Rozszerzenie naczyniówki ocznej

Rozszerzenie naczyniówki ocznej
Epidemiologia

Trądzik różowaty oczny (ocular rosacea) występuje u 10-50% pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym skórnym, a w niektórych badaniach nawet do 72%. Objawy oczne mogą poprzedzać zmiany skórne u około 20% chorych, co utrudnia wczesną diagnostykę. Choroba dotyka głównie osoby w wieku 30-60 lat, z największą częstością między 51 a 60 rokiem życia, i występuje równie często u obu płci. Częstość występowania trądziku różowatego w populacji ogólnej waha się od 2% do 22%, a u osób o jasnej karnacji (fototyp I i II) jest wyższa. Objawy oczne obejmują suchość oka (76%), uczucie ciała obcego (64%), nadwrażliwość na światło, pieczenie, zaczerwienienie (46%) oraz zmiany rogówki u około 5-33% pacjentów, co może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, takich jak owrzodzenia czy perforacje. Diagnostyka opiera się na badaniu klinicznym, w tym ocenie lampą szczelinową, jednak brak jest swoistych testów, a rozpoznanie jest często opóźnione, zwłaszcza u dzieci, gdzie średnie opóźnienie wynosi ponad rok. Trądzik różowaty oczny jest istotnym czynnikiem dysfunkcji gruczołów Meiboma i choroby suchego oka, a jego objawy mogą być mylone z innymi schorzeniami okulistycznymi.

Epidemiologia trądziku różowatego ocznego

Trądzik różowaty oczny (ocular rosacea) stanowi istotny problem kliniczny, którego rzeczywista częstość występowania pozostaje trudna do precyzyjnego określenia. Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują, że ocular rosacea występuje u około 10-50% pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym skórnym, choć w niektórych badaniach odsetek ten sięga nawet 58-72%¹²³. Co istotne, w około 20% przypadków objawy oczne mogą wystąpić przed objawami skórnymi, co utrudnia wczesną diagnostykę⁴⁵. Szacuje się, że trądzik różowaty dotyka ponad 16 milionów Amerykanów, a badanie przeprowadzone w Szwecji ujawniło częstość występowania na poziomie nawet 10%⁶⁷.

Częstość występowania trądziku różowatego skórnego w populacji ogólnej szacuje się na 2-22%, z kolei w badaniu estońskim stwierdzono występowanie trądziku różowatego u 22% populacji zgodnie z kryteriami klasyfikacji American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC)⁸⁹. Wartość ta jest znacznie wyższa niż sugerowały wcześniejsze badania, co wskazuje, że trądzik różowaty może być częstszym schorzeniem skórnym niż wcześniej sądzono¹⁰.

Charakterystyka demograficzna

Chociaż trądzik różowaty skórny występuje częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn, trądzik różowaty oczny dotyka obu płci w równym stopniu¹¹¹²¹³. Kobiety są zwykle diagnozowane wcześniej, co może wynikać z faktu, że częściej i wcześniej poszukują pomocy medycznej¹⁴. Z kolei mężczyźni częściej rozwijają postać phymatous rosacea (postać przerostowa)¹⁵.

Trądzik różowaty oczny dotyka najczęściej osoby w wieku 30-60 lat, z największą częstością występowania w 4-7 dekadzie życia¹⁶¹⁷. Badania pokazują, że szczyt zachorowań przypada między 51 a 60 rokiem życia¹⁸. Warto jednak podkreślić, że schorzenie to może występować również u dzieci, stanowiąc jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn zapalenia powiek i spojówek w tej grupie wiekowej¹⁹.

Rozkład etniczny

Trądzik różowaty oczny rozpoznawany jest znacznie częściej u osób o jasnej karnacji, szczególnie wywodzących się z populacji europejskich o celtyckim pochodzeniu²⁰²¹. Osoby o fototypach skóry I i II (jasna, wrażliwa na słońce skóra) wykazują największe ryzyko zachorowania na trądzik różowaty²². Badania wskazują, że trądzik różowaty dotyka częściej osób o jasnej karnacji europejskiego pochodzenia, jednak może występować również u pacjentów o ciemniejszej skórze²³²⁴.

Niższa częstość rozpoznawania trądziku różowatego u osób o ciemniejszej karnacji może wynikać z kilku czynników, takich jak maskowanie rumienia przez obfitszy pigment skóry, ochronny wpływ melaniny przed promieniowaniem ultrafioletowym (czynnik zaostrzający trądzik różowaty) lub genetyczne różnice w podatności na trądzik różowaty²⁵²⁶. W populacji afrykańskiej i azjatyckiej częściej może występować ziarniniakowa odmiana trądziku różowatego (acne agminata)²⁷.

Częstość występowania powikłań ocznych

Powikłania oczne trądziku różowatego stanowią istotny problem kliniczny. Wśród pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym skórnym, objawy oczne występują u około 58-72% osób²⁸²⁹. Informacje dotyczące częstości występowania objawów ocznych różnią się znacząco między badaniami dermatologicznymi a okulistycznymi, wahając się od 6% do 72%³⁰.

W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez National Rosacea Society (NRS) wśród 609 pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym, 73% wykazywało objawy oczne, w tym 76% miało objawy suchego oka, 64% doznawało uczucia obecności ciała obcego lub świądu, a około połowa zgłaszała nadwrażliwość na światło, pieczenie lub kłucie. U 46% badanych stwierdzono zaczerwienienie lub przekrwienie oczu, 41% miało widoczne naczynia krwionośne w obrębie oczu, a 43% cierpiało z powodu nadmiernego łzawienia³¹.

Zajęcie rogówki

Zajęcie rogówki obserwuje się u około 5% pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym, co może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań³². W cięższych przypadkach może dojść do owrzodzeń rogówki, perforacji, wtórnych infekcji lub zmętnienia rogówki z powodu całkowitego unaczynienia³³. Zajęcie rogówki odnotowano u nawet 33% pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym, a u około 40% pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym ocznym mogą występować punktowe nadżerki nabłonka³⁴.

Około jednej trzeciej pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym ocznym rozwija potencjalnie zagrażające wzrokowi zmiany rogówkowe³⁵³⁶. W trądziku różowatym ocznym, dolne i międzypowiekowe obszary rogówki są bardziej podatne na uszkodzenia, szczególnie w pozycjach na godzinie 3 i 9, ze względu na położenie menisku łzowego³⁷.

Korelacja między postacią skórną a oczną

Związek między trądzikiem różowatym skórnym a ocznym może być zróżnicowany. Zmiany twarzy stanowią główną cechę w 53% przypadków, współistniejące zmiany skórne i oczne występują u 27% pacjentów, a zmiany oczne jako główna manifestacja pojawiają się u około 20% chorych³⁸. Podawany odsetek osób z współistniejącymi skórnymi i ocznymi objawami trądziku różowatego waha się w literaturze i wynosi od 21% do 50%³⁹.

W badaniu oceniającym związek między objawami skórnymi a nasileniem objawów ocznych trądziku różowatego wykazano istotną korelację między ciężkością objawów ocznych a obecnością rhinophyma, grudek i krostek⁴⁰. Sugeruje to, że pewne podtypy skórne trądziku różowatego mogą być związane z cięższym przebiegiem postaci ocznej.

Nadzór i wyzwania diagnostyczne

Trądzik różowaty oczny stanowi szczególne wyzwanie diagnostyczne, gdyż jego objawy często nakładają się z innymi patologiami ocznymi⁴¹. Brak swoistych testów diagnostycznych dla trądziku różowatego ocznego dodatkowo komplikuje rozpoznanie⁴²⁴³. Diagnoza opiera się na obserwacji cech klinicznych, co może być trudne u nawet 90% pacjentów, u których towarzyszące zmiany skórne mogą być subtelne lub nieobecne⁴⁴⁴⁵.

Problem niedodiagnozowania

Rzeczywista częstość występowania trądziku różowatego ocznego jest prawdopodobnie niedoszacowana, ponieważ choroba ta często pozostaje nierozpoznana⁴⁶⁴⁷. Pacjenci często koncentrują swoją uwagę tylko na estetycznym wyglądzie twarzy, pomijając objawy oczne⁴⁸. Ponadto, u dzieci trądzik różowaty oczny jest często nierozpoznawany lub błędnie diagnozowany, co prowadzi do opóźnionej interwencji i złych wyników leczenia⁴⁹.

Średnie opóźnienie między wystąpieniem choroby a jej rozpoznaniem wynosi ponad rok w większości serii przypadków, a u ponad połowy pacjentów przekracza dwa lata⁵⁰. Jest to szczególnie problematyczne w przypadku dzieci, gdzie trądzik różowaty oczny może wyprzedzać manifestacje dermatologiczne u ponad połowy pacjentów, opóźniając diagnozę⁵¹.

Podejścia diagnostyczne

Wytyczne panelu Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) z 2019 r. zalecają kompleksowe podejście diagnostyczne dla trądziku różowatego ocznego, obejmujące badanie lampą szczelinową, ocenę powiek i gruczołów Meiboma, ocenę filmu łzowego oraz badanie rogówki⁵². Trądzik różowaty oczny jest rozpoznawany klinicznie; nie istnieją formalne kryteria, które muszą być spełnione, aby postawić diagnozę⁵³.

Zespół objawów nieswoistych może być przypisany trądzikowi różowatemu z pewnością tylko wtedy, gdy pacjent ma również dermatologiczne cechy choroby, co może komplikować diagnozę u pacjentów, u których objawy okulistyczne wyprzedzają zmiany skórne⁵⁴. Dlatego ważne jest, aby w podejrzanych przypadkach trądziku różowatego okulista przeprowadził dokładny wywiad okulistyczny i dermatologiczny, rozpoznał cechy trądziku różowatego skórnego i w wątpliwych przypadkach skierował pacjenta do dermatologa⁵⁵.

Trądzik różowaty oczny u dzieci

Trądzik różowaty oczny u dzieci (pediatric ocular rosacea, POR) jest istotnym i niedodiagnozowanym przewlekłym schorzeniem zapalnym⁵⁶. Mimo że w literaturze opisano niewiele przypadków POR, wiele z nich mogło zostać niedostatecznie lub błędnie zdiagnozowanych⁵⁷⁵⁸.

Dzieci o jasnej karnacji pochodzenia europejskiego są częściej dotknięte tym schorzeniem, choć może ono wystąpić u każdej grupy etnicznej⁵⁹. Dodatni wywiad rodzinny w kierunku trądziku różowatego stwierdzono u około 26,5% pacjentów pediatrycznych⁶⁰.

POR jest najczęściej diagnozowany przez okulistów, co sprawia, że schorzenie to jest rzadko rozpoznawane przez innych lekarzy i często pozostaje niedodiagnozowane lub błędnie zdiagnozowane⁶¹. Opóźnienie w diagnozie przekracza jeden rok w znacznej większości przypadków i może prowadzić do poważnych następstw ocznych⁶².

Wyzwania w leczeniu pediatrycznym

Początkowe podejście terapeutyczne w POR powinno zawsze obejmować miejscowe działania, takie jak codzienne ciepłe kompresy, higiena powiek z użyciem neutralnego szamponu dla dzieci oraz upłynnienie i usunięcie gęstych wydzielin gruczołów Meiboma⁶³. Odsetek nawrotów jest wysoki, szczególnie w ciągu pierwszych trzech miesięcy leczenia, jeśli terapia ogólnoustrojowa jest zbyt szybko zmniejszana⁶⁴. POR może być źródłem znacznej zachorowalności związanej z widzeniem u dzieci⁶⁵.

Wpływ na jakość życia

Trądzik różowaty oczny może mieć istotny wpływ na jakość życia pacjentów. Nieleczony trądzik różowaty oczny może powodować różne stopnie zachorowalności ocznej⁶⁶⁶⁷. Znaczenie wczesnej diagnozy i odpowiedniego leczenia nie można przecenić ze względu na negatywny wpływ tego zaburzenia na jakość życia pacjentów oraz potencjalne zagrażające wzrokowi powikłania⁶⁸.

Chociaż celem obecnych terapii jest kontrolowanie klinicznych objawów i fizycznych symptomów trądziku różowatego, wpływ trądziku różowatego na zdrowie emocjonalne pacjentów i jakość życia jest czasami pomijany⁶⁹. Widoczny rumień twarzy i zmiany skórne związane z trądzikiem różowatym mogą negatywnie wpływać na zdrowie emocjonalne pacjentów⁷⁰.

Potrzeby badawcze w zakresie nadzoru

Istnieje potrzeba lepszego zrozumienia związku między trądzikiem różowatym skórnym a ocznym dla szybkiego i odpowiedniego kierowania do okulisty lub odwrotnie, jeśli objawy oczne występują najpierw bez choroby skóry⁷¹. Wiedza o związku między trądzikiem różowatym ocznym a skórnym może pomóc lekarzom lepiej ocenić i przewidzieć naturalny przebieg trądziku różowatego⁷².

Dokładne zrozumienie częstości występowania trądziku różowatego ocznego w różnych podtypach skórnych ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wczesnego rozpoznania i odpowiedniego leczenia⁷³. Trwają prace nad przeprowadzeniem systematycznego przeglądu i metaanalizy w celu ilościowego określenia częstości występowania trądziku różowatego ocznego w trądziku różowatym skórnym, co będzie pierwszym tego typu badaniem porównującym częstość występowania trądziku różowatego ocznego w różnych podtypach skórnych u dorosłych⁷⁴.

Globalne różnice w częstości występowania

Częstość występowania trądziku różowatego wykazuje znaczne różnice geograficzne. W Europie obserwuje się wzrost częstości występowania z południa na północ: w Niemczech wynosi ona 2,2%, w Szwecji 10%, a w Estonii 22%⁷⁵. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Niemczech odnotowano ogólną częstość występowania trądziku różowatego na poziomie 12%, przy czym podtypy rumieniowo-teleangiektatyczny i grudkowo-krostkowy stanowiły odpowiednio 9% i 3%⁷⁶.

Częstość występowania trądziku różowatego w populacjach o jasnej karnacji waha się od 2% do 22%⁷⁷. Na całym świecie częstość występowania szacuje się na ponad 5%, a w niektórych obszarach może osiągać nawet 18%⁷⁸.

Różnice etniczne

Częstość występowania trądziku różowatego różni się znacząco w zależności od grupy etnicznej. Szacuje się, że trądzik różowaty dotyka 2% pacjentów rasy czarnej, 3,9% pacjentów pochodzenia hiszpańskiego lub latynoskiego oraz 2,3% pacjentów pochodzenia azjatyckiego/z wysp Pacyfiku⁷⁹.

W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez Morgado-Carrasco i wsp. wykazano, że światło ultrafioletowe (UV) wpływa na stan zapalny skóry, neoangiogenezę, teleangiektazję/włóknienie i może również inicjować trądzik różowaty⁸⁰. Jedno z badań wykazało częstość występowania trądziku różowatego ocznego u kobiet o ciemniejszej karnacji na poziomie 77%⁸¹.

Systemy nadzoru

Mimo rosnącej wiedzy na temat trądziku różowatego ocznego, wielu pacjentów może nie rozpoznać, że ich objawy oczne mogą być związane z tym zaburzeniem i niepotrzebnie cierpieć, szczególnie podczas ostrej pogody⁸². Brakuje standaryzowanych systemów nadzoru epidemiologicznego dla trądziku różowatego ocznego, co utrudnia dokładną ocenę częstości występowania tego schorzenia.

Większość danych epidemiologicznych pochodzi z badań klinicznych lub szpitalnych rejestrów, które mogą nie odzwierciedlać prawdziwej częstości występowania w populacji ogólnej. Podkreśla to potrzebę bardziej systematycznego podejścia do gromadzenia danych epidemiologicznych dotyczących trądziku różowatego ocznego.

Choroby współistniejące i powiązania

Trądzik różowaty wiąże się z szeregiem chorób współistniejących. Niedawne badanie wykorzystujące rzeczywistą bazę danych TriNetX wykazało, że czerniak złośliwy i inne nowotwory skóry były chorobami współistniejącymi najsilniej związanymi z trądzikiem różowatym⁸³. W populacji kaukaskiej zaobserwowano silny związek między trądzikiem różowatym a czerniakiem złośliwym⁸⁴.

Co interesujące, w podpopulacji azjatyckiej obie kohorty (z trądzikiem różowatym i bez) miały takie samo ryzyko 0,007 zdiagnozowania czerniaka złośliwego⁸⁵. Różnice te podkreślają potrzebę dalszych badań nad możliwym związkiem między tymi dwiema chorobami dermatologicznymi⁸⁶.

Powiązanie z innymi schorzeniami ocznym

Trądzik różowaty oczny jest istotnym czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do dysfunkcji gruczołów Meiboma (MGD) i wynikającej z niej choroby suchego oka⁸⁷. Objawy i leczenie są często podobne; dlatego trądzik różowaty oczny powinien być brany pod uwagę w diagnostyce różnicowej u pacjentów ze skargami na suche oczy⁸⁸.

Trądzik różowaty oczny może również towarzyszyć objawom przewlekłego bliznowaciejącego zapalenia spojówek i jest znaną przyczyną pseudopemphigoidu⁸⁹. Ważne jest, aby rozważyć trądzik różowaty oczny jako potencjalną przyczynę uporczywego zaczerwienienia oczu i nawracającego zapalenia spojówek i powiek, szczególnie u pacjentów w podeszłym wieku⁹⁰.

U osób z trądzikiem różowatym ocznym można zaobserwować znacznie zwiększone stężenie interleukiny-1 (IL-1), prozapalnej cytokiny, oraz metaloproteinazy macierzy 9 (MMP-9), enzymu degradującego macierz kolagenową, wydzielanego przez zdewakuaryzowane komórki nabłonkowe⁹¹.

Epidemiologia leczenia

Leczenie trądziku różowatego ocznego ma na celu łagodzenie objawów i zapobieganie powikłaniom. Łagodne objawy można kontrolować za pomocą sztucznych łez, ciepłych kompresów i czyszczenia rzęs szamponem dla dzieci⁹². Krople do oczu z cyklosporyną (Restasis) wykazują statystycznie znaczącą poprawę w zakresie typowych objawów w porównaniu ze sztucznymi łzami⁹³.

Pacjenci mogą być leczeni systemowo tetracyklinami lub azytromycyną⁹⁴. Doksycyklina może być stosowana w leczeniu trądziku różowatego ocznego w dawkach 100 mg raz lub dwa razy dziennie przez okres 2 do 3 miesięcy, a w mniej ciężkich przypadkach skuteczna może być dawka 50 mg raz dziennie⁹⁵.

Dostęp do leczenia i odpowiedź na leczenie

Większość pacjentów z trądzikiem różowatym doświadczyła podrażnienia oczu od czasu zdiagnozowania trądziku różowatego, ale większość nie była leczona z powodu objawów ocznych⁹⁶. Mimo że unikanie czynników wyzwalających, delikatne oczyszczanie i różne terapie medyczne należą do dzisiejszych opcji kontrolowania trądziku różowatego ocznego, trwające badania nad jego patofizjologią odkrywają potencjalne drogi rozwoju ważnych nowych postępów w jego leczeniu⁹⁷.

Terapia światłem pulsacyjnym o dużej intensywności (IPL) okazała się wysoce skuteczna w leczeniu i kontrolowaniu trądziku różowatego ocznego, dysfunkcji gruczołów Meiboma i choroby suchego oka⁹⁸. IPL może naprawdę pomóc w przypadku rumienia, teleangiektazji i grudek, ale może także pomóc w leczeniu powiek⁹⁹.

Wyzwania w leczeniu i niezaspokojone potrzeby

Trądzik różowaty oczny pozostaje nieuleczalną chorobą, dotykającą miliony Amerykanów rocznie¹⁰⁰. Mimo względnie powszechnego charakteru trądziku różowatego ocznego i jego poważnych potencjalnych konsekwencji, choroba ta pozostaje trudna do leczenia, a stabilizacja choroby pozostaje trudna do osiągnięcia¹⁰¹.

Większość osób z trądzikiem różowatym ocznym doświadcza mniej (i mniej ciężkich) zaostrzeń, gdy nauczą się identyfikować i unikać czynników wyzwalających oraz znajdą leczenie, które pomaga kontrolować ich objawy¹⁰². Najważniejszą częścią kontrolowania trądziku różowatego ocznego jest poznanie i unikanie czynników wyzwalających¹⁰³.

Obecne terapie leczą grudki i krostki związane z trądzikiem różowatym, ale nie ma zatwierdzonych terapii ukierunkowanych na przetrwały rumień twarzy¹⁰⁴. Nie ma dowodów na to, że obecne terapie mają bezpośredni wpływ na rumień¹⁰⁵. Sugeruje to niezaspokojone potrzeby medyczne w zakresie leczenia ukierunkowanego na przetrwały rumień twarzy związany z trądzikiem różowatym¹⁰⁶.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#2 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea comprises between 10% and 50% of all cases of cutaneous rosacea and can occur even without skin manifestations. […] The prevalence of ocular rosacea may be underestimated as it is frequently underdiagnosed, particularly among the elderly and within certain population groups. […] Studies emphasize the importance of considering ocular rosacea as a potential cause of persistent eye redness and relapsing conjunctivitis-blepharitis, particularly in elderly patients. […] The 2019 Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel guidelines advocate a comprehensive diagnostic approach for ocular rosacea, encompassing slit-lamp examination, eyelid and meibomian gland assessment, tear film evaluation, and corneal examination. […] The association between cutaneous rosacea and ocular rosacea can vary, with facial changes as the primary feature in 53% of cases, concurrent skin and ocular changes in 27%, and ocular changes as the primary feature in up to 20% of cases.
#3 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#4 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
This may complicate the diagnosis in those patients in whom the ophthalmic findings precede the cutaneous findings. […] Therefore, it is important in suspected rosacea cases for the ophthalmologist to take a thorough ophthalmic and dermatologic history, to recognize the features of cutaneous rosacea and to refer to dermatology in equivocal cases. […] Epidemiology: Seen in 3-58% of patients with acne rosacea. […] Primarily affects individuals in 4th or 5th decade of life, but can affect children as well. […] Equally common in men and women. […] Seen more often in light-skinned individuals of European descent.
#5 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea comprises between 10% and 50% of all cases of cutaneous rosacea and can occur even without skin manifestations. […] The prevalence of ocular rosacea may be underestimated as it is frequently underdiagnosed, particularly among the elderly and within certain population groups. […] Studies emphasize the importance of considering ocular rosacea as a potential cause of persistent eye redness and relapsing conjunctivitis-blepharitis, particularly in elderly patients. […] The 2019 Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel guidelines advocate a comprehensive diagnostic approach for ocular rosacea, encompassing slit-lamp examination, eyelid and meibomian gland assessment, tear film evaluation, and corneal examination. […] The association between cutaneous rosacea and ocular rosacea can vary, with facial changes as the primary feature in 53% of cases, concurrent skin and ocular changes in 27%, and ocular changes as the primary feature in up to 20% of cases.
#6 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea affects over 16 million Americans, and a Swedish survey revealed a prevalence as high as 10%. A recent large observational study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the United Kingdom revealed an incidence rate of 1.65/1,000 person-years as diagnosed by general practitioners. Women are more commonly diagnosed with rosacea than men, and they tend to be diagnosed earlier. A possible explanation for this is that women may seek medical care more often and earlier than men. […] The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized due to the negative impact this disorder may have on the quality of life of patients and the potential sight-threatening complications of this disease.
#7 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#8 Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821167/
Caucasians with fair sun-sensitive skin (skin phototypes I and II) appear to have the greatest risk for rosacea. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against ultraviolet radiation (an exacerbating factor for rosacea), or genetic differences in susceptibility to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with darker skin. Estimates of the prevalence of rosacea in fair-skinned populations range from 2 to 22 percent. A recent prospective study from Germany reported an overall rosacea prevalence of 12 percent, with erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular subtypes making up 9 and 3 percent, respectively. Prevalence rates for ocular involvement in rosacea patients range from less than 10 percent to more than 50 percent. Cutaneous rosacea exhibits a strong female predominance, with the exception of phymatous rosacea, and is usually diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
#9 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#10 Prevalence of Rosacea in an Estonian Working Population Using a Standard Classification | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica
https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-0856
Data about the prevalence of rosacea are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence rate of rosacea according to the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. A cross-sectional study of 348 subjects randomly selected from a working population 30 years of age was performed. Of the 348 subjects, 78 (22%) had one or more primary features of rosacea. In conclusion, according to the NRSEC, rosacea is a more common skin condition over the age of 30 years than previously thought. […] According to the NRSEC standard classification, one or more of the following signs with central face distribution is indicative of rosacea: transient or non-transient erythema, papules and pustules, and telangiectasia. Rosacea is divided into 4 subtypes and one variant: subtype 1/erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR), subtype 2/papulopustular rosacea (PPR), subtype 3/phymatous rosacea (PR), subtype 4/ocular rosacea, and variant granulomatous rosacea.
#11 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#12 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea is characterized by immune system dysfunction. […] Ocular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ocular surface, often associated with cutaneous rosacea. […] Ocular rosacea remains challenging to diagnose and treat, particularly in children (pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis), often leading to delayed intervention and poor outcomes. […] The onset age of rosacea typically ranges from 25 to 55 years, occurring equally frequently in men and women. […] Pediatric cases of ocular rosacea have been reported and it should be considered in the evaluation of pediatric patients with inflammatory eye conditions, although it is one of the most common causes of childhood blepharoconjunctivitis.
#13 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#14 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea affects over 16 million Americans, and a Swedish survey revealed a prevalence as high as 10%. A recent large observational study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the United Kingdom revealed an incidence rate of 1.65/1,000 person-years as diagnosed by general practitioners. Women are more commonly diagnosed with rosacea than men, and they tend to be diagnosed earlier. A possible explanation for this is that women may seek medical care more often and earlier than men. […] The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized due to the negative impact this disorder may have on the quality of life of patients and the potential sight-threatening complications of this disease.
#15 Rosacea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071429-overview
Both males and females are affected by rosacea; however, females appear to be affected with slightly greater frequency. […] Different lesions appear to have some age- or sex-related predilections. In younger patients, the first signs are more likely to be flushing and erythema, whereas in older patients, the first lesions are more likely to be telangiectasias. Phymatous rosacea is predominantly found in males.
#16 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#17 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
Ocular rosacea, first described by Arlt in 1864, is reported to occur in as few as 3% and as many as 58% of patients with acne rosacea, depending upon the study and whether a formal ophthalmologic exam was done (Akpek, 1997). […] The peak prevalence of ocular rosacea is among patients between 51 and 60 years of age. […] While cutaneous rosacea is twice as common in women as in men, ocular rosacea affects men and women in equal numbers. […] Rosacea, both cutaneous and ocular, is more prevalent among light-skinned people of European descent. […] Ocular rosacea is diagnosed clinically; there are no formal criteria that have to be satisfied in order for the diagnosis to be made. […] However, the constellation of non-specific symptoms can be attributed to rosacea with certainty only if the patient also has the dermatologic features of the disease.
#18 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
Ocular rosacea, first described by Arlt in 1864, is reported to occur in as few as 3% and as many as 58% of patients with acne rosacea, depending upon the study and whether a formal ophthalmologic exam was done (Akpek, 1997). […] The peak prevalence of ocular rosacea is among patients between 51 and 60 years of age. […] While cutaneous rosacea is twice as common in women as in men, ocular rosacea affects men and women in equal numbers. […] Rosacea, both cutaneous and ocular, is more prevalent among light-skinned people of European descent. […] Ocular rosacea is diagnosed clinically; there are no formal criteria that have to be satisfied in order for the diagnosis to be made. […] However, the constellation of non-specific symptoms can be attributed to rosacea with certainty only if the patient also has the dermatologic features of the disease.
#19 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea is characterized by immune system dysfunction. […] Ocular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ocular surface, often associated with cutaneous rosacea. […] Ocular rosacea remains challenging to diagnose and treat, particularly in children (pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis), often leading to delayed intervention and poor outcomes. […] The onset age of rosacea typically ranges from 25 to 55 years, occurring equally frequently in men and women. […] Pediatric cases of ocular rosacea have been reported and it should be considered in the evaluation of pediatric patients with inflammatory eye conditions, although it is one of the most common causes of childhood blepharoconjunctivitis.
#20 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#21 Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821167/
Caucasians with fair sun-sensitive skin (skin phototypes I and II) appear to have the greatest risk for rosacea. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against ultraviolet radiation (an exacerbating factor for rosacea), or genetic differences in susceptibility to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with darker skin. Estimates of the prevalence of rosacea in fair-skinned populations range from 2 to 22 percent. A recent prospective study from Germany reported an overall rosacea prevalence of 12 percent, with erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular subtypes making up 9 and 3 percent, respectively. Prevalence rates for ocular involvement in rosacea patients range from less than 10 percent to more than 50 percent. Cutaneous rosacea exhibits a strong female predominance, with the exception of phymatous rosacea, and is usually diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
#22 Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821167/
Caucasians with fair sun-sensitive skin (skin phototypes I and II) appear to have the greatest risk for rosacea. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against ultraviolet radiation (an exacerbating factor for rosacea), or genetic differences in susceptibility to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with darker skin. Estimates of the prevalence of rosacea in fair-skinned populations range from 2 to 22 percent. A recent prospective study from Germany reported an overall rosacea prevalence of 12 percent, with erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular subtypes making up 9 and 3 percent, respectively. Prevalence rates for ocular involvement in rosacea patients range from less than 10 percent to more than 50 percent. Cutaneous rosacea exhibits a strong female predominance, with the exception of phymatous rosacea, and is usually diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
#23 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
Ocular rosacea, first described by Arlt in 1864, is reported to occur in as few as 3% and as many as 58% of patients with acne rosacea, depending upon the study and whether a formal ophthalmologic exam was done (Akpek, 1997). […] The peak prevalence of ocular rosacea is among patients between 51 and 60 years of age. […] While cutaneous rosacea is twice as common in women as in men, ocular rosacea affects men and women in equal numbers. […] Rosacea, both cutaneous and ocular, is more prevalent among light-skinned people of European descent. […] Ocular rosacea is diagnosed clinically; there are no formal criteria that have to be satisfied in order for the diagnosis to be made. […] However, the constellation of non-specific symptoms can be attributed to rosacea with certainty only if the patient also has the dermatologic features of the disease.
#24 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The mean delay between disease onset and the diagnosis is greater than one year in most case series, and greater than two years in more than half of cases. […] The non-recognition of POR can also be a result of the varied names adopted in the literature and the lack of overall consensus. […] The main aim of this review is to make the children’s health care providers aware of POR, by highlighting its clinical features, epidemiology, easy diagnosis and treatment. […] Few cases of POR have been reported in the literature. […] POR is mostly diagnosed by ophthalmologists, making this condition rare for other physicians and is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by them. […] A positive family history for rosacea was found in nine of the 34 patients of two series (26.5%). […] Fair-skinned children of European descent are more commonly affected, although any ethnic group can be afflicted.
#25 Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821167/
Caucasians with fair sun-sensitive skin (skin phototypes I and II) appear to have the greatest risk for rosacea. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against ultraviolet radiation (an exacerbating factor for rosacea), or genetic differences in susceptibility to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with darker skin. Estimates of the prevalence of rosacea in fair-skinned populations range from 2 to 22 percent. A recent prospective study from Germany reported an overall rosacea prevalence of 12 percent, with erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular subtypes making up 9 and 3 percent, respectively. Prevalence rates for ocular involvement in rosacea patients range from less than 10 percent to more than 50 percent. Cutaneous rosacea exhibits a strong female predominance, with the exception of phymatous rosacea, and is usually diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
#26 Rosacea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071429-overview
Accurate incidence data for rosacea are not available; however, rosacea is known to be a common skin condition that disproportionately affects persons of fair-skinned European and Celtic origin. In the United States, it has been estimated that more than 16 million people are affected by rosacea; worldwide, the prevalence is estimated to exceed 5% overall and may be as high as 18% in some areas. […] A study in Sweden revealed an incidence of one case in 10 middle-class workers. The caseating granulomatous variant (acne agminata) may occur more commonly in people of Asian or African origin. […] Rosacea also occurs in people with dark skin but is less frequently diagnosed in such populations. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against UV light, and genetic predisposition to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with skin color.
#27 Rosacea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071429-overview
Accurate incidence data for rosacea are not available; however, rosacea is known to be a common skin condition that disproportionately affects persons of fair-skinned European and Celtic origin. In the United States, it has been estimated that more than 16 million people are affected by rosacea; worldwide, the prevalence is estimated to exceed 5% overall and may be as high as 18% in some areas. […] A study in Sweden revealed an incidence of one case in 10 middle-class workers. The caseating granulomatous variant (acne agminata) may occur more commonly in people of Asian or African origin. […] Rosacea also occurs in people with dark skin but is less frequently diagnosed in such populations. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against UV light, and genetic predisposition to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with skin color.
#28 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#29 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#30 Ocular rosacea: The insight – IJCED
https://www.ijced.org/html-article/11564
Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed, despite the potential for serious sight threatening sequelae. […] The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics. […] The incidence of ocular manifestations in our rosacea population was found to be 41.62% while other studies have shown to be in the range of 6-58%. […] The real prevalence of ocular rosacea is highly underestimated because the ophthalmic disease usually remains underdiagnosed as patients focus their attention only to the aesthetic appearance their face. […] Ocular rosacea, in particular, is often left undiagnosed as no specific test is available to confirm the diagnosis. […] Accurate diagnosis is further complicated because symptoms of ocular rosacea are not always specific to the disorder alone. Other ophthalmic disorders may present with similar findings. […] Our study has found the correlation of telangiectasias with that of ocular rosacea.
#31 ocular rosacea | Rosacea.org
https://www.rosacea.org/tags/ocular-rosacea
Ocular rosacea signs and symptoms may include itching, burning and stinging; inflamed eyelids and styes; red or bloodshot eyes; a gritty feeling; and visible blood vessels on the eyelids or whites of the eyes. The meibomian glands, which secrete an oil that helps tears keep the eye moistened, may become clogged, causing tears to break down faster and leading to dry eye. As the condition worsens the cornea may become damaged, leading to loss of visual acuity. […] A recent NRS survey found that most respondents experience many of the eye signs and symptoms of ocular rosacea. In the survey of 609 rosacea patients, 73% had signs and symptoms of ocular rosacea, including 76% with dry eyes, 64% with a gritty foreign-body sensation or itching, and about half with light sensitivity, burning, or stinging. Forty-six percent reported red or bloodshot eyes, 41% said they had visible blood vessels in their eyes and 43% had watery eyes.
#32 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#33 Ocular Rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1197341-overview
More than 10% of the general population exhibits dermatologic characteristics of rosacea; of these, up to 60% experience ocular complications. […] An epidemiological study in Sweden showed a 10% prevalence of rosacea. […] A study in Estonia showed a 22% prevalence rate of rosacea, as determined by the American National Rosacea Society Expert Committee (NRSEC) classification. […] Approximately 5% of patients with rosacea manifest corneal disease, which can rarely be severe and lead to blindness via corneal ulceration, perforation, secondary infections, or corneal opacification from complete vascularization. […] Rosacea is recognized much more commonly in fair-skinned, white patients than in dark-skinned patients. […] Ocular rosacea affects both sexes equally. […] All ages can be affected, including pediatric patients. […] Peak incidence occurs in the fourth to seventh decades of life.
#34 Seeing Red: How Ocular Rosacea Impacts the Cornea
https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/seeing-red-how-ocular-rosacea-impacts-the-cornea
Rosacea is a relatively common disorder, affecting up to 10% of the adult population; its most frequently seen in those with fair skin and tends to manifest around facial folds. […] As many as 58% to 72% of rosacea patients have ocular involvement, and 45% to 85% have ocular complaints. […] Ocular manifestations of rosacea may precede dermatologic signs in 20% of patients. […] Corneal involvement has been noted in up to 33% of patients with rosacea, and severe sequelae are possible. […] Up to 40% of patients with ocular rosacea may also display punctate epithelial erosions. […] Ocular rosacea patients can have significantly increased tear concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a collagen matrix-degrading enzyme secreted by devitalized epithelial cells.
#35 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#36 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#37 Seeing Red: How Ocular Rosacea Impacts the Cornea
https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/seeing-red-how-ocular-rosacea-impacts-the-cornea
In ocular rosacea, the inferior and intrapalpebral regions of the cornea are more susceptible to damage, particularly the 3- and 9- oclock positions, due to the position of the tear meniscus inferiorly at rest and during a blink. […] Severe corneal involvement in ocular rosacea may require surgical intervention. […] While the eyelids are more often involved in ocular rosacea, dont forget the cornea! Its involvement is potentially sight-threatening, so appropriate management is key.
#38 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea comprises between 10% and 50% of all cases of cutaneous rosacea and can occur even without skin manifestations. […] The prevalence of ocular rosacea may be underestimated as it is frequently underdiagnosed, particularly among the elderly and within certain population groups. […] Studies emphasize the importance of considering ocular rosacea as a potential cause of persistent eye redness and relapsing conjunctivitis-blepharitis, particularly in elderly patients. […] The 2019 Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel guidelines advocate a comprehensive diagnostic approach for ocular rosacea, encompassing slit-lamp examination, eyelid and meibomian gland assessment, tear film evaluation, and corneal examination. […] The association between cutaneous rosacea and ocular rosacea can vary, with facial changes as the primary feature in 53% of cases, concurrent skin and ocular changes in 27%, and ocular changes as the primary feature in up to 20% of cases.
#39 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in cutaneous rosacea: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.24301198v1.full-text
Ocular rosacea poses a particular diagnostic challenge as its signs and symptoms often overlap with other ocular pathologies. Cutaneous and ocular rosacea present together in approximately 21-50% of patients, yet a solid understanding of comorbid ocular and cutaneous symptoms is lacking. […] The reported proportion of individuals with comorbid cutaneous and ocular manifestations of rosacea varies in the literature and ranges from 21-50%. It has also been suggested that ocular manifestations of rosacea may appear prior to cutaneous features of the disease. […] Ocular rosacea is a disease that exists at the intersection of two medical specialties: dermatology and ophthalmology. Thus, clear knowledge of the likelihood of ocular involvement in cutaneous rosacea and within each cutaneous rosacea subtype is important for prompt and appropriate referral to ophthalmology, or the reverse, if the ocular manifestations present first without cutaneous disease. Knowledge of the relationship between ocular and cutaneous rosacea can help physicians better assess and predict the natural history of rosacea and provide a framework for which patients are more likely to present with both cutaneous and ocular symptoms.
#40 Association Between Skin Findings and Ocular Signs in Rosacea – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology
https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/association-between-skin-findings-and-ocular-signs-in-rosacea/doi/tjo.galenos.2021.05031
Ocular compromise in rosacea is common. Our study shows that there might be a relationship between the severity of ocular involvement and specific cutaneous signs. […] Ocular rosacea can be accompanied by signs of chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis and is a well-known cause of pseudopemphigoid. […] To date, a reliable correlation between the severity of skin findings and ocular involvement has not been established. […] We found a significant association between the severity of ocular findings, assessed as a diminished visual acuity due to rosacea corneal involvement, and the presence of rhinophyma, papules, and pustules. […] Early referral to the ophthalmologist in these cases might prevent visual loss.
#41 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in cutaneous rosacea: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.24301198v1.full-text
Ocular rosacea poses a particular diagnostic challenge as its signs and symptoms often overlap with other ocular pathologies. Cutaneous and ocular rosacea present together in approximately 21-50% of patients, yet a solid understanding of comorbid ocular and cutaneous symptoms is lacking. […] The reported proportion of individuals with comorbid cutaneous and ocular manifestations of rosacea varies in the literature and ranges from 21-50%. It has also been suggested that ocular manifestations of rosacea may appear prior to cutaneous features of the disease. […] Ocular rosacea is a disease that exists at the intersection of two medical specialties: dermatology and ophthalmology. Thus, clear knowledge of the likelihood of ocular involvement in cutaneous rosacea and within each cutaneous rosacea subtype is important for prompt and appropriate referral to ophthalmology, or the reverse, if the ocular manifestations present first without cutaneous disease. Knowledge of the relationship between ocular and cutaneous rosacea can help physicians better assess and predict the natural history of rosacea and provide a framework for which patients are more likely to present with both cutaneous and ocular symptoms.
#42 Ocular rosacea: The insight – IJCED
https://www.ijced.org/html-article/11564
Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed, despite the potential for serious sight threatening sequelae. […] The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics. […] The incidence of ocular manifestations in our rosacea population was found to be 41.62% while other studies have shown to be in the range of 6-58%. […] The real prevalence of ocular rosacea is highly underestimated because the ophthalmic disease usually remains underdiagnosed as patients focus their attention only to the aesthetic appearance their face. […] Ocular rosacea, in particular, is often left undiagnosed as no specific test is available to confirm the diagnosis. […] Accurate diagnosis is further complicated because symptoms of ocular rosacea are not always specific to the disorder alone. Other ophthalmic disorders may present with similar findings. […] Our study has found the correlation of telangiectasias with that of ocular rosacea.
#43 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/
The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of one or more of the following signs and symptoms: watery or bloodshot appearance (interpalpebral conjunctival hyperemia), foreign body sensation, burning or stinging, dryness, itching, light sensitivity, blurred vision, telangiectases of the conjunctiva and lid margin, lid and periocular erythema. Anterior blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction and irregularity of the eyelid margins may also be present. […] Unfortunately, there is not yet a diagnostic test available for either cutaneous or ocular rosacea. No serologic or histologic markers have been described to date. A diagnostic marker may enable earlier diagnosis and treatment, as well as contribute with an etiologic explanation for this troublesome disorder.
#44 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#45 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#46 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea comprises between 10% and 50% of all cases of cutaneous rosacea and can occur even without skin manifestations. […] The prevalence of ocular rosacea may be underestimated as it is frequently underdiagnosed, particularly among the elderly and within certain population groups. […] Studies emphasize the importance of considering ocular rosacea as a potential cause of persistent eye redness and relapsing conjunctivitis-blepharitis, particularly in elderly patients. […] The 2019 Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel guidelines advocate a comprehensive diagnostic approach for ocular rosacea, encompassing slit-lamp examination, eyelid and meibomian gland assessment, tear film evaluation, and corneal examination. […] The association between cutaneous rosacea and ocular rosacea can vary, with facial changes as the primary feature in 53% of cases, concurrent skin and ocular changes in 27%, and ocular changes as the primary feature in up to 20% of cases.
#47 Ocular rosacea: The insight – IJCED
https://www.ijced.org/html-article/11564
Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed, despite the potential for serious sight threatening sequelae. […] The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics. […] The incidence of ocular manifestations in our rosacea population was found to be 41.62% while other studies have shown to be in the range of 6-58%. […] The real prevalence of ocular rosacea is highly underestimated because the ophthalmic disease usually remains underdiagnosed as patients focus their attention only to the aesthetic appearance their face. […] Ocular rosacea, in particular, is often left undiagnosed as no specific test is available to confirm the diagnosis. […] Accurate diagnosis is further complicated because symptoms of ocular rosacea are not always specific to the disorder alone. Other ophthalmic disorders may present with similar findings. […] Our study has found the correlation of telangiectasias with that of ocular rosacea.
#48 Ocular rosacea: The insight – IJCED
https://www.ijced.org/html-article/11564
Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed, despite the potential for serious sight threatening sequelae. […] The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics. […] The incidence of ocular manifestations in our rosacea population was found to be 41.62% while other studies have shown to be in the range of 6-58%. […] The real prevalence of ocular rosacea is highly underestimated because the ophthalmic disease usually remains underdiagnosed as patients focus their attention only to the aesthetic appearance their face. […] Ocular rosacea, in particular, is often left undiagnosed as no specific test is available to confirm the diagnosis. […] Accurate diagnosis is further complicated because symptoms of ocular rosacea are not always specific to the disorder alone. Other ophthalmic disorders may present with similar findings. […] Our study has found the correlation of telangiectasias with that of ocular rosacea.
#49 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea is characterized by immune system dysfunction. […] Ocular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ocular surface, often associated with cutaneous rosacea. […] Ocular rosacea remains challenging to diagnose and treat, particularly in children (pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis), often leading to delayed intervention and poor outcomes. […] The onset age of rosacea typically ranges from 25 to 55 years, occurring equally frequently in men and women. […] Pediatric cases of ocular rosacea have been reported and it should be considered in the evaluation of pediatric patients with inflammatory eye conditions, although it is one of the most common causes of childhood blepharoconjunctivitis.
#50 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The mean delay between disease onset and the diagnosis is greater than one year in most case series, and greater than two years in more than half of cases. […] The non-recognition of POR can also be a result of the varied names adopted in the literature and the lack of overall consensus. […] The main aim of this review is to make the children’s health care providers aware of POR, by highlighting its clinical features, epidemiology, easy diagnosis and treatment. […] Few cases of POR have been reported in the literature. […] POR is mostly diagnosed by ophthalmologists, making this condition rare for other physicians and is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by them. […] A positive family history for rosacea was found in nine of the 34 patients of two series (26.5%). […] Fair-skinned children of European descent are more commonly affected, although any ethnic group can be afflicted.
#51 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
Ocular rosacea is an important and underdiagnosed chronic inflammatory disorder observed in children. […] Although few cases of pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) have been reported in the literature, many cases must have been underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. […] The delay in diagnosis is greater than one year in the large majority of cases and may lead to serious ocular sequelae. […] The prevalence of ophthalmic involvement in rosacea is probably higher than previously presumed and it varies considerably between ophthalmic and dermatological studies. […] In most adult cases, ocular manifestations are preceded by cutaneous signs, making the diagnosis easier. However, in pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) the ocular involvement may precede dermatologic manifestations in more than half of the patients, delaying the diagnosis.
#52 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea comprises between 10% and 50% of all cases of cutaneous rosacea and can occur even without skin manifestations. […] The prevalence of ocular rosacea may be underestimated as it is frequently underdiagnosed, particularly among the elderly and within certain population groups. […] Studies emphasize the importance of considering ocular rosacea as a potential cause of persistent eye redness and relapsing conjunctivitis-blepharitis, particularly in elderly patients. […] The 2019 Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel guidelines advocate a comprehensive diagnostic approach for ocular rosacea, encompassing slit-lamp examination, eyelid and meibomian gland assessment, tear film evaluation, and corneal examination. […] The association between cutaneous rosacea and ocular rosacea can vary, with facial changes as the primary feature in 53% of cases, concurrent skin and ocular changes in 27%, and ocular changes as the primary feature in up to 20% of cases.
#53 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
Ocular rosacea, first described by Arlt in 1864, is reported to occur in as few as 3% and as many as 58% of patients with acne rosacea, depending upon the study and whether a formal ophthalmologic exam was done (Akpek, 1997). […] The peak prevalence of ocular rosacea is among patients between 51 and 60 years of age. […] While cutaneous rosacea is twice as common in women as in men, ocular rosacea affects men and women in equal numbers. […] Rosacea, both cutaneous and ocular, is more prevalent among light-skinned people of European descent. […] Ocular rosacea is diagnosed clinically; there are no formal criteria that have to be satisfied in order for the diagnosis to be made. […] However, the constellation of non-specific symptoms can be attributed to rosacea with certainty only if the patient also has the dermatologic features of the disease.
#54 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
This may complicate the diagnosis in those patients in whom the ophthalmic findings precede the cutaneous findings. […] Therefore, it is important in suspected rosacea cases for the ophthalmologist to take a thorough ophthalmic and dermatologic history, to recognize the features of cutaneous rosacea and to refer to dermatology in equivocal cases. […] Epidemiology: Seen in 3-58% of patients with acne rosacea. […] Primarily affects individuals in 4th or 5th decade of life, but can affect children as well. […] Equally common in men and women. […] Seen more often in light-skinned individuals of European descent.
#55 EyeRounds.org: Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy
https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/77-Ocular-Rosacea-Blurry-Red-Itchy.htm
This may complicate the diagnosis in those patients in whom the ophthalmic findings precede the cutaneous findings. […] Therefore, it is important in suspected rosacea cases for the ophthalmologist to take a thorough ophthalmic and dermatologic history, to recognize the features of cutaneous rosacea and to refer to dermatology in equivocal cases. […] Epidemiology: Seen in 3-58% of patients with acne rosacea. […] Primarily affects individuals in 4th or 5th decade of life, but can affect children as well. […] Equally common in men and women. […] Seen more often in light-skinned individuals of European descent.
#56 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
Ocular rosacea is an important and underdiagnosed chronic inflammatory disorder observed in children. […] Although few cases of pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) have been reported in the literature, many cases must have been underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. […] The delay in diagnosis is greater than one year in the large majority of cases and may lead to serious ocular sequelae. […] The prevalence of ophthalmic involvement in rosacea is probably higher than previously presumed and it varies considerably between ophthalmic and dermatological studies. […] In most adult cases, ocular manifestations are preceded by cutaneous signs, making the diagnosis easier. However, in pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) the ocular involvement may precede dermatologic manifestations in more than half of the patients, delaying the diagnosis.
#57 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
Ocular rosacea is an important and underdiagnosed chronic inflammatory disorder observed in children. […] Although few cases of pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) have been reported in the literature, many cases must have been underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. […] The delay in diagnosis is greater than one year in the large majority of cases and may lead to serious ocular sequelae. […] The prevalence of ophthalmic involvement in rosacea is probably higher than previously presumed and it varies considerably between ophthalmic and dermatological studies. […] In most adult cases, ocular manifestations are preceded by cutaneous signs, making the diagnosis easier. However, in pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) the ocular involvement may precede dermatologic manifestations in more than half of the patients, delaying the diagnosis.
#58 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The mean delay between disease onset and the diagnosis is greater than one year in most case series, and greater than two years in more than half of cases. […] The non-recognition of POR can also be a result of the varied names adopted in the literature and the lack of overall consensus. […] The main aim of this review is to make the children’s health care providers aware of POR, by highlighting its clinical features, epidemiology, easy diagnosis and treatment. […] Few cases of POR have been reported in the literature. […] POR is mostly diagnosed by ophthalmologists, making this condition rare for other physicians and is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by them. […] A positive family history for rosacea was found in nine of the 34 patients of two series (26.5%). […] Fair-skinned children of European descent are more commonly affected, although any ethnic group can be afflicted.
#59 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The mean delay between disease onset and the diagnosis is greater than one year in most case series, and greater than two years in more than half of cases. […] The non-recognition of POR can also be a result of the varied names adopted in the literature and the lack of overall consensus. […] The main aim of this review is to make the children’s health care providers aware of POR, by highlighting its clinical features, epidemiology, easy diagnosis and treatment. […] Few cases of POR have been reported in the literature. […] POR is mostly diagnosed by ophthalmologists, making this condition rare for other physicians and is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by them. […] A positive family history for rosacea was found in nine of the 34 patients of two series (26.5%). […] Fair-skinned children of European descent are more commonly affected, although any ethnic group can be afflicted.
#60 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The mean delay between disease onset and the diagnosis is greater than one year in most case series, and greater than two years in more than half of cases. […] The non-recognition of POR can also be a result of the varied names adopted in the literature and the lack of overall consensus. […] The main aim of this review is to make the children’s health care providers aware of POR, by highlighting its clinical features, epidemiology, easy diagnosis and treatment. […] Few cases of POR have been reported in the literature. […] POR is mostly diagnosed by ophthalmologists, making this condition rare for other physicians and is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by them. […] A positive family history for rosacea was found in nine of the 34 patients of two series (26.5%). […] Fair-skinned children of European descent are more commonly affected, although any ethnic group can be afflicted.
#61 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The mean delay between disease onset and the diagnosis is greater than one year in most case series, and greater than two years in more than half of cases. […] The non-recognition of POR can also be a result of the varied names adopted in the literature and the lack of overall consensus. […] The main aim of this review is to make the children’s health care providers aware of POR, by highlighting its clinical features, epidemiology, easy diagnosis and treatment. […] Few cases of POR have been reported in the literature. […] POR is mostly diagnosed by ophthalmologists, making this condition rare for other physicians and is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by them. […] A positive family history for rosacea was found in nine of the 34 patients of two series (26.5%). […] Fair-skinned children of European descent are more commonly affected, although any ethnic group can be afflicted.
#62 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
Ocular rosacea is an important and underdiagnosed chronic inflammatory disorder observed in children. […] Although few cases of pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) have been reported in the literature, many cases must have been underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. […] The delay in diagnosis is greater than one year in the large majority of cases and may lead to serious ocular sequelae. […] The prevalence of ophthalmic involvement in rosacea is probably higher than previously presumed and it varies considerably between ophthalmic and dermatological studies. […] In most adult cases, ocular manifestations are preceded by cutaneous signs, making the diagnosis easier. However, in pediatric ocular rosacea (POR) the ocular involvement may precede dermatologic manifestations in more than half of the patients, delaying the diagnosis.
#63 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The initial therapeutic approach should always include local measures, such as daily warm compresses, eyelid hygiene with neutral baby shampoo and liquefaction and removal of the thick meibomian gland secretions. […] The recurrence rate is high, especially within the first three months of treatment if systemic therapy is tapered too quickly. […] Thus, POR can be a source of significant visual morbidity in children.
#64 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The initial therapeutic approach should always include local measures, such as daily warm compresses, eyelid hygiene with neutral baby shampoo and liquefaction and removal of the thick meibomian gland secretions. […] The recurrence rate is high, especially within the first three months of treatment if systemic therapy is tapered too quickly. […] Thus, POR can be a source of significant visual morbidity in children.
#65 Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria
https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/109.htm
The initial therapeutic approach should always include local measures, such as daily warm compresses, eyelid hygiene with neutral baby shampoo and liquefaction and removal of the thick meibomian gland secretions. […] The recurrence rate is high, especially within the first three months of treatment if systemic therapy is tapered too quickly. […] Thus, POR can be a source of significant visual morbidity in children.
#66 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#67 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/
Rosacea is a prevalent chronic cutaneous disorder with variable presentation and severity. Although considered a skin disease, rosacea may evolve the eyes in 58-72% of the patients, causing eyelid and ocular surface inflammation. About one third of the patients develop potentially sight-threatening corneal involvement. Untreated rosacea may cause varying degrees of ocular morbidity. The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized. There is not yet a diagnostic test for rosacea. The diagnosis of ocular rosacea relies on observation of clinical features, which can be challenging in up to 90% of patients in whom accompanying roseatic skin changes may be subtle or inexistent. […] Ocular rosacea affects both genders equally. The incidence of ocular rosacea varies among ophthalmologic and dermatologic studies, ranging from 6-72%, being more prevalent in ophthalmology clinics.
#68 SciELO Brazil – Ocular rosacea: a review Ocular rosacea: a review
https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/shtJWX5bvNDPLXSw4SF9tzC/?lang=en
Rosacea affects over 16 million Americans, and a Swedish survey revealed a prevalence as high as 10%. A recent large observational study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the United Kingdom revealed an incidence rate of 1.65/1,000 person-years as diagnosed by general practitioners. Women are more commonly diagnosed with rosacea than men, and they tend to be diagnosed earlier. A possible explanation for this is that women may seek medical care more often and earlier than men. […] The importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized due to the negative impact this disorder may have on the quality of life of patients and the potential sight-threatening complications of this disease.
#69 Burden of Disease: The Psychosocial Impact of Rosacea on a Patientâs Quality of Life
https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/1484-feature-1484
Although no exact prevalence data exist, the symptoms and signs of the ocular subtype of rosacea are estimated to affect nearly 60% of patients with rosacea. The clinical features of this subtype include watery or bloodshot eyes, telangiectasia of the conjunctiva and lid margin, and lid and periocular erythema. The common clinical presentations of this subtype include blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis. Patients with ocular rosacea experience discomfort in the eye including foreign body sensation, light sensitivity, and blurred vision. […] Rosacea affects more than 16 million people in the United States. […] The goal of current therapies is to manage the clinical signs and the physical symptoms of rosacea, but the impact of rosacea on patients emotional health and quality of life is sometimes overlooked.
#70 Burden of Disease: The Psychosocial Impact of Rosacea on a Patientâs Quality of Life
https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/1484-feature-1484
The visible facial erythema and blemishes that are associated with rosacea can negatively affect patients emotional health. Current therapies treat the papules and pustules that are associated with rosacea, but no approved therapies target persistent facial erythema. There is no evidence that current therapies have a direct effect on erythema. This suggests an unmet medical need for treatments that will specifically target the persistent facial erythema associated with rosacea.
#71 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in cutaneous rosacea: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.24301198v1.full-text
Ocular rosacea poses a particular diagnostic challenge as its signs and symptoms often overlap with other ocular pathologies. Cutaneous and ocular rosacea present together in approximately 21-50% of patients, yet a solid understanding of comorbid ocular and cutaneous symptoms is lacking. […] The reported proportion of individuals with comorbid cutaneous and ocular manifestations of rosacea varies in the literature and ranges from 21-50%. It has also been suggested that ocular manifestations of rosacea may appear prior to cutaneous features of the disease. […] Ocular rosacea is a disease that exists at the intersection of two medical specialties: dermatology and ophthalmology. Thus, clear knowledge of the likelihood of ocular involvement in cutaneous rosacea and within each cutaneous rosacea subtype is important for prompt and appropriate referral to ophthalmology, or the reverse, if the ocular manifestations present first without cutaneous disease. Knowledge of the relationship between ocular and cutaneous rosacea can help physicians better assess and predict the natural history of rosacea and provide a framework for which patients are more likely to present with both cutaneous and ocular symptoms.
#72 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in cutaneous rosacea: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.24301198v1.full-text
Ocular rosacea poses a particular diagnostic challenge as its signs and symptoms often overlap with other ocular pathologies. Cutaneous and ocular rosacea present together in approximately 21-50% of patients, yet a solid understanding of comorbid ocular and cutaneous symptoms is lacking. […] The reported proportion of individuals with comorbid cutaneous and ocular manifestations of rosacea varies in the literature and ranges from 21-50%. It has also been suggested that ocular manifestations of rosacea may appear prior to cutaneous features of the disease. […] Ocular rosacea is a disease that exists at the intersection of two medical specialties: dermatology and ophthalmology. Thus, clear knowledge of the likelihood of ocular involvement in cutaneous rosacea and within each cutaneous rosacea subtype is important for prompt and appropriate referral to ophthalmology, or the reverse, if the ocular manifestations present first without cutaneous disease. Knowledge of the relationship between ocular and cutaneous rosacea can help physicians better assess and predict the natural history of rosacea and provide a framework for which patients are more likely to present with both cutaneous and ocular symptoms.
#73 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in cutaneous rosacea: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.24301198v1.full-text
The present paper outlines the protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the prevalence of ocular rosacea within cutaneous rosacea. The proposed study will review the current body of evidence on ocular manifestations in adult cutaneous rosacea to answer the following question: what is the prevalence of ocular rosacea in adults diagnosed with a cutaneous rosacea. […] To the authors knowledge, this will be the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the prevalence of ocular rosacea in the various cutaneous subtypes in an adult population. By addressing this knowledge gap, this study aims to provide clear and easily interpretable data to aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of ocular rosacea.
#74 Prevalence of ocular manifestations in cutaneous rosacea: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.24301198v1.full-text
The present paper outlines the protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the prevalence of ocular rosacea within cutaneous rosacea. The proposed study will review the current body of evidence on ocular manifestations in adult cutaneous rosacea to answer the following question: what is the prevalence of ocular rosacea in adults diagnosed with a cutaneous rosacea. […] To the authors knowledge, this will be the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the prevalence of ocular rosacea in the various cutaneous subtypes in an adult population. By addressing this knowledge gap, this study aims to provide clear and easily interpretable data to aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of ocular rosacea.
#75 Rosacea and Rhinophyma: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/rosacea-and-rhinophyma
In Europe, there is an increasing prevalence from South to North: in Germany prevalence is 2.2%, in Sweden 10% and in Estonia 22%. […] Rosacea is primarily a condition of the white population; it is three times more common in women than in men and has a peak age of onset between 30 and 60 years. […] For a diagnosis to be confirmed the erythema should have been present for at least three months. […] Ocular rosacea may precede the cutaneous form by years but often they develop together. The ocular signs include blepharitis, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the lids and meibomian glands, interpalpebral conjunctival hyperaemia and conjunctival telangiectasia. […] Ophthalmic symptoms may not be recognised as part of the disease although they occur to some extent in over 50%. […] A Cochrane review of treatments for rosacea has summarised that there is high-quality evidence to support the effectiveness of topical azelaic acid, topical ivermectin, brimonidine, doxycycline and isotretinoin for rosacea. Moderate-quality evidence is available for topical metronidazole and oral tetracycline. There is low-quality evidence for low-dose minocycline, laser and intense pulsed light therapy and ciclosporin ophthalmic emulsion for ocular rosacea. […] Patients with ocular rosacea should undertake regular lid hygiene (as in the treatment of blepharitis) using diluted baby shampoo (diluted 1:10 in warm water) and a cotton bud with warm compress. […] Systemic tetracyclines are an effective treatment for ocular rosacea.
#76 Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821167/
Caucasians with fair sun-sensitive skin (skin phototypes I and II) appear to have the greatest risk for rosacea. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against ultraviolet radiation (an exacerbating factor for rosacea), or genetic differences in susceptibility to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with darker skin. Estimates of the prevalence of rosacea in fair-skinned populations range from 2 to 22 percent. A recent prospective study from Germany reported an overall rosacea prevalence of 12 percent, with erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular subtypes making up 9 and 3 percent, respectively. Prevalence rates for ocular involvement in rosacea patients range from less than 10 percent to more than 50 percent. Cutaneous rosacea exhibits a strong female predominance, with the exception of phymatous rosacea, and is usually diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
#77 Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5821167/
Caucasians with fair sun-sensitive skin (skin phototypes I and II) appear to have the greatest risk for rosacea. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against ultraviolet radiation (an exacerbating factor for rosacea), or genetic differences in susceptibility to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with darker skin. Estimates of the prevalence of rosacea in fair-skinned populations range from 2 to 22 percent. A recent prospective study from Germany reported an overall rosacea prevalence of 12 percent, with erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular subtypes making up 9 and 3 percent, respectively. Prevalence rates for ocular involvement in rosacea patients range from less than 10 percent to more than 50 percent. Cutaneous rosacea exhibits a strong female predominance, with the exception of phymatous rosacea, and is usually diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
#78 Rosacea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071429-overview
Accurate incidence data for rosacea are not available; however, rosacea is known to be a common skin condition that disproportionately affects persons of fair-skinned European and Celtic origin. In the United States, it has been estimated that more than 16 million people are affected by rosacea; worldwide, the prevalence is estimated to exceed 5% overall and may be as high as 18% in some areas. […] A study in Sweden revealed an incidence of one case in 10 middle-class workers. The caseating granulomatous variant (acne agminata) may occur more commonly in people of Asian or African origin. […] Rosacea also occurs in people with dark skin but is less frequently diagnosed in such populations. It is unknown whether factors such as masking of facial redness by abundant skin pigment, protective effects of melanin against UV light, and genetic predisposition to rosacea contribute to the lower rate of diagnosis in people with skin color.
#79 Dermatological Conditions in Skin of Colorâ Diagnosing and Treating Rosacea in Skin of Color Patients | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
https://jcadonline.com/diagnosing-treating-rosacea-skin-of-color/
The worldwide prevalence of rosacea is estimated to be between 5.5 percent and 10 percent. It is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that is most commonly associated with fair-skinned patients. In Ireland, the incidence is estimated to be 14 percent, and in Germany, it is estimated to be 12 percent. The incidence rates in skin of color (SOC) patients are estimated to be much lower. Rosacea is thought to affect two percent of Black patients, 3.9 percent of Hispanic of Latino patients, and 2.3 percent of Asian/Pacific Islanders. The lower incidence rate of rosacea in SOC patients may be due to genetics and environmental factors, but it may also be due to a lower index of suspicion. At present time, there is no evidence to demonstrate if certain therapeutics respond better in SOC populations, thus it is recommended to follow the current management guidelines from the American Acne Rosacea Society. […] One study found the incidence of ocular rosacea in female SOC patients to be 77 percent. […] In a review by Morgado-Carrasco et al, ultraviolet (UV) light was found to impact skin inflammation, neoangiogenesis, telangiectasa/fibrosis, and may also initiate rosacea.
#80 Dermatological Conditions in Skin of Colorâ Diagnosing and Treating Rosacea in Skin of Color Patients | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
https://jcadonline.com/diagnosing-treating-rosacea-skin-of-color/
The worldwide prevalence of rosacea is estimated to be between 5.5 percent and 10 percent. It is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that is most commonly associated with fair-skinned patients. In Ireland, the incidence is estimated to be 14 percent, and in Germany, it is estimated to be 12 percent. The incidence rates in skin of color (SOC) patients are estimated to be much lower. Rosacea is thought to affect two percent of Black patients, 3.9 percent of Hispanic of Latino patients, and 2.3 percent of Asian/Pacific Islanders. The lower incidence rate of rosacea in SOC patients may be due to genetics and environmental factors, but it may also be due to a lower index of suspicion. At present time, there is no evidence to demonstrate if certain therapeutics respond better in SOC populations, thus it is recommended to follow the current management guidelines from the American Acne Rosacea Society. […] One study found the incidence of ocular rosacea in female SOC patients to be 77 percent. […] In a review by Morgado-Carrasco et al, ultraviolet (UV) light was found to impact skin inflammation, neoangiogenesis, telangiectasa/fibrosis, and may also initiate rosacea.
#81 Dermatological Conditions in Skin of Colorâ Diagnosing and Treating Rosacea in Skin of Color Patients | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
https://jcadonline.com/diagnosing-treating-rosacea-skin-of-color/
The worldwide prevalence of rosacea is estimated to be between 5.5 percent and 10 percent. It is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that is most commonly associated with fair-skinned patients. In Ireland, the incidence is estimated to be 14 percent, and in Germany, it is estimated to be 12 percent. The incidence rates in skin of color (SOC) patients are estimated to be much lower. Rosacea is thought to affect two percent of Black patients, 3.9 percent of Hispanic of Latino patients, and 2.3 percent of Asian/Pacific Islanders. The lower incidence rate of rosacea in SOC patients may be due to genetics and environmental factors, but it may also be due to a lower index of suspicion. At present time, there is no evidence to demonstrate if certain therapeutics respond better in SOC populations, thus it is recommended to follow the current management guidelines from the American Acne Rosacea Society. […] One study found the incidence of ocular rosacea in female SOC patients to be 77 percent. […] In a review by Morgado-Carrasco et al, ultraviolet (UV) light was found to impact skin inflammation, neoangiogenesis, telangiectasa/fibrosis, and may also initiate rosacea.
#82 ocular rosacea | Rosacea.org
https://www.rosacea.org/tags/ocular-rosacea
Two recent small studies on ocular rosacea yielded new findings that help in understanding its manifestations as well as the disease process. Researchers at Kirikkale University in Turkey found that despite a high incidence of dry eye in individuals with rosacea, corneal and conjunctival sensitivity were not significantly different from those of the eyes of individuals without the disorder. This is the first time to their knowledge that such a study has been conducted. […] Although scientific information about ocular rosacea continues to increase, many rosacea patients themselves may fail to recognize their eye symptoms could be related to this disorder and needlessly suffer, especially during harsh weather, according to Dr. Guy Webster, clinical professor of dermatology at Thomas Jefferson Medical School.
#83 Rosacea is strongly associated with melanoma in Caucasians | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62552-8
Rosacea is associated with some comorbidities and ethnicity may be a risk factor in melanoma development. […] The aim of this study was to use data from the real-world database TriNetX to investigate a possible correlation between rosacea and systemic diseases on a global level and to explore potential associations of rosacea and malignant melanoma. […] After propensity score matching, we determined the risk of multiple systemic diseases in both our cohorts, that have previously been associated to rosacea. […] Surprisingly, malignant melanoma and other skin neoplasms were the comorbidity most strongly associated with rosacea. […] With the starkly increased risk for malignant melanoma in our rosacea population, we performed a KaplanMeier analysis of this subset of patients. […] In the Asian subpopulation, both cohorts had 10 events of malignant melanoma, leading to a risk of 0.007 of being diagnosed with malignant melanoma both with and without rosacea. […] In this study, we were able to identify a strong association of rosacea and malignant melanoma in Caucasian patients. […] These differences highlight the need for further investigation of the possible connection of these two dermatologic diseases.
#84 Rosacea is strongly associated with melanoma in Caucasians | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62552-8
Rosacea is associated with some comorbidities and ethnicity may be a risk factor in melanoma development. […] The aim of this study was to use data from the real-world database TriNetX to investigate a possible correlation between rosacea and systemic diseases on a global level and to explore potential associations of rosacea and malignant melanoma. […] After propensity score matching, we determined the risk of multiple systemic diseases in both our cohorts, that have previously been associated to rosacea. […] Surprisingly, malignant melanoma and other skin neoplasms were the comorbidity most strongly associated with rosacea. […] With the starkly increased risk for malignant melanoma in our rosacea population, we performed a KaplanMeier analysis of this subset of patients. […] In the Asian subpopulation, both cohorts had 10 events of malignant melanoma, leading to a risk of 0.007 of being diagnosed with malignant melanoma both with and without rosacea. […] In this study, we were able to identify a strong association of rosacea and malignant melanoma in Caucasian patients. […] These differences highlight the need for further investigation of the possible connection of these two dermatologic diseases.
#85 Rosacea is strongly associated with melanoma in Caucasians | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62552-8
Rosacea is associated with some comorbidities and ethnicity may be a risk factor in melanoma development. […] The aim of this study was to use data from the real-world database TriNetX to investigate a possible correlation between rosacea and systemic diseases on a global level and to explore potential associations of rosacea and malignant melanoma. […] After propensity score matching, we determined the risk of multiple systemic diseases in both our cohorts, that have previously been associated to rosacea. […] Surprisingly, malignant melanoma and other skin neoplasms were the comorbidity most strongly associated with rosacea. […] With the starkly increased risk for malignant melanoma in our rosacea population, we performed a KaplanMeier analysis of this subset of patients. […] In the Asian subpopulation, both cohorts had 10 events of malignant melanoma, leading to a risk of 0.007 of being diagnosed with malignant melanoma both with and without rosacea. […] In this study, we were able to identify a strong association of rosacea and malignant melanoma in Caucasian patients. […] These differences highlight the need for further investigation of the possible connection of these two dermatologic diseases.
#86 Rosacea is strongly associated with melanoma in Caucasians | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62552-8
Rosacea is associated with some comorbidities and ethnicity may be a risk factor in melanoma development. […] The aim of this study was to use data from the real-world database TriNetX to investigate a possible correlation between rosacea and systemic diseases on a global level and to explore potential associations of rosacea and malignant melanoma. […] After propensity score matching, we determined the risk of multiple systemic diseases in both our cohorts, that have previously been associated to rosacea. […] Surprisingly, malignant melanoma and other skin neoplasms were the comorbidity most strongly associated with rosacea. […] With the starkly increased risk for malignant melanoma in our rosacea population, we performed a KaplanMeier analysis of this subset of patients. […] In the Asian subpopulation, both cohorts had 10 events of malignant melanoma, leading to a risk of 0.007 of being diagnosed with malignant melanoma both with and without rosacea. […] In this study, we were able to identify a strong association of rosacea and malignant melanoma in Caucasian patients. […] These differences highlight the need for further investigation of the possible connection of these two dermatologic diseases.
#87 A Basic Guide to Ocular Rosacea – Modern Optometry
https://modernod.com/articles/2021-july-aug/a-basic-guide-to-ocular-rosacea
Ocular rosacea is a common precursor to meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease. Symptoms and treatment are often similar; therefore, ocular rosacea should be considered in your differential diagnosis in patients with complaints of dry eyes. […] IPL therapy has been shown to be highly effective for the treatment and management of ocular rosacea, meibomian gland dysfunction, and dry eye disease.
#88 A Basic Guide to Ocular Rosacea – Modern Optometry
https://modernod.com/articles/2021-july-aug/a-basic-guide-to-ocular-rosacea
Ocular rosacea is a common precursor to meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease. Symptoms and treatment are often similar; therefore, ocular rosacea should be considered in your differential diagnosis in patients with complaints of dry eyes. […] IPL therapy has been shown to be highly effective for the treatment and management of ocular rosacea, meibomian gland dysfunction, and dry eye disease.
#89 Association Between Skin Findings and Ocular Signs in Rosacea – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology
https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/association-between-skin-findings-and-ocular-signs-in-rosacea/doi/tjo.galenos.2021.05031
Ocular compromise in rosacea is common. Our study shows that there might be a relationship between the severity of ocular involvement and specific cutaneous signs. […] Ocular rosacea can be accompanied by signs of chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis and is a well-known cause of pseudopemphigoid. […] To date, a reliable correlation between the severity of skin findings and ocular involvement has not been established. […] We found a significant association between the severity of ocular findings, assessed as a diminished visual acuity due to rosacea corneal involvement, and the presence of rhinophyma, papules, and pustules. […] Early referral to the ophthalmologist in these cases might prevent visual loss.
#90 Ocular Rosacea: An Updated Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872267/
Ocular rosacea comprises between 10% and 50% of all cases of cutaneous rosacea and can occur even without skin manifestations. […] The prevalence of ocular rosacea may be underestimated as it is frequently underdiagnosed, particularly among the elderly and within certain population groups. […] Studies emphasize the importance of considering ocular rosacea as a potential cause of persistent eye redness and relapsing conjunctivitis-blepharitis, particularly in elderly patients. […] The 2019 Global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel guidelines advocate a comprehensive diagnostic approach for ocular rosacea, encompassing slit-lamp examination, eyelid and meibomian gland assessment, tear film evaluation, and corneal examination. […] The association between cutaneous rosacea and ocular rosacea can vary, with facial changes as the primary feature in 53% of cases, concurrent skin and ocular changes in 27%, and ocular changes as the primary feature in up to 20% of cases.
#91 Seeing Red: How Ocular Rosacea Impacts the Cornea
https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/seeing-red-how-ocular-rosacea-impacts-the-cornea
Rosacea is a relatively common disorder, affecting up to 10% of the adult population; its most frequently seen in those with fair skin and tends to manifest around facial folds. […] As many as 58% to 72% of rosacea patients have ocular involvement, and 45% to 85% have ocular complaints. […] Ocular manifestations of rosacea may precede dermatologic signs in 20% of patients. […] Corneal involvement has been noted in up to 33% of patients with rosacea, and severe sequelae are possible. […] Up to 40% of patients with ocular rosacea may also display punctate epithelial erosions. […] Ocular rosacea patients can have significantly increased tear concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a collagen matrix-degrading enzyme secreted by devitalized epithelial cells.
#92 Rosacea: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p187.html
Ocular rosacea is managed with lid hygiene, topical cyclosporine, and topical or systemic antibiotics. […] More than 50% of patients with cutaneous rosacea have ocular symptoms that may include tearing, foreign body sensation, itching, photophobia, and blurred vision. […] Ophthalmology consultation is recommended because complications (e.g., corneal ulcerations, scleritis, episcleritis, iritis, persistent hordeola and chalazia) may occur. […] Mild symptoms can be managed with artificial tears, warm compresses, and cleansing the eyelashes with baby shampoo. […] Topical ophthalmic cyclosporine drops (Restasis) demonstrate statistically significant improvement in common signs and symptoms compared with artificial tears. […] Patients may be treated with systemic therapy using tetracyclines or azithromycin. […] The exact prevalence of rosacea in the United States is unknown; however, it is probably between 1.3% and 2.1%, and may be as high as 5%. […] Women are affected more often than men, but men are more likely to have phymatous changes, especially rhinophyma.
#93 Rosacea: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p187.html
Ocular rosacea is managed with lid hygiene, topical cyclosporine, and topical or systemic antibiotics. […] More than 50% of patients with cutaneous rosacea have ocular symptoms that may include tearing, foreign body sensation, itching, photophobia, and blurred vision. […] Ophthalmology consultation is recommended because complications (e.g., corneal ulcerations, scleritis, episcleritis, iritis, persistent hordeola and chalazia) may occur. […] Mild symptoms can be managed with artificial tears, warm compresses, and cleansing the eyelashes with baby shampoo. […] Topical ophthalmic cyclosporine drops (Restasis) demonstrate statistically significant improvement in common signs and symptoms compared with artificial tears. […] Patients may be treated with systemic therapy using tetracyclines or azithromycin. […] The exact prevalence of rosacea in the United States is unknown; however, it is probably between 1.3% and 2.1%, and may be as high as 5%. […] Women are affected more often than men, but men are more likely to have phymatous changes, especially rhinophyma.
#94 Rosacea: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0801/p187.html
Ocular rosacea is managed with lid hygiene, topical cyclosporine, and topical or systemic antibiotics. […] More than 50% of patients with cutaneous rosacea have ocular symptoms that may include tearing, foreign body sensation, itching, photophobia, and blurred vision. […] Ophthalmology consultation is recommended because complications (e.g., corneal ulcerations, scleritis, episcleritis, iritis, persistent hordeola and chalazia) may occur. […] Mild symptoms can be managed with artificial tears, warm compresses, and cleansing the eyelashes with baby shampoo. […] Topical ophthalmic cyclosporine drops (Restasis) demonstrate statistically significant improvement in common signs and symptoms compared with artificial tears. […] Patients may be treated with systemic therapy using tetracyclines or azithromycin. […] The exact prevalence of rosacea in the United States is unknown; however, it is probably between 1.3% and 2.1%, and may be as high as 5%. […] Women are affected more often than men, but men are more likely to have phymatous changes, especially rhinophyma.
#95 Ocular rosacea – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_rosacea
Ocular rosacea is a type of rosacea that affects the eyes. Signs and symptoms generally consist of redness, irritation or burning of the eyes. Affected individuals may also feel that there is something, such as an eyelash, in the eye and frequently have redness of the nose and cheeks as well. Complications include corneal ulcer. […] Ocular rosacea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology. […] Doxycycline can be used in the treatment of ocular rosacea in dosages of 100 mg once or twice a day for a period of 2 to 3 months. Other studies report a good efficacy of 50 mg once a day in less severe cases.
#96 ocular rosacea | Rosacea.org
https://www.rosacea.org/tags/ocular-rosacea
A pair of new studies help establish the relative prevalence of signs and symptoms of the eyes of rosacea patients (ocular rosacea), as well as the importance of medical therapy. […] While avoidance of trigger factors, gentle cleansing and a variety of medical therapies are among todays options for controlling ocular rosacea, continuing research on its pathophysiology is uncovering potential avenues for the development of important new advances in its treatment, according to Dr. Edward Wladis, associate professor and vice-chairman of ophthalmology at Albany Medical College, in a recent article in the medical journal Survey of Ophthalmology. […] A majority of rosacea patients have experienced eye irritation since being diagnosed with rosacea, but most have not been treated for the eye symptoms of ocular rosacea.
#97 ocular rosacea | Rosacea.org
https://www.rosacea.org/tags/ocular-rosacea
A pair of new studies help establish the relative prevalence of signs and symptoms of the eyes of rosacea patients (ocular rosacea), as well as the importance of medical therapy. […] While avoidance of trigger factors, gentle cleansing and a variety of medical therapies are among todays options for controlling ocular rosacea, continuing research on its pathophysiology is uncovering potential avenues for the development of important new advances in its treatment, according to Dr. Edward Wladis, associate professor and vice-chairman of ophthalmology at Albany Medical College, in a recent article in the medical journal Survey of Ophthalmology. […] A majority of rosacea patients have experienced eye irritation since being diagnosed with rosacea, but most have not been treated for the eye symptoms of ocular rosacea.
#98 A Basic Guide to Ocular Rosacea – Modern Optometry
https://modernod.com/articles/2021-july-aug/a-basic-guide-to-ocular-rosacea
Ocular rosacea is a common precursor to meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease. Symptoms and treatment are often similar; therefore, ocular rosacea should be considered in your differential diagnosis in patients with complaints of dry eyes. […] IPL therapy has been shown to be highly effective for the treatment and management of ocular rosacea, meibomian gland dysfunction, and dry eye disease.
#99 With Ocular Rosacea, Two Clinicians Are Better Than One – Dermatology Advisor
https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/topics/rosacea/ocular-facial-rosacea-co-management-strategies-dermatology-optometry/
There are a lot of things that we can try for ocular rosacea. Since this is a primarily eyelid-based problem, treatment, though, we should always include eyelid-based therapy. […] Intense pulsed light therapy can really help with erythema and telangiectasias and papules, but it really can help with the eyelids as well, so this is another great option.
#100 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Rosacea – touchOPHTHALMOLOGY
https://touchophthalmology.com/anterior-segment/journal-articles/current-and-emerging-therapies-for-ocular-rosacea/
Ocular rosacea is an incurable disease that affects millions of Americans annually. While specific estimates of the total number of patients with ocular rosacea vary considerably, over 16 million Americans are affected by acne rosacea, and 58-72% of rosacea patients develop ophthalmic findings. […] Despite the relatively common nature of ocular rosacea and its severe potential consequences, this disease remains difficult to treat, and disease stabilization remains elusive. […] Ocular rosacea is, however, a cutaneous ailment with ophthalmic manifestations; the tear film is best considered a manifestation of this disease, meaning that tear-based molecular alterations may not reflect the immunologic changes that ultimately result in the clinical manifestations of ocular rosacea. […] As our knowledge of the cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms that govern the clinical manifestations of ocular rosacea expands, new therapeutic agents will optimally provide highly selective treatments for this disease with fewer side effects.
#101 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Rosacea – touchOPHTHALMOLOGY
https://touchophthalmology.com/anterior-segment/journal-articles/current-and-emerging-therapies-for-ocular-rosacea/
Ocular rosacea is an incurable disease that affects millions of Americans annually. While specific estimates of the total number of patients with ocular rosacea vary considerably, over 16 million Americans are affected by acne rosacea, and 58-72% of rosacea patients develop ophthalmic findings. […] Despite the relatively common nature of ocular rosacea and its severe potential consequences, this disease remains difficult to treat, and disease stabilization remains elusive. […] Ocular rosacea is, however, a cutaneous ailment with ophthalmic manifestations; the tear film is best considered a manifestation of this disease, meaning that tear-based molecular alterations may not reflect the immunologic changes that ultimately result in the clinical manifestations of ocular rosacea. […] As our knowledge of the cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms that govern the clinical manifestations of ocular rosacea expands, new therapeutic agents will optimally provide highly selective treatments for this disease with fewer side effects.
#102 Ocular Rosacea: Symptoms, Causes, Management & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22265-ocular-rosacea
The most important part of managing ocular rosacea is knowing and avoiding your triggers. […] Most people with ocular rosacea experience fewer (and less severe) flare-ups once they learn to identify and avoid their triggers and find treatments that help manage their symptoms. […] Some researchers think ocular rosacea might be an autoimmune disease, but we dont have enough proof to say for sure that it is.
#103 Ocular Rosacea: Symptoms, Causes, Management & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22265-ocular-rosacea
The most important part of managing ocular rosacea is knowing and avoiding your triggers. […] Most people with ocular rosacea experience fewer (and less severe) flare-ups once they learn to identify and avoid their triggers and find treatments that help manage their symptoms. […] Some researchers think ocular rosacea might be an autoimmune disease, but we dont have enough proof to say for sure that it is.
#104 Burden of Disease: The Psychosocial Impact of Rosacea on a Patientâs Quality of Life
https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/1484-feature-1484
The visible facial erythema and blemishes that are associated with rosacea can negatively affect patients emotional health. Current therapies treat the papules and pustules that are associated with rosacea, but no approved therapies target persistent facial erythema. There is no evidence that current therapies have a direct effect on erythema. This suggests an unmet medical need for treatments that will specifically target the persistent facial erythema associated with rosacea.
#105 Burden of Disease: The Psychosocial Impact of Rosacea on a Patientâs Quality of Life
https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/1484-feature-1484
The visible facial erythema and blemishes that are associated with rosacea can negatively affect patients emotional health. Current therapies treat the papules and pustules that are associated with rosacea, but no approved therapies target persistent facial erythema. There is no evidence that current therapies have a direct effect on erythema. This suggests an unmet medical need for treatments that will specifically target the persistent facial erythema associated with rosacea.
#106 Burden of Disease: The Psychosocial Impact of Rosacea on a Patientâs Quality of Life
https://www.ahdbonline.com/articles/1484-feature-1484
The visible facial erythema and blemishes that are associated with rosacea can negatively affect patients emotional health. Current therapies treat the papules and pustules that are associated with rosacea, but no approved therapies target persistent facial erythema. There is no evidence that current therapies have a direct effect on erythema. This suggests an unmet medical need for treatments that will specifically target the persistent facial erythema associated with rosacea.