Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Systemic lupus erythematosus: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease that can have a wide array of disease manifestations, including constitutional symptoms, rashes, arthritis, hematologic abnormalities, and nephritis. […] It is most common in younger to middle-aged females, and certain demographic characteristics have been associated with worse disease outcomes. […] This topic explores the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SLE. […] The epidemiology and pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are discussed separately.

• #2

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/lupus/epidemiology-of-lupus

  Epidemiological studies are essential to understand the overall burden of a disease, make policy decisions on healthcare utilization and cost and examine and mitigate disparities of disease burden. […] The collection of epidemiological data on SLE in the US has greatly benefited from the establishment, in 2002, of five population-based surveillance registries by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). […] The five CDC registries also provide valuable data on the incidence of SLE among diverse US populations. […] A comprehensive review published in 2021 collated a large number of epidemiological studies on SLE worldwide. […] Estimates of worldwide SLE incidence are associated with the same methodological hurdles as that of prevalence. […] Lupus is associated with marked sex- and race/ethnicity-based disparities of disease burden. […] Although less pronounced, racial/ethnic disparities are also present among patients with SLE. […] Despite great progress in understanding the global epidemiology of SLE in recent decades, many important questions remain to be answered.

• #3 Lupus Facts and Statistics | Lupus Foundation of America

  https://www.lupus.org/resources/lupus-facts-and-statistics

  The Lupus Foundation of America estimates that 1.5 million Americans, and at least five million people worldwide, have a form of lupus. […] Lupus is two to three times more prevalent among African American, Hispanic/Latina, Asian American, Native American, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander women than among White women. […] The groundbreaking LUMINA (Lupus in Minority Populations: Nature vs. Nurture) study reported that African American lupus patients are more likely to have organ system involvement, more active disease, and lower levels of social support compared with White lupus patients. […] It is believed that between 10-15 percent of people with lupus will die prematurely due to complications of lupus. […] A Lupus Foundation of America funded study found that overall, lupus was among the top 20 leading causes of death in females ages 5-64.

• #4 Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/82/3/351

  Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). […] 112 studies met the inclusion criteria. The global SLE incidence and newly diagnosed population were estimated to be 5.14 (1.4 to 15.13) per 100000 person-years and 0.40million people annually, respectively. […] Regarding prevalence, the global SLE prevalence and affected population were estimated to be 43.7 (15.87 to 108.92) per 100000 persons and 3.41million people, respectively. […] Epidemiological data on SLE are lacking for 79.8% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of SLE varies substantially between different sex and age groups and is distributed unequally among geographical regions; specifically, SLE occurs more frequently in high-income countries.

• #5 Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Inciden

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-16941.html

  Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations and variable disease course. This abstract provides an overview of the epidemiology of SLE, including its prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. SLE exhibits significant heterogeneity in its prevalence across different populations and regions. Prevalence estimates typically range from 20 to 150 cases per 100,000 individuals, with higher rates observed among women, particularly those of African, Hispanic, or Asian descent. SLE is more frequently diagnosed during the childbearing years, with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 9:1, highlighting the influence of gender. Incidence rates of SLE vary globally, with annual estimates ranging from 0.3 to 23.6 cases per 100,000 person-years. These disparities may be influenced by genetic, environmental, and sociodemographic factors. Geographically, SLE incidence tends to be higher in North America and some regions of Europe compared to Asia and Africa. The variation in incidence rates underscores the multifaceted nature of this disease. Several risk factors contribute to the development of SLE. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role, with various susceptibility loci identified, particularly within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Environmental factors such as exposure to ultraviolet light, certain infections, and hormonal influences, including estrogen, have been associated with SLE development. Additionally, socio-economic factors and access to healthcare may influence disease outcomes and contribute to disparities in SLE prevalence and incidence.

• #6 People with Lupus | Lupus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/data-research/index.html

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common type of lupus. […] Over 200,000 people in the United States are estimated to have SLE. […] Women and people from certain racial and ethnic groups are more likely to develop SLE. […] An estimated 204,000 people have SLE in the United States, according to the most recent data available. […] Anyone can develop lupus, including children. However, lupus is more common in: Women. […] Black or African American, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations are affected more than White populations. […] Black and AI/AN women are 2 to 3 times more likely than White women to develop lupus. […] Black people have higher rates of death from lupus than White people. […] Black people with lupus also tend to die sooner after they are diagnosed. […] On average, Black people with lupus die earlier ages more than 10 years younger than White people with lupus.

• #7 The Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Disease Prevalence and Impact on Employment and Work Productivity

  https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/the-epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-disease-prevalence-and-impact-on-employment-and-work-productivity

  Two important studies presented at the American College of Rheumatology annual meeting held in San Diego, California from October 25-30, 2013 analyzed the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis in the US population, as well as the impact of SLE on employment and work productivity in American workers. […] Prevalence estimates of SLE in the United States vary, ranging from 161,000 to 1.5 million. […] Based on these data, the overall prevalence of SLE in the US population was projected to be 313,436 patients(100 per 100,000 persons), with the prevalence of lupus nephritis projected as 63,256 patients (20 per 100,000 persons). […] The prevalence rates of SLE and of lupus nephritis were highest between the ages of 18 and 64 years, and were greater in females (227 cases of SLE and 52 cases of lupus nephritis per 100,000 persons) than in males (102 cases of SLE and 22 cases of lupus nephritis per 100,000 persons).

• #8 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-pro

  SLE affects nearly 1 in 1,000 of the population in the UK. […] The highest incidence rates are seen in those of African-Caribbean descent, 31.4/100,000/year compared to 6.7/100,000/year for those of white European descent. […] There is some evidence of increasing incidence of SLE.

• #9 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus_(SLE)

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic overactivation of the immune system, leading to inflammation. […] Ocular manifestations are common in SLE, affecting 33-50% of patients. […] SLE is most commonly diagnosed in women, with onset typically occurring between 20 and 30 years of age. The ratio of women to men with lupus is believed to be about 9:1, with higher prevalence in African American women. […] Ocular complaints affect somewhere between 33-50% of patients with SLE. The ophthalmologic manifestations of SLE are varied, ranging from mild irritation to vision threatening retinopathy. […] The most common ophthalmologic manifestation of SLE is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome), affecting about a third of patients. […] The etiology of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in SLE patients is thought to be multifactorial, involving the development of secondary Sjogrens syndrome.

• #10 Trends and Disparities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Incidence Among U.S. Active Component Service Members, 2000–2022 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2023/12/01/MSMR-Lupus

  Female active component service members have an incidence rate of SLE that is 12.3 times greater than their male counterparts. […] Inpatient and outpatient encounter data retrieved from the Defense Medical Surveillance System were used to establish that there were 1,127 diagnoses of systemic lupus erythematosus among active component U.S. service members from 2000 to 2022, with an overall incidence rate of 3.5 cases per 100,000 person-years. Annual incidence remained relatively constant over the 23-year surveillance period, peaking in 2009. […] This study further demonstrates greatest SLE incidence among non-Hispanic Black women, in all age groups. […] SLE incidence among ACSM remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2022. Incidence was notably highest among non-Hispanic Black women in all age groups.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/co-rheumatology/fulltext/2019/11000/update_on_lupus_epidemiology__advancing_health.20.aspx

  The current review focuses on recent population-based studies that have examined the burden of lupus, disease outcomes, and gaps in quality of care, with an emphasis in research addressing health disparities. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Lupus Registries underscored higher susceptibility of both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary cutaneous lupus among people of color, compared with whites. Not only does SLE disproportionately strike people from racial and ethnic minorities, those individuals are also at increased risk of developing severe manifestations following SLE diagnosis. Mortality is higher and death occurs at a younger age among blacks, compared with whites. Furthermore, ongoing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-supported population-based lupus cohorts, along with research by other groups, have provided new insight into the role of social determinants on outcomes and opportunities to improve care in diverse lupus populations.

• #12 The Incidence and Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in San Francisco County, California: The California Lupus Surveillance Project – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/the-incidence-and-prevalence-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-in-san-francisco-county-california-the-california-lupus-surveillance-project/

  Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the US have varied widely. The purpose of this study was to conduct the California Lupus Surveillance Project (CLSP) to determine credible estimates of SLE incidence and prevalence, with a special focus on Hispanics and Asians. The CLSP, which is funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is a population-based registry of individuals with SLE residing in San Francisco County, CA, from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2009. We estimated crude and age-standardized incidence and prevalence, which were stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. The overall age-standardized annual incidence rate was 4.6 per 100,000 person-years. The average annual period prevalence was 84.8 per 100,000 persons. The age-standardized incidence rate in women and men was 8.6 and 0.7 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. This rate was highest among black women (30.5), followed by Hispanic women (8.9), Asian women (7.2), and white women (5.3). The age-standardized prevalence in women per 100,000 persons was 458.1 in blacks, 177.9 in Hispanics, 149.7 in Asians, and 109.8 in whites. […] Comprehensive methods that include intensive case-finding provide more credible estimates of SLE in Hispanics and Asians, and confirm racial and ethnic disparities in SLE. The disease burden of SLE is highest in black women, followed by Hispanic women, Asian women, and white women.

• #13 Population-Based Incidence and Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance Program

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/106579

  Objective To estimate the incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a sociodemographically diverse southeastern Michigan source population of 2.4 million people. […] The overall age-adjusted incidence and prevalence (ACR definition) per 100,000 persons were 5.5 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.0-6.1) and 72.8 (95% CI 70.8-74.8). […] SLE prevalence was 2.3-fold higher in black persons than in white persons, and 10-fold higher in females than in males. […] SLE prevalence was higher than has been described in most other population-based studies and reached 1 in 537 among black female persons. There were substantial racial disparities in the burden of SLE, with black patients experiencing earlier age at diagnosis, 2-fold increases in SLE incidence and prevalence, and increased proportions of renal disease and progression to ESRD as compared to white patients.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-022-05183-4

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be more prevalent among most ethnic groups in the low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), still these countries are under-represented in epidemiological data on SLE. […] The prevalence and incidence of SLE varied from 3.2 to 159 per 100,000 and 0.38.7 per 100,000 persons, respectively. […] In a random effects meta-analysis (n=10), the pooled prevalence of SLE was 103 (95% confidence interval [CI] 17 to 224) per 100,000. […] According to WHO regions, the pooled prevalence of American and Western Pacific regions was 300 (95% CI 200 to 900) and 36 (95% CI 3537) per 100,000, respectively. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus is a common disease with considerable variation in prevalence and incidence among the general population in LMICs. […] Accurate estimates of prevalence and incidence of SLE are required to put in place appropriate programmes to reduce its burden in LMICs.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/co-rheumatology/fulltext/2019/11000/update_on_lupus_epidemiology__advancing_health.20.aspx

  While descriptive epidemiological efforts have been critical to providing more accurate estimates of the burden and mortality of lupus across diverse demographic groups, emerging research suggests a significant influence of psychosocial and healthcare system factors on disease outcomes. These current efforts represent important steps toward the development of clinical and public health interventions aimed at eliminating health disparities in lupus populations. […] The CDC National Lupus Registries were created from an unprecedented national lupus surveillance project aimed at addressing the limitations of previous epidemiologic data, particularly in racial/ethnic minority populations in the United States. […] The public health surveillance exemption to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule allowed investigators to obtain protected health information without written patient consent, which enabled investigators to maximize case ascertainment, determine if potential cases met case definition criteria, and provide enough information to prevent duplicate counting of patients examined in multiple facilities.

• #16 Preliminary population-based incidence and prevalence estimates of systemic lupus erythematosus: the California Lupus Surveillance Project | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar4654

  Previous estimates of prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the United States have varied widely due to factors such as heterogeneous source populations, limitations with case ascertainment, and differing case definitions. […] The California Lupus Surveillance Project (CLSP) is part of a national effort funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine more credible estimates of incidence and prevalence of SLE, with a special focus on Hispanics and Asians. […] The preliminary overall crude prevalence and incidence of SLE in San Francisco County was 90.4/100,000 and 5.1/100,000 respectively. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in SLE were confirmed with the highest burden of disease in Black women, followed by Hispanic and Asians, and, finally, White women.

• #17 New Study Reveals Hidden Burden of Lupus Among Hispanic & Asian Women in Manhattan | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/new-study-reveals-hidden-burden-lupus-among-hispanic-asian-women-manhattan

  Within Manhattans diverse population, the chronic and often debilitating autoimmune disease lupus affects Hispanic and Asian women more frequently than white women, according to a new study led by investigators at NYU School of Medicine. […] The project was conducted through the Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program (MLSP)a collaboration between NYU Langone Health and New York Citys Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH)and supported by funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The MLSP was designed, along with the California Lupus Surveillance Project, to also provide estimates of the incidence and prevalence of lupus specifically among Hispanic and Asian populations, two of the fastest-growing demographic populations in the U.S. […] These findings, the investigators say, underscore the importance of improving the diagnosis of lupus in these demographic groups. […] This project will help support future efforts to expand awareness and improve access to care for all people at risk of lupus.

• #18 Center for Midlife Science: Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance Program Longitudinal Cohort (MiLES)

  https://midlifescience.umich.edu/Projects_MiLES.php

  Initiated in 2013, MiLES is a newly established cohort study which creates and maintains the MiLES Longitudinal Cohort Biobank, including lupus cases from the southeast Michigan surveillance registry as well as population-based controls. […] These are the most recent publications for the Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance Program Longitudinal Cohort (MiLES). […] Associations between CD70 methylation of T cell DNA and age in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus and population controls: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology Surveillance (MILES) Program […] Cost-related prescription non-adherence and patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology Surveillance program […] Incidence rates of systemic lupus erythematosus in the USA: estimates from a meta-analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national lupus registries.

• #19 Lupus Publications | Lupus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/about/lupus-publications.html

  Somers EC, Goodrich JM, Wang L, et al. Associations between CD70 methylation of T cell DNA and age in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus and population controls: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology Surveillance (MILES) Program. J Autoimmun. 2024 Jan;142:103137. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103137. […] Barglund-Heglund D, Roberts E, Park J, et al. Economic insecurities and patient-reported outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in the USA: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the California Lupus Epidemiology Study. Lancet Rheum. 2024 Feb; 6(2):e105-e114.doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00296-5 […] Minhas D, Marder W, Hassett AL, et al. Cost-related prescription non-adherence and patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology Surveillance program. Lupus. 2023 Aug; 32(9):1075-1083. doi: 10.1177/09612033231186113

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/co-rheumatology/fulltext/2018/03000/epidemiology_of_systemic_lupus_erythematosus__an.3.aspx

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disease with a significant disease burden across the world among different ethnic, racial, and age groups. […] More accurate estimates of incidence and prevalence of SLE among different ethnicities and minority groups not only in the USA, but also in Europe, Middle East, and Asia have provided new insights into the disease burden around the world. […] Despite advances in treatment, mortality among SLE patients remains high with significant ethnic and geographic variations. […] Sex, race, and ethnicity significantly affect SLE incidence, prevalence, and mortality.

• #21 The global epidemiology of SLE: narrowing the knowledge gaps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050933/

  It is impossible to make comparisons among LMIC due to the possibility of under-diagnosis, a consequence of a limited number of specialists (e.g. rheumatologists, nephrologists) and resources required to diagnose and manage SLE. […] The overall mortality risk is two- to three-times higher for persons with SLE in comparison to the general population, but higher still in certain global regions and racial/ethnic groups. […] Reliable estimations of the global epidemiology and burden of SLE are predicated on data sources and the quality of surveillance and research methodologies. […] The limitations of the current SLE estimates in most LMIC are myriad. First, our recent epidemiological snapshot of the global burden of SLE found limited country-specific data in LMIC, indicating a critical need to address gaps in data availability and research in these settings. […] The consequences of these knowledge gaps include limited understanding of the aetiology and risk factors for SLE in disadvantaged populations. […] There is an urgent need for surveillance studies with uniform and consistent study designs to make these comparisons.

• #21 The global epidemiology of SLE: narrowing the knowledge gaps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10050933/

  SLE is a global health concern that unevenly affects certain ethnic/racial groups. Individuals of Asian, Black, Hispanic and Indigenous ethnicity/race are amongst those who experience increased prevalence, incidence, morbidity and mortality. […] Population-based surveillance studies from many regions are few and often still in nascent stages. Many of these areas are challenged by restricted access to diagnostics and therapeutics. Without accurately capturing the worldwide burden and distribution of SLE, appropriately dedicating resources to improve global SLE outcomes may be challenging. […] Accurate assessments of SLE incidence, prevalence and outcomes are limited in low and middle-income countries. […] The burden of SLE is a global health challenge requiring collaborations between industry, international organizations and global policy-makers marshalling clinical and research resources and collaborations with partners in resource-limited regions.

• #22 Lupus Facts and Statistics | Lupus Foundation of America

  https://www.lupus.org/resources/lupus-facts-and-statistics

  A 2016 study published in Nature Reviews Rheumatology found that the average annual direct health care costs of a person with lupus was $33,223. […] A Lupus Foundation of America survey found 55 percent of lupus patients reported a complete or partial loss of their income because they no longer are able to work full time due to complications of lupus. […] While lupus is a widespread disease, awareness of the disease lags behind many other illnesses.

• #23 The Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Disease Prevalence and Impact on Employment and Work Productivity

  https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/the-epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-disease-prevalence-and-impact-on-employment-and-work-productivity

  Various factors influence the ability of patients with SLE to work, and their work productivity, including disease activity, cognitive impairment, comorbidities, education, and psychosocial factors. […] Of note, work productivity over the 1-year period, as measured by the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment tool, was not significantly impacted by SLE disease activity. […] These results suggest that efforts to maintain patients with SLE in the workforce should target younger persons with a recent SLE diagnosis, as well as those with poorer physical health and persons from vulnerable socioeconomic groups.

• #24 Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors of Malignant Tumors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/4/4/17

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an elevated risk of hematologic cancers, as well as cancers of the lungs, thyroid, liver, and bile ducts. […] In recent years, numerous studies have highlighted the connection between systemic lupus erythematosus and a higher risk of malignant tumors, compared to the general population, with an increase of up to 20%. […] The highest risk of developing cancer pertains to women with SLE under the age of 65. […] SLE is associated with an elevated risk of hematologic cancers, as well as cancers of the lungs, thyroid, pancreas, cervix, vulva and vagina, liver, and bile ducts. […] The overall risk of carcinogenesis may be up to 1.5 times higher, compared to the general population. […] The aim of this paper was to review the latest literature and present the most significant findings on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and risk factors for malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus may be an independent risk factor for the development of malignancies. […] The awareness of patients with SLE of the increased risk of malignancy should be increased. Further studies are needed to define guidelines for prevention, including screening.

• #25 Epidemiology and outcomes of sepsis among hospitalizations with systemic lupus erythematosus admitted to the ICU: a population-based cohort study | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-019-0424-y

  Sepsis is the most common cause of premature death among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) aged 50 years in the United States, and infection is the most common cause of admission to the ICU among SLE patients. […] However, there are no population-level data on the patterns of the demand for critical care services among hospitalized septic patients with SLE or the outcomes of those admitted to the ICU. […] Sepsis accounted for 51.5% of the growth in volume of ICU admissions among SLE hospitalizations during the study period. […] Sepsis is a major, incremental driver of the demand for critical care services among SLE hospitalizations. […] Despite its relatively low mortality, sepsis was associated with most of the short-term deaths among ICU patients with SLE. […] Thus, contemporary data on the demand for critical care services among septic SLE patients and the characteristics and outcomes of those requiring ICU care can inform decisions on resource allocation, preventive and interventional efforts to improve patient outcomes, and provide benchmarks for performance improvement initiatives.

• #26 Lupus Epidemiology and Risk Factors

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/lupus-epidemiology-and-risk-factors

  Types of patient populations at higher risk for developing more severe forms of lupus. […] Studies have shown theres been a significant delay to diagnosis. Whats the average time to diagnosis in lupus? Five years at least in the United States. […] In the United States, and probably now of course in Amsterdam, its very multiracial and multiethnic, and we realize that certain groups might be at increased risk for SLE [systemic lupus erythematosus]. […] I think individuals of Hispanic origin or African American descent and Southeast Asian descent, these individuals have an increased risk of lupus nephritis. […] Its striking that the disease may be more prevalent, we dont actually know. But when its there, it seems its more severe. […] we still try to also collect some data to make those comparisons.

• #27 Lupus Epidemiology: Sex, Race, and Ethnicity

  https://www.webmd.com/lupus/lupus-epidemiology-sex-race-ethnicity

  The field of epidemiology can help us answer these questions. Its a branch of science that looks at how often diseases affect different groups of people and why. Medical experts can then use this information to plan and assess ways to prevent or manage diseases. […] Lupus affects more people in racial and ethnic minority groups in the U.S. […] Research shows that compared to white women, lupus is more common in women who are: African American, African Caribbean, Hispanic or Latina, Asian American, Native American, Alaska Native, Pacific Islander. […] African American women in particular seem to have a higher risk of getting lupus. As many as 1 in 250 will develop the disease. […] In the U.S., people in racial and ethnic minority groups also face higher odds of having worse health outcomes with lupus. For instance, theyre more likely to get serious health problems after a doctor diagnoses them with the disease. […] The Lupus Foundation of America says that communities of color often face barriers that lead to worse health outcomes, like lower-than-average incomes and rates of health insurance coverage.

• #28 Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – SLEuro

  https://sleuro.org/global-epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-a-comprehensive-systematic-analysis-and-modelling-study/

  A better knowledge of the epidemiology of SLE around the world is much needed, to raise awareness and improve allocation of healthcare resources. A major contribution is provided by the newly published study from Tian et al. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, including 112 studies on SLE epidemiology published over 30 years, from 1992 to 2022. […] The global SLE incidence and newly diagnosed population were estimated to be 5.14 (1.4 to 15.13) per 100 000 person-years and 0.40 million annually, respectively. The worldwide SLE prevalence and affected population were estimated to be 43.7 (15.87 to 108.92) per 100 000 persons and 3.41 million people, respectively. […] In addition to an improved knowledge on the incidence and prevalence of SLE and its time trends, there is an important unmet need to increase the epidemiological understanding of the burden of the disease. Notably, it remains unknown across Europe, as well as in other world regions, the number and proportion of SLE patients that fails to reach the management targets, due to frequent flares of disease activity or to persistently active disease as well as those taking unacceptably high-dose, long-term glucocorticoids. This epidemiological knowledge will be crucial to all healthcare stakeholders for devising strategies to improving management of SLE patients.

• #29 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Primary Care Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0815/p284.html

  A committee of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) recommended that the role of primary care physicians is understanding the manifestations of SLE to aid in early diagnosis, treating and monitoring patients with mild disease, recognizing warning signs to refer to a rheumatologist appropriately, and helping to monitor disease activity and treatment in patients with moderate to severe disease. […] The initial evaluation for suspected SLE should include an antinuclear antibody test. […] Patients diagnosed with SLE must meet at least four of the 11 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria. […] The ACR has 11 diagnostic criteria for SLE; if a patient meets at least four, SLE can be diagnosed with 95% specificity and 85% sensitivity. […] In 2012, the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the ACR criteria.

• #29 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Primary Care Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0815/p284.html

  Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects many systems, including the skin, musculoskeletal, renal, neuropsychiatric, hematologic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and reproductive systems. […] The American College of Rheumatology has 11 classification criteria for lupus. If a patient meets at least four criteria, lupus can be diagnosed with 95% specificity and 85% sensitivity. […] SLE affects about 300,000 persons in the United States. It is twice as prevalent in black persons as in white persons, and it is 10 times more common in females than in males. […] A qualitative study in the United Kingdom noted a lack of detailed knowledge about SLE by family physicians and the need for more cohesive health care. […] There is a need for well-coordinated, multidisciplinary health care teams including subspecialists and family physicians to improve chronic care and preventive health services for these patients.

• #30 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Primary Care Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0815/p284.html

  The management of SLE depends on the system involved. […] All patients with SLE should receive education, counseling, and support. […] Patients with increased disease activity, complications, or adverse effects from treatment should be referred to a rheumatologist. […] Measurement of anti-dsDNA antibodies, complements, and creatinine; a complete blood count; and urinalysis should be performed every three to six months to monitor disease activity. […] Patients with SLE have a higher mortality rate due to circulatory disease, infections, renal disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and lung cancer.

• #31 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus_(SLE)

  The most common vision threatening ocular manifestation is that of lupus retinopathy, ranging from 3-29% of patients affected, depending on disease control. […] Lupus retinopathy is the most common posterior segment pathology in patients with SLE. It affects anywhere from 3-29% of patients, more likely to develop in patients with severe or chronically uncontrolled disease. […] Anticardiolipin antibodies are relatively common in SLE, with around 40% of patients testing positive. However, in patients with known retinopathy, the percent with positive anticardiolipin can be as high as 86%, suggesting occlusive components play a significant role in its pathogenesis. […] Proper systemic disease treatment and management is paramount. Depending on the mechanism of the retinopathy, immunosuppressants and/or anticoagulant therapy may be advised.

• #32 Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Inciden

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-16941.html

  Epidemiological studies play a critical role in shedding light on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with SLE, offering valuable insights into the disease’s patterns and its impact on populations. This introduction provides an overview of SLE, emphasizing the importance of epidemiology in understanding the disease’s distribution and determinants. […] Understanding the epidemiology of SLE is crucial for several reasons: By quantifying the prevalence and incidence of SLE, epidemiology helps policymakers and healthcare providers assess the disease’s burden on a community or region. This information guides resource allocation and public health interventions. Epidemiological studies can reveal demographic groups that are at higher risk for SLE. This knowledge can aid in targeted screening, early diagnosis, and tailored interventions for those most in need.

• #33 Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Inciden

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-16941.html

  Investigating the risk factors associated with SLE can shed light on potential causative agents or triggers. This information is essential for disease prevention and management. SLE exhibits geographical variations in its prevalence and incidence. Exploring these differences can provide insights into the interplay of genetics, environment, and lifestyle in disease development. Epidemiological data serve as a foundation for further research into the underlying mechanisms of SLE. This research can lead to improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. In the subsequent sections of this exploration, we will delve into the prevalence and incidence rates of SLE across different populations and regions, examine the gender and age disparities, and analyze the various risk factors associated with the disease. This comprehensive analysis aims to enhance our understanding of SLE and contribute to the ongoing efforts to better manage and prevent this complex autoimmune disorder.

• #34 Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Inciden

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-16941.html

  In conclusion, SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with a variable epidemiological profile. Understanding the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with SLE is crucial for improving diagnosis, management, and public health interventions for affected individuals. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms contributing to the disparities observed in SLE epidemiology, ultimately leading to more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Zobacz więcej