Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Scorpion sting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scorpion-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353859

  Scorpion stings are caused by the stinger in a scorpion’s tail. When a scorpion stings, its stinger can release venom. The venom contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system. These are called neurotoxins. […] The very old and the very young are most likely to die of untreated venomous scorpion stings. The cause is usually heart or lung failure that occurs some hours after the sting. Very few deaths from scorpion stings have been reported in the U.S.

• #2 Scorpion sting | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/scorpion-sting?content_id=CON-20193996

  Scorpion stings are painful but rarely life-threatening. Young children and older adults are most at risk of serious complications. […] A scorpion sting is caused by the stinger in a scorpion’s tail. When a scorpion stings, its stinger can release venom. The venom contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system. These are called neurotoxins. […] The very old and the very young are most likely to die of untreated venomous scorpion stings. The cause is usually heart or lung failure that occurs some hours after the sting. Very few deaths from scorpion stings have been reported in the U.S.

• #3 Scorpion Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168230-overview

  Scorpion venom may contain multiple toxins and other compounds. The venom is composed of varying concentrations of neurotoxin, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxin, phosphodiesterases, phospholipases, hyaluronidases, glycosaminoglycans, histamine, serotonin, tryptophan, and cytokine releasers. […] The average yield per scorpion via electrical excitation of the venom gland for a few species is listed below:

• #4 Scorpion Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168230-overview

  Scorpion stings are a major public health problem in many underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries, especially Sahelian Africa, South India, the Middle East, Mexico, and South Latin America. […] The causes of scorpion envenomation are primarily accidental. Scorpions are shy creatures and only sting if threatened, cornered, or disturbed (eg, being sat or stepped upon). Curious individuals are at risk because of increased interaction with the scorpion. […] Generally, most lethal scorpions have an LD50 below 1.5 mg/kg. […] The potency of the venom varies with the species, with some producing only a mild flu and others producing death within an hour. […] The most potent toxin is the neurotoxin, of which two classes exist. Both types of neurotoxin are heat-stable, have low molecular weight, and are responsible for causing cell impairment in nerves, muscles, and the heart by altering ion channel permeability.

• #5

  https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/why-a-scorpion-sting-hurts/article19436314.ece

  A toxin in scorpion venom causes excruciating pain to victims in part because the slight acidity of scorpion venom aids in activating a pain pathway, according to a combined team of researchers from the U.S. and China. […] One toxin, BmPO1, is known to target the TRPV1 ion channel to produce pain. […] The recent study found that the marginally acidic (at a pH of 6.5) venom allows it to donate subatomic particles called protons, which work in tandem with BmPO1 to unlock the TRPV1 ion gate and induce pain.

• #6 Why scorpion stings are so painful

  https://phys.org/news/2017-08-scorpion-painful.html

  A combined team of researchers from the U.S. and China has figured out why scorpion stings are so painful. In their paper published on the open access site Science Advances, the team explains how scorpion venom containing a variety of toxins and is mildly acidic, causing a lot of pain. […] Prior research has suggested the purpose of the venom is not to kill, but to cause pain so that predators will leave them alone. In this new effort, the researchers studied the venom and revealed why it is so painful. […] They focused on a peptide called BmP01, previously identified as the most likely pain-causing ingredient in the fluid mixture of more than 100 toxins. […] The researchers note that inflicting pain as a survival mechanism by the scorpion suggests that there may be more than one toxin in the venom that is being enhanced by donated protons, adding up to the very painful experience reported by victims. […] The scorpion toxin BmP01 is linked to sting-induced excruciating pain; however, the reported minimum concentrations for activating TRPV1 channel or inhibiting voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels (both in the micromolar range) appear too high to be biologically relevant.

• #7 Scorpion Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430928/

  Although less than 10% of scorpion stings cause systemic symptoms, those that do can be serious. […] Neurotoxins are the mainstay of symptomatology in envenomations. […] The venom of some species can cause prolonged depolarization by causing incomplete inactivation of sodium channels, resulting in a slow influx of sodium. […] This influx then leads to membrane hyperexcitability and unregulated axon firing by inhibiting the inactivation of an action potential. […] In the select species causing cardiopulmonary effects, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and more importantly, cardiogenic shock may be present. […] Scorpion stings are known to be an uncommon but real cause of pancreatitis. […] Antivenom is reserved for patients showing skeletal muscle or cranial nerve dysfunction who are stung by either Centruroides or Parabuthus.

• #8 Scorpion Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430928/

  There have been no reported deaths from scorpion envenomation in Arizona since 1968. […] Although less than 10% of scorpion stings cause systemic symptoms, those that do can be serious. […] Neurotoxins are the mainstay of symptomatology in envenomations. […] The venom of some species can cause prolonged depolarization by causing incomplete inactivation of sodium channels, resulting in a slow influx of sodium. […] This influx then leads to membrane hyperexcitability and unregulated axon firing by inhibiting the inactivation of an action potential. […] In the select species causing cardiopulmonary effects, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and more importantly, cardiogenic shock may be present. […] Scorpion stings are known to be an uncommon but real cause of pancreatitis. […] Antivenom is reserved for patients showing skeletal muscle or cranial nerve dysfunction who are stung by either Centruroides or Parabuthus.

• #9

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m4-curriculum/group-m4-environmental/scorpion-stings

  Centruroides exilicauda (previously known as Centruroides sculpturatus) is the only scorpion in the United States with venom potent enough to produce a life-threatening illness. […] In the United States, Centruroides exilicauda stings are associated with major neurologic toxicity, especially in young children. […] Centruroides exilicauda venom contains neurotoxin that increases sodium channel permeability resulting in sodium channel activation and cell membrane depolarization. […] The diagnosis of Centruroides scorpion sting is based upon clinical findings including recent visit to or living in an endemic region for the scorpion, history of a scorpion sting (although often not present) and characteristic findings of envenomation. […] Most victims of Centruroides excilicauda scorpion bites can be managed with supportive care only, such as local wound care, tetanus prophylaxis, opioids for muscle pain, and benzodiazepines for neuromuscular symptoms. […] Antivenom (Anascorp, US; Alacramyn, Mexico) should only be considered when there is severe somatic or cranial nerve dysfunction not controlled by supportive measures.

• #10 Will You Die When Stung by a Scorpion?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders-common-medical-conditions/scorpion-stings

  Scorpion stings can be very painful, but they are usually harmless. […] The stinger will release some venom that contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system (neurotoxins). […] Scorpion stings are quite painful, but one will not die if stung by a scorpion. However, very young children and older individuals are at risk of complications. […] When stung by the scorpion, it releases neurotoxins in the venom, which causes a sudden release of neurotransmitters from the autonomic nervous system, especially the sympathetic system. The several vital functions that are directly affected by the neurotoxins are cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromuscular systems. […] Immunotherapy is the only etiological treatment. Administered early, it prevents many complications and improves the outcome.

• #11 Arthropod Bites and Stings | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/arthropod-bites-stings.html

  Scorpions are arachnids that envenomate their prey through stings using their tails. Most scorpion stings are associated with self-limited pain, and fatalities are rare in the developed world. Stings typically occur on the extremities because the scorpions are cornered in hidden places or inside shoes and crevices. Stings are immediately painful and often associated with local paresthesias. The site is often difficult to identify, although local erythema, edema, and muscle fasciculations are common. Severe systemic envenomation occurs in less than 5% of stings and is more common in children. Centruroides (including bark and striped scorpions) are the only scorpions in the United States associated with severe envenomation. The severity of envenomation determines therapy, and multiple grading scales have been developed. More severe envenomations are characterized by cranial nerve abnormalities, somatic neuromuscular dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. In the most severe cases, airway compromise, respiratory arrest, pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysrhythmias, and pancreatitis can result. Cardiomyopathy can occur in severe systemic envenomation secondary to catecholamine surge and is clinically similar to takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

• #12 Will You Die When Stung by a Scorpion?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders-common-medical-conditions/scorpion-stings

  Scorpion venom is harmful to the human body because it contains a powerful protein known as chlorotoxin. […] Scorpion stings are not only painful but also life-threatening because they induce a phenomenon known as an autonomic storm. […] Pancreatitis or pancreatic inflammation is one of the rare complications of scorpion sting. The most significant pathogenesis behind pancreatitis is the cholinergic discharge induced by scorpion venom and a powerful impact on the autonomic nervous system. […] Scorpion sting is usually harmless, and the symptoms resolve within 24 to 48 hours. However, the most severe form of allergic reaction that can occur due to a scorpion sting includes anaphylaxis.

• #13 Scorpions Poisoning in Dogs – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost

  https://wagwalking.com/condition/scorpions-poisoning

  Scorpions poisoning in dogs occurs when the venom of the scorpion penetrates into the dog after the sting. The compounds that make up the venom cause it to be poisonous. […] The cause of scorpions poisoning in dogs is the toxic venom of the scorpion injected into the dog. The scorpion venom causes poisoning by: The venom of the scorpion consists of a tiny protein chain, known as chlorotoxin. The chlorotoxin prohibits any chloride ions from penetrating the muscle cells, and causes paralysis.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/jphp/fulltext/2024/05020/analyzing_the_relationship_between_acute.12.aspx

  Numerous studies have also shown evidence of acute pancreatitis brought on by scorpion stings; one such study focused on the Yellow Scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus and found that 93% of patients experienced emesis and stomach pain after being stung by this type of scorpion.[7] […] Another study carried out in Trinidad found that pancreatitis was most frequently induced by scorpion stings, with the species Tityus trinitatis accounting for the majority of cases.[8] […] About 80% of the 24 individuals in the research had hyperamylasemia, which provided an explanation for the mechanism of acute pancreatitis brought on by scorpion stings. The main pathogenic mechanism of scorpion toxins was found to be the cholinergic discharge, which causes the early activation of enzymes in acinar cells and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators that damage other organs. […] The majority of the time, acute pancreatitis brought on by scorpion envenomation is a brief, self-limiting illness that goes away in 48 h.[4]

• #15 Scorpion Sting: Treatment and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scorpion-sting

  The pain you feel after a scorpion sting is instantaneous and extreme. […] Its possible to die from a scorpion sting, though unlikely. […] There are an estimated 1,500 species of scorpion in the world, and only 30 of these produce venom toxic enough to be fatal. […] Older adults and children are the most likely to die from an untreated venomous scorpion bite. Death is typically caused by heart or respiratory failure some hours after they have been stung. […] Scorpion stings are more dangerous in parts of the world where access to medical care is restricted. Death from scorpion stings is a public health problem in some parts of South America, Mexico, the Middle East, North Africa, and India. […] In extremely rare cases, and usually in people whove experienced a previous scorpion sting, subsequent stings can lead to anaphylaxis.

• #16 Scorpion sting – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_sting

  Not all envenomations result in systemic complications; only a small proportion of stings have this effect on the victim. […] The venom composition of the deathstalker scorpion contains neurotoxins which are almost completely responsible for this symptom. […] There are currently 1,400 known species of scorpions and each possesses venom glands. However, of these 1,400 species, only 25 are known to be dangerous enough to humans to potentially cause death upon envenomation.

• #17 Scorpion Sting Treatment, Symptoms, Pictures & First Aid

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/wilderness_scorpion_sting/article_em.htm

  The cause of the scorpion’s sting symptoms is a barb or stinger that contains a protein toxin (also termed venom). The toxin is responsible for the symptoms listed above. The toxin is not pure; it contains a mixture of proteins (neurotoxin, protein inhibitors, and other substances). The types differ from species to species and likely have evolved to target the specific prey and predators of the particular scorpion species. Depending on the literature source, only about 25 to 40 of the approximate 2000 species of scorpions have toxins or venoms that are dangerous to humans. […] Most scorpions are harmless and accidental. Although about 2000 species exist, only about 25-40 species can deliver enough venom to cause serious or lethal damage to humans. One of the more venomous or potentially dangerous species, especially for infants, young children, and the elderly in the United States is Centruroides exilicauda or bark scorpion.

• #18 Scorpion Stings – Bites, Identification, Symptoms, Treatment | Orkin

  https://www.orkin.com/pests/stinging-pests/scorpions/scorpion-stings

  Scorpions use their sting to capture prey and to defend themselves. […] All scorpions use their stings as a defense mechanism or a weapon to incapacitate prey. […] One thing that all scorpions have in common is that the sting possesses venom, which usually is neurotoxic in nature. […] However, the venom of the bark scorpion is very toxic and can be deadly for those highly sensitive to the sting, particularly children. […] Envenomization, the process of injecting venom by biting, by the Arizona bark scorpion may cause death if not properly treated, so seek the advice and care of a physician for treatment of scorpion stings. […] Out of 1,500 scorpion species, 50 are known to be lethal to humans, mostly belonging to the scorpion family called Buthidae.

• #19 What You Need to Know About Scorpion Stings  | The University of Arizona Health Sciences

  https://healthsciences.arizona.edu/news/blog/what-you-need-know-about-scorpion-stings

  In North America, only one scorpion is dangerous to humans the Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus). […] It is small, just a couple inches in length, and is the only scorpion that produces envenomation syndrome. Envenomation is when a toxin from a venomous creature is injected into a person, who then develops clinical signs and symptoms that range from mild to severe. […] However, there are people who are more at risk of having severe symptoms. Young children and older adults are the most vulnerable. […] Its when a sting causes symptoms worse than pain that we become concerned and consider it to be neurotoxic envenomation. Those symptoms include: […] Scorpion venom is very complex. It contains many different components that are still being studied. Toxins in venom that are dangerous to humans are neurotoxins, more specifically sodium channel toxins. […] I have to say yes because it is possible and people have died from scorpion stings, but it is extremely rare and unlikely. In almost all cases and with medical attention for severe envenomation, scorpion stings are not life threatening.

• #20 Scorpion sting: What to do, treatment, and when to seek help

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/scorpion-sting

  Scorpion stings can be painful, but in most cases, they will not cause any major complications. […] The only scorpion in the United States that has venom potent enough to cause serious complications is the bark scorpion (Centruroides). […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), experiencing a sting from the bark scorpion can cause life threatening complications. […] According to Poison Control, those with the highest risk of developing severe symptoms are young children. A 2019 article adds that older adults are also at risk of developing severe symptoms. […] Treatment varies based on the species of scorpion that stung the person. […] However, if a more dangerous species such as a bark scorpion stings a person, treatment will vary depending on the severity of sting:

• #21 Scorpion Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430928/

  While there are roughly 2500 species of scorpions in the world, only 25 are considered to be lethal to humans. […] In most cases, the sting of a scorpion causes pain but is relatively harmless to a healthy adult. […] Species found in Asia, Africa, and South America may need medical attention due to the potentially toxic effects of their venom. […] Rather than just causing a local skin reaction, these species are capable of producing systemic symptoms, including hemolysis, hemorrhage, and neuromuscular dysfunction. […] The effect of the scorpion sting is highly dependent on the species. […] While species like Centruroides and Parabuthus cause neuromuscular issues, Buthus, Mesobuthus, and Androctonus exhibit life-threatening cardiovascular effects. […] In the United States, Centruroides exilicauda is the most common culprit of envenomation, while Centruroides vittatus is the second most common.

• #22 Scorpion Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430928/

  While there are roughly 2500 species of scorpions in the world, only 25 are considered to be lethal to humans. […] Species found in Asia, Africa, and South America may need medical attention due to the potentially toxic effects of their venom. […] Rather than just causing a local skin reaction, these species are capable of producing systemic symptoms, including hemolysis, hemorrhage, and neuromuscular dysfunction. […] The effect of the scorpion sting is highly dependent on the species. […] While species like Centruroides and Parabuthus cause neuromuscular issues, Buthus, Mesobuthus, and Androctonus exhibit life-threatening cardiovascular effects. […] In Mexico and the United States, many scorpion stings occur each year; however, only a few cause systemic effects. […] When severe symptoms do occur, they are usually due to the Centruroides species.

• #23 Scorpion sting – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_sting

  A scorpion sting is an injury caused by the stinger of a scorpion resulting in the medical condition known as scorpionism, which may vary in severity. […] In serious cases, scorpion stings may involve the envenomation of humans by toxic scorpions, which may result in extreme pain, serious illness, or even death depending on the toxicity of the venom. […] However, scorpion stings account for approximately 3,000 deaths a year worldwide. […] The Brazilian yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) is one species known for being especially dangerous, being responsible for most scorpion sting fatalities in South America. […] Envenomation of a human by a scorpion may affect the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems depending on the species of scorpion. […] Some of the more severe side effects include respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, cardiac dysfunction, impaired hemostasis, pancreatitis, and multiple organ failure.

• #24 Scorpion Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168230-overview

  Scorpion stings are a major public health problem in many underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries, especially Sahelian Africa, South India, the Middle East, Mexico, and South Latin America. […] The causes of scorpion envenomation are primarily accidental. Scorpions are shy creatures and only sting if threatened, cornered, or disturbed (eg, being sat or stepped upon). Curious individuals are at risk because of increased interaction with the scorpion. […] Generally, most lethal scorpions have an LD50 below 1.5 mg/kg. […] The potency of the venom varies with the species, with some producing only a mild flu and others producing death within an hour. […] The most potent toxin is the neurotoxin, of which two classes exist. Both types of neurotoxin are heat-stable, have low molecular weight, and are responsible for causing cell impairment in nerves, muscles, and the heart by altering ion channel permeability.

• #25 Scorpion Sting: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17860-scorpion-stings

  Scorpions sting to defend and protect themselves. […] Scorpions typically live in populated areas. They often make their homes in the crevices of peoples houses. They also live in other small spaces such as under rocks and in firewood. If you encounter a scorpion unexpectedly, it may inject venom into your body to defend itself. […] Depending on the type of scorpion, the venom can cause pain or, much more rarely, affect your nervous system and cause other serious health problems. These issues can include heart, breathing, and muscle problems. […] Scorpion stings can be fatal, especially in people ages 6 and younger. But most types of scorpions in North America arent venomous. Death from a scorpion is extremely rare. There hasnt been a reported death from a scorpion sting in the United States in more than 50 years.

• #26 Scorpion sting: What to do, treatment, and when to seek help

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/scorpion-sting

  Young children and older adults are most likely to develop life threatening reactions to a sting. […] In rare cases and among vulnerable populations, including young children and older adults, a person may die from a scorpion sting. […] Scorpion stings are not usually a life threatening issue. […] People most at risk of experiencing a sting from a bark scorpion are those who live or work in the southwestern areas of the U.S. They may wish to take extra precautions while working outside.

• #27 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Scorpion sting | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20193996

  A scorpion sting is caused by the stinger in a scorpion’s tail. When a scorpion stings, its stinger can release venom. The venom contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system. These are called neurotoxins. […] The very old and the very young are most likely to die of untreated venomous scorpion stings. The cause is usually heart or lung failure that occurs some hours after the sting. Very few deaths from scorpion stings have been reported in the U.S.

• #28 What Should I Do If I Get Stung by a Scorpion? Fatal Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_should_i_do_if_i_get_stung_by_a_scorpion/article.htm

  Scorpion stings are painful and usually accompanied by swelling, tingling or numbness. These symptoms can be managed at home. However, there are a few common symptoms that are considered severe and may require medical attention, including: […] Fatality from a scorpion sting is usually related to the following causes: […] Children, the elderly and people allergic to the venom are the most threatened by a scorpion sting, which spreads the venom more easily in children’s blood. […] For most people, although a scorpion’s sting rarely kills, it can cause a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis, which is life-threatening and may lead to death.

• #29 Allergic Reactions to Insect Bites and Stings

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/insect-bite-and-sting-allergy-83012

  Scorpions are found around the world. They are not insects; they are arachnids and are closely related to spiders, mites, and ticks. Scorpions have the ability to kill prey by injecting venom from a stinger located at the end of a long tail. Because many scorpions are found indoors, people are frequently stung by scorpions. Scorpion stings are rarely known to sometimes cause allergic reactions, although in most cases, symptoms after a scorpion sting are caused by neurotoxins in the venom, leading to symptoms of numbness and tingling throughout the body. […] About one percent of people can experience severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, as a result of a fire ant sting.

• #30 Scorpion Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430928/

  There have been no reported deaths from scorpion envenomation in Arizona since 1968. […] Although less than 10% of scorpion stings cause systemic symptoms, those that do can be serious. […] Neurotoxins are the mainstay of symptomatology in envenomations. […] The venom of some species can cause prolonged depolarization by causing incomplete inactivation of sodium channels, resulting in a slow influx of sodium. […] This influx then leads to membrane hyperexcitability and unregulated axon firing by inhibiting the inactivation of an action potential. […] In the select species causing cardiopulmonary effects, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and more importantly, cardiogenic shock may be present. […] Scorpion stings are known to be an uncommon but real cause of pancreatitis. […] Antivenom is reserved for patients showing skeletal muscle or cranial nerve dysfunction who are stung by either Centruroides or Parabuthus.

• #31 scorpion sting – scorpion bite – scorpion sting symptoms Las Vegas

  https://americanpestcontrol.com/scorpion-bites-scorpion-sting-las-vegas-residents/

  Scorpions are common in the desert regions of the United States, particularly in cities like Las Vegas. Among the many concerns residents face, scorpion stings can cause discomfort, panic, and in some cases, severe reactions. […] Symptoms of a scorpion sting vary depending on the species of scorpion and the person affected. Some common symptoms include: Sharp pain or a burning sensation at the site of the sting. Numbness or tingling, especially in cases involving the striped bark scorpion. Swelling or redness near the wound. Difficulty breathing or swallowing (in severe cases). Muscle twitching or convulsions in rare instances. […] In some cases, there may be a delayed reaction to a scorpion sting. Symptoms can arise hours after the initial incident, leading to confusion about the source of the discomfort.

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