Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  Esophageal cancer is a familiar malignancy with high incidence and mortality, and the overall prognosis is poor. The numbers of cases of and deaths from esophageal cancer have risen rapidly in recent decades. It is one of the most malignant cancers, with more than 0.6 million new cases and 0.54 million deaths worldwide in 2020. […] Esophageal cancer is the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The burden of this malignant tumor is significantly high in less developed regions, where almost 80% of all cases occur. Approximately 70% of cases occur in men, and there is a 2 to 5-fold difference in incidence and mortality rates between the sexes. […] The cancer burden of esophagus incidence and mortality is increasing rapidly worldwide, accompanied by global aging and population growth as well as the prevalence of associated risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity.

• #2 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  Esophageal cancer is a type of malignant tumor in the digestive system and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, seriously affecting human health worldwide. In 2020, there were an estimated 0.6 million new cases of esophageal cancer and 0.54 million deaths occurred as a result of this disease based on GLOBOCAN 2020. […] The predominant histological types of esophageal cancer are SCC and AC, with esophageal SCC being the most common histological type globally. The incidence of these two histologic subtypes differs by geographic region, race, lifestyle, etc. […] In 2020, the age-standardized rate of esophageal cancer was 6.3 per 100,000 population. Between 1990 and 2020, the age-standardized rate of incidence declined by 16.8%, but the global total incidence rose by 94.7%, from 310,236 to 604,100.

• #3 Global burden and epidemiology of Barrett oesophagus and oesophageal cancer | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-021-00419-3

  Oesophageal cancer is a global health problem; in 2018 there were more than 572,000 people newly diagnosed with oesophageal cancer worldwide. […] Knowledge of epidemiology and risk factors for oesophageal cancer is essential for public health and clinical decisions about risk stratification, screening and prevention. […] The goal of this Review is to establish the current epidemiology of oesophageal cancer, with a particular focus on the Western world and the increasing incidence of EAC and Barrett oesophagus. […] Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains the most common subtype of oesophageal cancer worldwide; however, in Western populations, the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased markedly. […] The main risk factors for EAC and Barrett oesophagus are gastroesophageal reflux disease, abdominal obesity and cigarette smoking, whereas alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking cause most ESCC cases globally.

• #4 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer indicate variations for gender, race, and geographic region. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between the incidence of esophageal cancer and mortality and HDI level. […] A high male predominance is found for esophageal cancer, with risk 2 to 3-fold higher for men than for women worldwide in 2020. […] In terms of geographical distribution, Eastern Asia has the highest regional standardized incidence and mortality, followed by Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, and South-Central Asia. Approximately 80% of new cases and deaths take place in Asia. […] In recent years, the incidence of SCC, accounting for approximately 90% of all esophageal cancer cases worldwide, has decreased in most countries, probably because of dietary improvements, and less smoking and heavy drinking, etc.

• #5 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500007-overview

  Esophageal cancer is more common in men than in women. Worldwide, esophageal cancer is 2 to 3 times more common in men; in the US, it is more than 4 times more common in men. […] Esophageal cancer occurs most commonly during the sixth and seventh decades of life. The disease becomes more common with advancing age; it is about 20 times more common in persons older than 65 years than it is in individuals below that age. Median age at diagnosis is 68 years. […] Esophageal cancer is the 11th most common cancer and the 7th most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It is endemic in many parts of the world, particularly in the third world countries, where it is the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths. Incidence rates are variable worldwide, with the highest rates found in eastern Asia and southern and eastern Africa, and the lowest rates in western and northern Africa and Central America in both men and women.

• #6 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9807450/

  For both sexes combined, in 2020, nearly 79.7% of new cases of esophageal cancer were detected in Asia (481,552 cases), which represents 59.5% of the global population. […] The highest estimated national-level age-standardized incidences in 2020 were observed in countries in Southern Africa (Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique), Eastern Asia (Mongolia, China), and Eastern Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). […] In 2020, esophageal cancer was the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an estimated 0.54 million deaths. […] The burden of esophageal cancer increases substantially at all HDI levels. […] The prevalence of esophageal cancer has grown dramatically worldwide in recent years. If current trends continue, it is projected that 739,666 new cases of and 723,466 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur in 2030, and there will be 987,723 new cases and 914,304 deaths in 2040 around the world.

• #7 Esophageal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500007-overview

  Esophageal cancer is a disease in epidemiologic transition. Until the 1970s, the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States was squamous cell carcinoma, which has smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors. Since then, there has been a steep increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, for which the most common predisposing factor is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma has changed markedly over the past several decades in the United States. Until the 1970s, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of esophageal cancer (90-95%). It was typically located in the thoracic esophagus and most frequently affected African-American men with a long history of smoking and alcohol consumption. […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer (17,430 in men and 4640 in women) will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025, and that 16,1250 persons (12,940 men and 3310 women) will die of the disease. Esophageal cancer is the 17th most common cancer in the US, but the seventh most common cause of cancer death in males.

• #8 Global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by histology and subsite in 2018 | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/9/1564

  In 2018, there were an estimated 572000 new cases of oesophageal cancer worldwide, 85000 OACs (ASR 0.9 per 100 000, both sexes combined) and 482000 OSCCs (ASR 5.3). […] While globally OSCC and NCGC remain the most common types of oesophageal and gastric cancer, respectively, rates of OAC exceed those of OSCC in an increasing number of high-income countries. […] These updated estimates of the global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by subtype and site suggest an ongoing transition in epidemiological patterns. […] While OSCC remains the most common subtype of oesophageal cancer globally (84% of all cases), with highest incidence rates in Eastern Asia and Eastern Africa, the number of OAC cases exceeds those of OSCC in a substantial number of high-income countries and rates are highest in Northern Europe, North America and Oceania. […] Our study showed that globally, OSCC and NCGC remain the most common types of oesophageal cancer and GC, respectively; yet, distinct epidemiological patterns can be observed.

• #9 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  Esophageal cancer is a male-dominant aggressive malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. […] Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and the sixth most common cause of cancer related deaths. […] The epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Western world has significantly changed. Adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus has become more prevalent than squamous cell cancer of the upper and middle thirds of the esophagus. […] The incidence of EAC remains low in China, ranging from 1.5%4.5%. In USA, the incidence of EAC among white men was 0.4 per 100,000 in 1973 to 2.8 per 100,000 in 2012. A similar increase has been noticed in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Northern Europe. […] This significant increase in the incidence of EAC in the Western world and some developing countries coincides with an increase in the prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux and obesity, known risk factors for EAC.

• #9 Overview of esophageal cancer – Abbas- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14238/html

  Esophageal cancer continues to be a male dominant disease. Worldwide, ESCC is two to three times more common in males than females. […] The incidence of EAC is four to five times as high among Caucasians as it is amongst African-Americans, Asians/Pacific Islander and Native Americans in the USA. […] The rapid increase in the incidence of EAC has paralleled the rise of obesity in the western world. […] GERD is a known risk factor for BE and EAC. […] Patients with BE have been shown to have a 30- to 60-fold increase in the incidence of EAC, although the annual absolute risk of developing EAC is 0.12%, rather than previously expected rates of 0.5%. […] The current risk stratification of BE for EAC relies on histological classification and grade of dysplasia. […] Multimodal treatment remains the mainstay of treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer.

• #10 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3769895/

  The most important precancerous disease is Barretts esophagus. Patients with Barretts esophagus have a 50 to 100 times increase in their risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. […] Although the disease is relatively uncommon in the United States, it is a major global health threat. […] Esophageal cancer occurs at a rate 20 to 30 times higher in China than in the United States. […] The patterns of esophageal cancer are dramatically changing in the United States. However, the mechanisms of esophageal tumorigenesis are not fully understood. […] Barretts esophagus is clearly recognized as a risk factor for EsC, and dysplasia remains the only factor useful for identifying patients at increased risk, for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in clinical practice.

• #10 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3769895/

  The keys to prevention of esophageal cancer vary by cell type. For SCC, reduction or elimination of tobacco and alcohol consumption provide the best means to reduce the incidence of this cancer. […] Patients who are found to have Barretts esophagus, however, may be candidates for regular endoscopic surveillance, since the incidence of low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and cancer is approximately 4 percent, 1 percent, and 0.5 percent per year, respectively, among such patients. […] The precise causes of EsC have not been identified. Despite uncertainties in our understanding of the causes of mechanistic pathways of esophageal cancer, there is sufficient evidence to take effective steps to prevent the majority of SCC in western countries, while more information is needed to curb the epidemic increase in adenocarcinoma.

• #10 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3769895/

  Esophageal cancer (EsC) is one of the least studied and deadliest cancers worldwide because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate. It ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. […] Here, we investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of EsC. Using population based cancer data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program of the United States; we generated the most up-to-date stage distribution and 5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for 1998-2009. […] EsC exhibits an epidemiologic pattern distinct from all other cancers. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased sharply over the past few decades, both by period and birth cohort. […] Understanding the epidemiology of EsC will be the key to elucidating the causes and risk factors for esophageal cancer and thus the cornerstone of developing any prevention strategies.

• #11 Oesophageal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer

  There are around 9,400 new oesophageal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s 26 every day (2017-2019). […] Oesophageal cancer is the 14th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 2% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Oesophageal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 6% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Oesophageal cancer is the 7th most common cause of cancer death in the UK, accounting for 5% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for oesophageal cancer are projected to fall by 16% in the UK between 2014 and 2035, to 13 deaths per 100,000 people by 2035. […] More than 1 in 10 (12.4%) people diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] 59% of oesophageal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.

• #12 Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/14/1/33

  Esophageal cancer is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer in China, with estimated 286,700 new cases and 211,000 deaths in 2012, according to the National Central Cancer Registry. […] In China, incidence is generally higher among males and in rural areas. […] The incidence of esophageal cancer has been steady in recent decades and in most countries. […] The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer are also affected by geography. […] More than 90% of esophageal patients in China are ESCCs; thus, we focus on ESCC in this review. […] The mortality of ESCC can be reduced through identifying modifiable risk factors and reducing the exposure to these factors (primary prevention) or early diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early cancer treatment (secondary prevention). […] As with other chronic diseases, for the primary prevention strategies for ESCC, we strongly recommend for people to eliminate risk factors, such as quitting alcohol, drinking, and smoking, increasing the consumption of vegetables and fruits, reducing nitrosamine and its precursor PAH intake, and changing lifestyle. […] China presents a high incidence of esophageal cancer, especially in rural areas. […] The program of screening and the early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancers are effective in high-risk areas in China.

• #12 Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/14/1/33

  Esophageal cancer is one of the most fatal diseases worldwide mainly because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis. […] Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer, especially in China. It accounts for more than 90% of all esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in China. […] This study reviews the epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China, thereby providing systematic references for policy-makers who will decide on issues of esophageal cancer prevention and control. […] Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, with approximately 456,000 new cases in 2012; it is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death, with an estimated 400,000 cases. […] Esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are the two major histological sub-types of esophageal cancer. […] The striking geographical variation implies that environmental and genetic factors play important roles in the development of esophageal cancer.

• #13 Recent Topics and Perspectives on Esophageal Cancer in Japan | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2018-0002

  The increase in the incidence of ADC is another problem in Japan. […] In Japan, the number of patients with esophageal cancer has increased every year, and the number of patients who were newly diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2013 was four times more than that observed in 1975. […] The two possible reasons for this increase are as follows: One is the progress in the diagnostic imaging, especially in endoscopic technology, and the other is the rapidly aging society in Japan. […] The increase in the number of patients diagnosed with early esophageal cancer contributed to the increase in the number of cases. […] In response to the increase in the elderly patient population, we have to establish less invasive treatment strategies for esophageal cancer. […] Diagnosis and treatment of GERD may help to prevent Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal ADC. […] A multidisciplinary approach, including perioperative treatment using immune checkpoint blockades, less invasive technique such as ESD and MIE, and perioperative care bundle will improve both short- and long-term outcomes of patients.

• #13 Recent Topics and Perspectives on Esophageal Cancer in Japan | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2018-0002

  Despite recent advances in multidisciplinary treatment strategy, outcomes of esophageal cancer treatment still remain unsatisfactory. […] An estimated 455,800 new esophageal cancer cases and 400,200 deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide, and esophageal cancer was the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males. […] In Japan, an estimated 22,812 individuals were newly diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2013 and 11,483 died from this disease in 2016. […] The overall 5-year survival rate ranges from 15% to 25% worldwide, despite the recent advances in multidisciplinary treatment strategy. […] In Japan, the 5- and 10-year survival rates of male esophageal cancer patients were estimated to be 36% and 24%, respectively, while those of female esophageal cancer patients were estimated to be 44% and 32%, respectively.

• #14 Current Status and Future Prospects for Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/765

  Over 500,000 individuals died due to esophageal cancer (EC) worldwide in 2020. More than four decades of etiological research have predominantly focused on the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) subtype, which accounts for 80% of EC cases, while less etiologic research has been done on the esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) subtype whose incidence rates are rapidly increasing in some high-income countries. […] Esophageal cancer (EC) is the ninth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the two main histological subtypes with distinct epidemiological and clinical features. While the global incidence of ESCC is declining, the incidence of EAC is increasing in many countries.

• #14 Current Status and Future Prospects for Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/765

  Globally and in most settings, EC is more common in men than women. According to the Globocan 2020 estimates, 69% of new EC cases occurred in men. ASRs were 2.5-fold higher in men (9.3) than women (3.6), with notable variations in a male-to-female ratio (MFR) between populations. […] There are large variations in EC incidence rates between different populations. […] In 2020, at a country level, the highest ASRs for EC were estimated for Malawi (ASR 17.5 per 100,000 person-years) and Mongolia (17.1), and the lowest rates were estimated for Belize (0.28) and Congo (0.33). […] Recent reports suggest a global decreasing trend in EC incidence rates. […] The incidence rate and absolute numbers of EAC are predicted to considerably increase across high-income countries, and the incidence rate of ESCC is predicted to consistently decrease in almost all populations during the next few decades.

• #14 Current Status and Future Prospects for Esophageal Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/3/765

  The ASR of EAC is predicted to increase from 6.33 per 10^5 person-years in 2005 to 7.76 in 2030 in the United Kingdom and from 5.32 in 2005 to 8.65 in 2030 in the Netherlands. […] The ASR of ESCC is predicted to decrease from 5.34 per 10^5 person-years in 2005 to 1.54 in 2030 in France and from 4.94 in 2005 to 1.57 in 2030 in the black population of the United States.

• #15

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12328-020-01237-x

  Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common type of cancer worldwide and constitutes the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths. […] It is characterized by its high mortality rate, poor prognosis at time of diagnosis and variability based on geographic location. Present day, the prevalence of esophageal cancer is in transition. Although esophageal squamous cell carcinoma continues to be the most prevalent type worldwide, esophageal adenocarcinoma is quickly becoming the most prevalent type in developed countries. […] Risk factors for the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma include low socioeconomic status, consumption of tobacco, alcohol, hot beverages, and nitrosamines. Additionally, micronutrient deficiencies have also been linked to the development of esophageal squamous cell cancer. These include vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate. With respect to esophageal adenocarcinoma, risk factors include Barrett’s esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, and tobacco consumption. Screening for esophageal cancer will likely play an essential role in prevention, and consequently, mortality in the future. Present day, there are no established guidelines for esophageal squamous cell cancer screening. Guidelines for esophageal adenocarcinoma are more well established but lack concrete evidence in the form of randomized controlled trials. […] This review will discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, and current prevention strategies for esophageal cancer in depth.

• #16 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  In the SEER cancer registries in the US, the age-adjusted incidence of EC/100,000/year in 2002-2006 was 7.9 in white males, 1.9 in white females, 9.3 in black males, and 3.0 in black females. […] The major risk factors for esophageal cancer differ in low-risk and high-risk populations. In most low-risk countries, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are the dominant risk factors for ESCC. In the US, over 90% of ESCC cases can be attributed to these two exposures alone. […] In most high-risk populations, tobacco and alcohol are not major risk factors for ESCC. Tobacco consumption in these groups is typically low, both in terms of the prevalence of smoking and in the amount of tobacco consumed by smokers, and alcohol consumption is even lower. […] One of the most consistent risk factors for ESCC in high-risk populations is family history, and preliminary molecular studies support a role for genetic susceptibility in the etiology of ESCC in these areas.

• #16 Geographical Variation in Esophageal Cancer | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/geographical-variation-in-esophageal-cancer

  Both cell types of esophageal cancer have a dismal prognosis. In the most recent SEER data, for 1999-2005, the overall 5-year relative (disease-specific) survival for EC patients was 16.4%. This has improved from 4.7% in 1975-1979, but it is still the third lowest survival rate (after pancreas and liver) among major cancers. In developing countries, the 5-year survival rates are usually less than 10%. […] The main reason for poor survival in esophageal cancer is that most tumors are asymptomatic and go undetected until they have spread beyond the esophageal wall. […] Significant reduction in esophageal cancer mortality, both in low-risk and in high-risk populations, will probably require the development of successful new strategies for screening asymptomatic high-risk individuals which can diagnose and treat more cases at earlier, more curable stages of the disease. […] Early detection is the key to less invasive management and improvement in survival for esophageal cancer. A national early detection program for ESCC is now being implemented in high-risk areas of China, and similar early detection programs are being considered in parts of Iran and Kenya.

• #17 Global, regional, and national burden of esophageal cancer: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Biomarker Research | Full Text

  https://biomarkerres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40364-024-00718-2

  The EC burden is significantly heavier for males, with incidence and mortality in males in 2021 being 2.89 and 2.88 times higher, respectively, than in females. […] From 2022 to 2035, the ASR projections show only modest decrease in both global and regional EC burdens, and the absolute burden numbers are expected to increase globally and in nearly all GBD super-regions. […] EC burden remains significant, with disparities across sexes, age groups, and regions. Region-specific and age-targeted measures are crucial to addressing these inequalities, especially in light of increasing EC burdens in older men and in African regions.

• #18 Esophageal Cancer: An Updated Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Database Analysis | Then | World Journal of Oncology

  https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1254/979

  The overall age adjusted incidence rate for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma from 2004 – 2015 was 3.2 and 1.9 per 100,000 respectively. […] Most cases of esophageal cancer were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma (59.7%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (34.9%). […] Most cases of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were diagnosed as stage IV (36.9% and 26.8%, respectively). […] One- and 5-year cause specific survival for EAC was 54.4% and 23.4% respectively, with a median survival of 15 months. […] One- and 5-year cause specific survival for ESCC was 43.8% and 18.9% respectively, with a median survival of 10 months. […] Present day screening for esophageal cancer is a point of contention for multiple reasons. […] In conclusion esophageal cancer present day continues to be a prevalent pathology and cause of mortality across all genders and demographic populations.

• #19 Esophageal cancer: Age range, screening, and survival rates

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/esophageal-cancer-age-range

  Esophageal cancer is a rare condition that is most prevalent in males over the age of 55 years. Research suggests that esophageal cancer diagnosis is most common among people aged 65-74 years. […] The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age. According to the American Cancer Society, fewer than 15% of esophageal cancer diagnoses occur in people under 55 years. […] The median age at diagnosis is 68 years, and diagnosis is most common among those aged 65-74 years. […] Esophageal cancer in people aged 54 years and below is relatively rare. However, researchers state that diagnoses of esophageal adenocarcinoma are becoming increasingly prevalent in people under 50, increasing by nearly 3% each year between 1975 and 2015. […] There are no routine screening tests for esophageal cancer in the United States. Doctors may suggest screening if a person has risk factors for the condition but does not have symptoms.

• #19 Esophageal cancer: Age range, screening, and survival rates

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/esophageal-cancer-age-range

  Screening can allow doctors to detect esophageal cancer early, which may mean more effective treatment and a better outlook. […] According to the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database, the 5-year survival rate for esophageal cancer is 21.7%. This means that people with esophageal cancer are 21.7% as likely to be alive 5 years after diagnosis as those without it. […] The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age and is most prevalent in males over 55 years. Esophageal cancer in people under 54 years is rare. […] There are no routine screenings for esophageal cancer in the United States, but doctors may recommend regular screening for people with several risk factors.

• #20 Surveillance for metachronous cancers after endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=7872

  The literature pertaining to surveillance following treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was reviewed and summarized, encompassing the current status and future perspectives. […] Analysis of the standardized mortality and incidence ratios for these cancers indicates an elevated risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and lungs among patients with esophageal SCC compared to the general population. […] Current practice involves stratifying the risk of metachronous esophageal and head/neck SCCs based on the presence of multiple Lugol-voiding lesions. […] Endoscopic surveillance, scheduled 612 months post-endoscopic resection, has demonstrated effectiveness, with over 90% of metachronous esophageal SCCs treatable through minimally invasive modalities. […] Notable progress in the prognosis of esophageal cancer highlights the importance of surveillance for subsequent disease.

• #20 Surveillance for metachronous cancers after endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=7872

  The risk of metachronous primary cancer is usually evaluated using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR), representing the relative incidence of cancer with reference to the general population. […] The three studies demonstrated ingenuity in eliminating surveillance bias and revealed the heightened risk of metachronous primary cancer, particularly in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and lung, compared to those in the general population, with more than one of the studies showing a high SMR or a consistently high SIR for these cancers. […] Therefore, strict surveillance of these organs is required post-ER for esophageal SCC. […] The expected annual incidence of metachronous esophageal and head/neck SCC is estimated at 4% to 6% and 1.5% to 3%, respectively. […] Previous studies have suggested the potential benefits of regular and continuous endoscopic surveillance in reducing mortality from metachronous esophageal and head/neck SCCs. […] Regular surveillance of the esophagus and head/neck region every 6 to 12 months, particularly by gastrointestinal endoscopists is recommended.

• #21

  https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20230110/endoscopic-surveillance-reduces-incidence-of-esophageal-cancer-in-atrisk-patients

  Although individuals in China with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia are at higher risk for developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, that risk can be reduced by more than 30% with surveillance endoscopy, according to research. […] The primary aim of endoscopic surveillance in patients with LGIN is to reduce new esophageal cancer (EC)-related cases and deaths by detecting and treating premalignant lesions and early-stage asymptomatic EC. […] During a median follow-up of 7.96 years, 170 patients were diagnosed with ESCC (cumulative incidence = 6.28/1,000 person-years), and the incidence was higher among patients in the non-surveillance group compared with the surveillance group (113 cases; 7.07/1,000 person-years vs. 57 cases; 5.14/1,000 person-years). […] Further, surveillance endoscopy correlated with a 31% decreased risk for developing ESCC (HR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.5-0.95).

• #22 Active surveillance after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in oesophageal cancer – Medical Conferences

  https://conferences.medicom-publishers.com/specialisation/oncology/esmo-2023/active-surveillance-after-neoadjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-in-oesophageal-cancer/

  Data from the SANO trial suggests that active surveillance after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy may be an alternative to surgery for some patients with oesophageal cancer. […] These results suggest that active surveillance offers a potential alternative to surgery for patients with oesophageal cancer who show pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, concluded Dr Van der Wilk.

• #23 Active surveillance in some oesophageal cancers

  https://dailyreporter.esmo.org/esmo-congress-2023/gastrointestinal-cancers/study-shows-noninferior-overall-survival-with-active-surveillance-compared-with-surgery-in-some-oesophageal-cancers

  Findings from the SANO trial also reported clinically complete responses after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. […] Active surveillance after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy may be an alternative to surgery for some patients with oesophageal cancer, as suggested by encouraging data from the SANO trial presented at the ESMO Congress 2023 (Madrid, 2024 October) (LBA75). […] Findings revealed that overall survival (OS) from the day of clinically complete response (CCR) the primary endpoint was not inferior to surgery at 2 years in patients with oesophageal cancer who underwent active surveillance (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.741.78; p=0.55). […] At 2 years after a clinically complete response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, overall survival was not inferior in patients with oesophageal cancer who underwent active surveillance compared with surgery (ESMO Congress 2023, LBA75).

• #24 Active Surveillance May Have a Role in Esophageal Cancer | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/othercancers/114741

  Active surveillance could be considered for patients with esophageal cancer who achieved a complete clinical response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. […] Active surveillance (AS) following a complete clinical response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was noninferior to standard surgery among patients with esophageal cancer, a phase III cluster-randomized trial showed. […] The trial included 309 patients who achieved a complete response with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, with 156 assigned to AS and 153 to surgery (the ITT population). […] Thus, of the patients undergoing AS after clinical complete response, „almost half (91 of 198) were spared unbeneficial esophagectomy, resulting in improved short-term health-related quality of life,” they wrote. […] Patients who underwent AS (including the participants with postponed esophagectomy in case of locoregional regrowth) had statistically significantly better global health-related quality of life compared with those who underwent standard surgery at 6 months and 9 months after completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, as measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) quality-of-life questionnaire.

• #25 The global landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality in 2020 and projections to 2040: new estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/the-global-landscape-of-esophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-esophageal-adenocarcinoma-incidence-and-mortality-in-2020-and-projections-to-2040-new-estimates-from-globocan-2020/

  Scientists from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and partners estimate that the global burden of oesophageal cancer will increase by more than 50% from 2020 to 2040, to almost 1 million new cases per year. […] In 2020 there were estimated to be about 604 000 new cases of oesophageal cancer and about 544 000 deaths from oesophageal cancer globally, with large variations in incidence and mortality across world regions. The highest incidence rates were observed in Eastern Asia and Southern and Eastern Africa. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, one of the main subtypes of this disease, dominated the burden of oesophageal cancer in these regions. […] In regions with historically low incidence, such as North America and Europe, high rates of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, another subtype, have been documented. This subtype of oesophageal cancer has been previously linked to obesity. […] The results highlight the future impact of oesophageal cancer if no further cancer control actions are taken. This serves as an important evidence base for governments, clinicians, and researchers to implement and study interventions for primary prevention.

• #26 Oesophageal cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/incidence

  Oesophageal cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 3% in the UK between 1993-1995 and 2017-2019. […] For oesophageal cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. Recent incidence trends are influenced by risk factor prevalence in years past, and trends by age group reflect risk factor exposure in birth cohorts. […] Oesophageal cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 43% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 50% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] Oesophageal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 6% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040, to 14 cases per 100,000 people on average each year by 2038-2040.

• #27 Oesophageal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/oesophageal-cancer/

  Oesophageal cancer is the 12th most common cancer in the UK (2021 data), and the 11th most common in the world (2022 data). […] Oesophageal cancer is the 9th most common cancer in men in the UK, and the 7th most common in men globally. […] Oesophageal cancer is the 15th most common cancer in women in the UK, and the 16th most common in women globally. […] Evidence for what can cause oesophageal cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] Following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations reduces your risk of oesophageal cancer. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning.

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