an underlying disease, such as Parkinsons. […] Some types of dystonia are genetic, but most dont have a clear cause.

• #76 Dystonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350480

  Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract. This can cause twisting motions or other movements that happen repeatedly and that aren’t under the person’s control. […] The exact cause of dystonia isn’t known. But it might involve changes in communication between nerve cells in several regions of the brain. Some forms of dystonia are passed down in families. […] Dystonia also can be a symptom of another disease or condition, including: Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Wilson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, birth injury, stroke, brain tumor or certain conditions that develop in some people with cancer, known as paraneoplastic syndromes, lack of oxygen or carbon monoxide poisoning, infections, such as tuberculosis or encephalitis, reactions to certain medicines or heavy metal poisoning.

• #77 What causes dystonia? – VCU School of Medicine

  https://neurology.vcu.edu/news/what-causes-dystonia/

  Researchers at the VCU Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center are seeking to shed light on what causes dystonia, a chronic and frequently disabling and painful neurological disorder that causes muscles to spasm forcing the body into abnormal movements and postures. […] Dystonia is considered the third most common movement disorder, Berman notes. The disorder can be a spontaneous isolated condition, or it can be seen in patients taking anti-psychotic medications as well as those with Parkinson’s disease or those who have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury. In many cases, the root cause of a patient’s dystonia remains a mystery. […] Those studies seek a better understanding of its cause, improved ways to diagnose dystonia, and better ways to treat it. […] A third project draws samples of a patient’s blood in order to create a “biobank” for protein biomarker and DNA testing in order to better understand what causes the disorder.

• #78 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Ataxia is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain, brainstem or spinal cord. […] If a metabolic disorder can be identified as the underlying cause, specific treatment may be available in select cases. Dystonia results from abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a deep part of the brain which helps control coordination of movement. […] There is a three-tiered approach to treating dystonia: botulinum toxin (botox) injections, medication and surgery. Essential tremor is caused by abnormalities in areas of the brain that control movement and is not tied to an underlying disease (e.g., Parkinsons disease). […] About 50 percent of patients have a family history of the condition. Huntingtons disease is a progressive, degenerative and fatal disease caused by the deterioration of certain nerve cells in the brain.

• #79 Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center | Stony Brook Neuroscience Institute

  https://neuro.stonybrookmedicine.edu/centers/movement/most_common_movement_disorders

  Functional movement disorder refers to abnormal involuntary movements that are caused by a problem with how signals are sent through the brain. […] Huntington’s disease is an inherited disorder that causes brain cells, called neurons, to die in various areas of the brain, which in turn causes disability that gets worse over time. […] Each child of a parent with Huntingtons disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the gene that causes the disease. […] Essential tremor is another disorder that can cause a persons arms to shake rhythmically when the arms are being used to perform a function such as eating, writing, dressing, drinking or when holding a posture such as with the arms outstretched in front of the body. […] Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Some forms of dystonia are genetic but the cause for the majority of cases is not known.

• #80 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  There are many causes for chorea, but the more common causes are drug-induced (PD meds like levodopa), immune-mediated (Anti-phospholipid syndrome), post-infectious (Sydenhams chorea), and neurodegenerative (Huntington disease). […] Main pathophysiology is degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum (GABAergic efferent projections). […] Genetics: Autosomal Dominant, CAG trinucleotide repeat. […] The most common clinically encountered cause is a drug-induced dystonia, i.e., acute dystonic reaction. […] The primary goal is to reduce copper levels. […] The main drug is zinc, but also trientine and D-penicillamine.

• #81 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  There are many causes for chorea, but the more common causes are drug-induced (PD meds like levodopa), immune-mediated (Anti-phospholipid syndrome), post-infectious (Sydenhams chorea), and neurodegenerative (Huntington disease). […] Main pathophysiology is degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum (GABAergic efferent projections). […] Genetics: Autosomal Dominant, CAG trinucleotide repeat. […] The most common clinically encountered cause is a drug-induced dystonia, i.e., acute dystonic reaction. […] The primary goal is to reduce copper levels. […] The main drug is zinc, but also trientine and D-penicillamine.

• #82 About Movement Disorders | Duke Department of Neurology

  https://neurology.duke.edu/divisions/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/about-movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological conditions that cause involuntary or abnormal movement affecting the speed, quality, and ease of movement. […] Dystonia can occur on its own or be the result of another condition. Some forms of dystonia can be inherited from one’s relatives. […] Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die. […] The disease attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary (intentional) movement, as well as other areas.

• #83 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Ataxia is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain, brainstem or spinal cord. […] If a metabolic disorder can be identified as the underlying cause, specific treatment may be available in select cases. Dystonia results from abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a deep part of the brain which helps control coordination of movement. […] There is a three-tiered approach to treating dystonia: botulinum toxin (botox) injections, medication and surgery. Essential tremor is caused by abnormalities in areas of the brain that control movement and is not tied to an underlying disease (e.g., Parkinsons disease). […] About 50 percent of patients have a family history of the condition. Huntingtons disease is a progressive, degenerative and fatal disease caused by the deterioration of certain nerve cells in the brain.

• #84 Movement disorders | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders include a range of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, and abnormalities in muscle tone and motor control. […] Cerebral palsy is a condition that affects your body movements. Its the result of a brain injury. […] Dystonia is a movement disorder that makes it hard for someone to control their muscles. […] Essential tremor affects your nerves and causes uncontrollable shaking. […] Huntington’s affects the nervous system and worsens over time. Symptoms include difficulty controlling limbs and cognitive and emotional changes. […] Motor neurone disease is a condition that causes weakness in the muscles, leading eventually to paralysis. […] Parkinsons disease occurs when there isnt enough dopamine produced in the brain, which impacts movement, mood and other symptoms. […] Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that can make it hard for you to sleep. […] People with this syndrome make involuntary repetitive sounds and movements.

• #85 Movement Disorders | Neurology | OneWelbeck

  https://onewelbeck.com/conditions/movement-disorders/

  Isolated (essential) tremor, previously called familial tremor or benign essential tremor, is one of the most common movement disorders and may run in families. […] Ataxia can occur with a range of health problems affecting the cerebellum including vascular damage, nutritional and vitamin deficiencies and genetic mutations. […] Dystonia, like most movement disorders, is likely to be caused by a problem with neurotransmitters and circuitry in the part of the brain called the basal ganglia, a part of the brain which helps to control movement. The causes may be genetic or due to metabolic or structural damage to the brain. […] Chorea is less common and can be caused by genetic conditions such as Huntingtons disease, immune and inflammatory disorders, some medication, and vascular changes in the brain. […] The commonest cause of tics is probably Tourettes syndrome. […] Causes: genetics, age, immune and inflammatory disorders…

• #86 Movement Disorders – AANS

  http://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/movement-disorders/

  Ataxia is a degenerative disorder affecting the brain, brainstem or spinal cord. […] If a metabolic disorder can be identified as the underlying cause, specific treatment may be available in select cases. Dystonia results from abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a deep part of the brain which helps control coordination of movement. […] There is a three-tiered approach to treating dystonia: botulinum toxin (botox) injections, medication and surgery. Essential tremor is caused by abnormalities in areas of the brain that control movement and is not tied to an underlying disease (e.g., Parkinsons disease). […] About 50 percent of patients have a family history of the condition. Huntingtons disease is a progressive, degenerative and fatal disease caused by the deterioration of certain nerve cells in the brain.

• #87 Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.758

  Peripherally-induced movement disorders (PIMD) should be considered when involuntary or abnormal movements emerge shortly after an injury to a body part. A close topographic and temporal association between peripheral injury and onset of the movement disorders is crucial to diagnosing PIMD. […] While the exact pathophysiology remains elusive, aberrant central sensitization after peripheral stimuli and maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex, on a background of genetic (two-hit hypothesis) or other predisposition, seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of PIMD. […] The spectrum of the phenomenology of PIMD is broad, encompassing both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. […] Examples of peripheral injuries that may lead to PIMD include direct trauma, crush injuries, and laceration.

• #88 Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.758

  Peripherally-induced movement disorders (PIMD) should be considered when involuntary or abnormal movements emerge shortly after an injury to a body part. A close topographic and temporal association between peripheral injury and onset of the movement disorders is crucial to diagnosing PIMD. […] While the exact pathophysiology remains elusive, aberrant central sensitization after peripheral stimuli and maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex, on a background of genetic (two-hit hypothesis) or other predisposition, seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of PIMD. […] The spectrum of the phenomenology of PIMD is broad, encompassing both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. […] Examples of peripheral injuries that may lead to PIMD include direct trauma, crush injuries, and laceration.

• #89 Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.758

  Peripherally-induced movement disorders (PIMD) should be considered when involuntary or abnormal movements emerge shortly after an injury to a body part. A close topographic and temporal association between peripheral injury and onset of the movement disorders is crucial to diagnosing PIMD. […] While the exact pathophysiology remains elusive, aberrant central sensitization after peripheral stimuli and maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex, on a background of genetic (two-hit hypothesis) or other predisposition, seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of PIMD. […] The spectrum of the phenomenology of PIMD is broad, encompassing both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. […] Examples of peripheral injuries that may lead to PIMD include direct trauma, crush injuries, and laceration.

• #90 Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.758

  In summary, current theories about PIMD suggest that two fundamental mechanisms seem to be crucial in the pathogenesis of PIMD: aberrant central reorganization in response to peripheral stimuli or injury, and maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex may alter motor output resulting in movement disorders.

• #91 Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.758

  Peripherally-induced movement disorders (PIMD) should be considered when involuntary or abnormal movements emerge shortly after an injury to a body part. A close topographic and temporal association between peripheral injury and onset of the movement disorders is crucial to diagnosing PIMD. […] While the exact pathophysiology remains elusive, aberrant central sensitization after peripheral stimuli and maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex, on a background of genetic (two-hit hypothesis) or other predisposition, seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of PIMD. […] The spectrum of the phenomenology of PIMD is broad, encompassing both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. […] Examples of peripheral injuries that may lead to PIMD include direct trauma, crush injuries, and laceration.

• #92 Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.758

  While most of the literature is on accidental peripheral injury, it must be emphasized that any alteration of normal anatomy and physiology may result in PIMD. […] The other categories of movement disorders that may be considered as peripherally-induced are some of the task-specific movement disorders that may occur after repetitive activities, sometimes referred to as overuse syndrome. […] One key sensory association with PIMD is pain. Several reports have provided evidence of a clinical and pathogenic link between PIMD and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). […] Despite numerous clinical reports, the precise pathophysiological correlates of PIMD have not been completely understood. […] The authors performed a literature search in PubMed in February 2023. […] These criteria have been a matter of scientific debate for several reasons, especially regarding the subjectiveness of the severity of trauma and the latency of up to one year between the initial trauma and the onset of the movement disorders.

• #93 Functional Movement Disorders | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/functional-movement-disorders.html

  A functional movement disorder occurs when you experience unusual, involuntary movements or body positions. It is caused by a problem with the way signals are sent throughout the brain. […] Unlike other movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease, disease or damage to the nervous system do not cause functional movement disorders. This means treatments, and sometimes a cure, are available, to help you get better.

• #94 Psychogenic Movement Disorders | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/functional-movement-disorders

  Patients should understand that they have a movement disorder, such as tremor or dystonia, but that in their case, the disorder is not due to any damage to the brain, spinal cord or nerves, but it is a manifestation of how their bodies respond to stress. […] Just as stress can cause elevation in blood pressure, palpitations, gastric ulcers, and tremors, stress can similarly manifest as disorders of movement. […] The presence of the movement disorder does not mean a psychiatric disease. […] There is no evidence of brain, spinal cord or any other neurological damage as the cause of the abnormal movements. […] In addition to disclosing the diagnosis and exploring various potential psychodynamic factors that could have brought on this condition, it is also important to discuss the role of underlying depression and anxiety, even though many patients deny or are not aware of these psychiatric diagnoses.

• #95 Psychogenic Movement Disorders | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/functional-movement-disorders

  Patients should understand that they have a movement disorder, such as tremor or dystonia, but that in their case, the disorder is not due to any damage to the brain, spinal cord or nerves, but it is a manifestation of how their bodies respond to stress. […] Just as stress can cause elevation in blood pressure, palpitations, gastric ulcers, and tremors, stress can similarly manifest as disorders of movement. […] The presence of the movement disorder does not mean a psychiatric disease. […] There is no evidence of brain, spinal cord or any other neurological damage as the cause of the abnormal movements. […] In addition to disclosing the diagnosis and exploring various potential psychodynamic factors that could have brought on this condition, it is also important to discuss the role of underlying depression and anxiety, even though many patients deny or are not aware of these psychiatric diagnoses.

• #96 Understanding Functional Movement Disorders (FMD) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-functional-movement-disorders-fmd

  Researchers dont know yet what causes them. […] The problem may be because of changes in how the brain processes signals after different kinds of stress. […] An FMD may occur within a few months after a stressful illness or injury. […] People who have had a history of severe stress from sexual abuse, bullying, anxiety, or depression may be more at risk for an FMD.

• #97 Understanding Functional Movement Disorders (FMD) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-functional-movement-disorders-fmd

  Researchers dont know yet what causes them. […] The problem may be because of changes in how the brain processes signals after different kinds of stress. […] An FMD may occur within a few months after a stressful illness or injury. […] People who have had a history of severe stress from sexual abuse, bullying, anxiety, or depression may be more at risk for an FMD.

• #98 Functional Movement Disorders | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/functional-movement-disorders.html

  A functional movement disorder occurs when you experience unusual, involuntary movements or body positions. It is caused by a problem with the way signals are sent throughout the brain. […] Unlike other movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease, disease or damage to the nervous system do not cause functional movement disorders. This means treatments, and sometimes a cure, are available, to help you get better.

• #99 Psychogenic Movement Disorders | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/functional-movement-disorders

  Patients should understand that they have a movement disorder, such as tremor or dystonia, but that in their case, the disorder is not due to any damage to the brain, spinal cord or nerves, but it is a manifestation of how their bodies respond to stress. […] Just as stress can cause elevation in blood pressure, palpitations, gastric ulcers, and tremors, stress can similarly manifest as disorders of movement. […] The presence of the movement disorder does not mean a psychiatric disease. […] There is no evidence of brain, spinal cord or any other neurological damage as the cause of the abnormal movements. […] In addition to disclosing the diagnosis and exploring various potential psychodynamic factors that could have brought on this condition, it is also important to discuss the role of underlying depression and anxiety, even though many patients deny or are not aware of these psychiatric diagnoses.

• #100 Systemic diseases that cause movement disorders – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15619457/

  The present review is aimed at providing practical assistance to the clinical neurologist in reaching a diagnosis, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of movement disorders associated with systemic diseases, and determining appropriate therapy. […] Infectious disease by direct effect or as an acquired autoimmune neurological disease, stroke, hypoxia-ischemia, paraneoplastic syndromes, collagen disorders, endocrine, liver and kidney diseases that may cause hypokinetic or hyperkinetic abnormal movement are considered separately. […] The type and evolution of abnormal movement caused by systemic disease vary with age and underlying pathology. […] Therapy for abnormal movements should include a primary treatment for the systemic disease.

• #101 Movement Disorders: 4 Tips for a Better Quality of Life – UMMS Health

  https://health.umms.org/2023/03/03/movement-disorders-quality-of-life/

  Depression and anxiety often occur in the setting of movement disorders. They can be part of the disease process or a response to managing a health condition. Researchers with the Parkinsons Outcomes Project found that these approaches to mental health have the greatest effect on the quality of life for those with Parkinsons disease.

• #102 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia. […] Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders. […] Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders. […] For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven’t found the exact cause, it’s called idiopathic.

• #103 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Movement disorders are neurological syndromes where there may be excess of movement or a paucity of movement that is not connected to weakness, paralysis of spasticity of the muscles. […] Although genetics is the commonly implicated cause of abnormal movements there are other causes such as stress, drugs and so forth. […] These may be caused due to intake of certain drugs. Antipsychotic medications taken for psychiatric conditions like Schizophrenia or anti-nausea agents like Metoclopramide may lead to these movement disorders. […] Chronic disease like an over active thyroid gland can lead to abnormal movements like tremors. […] Alcohol consumption may lead to ataxia an abnormal movement or gait. […] Iron deficiency is thought to be responsible for Restless leg syndrome although the exact cause of the condition is unknown.

• #104 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia. […] Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders. […] Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders. […] For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven’t found the exact cause, it’s called idiopathic.

• #105 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-including-dystonias-choreas/

  HMDs can result from genetic abnormalities, neurodegenerative diseases, structural lesions, infection, drugs, toxins, or psychogenic causes. […] However, in many cases, HMDs have no clear cause and are thus identified as idiopathic. […] Tremor, especially essential tremor (ET), is the most frequent type of HMD seen in clinical practice. […] Huntington’s Disease is the most frequent cause of chorea with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 10/100,000 people. […] Psychiatric illnesses and associated neuroleptic medications have been associated with HMD. […] Environmental factors such as nicotine, alcohol (and withdrawal), carbon monoxide, lead, mercury, toluene, DDT, naphthalene, manganese, lindane, arsenic, kepone, cyanide and dioxins can cause tremors. […] Psychiatric illness and HMD are commonly associated suggesting the underlying pathophysiology is potentially intertwined.

• #106 Movement Disorders: 4 Tips for a Better Quality of Life – UMMS Health

  https://health.umms.org/2023/03/03/movement-disorders-quality-of-life/

  Depression and anxiety often occur in the setting of movement disorders. They can be part of the disease process or a response to managing a health condition. Researchers with the Parkinsons Outcomes Project found that these approaches to mental health have the greatest effect on the quality of life for those with Parkinsons disease.

• #107 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological conditions that affect your ability to make and control movements. You may have involuntary (uncontrolled) movements, such as tremors or jerking motions. […] Several factors can cause movement disorders. Nerve cell (neuron) damage or death to areas of your brain can affect how your body moves. Some people have gene changes that affect the brain. […] Gene changes (mutations) cause some types of movement disorders. You may inherit this gene change from a parent, or the gene may mutate spontaneously. […] Many movement disorders become more common as you get older. […] A traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases your risk. […] Infectious diseases, such as bacterial meningitis, can cause brain swelling that leads to a movement disorder. […] Behaviors, such as using tobacco or excessive alcohol use, may increase risk.

• #108 Movement Disorders

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological (nervous system) conditions that cause spasms, jerking, or shaking. These conditions may also reduce or slow movement. Disease, genetic conditions, and medications are some of the causes. […] Genetic conditions, traumatic injury, nervous system disease, infections, medication side effects, and other factors may cause a movement disorder. A history of stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes may increase your risk, which increases with age. […] Doctors often use imaging tests to help diagnose movement disorders. Imaging alone may not be enough for a definitive diagnosis, but it is often useful in clarifying clinical findings. These tests may include: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Head: MRI can sometimes find problems in the brain that may be related to or cause a movement disorder, such as atrophy in certain parts of the brain.

• #109 Stereotypic Movement Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/stereotypic-movement-disorder-5270509

  Brain conditions or injuries: The condition may be caused by brain injuries or neurological problems in childhood. […] Developmental conditions: Developmental conditions like autism can cause a child to develop secondary motor stereotypies. […] Gender: Boys may be more likely to develop stereotypic movement disorder than girls. […] Additionally, using certain stimulant drugs like cocaine or amphetamines may cause short but severe bursts of movements. Long-term use of stimulant drugs can lead to longer episodes of movements. The movements cease when the person stops using drugs.

• #110 Movement Disorders

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological (nervous system) conditions that cause spasms, jerking, or shaking. These conditions may also reduce or slow movement. Disease, genetic conditions, and medications are some of the causes. […] Genetic conditions, traumatic injury, nervous system disease, infections, medication side effects, and other factors may cause a movement disorder. A history of stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes may increase your risk, which increases with age. […] Doctors often use imaging tests to help diagnose movement disorders. Imaging alone may not be enough for a definitive diagnosis, but it is often useful in clarifying clinical findings. These tests may include: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Head: MRI can sometimes find problems in the brain that may be related to or cause a movement disorder, such as atrophy in certain parts of the brain.

• #111 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological conditions that affect your ability to make and control movements. You may have involuntary (uncontrolled) movements, such as tremors or jerking motions. […] Several factors can cause movement disorders. Nerve cell (neuron) damage or death to areas of your brain can affect how your body moves. Some people have gene changes that affect the brain. […] Gene changes (mutations) cause some types of movement disorders. You may inherit this gene change from a parent, or the gene may mutate spontaneously. […] Many movement disorders become more common as you get older. […] A traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases your risk. […] Infectious diseases, such as bacterial meningitis, can cause brain swelling that leads to a movement disorder. […] Behaviors, such as using tobacco or excessive alcohol use, may increase risk.

• #112 Movement Disorders | Neurology

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/neurology/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological conditions that affect your ability to make and control movements. You may have involuntary (uncontrolled) movements, such as tremors or jerking motions. […] Several factors can cause movement disorders. Nerve cell (neuron) damage or death to areas of your brain can affect how your body moves. Some people have gene changes that affect the brain. […] Gene changes (mutations) cause some types of movement disorders. You may inherit this gene change from a parent, or the gene may mutate spontaneously. […] Many movement disorders become more common as you get older. […] A traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases your risk. […] Infectious diseases, such as bacterial meningitis, can cause brain swelling that leads to a movement disorder. […] Behaviors, such as using tobacco or excessive alcohol use, may increase risk.

• #113 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  The buildup of these Lewy bodies (which doesnt happen with some of the genetic problems that cause Parkinsons disease) causes toxic effects and cell damage. […] There are conditions or circumstances experts have linked to parkinsonism. […] Several medications can cause a parkinsonism-like effect. […] Exposure to several substances, such as manganese dust, carbon monoxide, fumes from welding or certain pesticides, can lead to parkinsonism. […] Repeated head injuries, such as those from high-impact or contact sports like boxing, football, hockey, etc., can cause brain damage.

• #114 Movement Disorder Treatment In Kansas City | The University Of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are a group of conditions in which the brain abnormally signals the nervous system. This causes uncontrolled, involuntary or slow movement. […] It is important to note that while many movement disorders share similar symptoms, their causes are quite different. Some movement disorders are caused by genetic factors, while others are thought to be caused by autoimmune conditions, nervous system injuries, certain medications or even infection. Sometimes, movement disorders have no known cause. An accurate diagnosis is critical to determining effective treatment.

• #115 What You Need to Know About Movement Disorders | Stony Brook Medicine

  https://www.stonybrookmedicine.edu/patientcare/askexpert/movementdisorders

  Movement disorders are a group of chronic neurological disorders that can be debilitating. Establishing an accurate diagnosis about a specific movement disorder and prescribing the appropriate treatment can be challenging for many neurologists, who regularly call upon the expertise of a movement disorders neurologist. […] A movement disorder is any brain problem that affects your ability to use your hands and feet to do what you need to do. This could be because your limbs are rigid and you cant initiate movements (Parkinsons disease), your hands shake (Parkinsons disease or essential tremor) or your muscles contract when you dont want them to (dystonia). […] Parkinsons disease, essential tremor, cervical dystonia and Huntingtons disease are four of the most common movement disorders. […] Parkinsons disease, which alone affects 1.5 million Americans, and disorders related to Parkinsons cause the limbs to tremor when the body is at rest, and also cause muscles to tighten and become rigid, affecting your posture all of which can make it difficult to walk and engage in daily activities.

• #116 Movement Disorders

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/movement-disorders

  Movement disorders are neurological (nervous system) conditions that cause spasms, jerking, or shaking. These conditions may also reduce or slow movement. Disease, genetic conditions, and medications are some of the causes. […] Genetic conditions, traumatic injury, nervous system disease, infections, medication side effects, and other factors may cause a movement disorder. A history of stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes may increase your risk, which increases with age. […] Doctors often use imaging tests to help diagnose movement disorders. Imaging alone may not be enough for a definitive diagnosis, but it is often useful in clarifying clinical findings. These tests may include: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Head: MRI can sometimes find problems in the brain that may be related to or cause a movement disorder, such as atrophy in certain parts of the brain.

• #117 Dystonia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/movement-disorders/dystonia/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of dystonia is unknown, though researchers believe the condition is related to an issue in the basal ganglia, the part of the brain responsible for „telling” your muscles to contract. There are genetic forms of dystonia as well. […] If a genetic cause is suspected the blood tests may be sent for genetic testing.

• #118 What causes dystonia? – VCU School of Medicine

  https://neurology.vcu.edu/news/what-causes-dystonia/

  Researchers at the VCU Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center are seeking to shed light on what causes dystonia, a chronic and frequently disabling and painful neurological disorder that causes muscles to spasm forcing the body into abnormal movements and postures. […] Dystonia is considered the third most common movement disorder, Berman notes. The disorder can be a spontaneous isolated condition, or it can be seen in patients taking anti-psychotic medications as well as those with Parkinson’s disease or those who have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury. In many cases, the root cause of a patient’s dystonia remains a mystery. […] Those studies seek a better understanding of its cause, improved ways to diagnose dystonia, and better ways to treat it. […] A third project draws samples of a patient’s blood in order to create a “biobank” for protein biomarker and DNA testing in order to better understand what causes the disorder.

• #119 What You Need to Know About Movement Disorders | Stony Brook Medicine

  https://www.stonybrookmedicine.edu/patientcare/askexpert/movementdisorders

  Essential tremor causes a persons hands, head, chin or voice to shake rhythmically. […] Cervical dystonia causes involuntary twisting or turning of the head, as well as head tremors. […] Huntingtons disease causes uncontrolled movement of the arms, legs, head, face and upper body. […] The first step is to undergo an evaluation by a movement disorders neurologist who is trained to evaluate these complex disorders and is knowledgeable about the latest treatments. […] Treatments can range from physical therapy and rehabilitation to medicine and even brain surgery. The treatment, of course, depends on establishing an accurate diagnosis. […] Our expertise is sought out by community neurologists in diagnosing challenging cases and treating complex movement disorders. […] Anyone who is on medication and still suffering from bothersome symptoms of movement disorders is a potential candidate for surgery.

• #120 Overview of Movement Disorders – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/movement-disorders/overview-of-movement-disorders

  Damage to or malfunction of any of these components may result in a movement disorder. […] Different types of movement disorders can develop, depending on the nature and location of the damage or malfunction, as in the following: […] Classifying movement disorders often helps doctors identify the cause. […] Coordination problems are sometimes classified as disorders that increase movement. They are often caused by malfunction of the cerebellum, resulting in tremor and problems with balance and walking. […] In some disorders, movement is increased and decreased. For example, Parkinson disease causes tremors—increased unintended (involuntary) movements—and slow intended (voluntary) movements.

• #121 Movement Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_173-1

  Movement disorders (MDS) are neurological diseases caused by dysfunction of the motor control systems. They are extremely common, with an overall prevalence in the general population of more than 20%. […] Movement disorders are classified as hypokinetic (those associated with paucity of movement like the bradykinesia in parkinsonism) and hyperkinetic (those with excessive movement, like in tremors, dystonia, and tics). […] Each of these phenomenologies is the external expression a number of different diseases. For example, bradykinesia is a hypokinetic phenomenology, and it is the hallmark of different parkinsonian disorders like Parkinson disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP and Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA).

• #122 Movement Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_173-1

  Movement disorders (MDS) are neurological diseases caused by dysfunction of the motor control systems. They are extremely common, with an overall prevalence in the general population of more than 20%. […] Movement disorders are classified as hypokinetic (those associated with paucity of movement like the bradykinesia in parkinsonism) and hyperkinetic (those with excessive movement, like in tremors, dystonia, and tics). […] Each of these phenomenologies is the external expression a number of different diseases. For example, bradykinesia is a hypokinetic phenomenology, and it is the hallmark of different parkinsonian disorders like Parkinson disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP and Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA).

• #123 Movement Disorders – Basal Ganglia

  https://uw.pressbooks.pub/wwamibasalganglia/chapter/pathways/

  Movement disorders are neurologic disorders that cause either an excess or a paucity of movement. […] The main feature of hypokinetic disorders is bradykinesia or slowness of movement. […] In general, many of the hypokinetic disorders have at its core principle reduced dopamine neurotransmission. […] The prototype example is Parkinson disease. […] Loss of dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra effects both the direct and indirect pathways. […] The loss of DA in the indirect pathway leads to a decrease inhibition in the striatum. […] Risk Factors (selected): Environmental: Pesticide. Genetic: GBA (acid beta-glucocerebrosidase) mutations are the most common mutation in sporadic cases. […] An important clue is the response to alcohol; alcohol is often associated with an improvement in the tremors.

• #124 Movement Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_173-1

  Movement disorders (MDS) are neurological diseases caused by dysfunction of the motor control systems. They are extremely common, with an overall prevalence in the general population of more than 20%. […] Movement disorders are classified as hypokinetic (those associated with paucity of movement like the bradykinesia in parkinsonism) and hyperkinetic (those with excessive movement, like in tremors, dystonia, and tics). […] Each of these phenomenologies is the external expression a number of different diseases. For example, bradykinesia is a hypokinetic phenomenology, and it is the hallmark of different parkinsonian disorders like Parkinson disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP and Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA).

• #125 Hyperkinetic movement disorders in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-in-children

  Movement disorders are characterized by either excessive (hyperkinetic) or reduced (bradykinetic) activity. Hyperkinetic disorders are reviewed here. Bradykinetic disorders are discussed separately. […] Hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by abnormal involuntary movement. These excess movements can be regular and rhythmic, as in tremor; more sustained and patterned, as in dystonia; brief and random, as in chorea; or jerk-like and temporarily suppressible, as in tics. […] Movement disorders can result from biochemical or structural abnormalities in these structures.

• #126 Overview of Movement Disorders – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/movement-disorders/overview-of-movement-disorders

  Damage to or malfunction of any of these components may result in a movement disorder. […] Different types of movement disorders can develop, depending on the nature and location of the damage or malfunction, as in the following: […] Classifying movement disorders often helps doctors identify the cause. […] Coordination problems are sometimes classified as disorders that increase movement. They are often caused by malfunction of the cerebellum, resulting in tremor and problems with balance and walking. […] In some disorders, movement is increased and decreased. For example, Parkinson disease causes tremors—increased unintended (involuntary) movements—and slow intended (voluntary) movements.

• #127 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-movement-disorders.aspx

  Movement disorders are neurological syndromes where there may be excess of movement or a paucity of movement that is not connected to weakness, paralysis of spasticity of the muscles. […] Although genetics is the commonly implicated cause of abnormal movements there are other causes such as stress, drugs and so forth. […] These may be caused due to intake of certain drugs. Antipsychotic medications taken for psychiatric conditions like Schizophrenia or anti-nausea agents like Metoclopramide may lead to these movement disorders. […] Chronic disease like an over active thyroid gland can lead to abnormal movements like tremors. […] Alcohol consumption may lead to ataxia an abnormal movement or gait. […] Iron deficiency is thought to be responsible for Restless leg syndrome although the exact cause of the condition is unknown.

• #128

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/movement-disorders/

  There are various factors that can contribute to the development of movement disorders. One common cause is damage or dysfunction in the areas of the brain that control movement, such as the basal ganglia or cerebellum. This can be a result of genetic mutations, trauma, infections, or exposure to certain toxins. Additionally, some movement disorders may be secondary to other underlying medical conditions. For example, Parkinson’s disease is often associated with a loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Other conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or certain medications can also lead to movement abnormalities. In certain cases, movement disorders may be idiopathic, meaning that their exact cause is unknown. However, ongoing research is dedicated to unraveling the underlying mechanisms and potential genetic factors involved in these conditions. By understanding the causes of movement disorders, healthcare professionals can tailor treatment plans and therapies accordingly. […] The causes of movement disorders can vary depending on the specific condition. Some may be caused by genetic factors, while others can result from brain injuries, infections, medication side effects, or certain underlying medical conditions.

• #129 Movement disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/movement-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20363893

  Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia. […] Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders. […] Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders. […] For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven’t found the exact cause, it’s called idiopathic.

• #130 What causes dystonia? – VCU School of Medicine

  https://neurology.vcu.edu/news/what-causes-dystonia/

  Researchers at the VCU Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Center are seeking to shed light on what causes dystonia, a chronic and frequently disabling and painful neurological disorder that causes muscles to spasm forcing the body into abnormal movements and postures. […] Dystonia is considered the third most common movement disorder, Berman notes. The disorder can be a spontaneous isolated condition, or it can be seen in patients taking anti-psychotic medications as well as those with Parkinson’s disease or those who have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury. In many cases, the root cause of a patient’s dystonia remains a mystery. […] Those studies seek a better understanding of its cause, improved ways to diagnose dystonia, and better ways to treat it. […] A third project draws samples of a patient’s blood in order to create a “biobank” for protein biomarker and DNA testing in order to better understand what causes the disorder.

• #131 Movement Disorders | Dept. of Neurology | GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences

  https://neurology.smhs.gwu.edu/clinical-research-unit/current-research/movement-disorders

  Huntington’s Disease: A genetic progressive condition that causes excessive, fidgeting movements, as well as memory issues, other cognitive problems and changes in mood. […] Tourette Syndrome and other tic disorders: A disorder causing repetitive movements or sounds (tics) that cannot be easily controlled. […] Other conditions: myoclonus, chorea, restless leg syndrome, hemifacial spasms,and functional movement disorders. […] We provide a wide range of advanced treatments and therapies tailored to each patient’s needs. […] Our team is comprised of highly skilled and dedicated physicians specializing in movement disorders: Dr. Pritha Ghosh and Dr. Panagiotis Kassavetis are Board- Certified Neurologists and fellowship-trained in Movement Disorders. […] We are expanding our research, and we provide education to medical students, residents, and fellows, fostering the next generation of experts in neurology and movement disorders. […] We also prioritize providing health-related education to our patients, their caregivers and the local community, as we recognize that understanding ones condition is a critical first step to treating movement disorders.

• #132 Movement Disorder

  https://www.neuromodulation.com/movement-disorder

  Movement disorders affect an estimated 20% of the population. […] There are more than 30 neurological conditions that could be considered movement disorders, many of which appear later in life due to degenerative or genetic causes. […] The hallmark of a movement disorder is persistent involuntary movement or difficulty initiating movement in spite of adequate strength and range of motion. […] While the underlying cause often cannot be cured, symptoms are managed through a multidisciplinary approach with the help of skilled healthcare providers. […] Treatment of movement disorders generally begins with oral medications, but if these are inadequate or produce unacceptable side effects, a number of neuromodulation approaches are available.

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