Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant growth or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older men. Disease prevalence has been shown to increase with advancing age. The histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy is as high as 50% to 60% for males in their 60s, increasing to 80% to 90% of those older than 70 years of age. […] BPH arises due to the loss of homeostasis between prostatic cellular proliferation and apoptosis or cell death. This imbalance favors cellular proliferation without intervention. The result is increased numbers of prostatic periurethral epithelial and stromal cells, which can be seen histopathologically. The etiology of BPH is influenced by a wide variety of risk factors, in addition to the direct hormonal effects of testosterone on prostate tissue. Men who are castrated before puberty or who have an androgen-related disorder do not develop BPH.

• #1 Benign prostate enlargement | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/benign-prostate-enlargement/

  Benign prostate enlargement (BPE), also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a condition that affects older men and anyone with a prostate. […] The cause of prostate enlargement is unknown, but most experts agree that its linked to hormonal changes that occur as a man gets older. […] The exact cause of benign prostate enlargement is unknown, but research suggests that hormones probably play an important role in the conditions development. […] One theory is that as some men and anyone with a prostate gets older, the levels of a type of hormone called dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increases, which may stimulate the growth of the prostate. […] Another theory suggests that two hormones, testosterone and oestrogen, play a role. Younger men and anyone with a prostate produce high levels of testosterone and much smaller levels of oestrogen. But as they get older, levels of testosterone decrease, which means they then have a higher proportion of oestrogen in their body. Its been suggested that the relative increase in oestrogen may stimulate prostate growth.

• #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  There is conflicting data on the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) in promoting BPH, with some studies indicating a positive association and others discounting any association. Allopurinol is somewhat protective for BPH, possibly secondary to reduced oxidative stress from hyperuricemia effects. […] Testicular androgens are required to develop BPH as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) promotes tissue growth and cellular proliferation by interacting directly with prostatic epithelium and stroma. Testosterone is converted to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase 2 in prostatic stromal cells and accounts for 90% of total intraprostatic androgens. DHT directly influences prostatic stromal and adjacent cells, which affect cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, there does not appear to be any relationship between testosterone or DHT levels and the development of symptomatic BPH.

• #1 Enlarged prostate (BPH) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/enlarged-prostate-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Research studies demonstrated that the hormones play a vital role in the development of enlarged prostate. With aging the active testosterone levels in males are reduced, and the oestrogen levels are increased, prompting the alteration in prostate gland which results in its enlargement. Benign prostatic hyperplasia causes are also seen with 5-alpha-reductase 2. The enzyme 5-alpha-reductase 2 converts any residual testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (another male reproductive hormone) which enhances the cell division and growth of the gland. […] Some clinical studies suggest that there is a positive association between the development of enlarged prostate and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and some other studies emphasize diabetes (high blood sugar), which is a metabolic syndrome also causes enlarged prostate due to insulin resistance.

• #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors also contribute to the development of BPH. These have been shown to include diabetes, diet, genetic factors, localized inflammation, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Diabetes and the use of antidiabetic medications, particularly insulin, appear to increase the risk of BPH, LUTS, and prostatic surgery. Dietary factors also appear to influence the development of BPH. Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and vitamin A seem somewhat protective, while excessive alcohol ingestion, heavy caffeine intake, and high-dose supplemental vitamin C tend to increase BPH risk and symptoms. Genetic predisposition to BPH has been demonstrated in cohort studies. First-degree relatives in one study demonstrated a 4-fold increase in the risk of BPH compared to the control. Localized inflammation is often associated with BPH, at least histologically. While the exact etiology is unclear, possible causes include increased detrusor voiding pressure, obesity, low-grade or chronic prostatitis, compression of the prostatic ducts, and autoimmune disorders. This would suggest that the use of NSAIDs could be used to treat symptomatic BPH.

• #1 Understanding the Causes and Risk Factors of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – Desert Sky Urology

  https://desertskyurology.com/blog/understanding-the-causes-and-risk-factors-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/

  Genetics also wield significant influence over the development of BPH. […] Furthermore, certain medical conditions and lifestyle choices have been implicated in exacerbating the risk of BPH. Conditions such as obesity and diabetes have been purported to heighten susceptibility to BPH. […] The choice of treatment modality hinges upon the severity of symptoms and the presence of complications.

• #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Obesity is associated with an increased risk of BPH in observational studies. The exact cause is unclear but is likely multifactorial, as obesity makes up one aspect of metabolic syndrome. Proposed mechanisms include increased levels of systemic inflammation and higher levels of estrogens. Metabolic syndrome refers to conditions that include hypertension, glucose intolerance/insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Meta-analysis has demonstrated those with metabolic syndrome and obesity have significantly higher prostate volumes. Further studies looking at men with elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels (Hba1c) have demonstrated an increased risk of LUTS. Limitations of these studies are that there were no subsequent significant differences in prostate symptom scores, and the effect of diabetes on LUTS has been shown to be multifactorial. Further studies are therefore required to establish causation in these individuals.

• #1 What causes an enlarged prostate? | A.Vogel Talks Enlarged Prostate

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/enlarged-prostate/causes/

  Diet also plays an important, but often poorly understood, role in the development of BPH. […] We know that daily consumption of red meat increases the chances of developing an enlarged prostate by 38%, while dairy is a known inflammatory that not only contributes to hayfever and joint pain, but also causes inflammation of the prostate, worsening the enlargement process. […] Soya, on the other hand, is thought to reduce the chances of developing an enlarged prostate, while eating four or more servings of vegetables a day can decrease the risk of developing BPH by 32%. […] Stress is another key factor in BPH that is often overlooked. […] Another effect of stress is the release of testosterone and DHT, which, as we know, can contribute to the development of BPH.

• #1 Know Your BPH Risk Factors | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2025/01/know-your-bph-risk-factors

  At some point in their lives, nearly all men will experience some degree of prostate enlargement. […] BPH is extremely common. If you have a prostate, then you are at risk for developing the condition. […] Age is the most significant risk factor for BPH. In fact, about 50% of men will have BPH symptoms by age 60, and that number skyrockets to 90% for men who reach age 85. […] If a first-degree relative, such as your father or brother, has been diagnosed with BPH, then you are more likely to develop it as well. […] As men age, they can experience changes in hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which can contribute to prostate enlargement. […] Exercise helps reduce inflammation and improves blood circulation, which are important factors in maintaining prostate health.

• #1 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20370087

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health issue that becomes more common with age. It’s also called an enlarged prostate. […] The prostate is a gland that typically keeps growing throughout life. This growth often enlarges the prostate enough to cause symptoms or to block urine flow. […] It isn’t clear what causes the prostate to get bigger. It might be due to changes in the balance of sex hormones as you grow older. […] Risk factors for an enlarged prostate include: Aging. An enlarged prostate gland rarely causes symptoms before age 40. After that, the chance of having an enlarged prostate and related symptoms starts to rise. […] Having an enlarged prostate is not thought to raise the risk of getting prostate cancer.

• #1 What causes Enlarged Prostate BPH |Australia|Prostate Clinic

  https://prostates.com.au/enlarged-prostate-bph/enlarged-prostate-causes/

  The exact mechanism for development of an enlarged prostate or BPH remains unclear, however, there are certain factors that are obviously involved. […] Firstly, it is clear that a normal level of male hormone, which is produced mainly from the testes, is essential to the development of BPH. We know that individuals that have impaired production do not develop increased prostatic growth later in life. Also, it is clear from treatments that impair the production (commonly used in advanced prostate cancer) that there can be a significant reduction in prostate size with these agents. […] The active form or metabolite of the hormone is called DHT. There are medications available that prevent the formation of this metabolite and can be used to reduce the size of the prostate by approximately 20 to 30%. From these facts it is clear that it is integral to the development of BPH.

• #1 Benign prostatic hyperplasia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. […] The cause is unclear. […] Risk factors include a family history, obesity, type 2 diabetes, not enough exercise, and erectile dysfunction. […] Most experts consider androgens (testosterone and related hormones) to play a permissive role in the development of BPH. […] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, is a critical mediator of prostatic growth. […] While there is some evidence that estrogen may play a role in the cause of BPH, this effect appears to be mediated mainly through local conversion of androgens to estrogen in the prostate tissue rather than a direct effect of estrogen itself. […] In 2008, Gat et al. published evidence that BPH is caused by failure in the spermatic venous drainage system resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure and local testosterone levels elevated more than 100-fold above serum levels. […] Studies indicate that dietary patterns may affect the development of BPH, but further research is needed to clarify any important relationship. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an age-related disease.

• #1 Enlarged prostate: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000381.htm

  An enlarged prostate means the gland has grown bigger. Prostate enlargement happens to almost all men as they get older. […] The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown. Factors linked to aging and changes in the cells of the testicles may have a role in the growth of the gland, as well as testosterone levels. Men who have had their testicles removed at a young age (for example, as a result of testicular cancer) do not develop BPH. […] No risk factors have been identified, other than having normally-functioning testicles.

• #1 Enlarged prostate (BPH) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/enlarged-prostate-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Enlarged prostate is a urological disorder seen in the male reproductive part that is characterized by a non-cancerous increase in the size of the prostate gland. It is usually seen in the elderly and leads to the development of lower urinary tract symptoms such as urinary retention (unable to empty the bladder) nocturia (frequent urination during nighttime) urethral compression (narrowing of the urethra, a tube that carries urine) etc. […] The exact reasons for enlarged prostate are still unknown. Enlarged prostate mostly develops in aged men but is absent in men who were subjected to castration (removal of testicles before puberty) It will not develop in men who are 5 alpha reductase type-2 (an enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone) deficient. […] Studies indicate that the imbalance of male reproductive hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen may be the cause of enlarged prostate. Prostate cell proliferation is enhanced by a larger percentage of oestrogen in the prostate.

• #1 Enlarged prostate Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/enlarged-prostate

  An enlarged prostate means the gland has grown bigger. Prostate enlargement happens to almost all men as they get older. […] The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown. Factors linked to aging and changes in the cells of the testicles may have a role in the growth of the gland, as well as testosterone levels. […] The likelihood of developing an enlarged prostate increases with age. […] BPH is so common that it has been said all men will have an enlarged prostate if they live long enough. […] A small amount of prostate enlargement is present in many men over age 40. More than 90% of men over age 80 have the condition. […] No risk factors have been identified, other than having normally-functioning testicles.

• #1 Understanding the Root Causes of an Enlarged Prostate – Advanced Urology Institute

  https://www.advancedurologyinstitute.com/understanding-the-root-causes-of-an-enlarged-prostate/

  Enlarged prostate, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common condition experienced by men over the age of 45. […] Causes of BPH are related to age-related factors, genetics and certain medications, and risk factors include previous prostate enlargement, family history, and obesity. […] Understanding the root causes of enlarged prostate is important for patients, as it helps guide and inform treatment decisions. […] Age-related factors are the most common cause of an enlarged prostate. As men age, their testosterone levels tend to increase and their estrogen levels tend to decrease. This shift in hormone balance can lead to an enlarged prostate. Additionally, some men may have a genetic predisposition to developing BPH. Certain medications, such as diuretics, can also cause an enlarged prostate. […] While the exact cause of BPH is unknown, it is linked to age-related factors, genetics and certain medications. Risk factors include previous prostate enlargement, family history, and obesity.

• #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/benign-prostate-disorders/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) becomes increasingly common as men age, especially after age 50 years. The precise cause is not known but probably involves changes caused by hormones, including testosterone and especially dihydrotestosterone (a hormone related to testosterone). […] Medications such as over-the-counter antihistamines and nasal decongestants can increase resistance to the flow of urine or reduce the bladders ability to contract, causing temporary blockage of urine flow out of the bladder in men with BPH.

• #1 The 4 Causes of an Enlarged Prostate

  https://buschcenter.com/the-4-causes-of-an-enlarged-prostate/

  It is normal for a prostate to become enlarged as a man ages. […] There are many reasons a prostate gets enlarged, and most of them arent cancerous. […] Because it partly surrounds the urethra, an enlarged prostate can squeeze its tube and cause urination problems. This condition is called Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). […] It isnt yet clear why the prostate enlarges as men get older, but it may have to do with the changes in hormones associated with age. […] Prostatitis is an infection or inflammation of the prostate. […] Depending on the cause, inflammation can occur gradually or suddenly. […] To alleviate symptoms a doctor may recommend Testosterone Therapy through patches, creams, injections, or oral medication to increase testosterone levels. Men who participate in Testosterone Therapy can experience BPH conditions as a side effect. […] Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate gland begin to grow out of control. […] Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in men, with one in nine men diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime; for African-American men, one in six.

• #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/conditions/bladder/prostate-related-urinary-symptoms-bph

  BPH is more common in Western societies compared to Asian. […] Other factors that may increase the risk of BPH are race, environment, diet, and genetics. […] The risk of BPH progression is higher in men with older age, more severe symptoms, larger prostate size, and higher PSA. […] Prostatitis can also cause bladder symptoms as well as a deep-seated discomfort located in the area between the scrotum and the anus (perineum or where the prostate is located). […] Prostate cancer often does not cause any symptoms. If the prostate is large enough, it can cause the same bladder symptoms as that of BPH.

• #1 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | Urology Associates of CO

  https://www.denverurology.com/urology/bph-overview/

  BPH is an enlarged prostate gland in men. […] No one knows exactly what causes BPH. It appears to be a normal part of aging, as changing hormone balance and cell growth causes the prostate to enlarge. […] Most mens prostates continue to grow throughout their lives. For many, this growth causes the prostate to become large enough to cause issues with urination. Men age 50 and above are more likely to develop symptoms from BPH. […] Several risk factors may make BPH more likely: Age 40+. Approximately 30 percent of men notice BPH symptoms by the time they are 60. Half experience symptoms by age 75. Men under age 40 seldom have BPH. […] Family history. BPH is more common among men with a family history of prostate problems. […] Obesity increases the risk of BPH. Exercise can make BPH less likely. […] Heart disease and diabetes. Having diabetes, having heart disease and taking beta blocker medications might increase a mans risk for BPH. […] Ethnic background. African-American men might experience BPH symptoms at a younger age than others. Asian men are less likely to experience BPH.

• #1 BPH: Complications and Treatments | Advanced Urology

  https://www.advancedurology.com/blog/why-you-should-be-concerned-about-untreated-bph-complications

  The exact cause of BPH is not well understood but many doctors and researchers believe it is tied to hormonal changes as men age. […] BPH risk factors include: Being 40 or older, Having family members who have BPH, Having other medical conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease, Participating in little to no physical exercise, Having erectile dysfunction (ED). […] An enlarged prostate does not cause erectile dysfunction, but some medications used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia can cause erectile dysfunction. […] Because of the prostate’s proximity to the rectum, when the prostate is enlarged, it can place pressure on the rectum and make it difficult to have a bowel movement. […] If your prostate is enlarged, it can encroach on your urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body). When your urethra is constricted it can lead to the slowing of your urine stream and even the inability to urinate.

• #1 Enlarged Prostate: Main Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/enlarged-prostate/

  The prostate can become enlarged for a variety of reasons. The most common are: Prostatitis, Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer. […] A variety of different conditions and biological processes can cause the prostate to become enlarged. These include: Prostatitis, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer. […] Prostatitis is the painful inflammation of the prostate and can affect men of any age. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common problem affecting men over the age of 40. […] If left untreated, BPH can cause complications such as kidney damage, urinary retention, bladder or kidney stones and urinary tract infections (UTIs), all due to disrupted urination. […] Prostate cancer is the second most common kind of cancer affecting men, after skin cancer.

• #2 Enlarged prostate: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000381.htm

  An enlarged prostate means the gland has grown bigger. Prostate enlargement happens to almost all men as they get older. […] The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown. Factors linked to aging and changes in the cells of the testicles may have a role in the growth of the gland, as well as testosterone levels. Men who have had their testicles removed at a young age (for example, as a result of testicular cancer) do not develop BPH. […] No risk factors have been identified, other than having normally-functioning testicles.

• #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9100-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia causes your prostate to increase in size. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which your prostate grows in size. […] If your prostate grows in size, it can prevent pee and ejaculate from passing through your urethra. […] What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia? […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers arent sure what causes BPH. […] One theory is that, as you age, the amount of testosterone in your body decreases (low testosterone). […] Older males also have higher levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is a more potent form of testosterone that increases the size of your prostate.

• #2 Enlarged Prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/enlarged-prostate-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph

  Swelling in the prostate gland due to hormonal changes and cell growth during the aging process. […] The precise cause of BPH is not fully understood, though it is associated with the exposure of cells within the prostate to a hormone known as dihydrotestosterone in aging men. This hormone stimulates the proliferation of certain cells in the prostate, which results in an enlarged prostate gland. […] Its worth noting that dihydrotestosterone levels are the same in men with and without BPH; doctors do not yet know why some men develop enlarged prostates while others do not.

• #2 Causes of Prostate Diseases | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/prostate-diseases/causes

  Most men have a prostate gland that gets larger with age. The cause may be changes in sex hormone levels that happen with normal aging. […] Men with a family history of BPH may be more likely to develop it. […] Prostatitis causes and treatment vary. Many times the cause of prostatitis isnt known. […] The cause of prostate cancer is unknown. Some risks include: […] A strong family history of prostate cancer in men or breast cancer in women can point to a higher risk of prostate cancer. […] A diet high in animal fats and low in vegetables may increase the risk of prostate cancer.

• #2 Enlarged prostate symptoms: List, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-prostate-symptoms

  Medical professionals do not fully understand the exact causes of BPH. Some researchers believe it may have something to do with the hormone estrogen. […] Studies suggest BPH may occur because the increased estrogen levels in the prostate increase the activity of substances that promote prostate cell growth. […] Research also suggests metabolic syndrome, obesity, and genetic factors may increase a persons risk of developing BPH. […] The main causes of prostate enlargement are benign prostate hyperplasia due to hormonal changes, prostate cancer, and chronic prostatitis. […] Prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis are other possible causes of an enlarged prostate.

• #2 Causes of Prostate Enlargement – Urology of Greater Atlanta

  https://ugatl.com/services/bph/cause-of-enlarged-prostate/

  Having a family history of an enlarged prostate increases the risk of developing the condition. There may be genetic factors that contribute to the growth of prostate tissue. […] Changes in levels of testosterone and estrogen, the primary male and female sex hormones, respectively, may influence prostate growth. An imbalance between these hormones, such as a decrease in testosterone levels relative to estrogen, can contribute to prostate enlargement. […] Certain lifestyle choices and habits may increase the risk of developing an enlarged prostate. These factors include obesity, lack of physical activity, and a diet high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables. […] It is important to note that an enlarged prostate is a non-cancerous condition and is not directly linked to prostate cancer. However, both conditions can coexist in some individuals.

• #2 New Causes of Prostate Enlargement Revealed | Georgia Prostateclosechevron-downtwitterfacebookbarslinkedinyoutube-playinstagram

  https://www.gaprostate.com/patient-resources/blog/new-causes-of-prostate-enlargement-revealed/

  Most men experience prostate enlargement, or BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) as they age. […] However, thanks to new evidence published in the journal Aging, we are starting to get a clearer picture of the causes of prostate enlargement. […] Given these statistics, we can tell that there’s a link between aging and your risk for an enlarged prostate. […] And now, with this study, we can more narrowly identify key causes of prostate enlargement: inflammation, high blood pressure or cholesterol and/or obesity. […] The men with BPH showed more signs of oxidative stress, indicating chronic inflammation. […] They were also more likely to display signs of a metabolic disorder, defined as having obesity and/or high blood pressure or cholesterol. […] There is mounting evidence that links the onset of inflammation with the development of prostate diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

• #2 Enlarged prostate | Prostate Cancer UK

  https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/just-diagnosed/other-prostate-problems/enlarged-prostate/

  An enlarged prostate is an increase in the size of the prostate. It isnt caused by cancer. The medical term for an enlarged prostate is benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). […] We still dont really know all the things that cause the prostate to grow. But we do know about two risk factors that can increase your risk of having an enlarged prostate. […] Your risk of having an enlarged prostate increases as you get older. […] The balance of hormones (oestrogen and testosterone) in your body changes as you get older. This may cause your prostate to grow. […] Some studies show that obese men and men who have diabetes may be more likely to develop an enlarged prostate. […] There is also some research that suggests you may be more at risk of developing an enlarged prostate if your father or brother has one.

• #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Obesity is associated with an increased risk of BPH in observational studies. The exact cause is unclear but is likely multifactorial, as obesity makes up one aspect of metabolic syndrome. Proposed mechanisms include increased levels of systemic inflammation and higher levels of estrogens. Metabolic syndrome refers to conditions that include hypertension, glucose intolerance/insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Meta-analysis has demonstrated those with metabolic syndrome and obesity have significantly higher prostate volumes. Further studies looking at men with elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels (Hba1c) have demonstrated an increased risk of LUTS. Limitations of these studies are that there were no subsequent significant differences in prostate symptom scores, and the effect of diabetes on LUTS has been shown to be multifactorial. Further studies are therefore required to establish causation in these individuals.

• #2 BPH Risk Factors | American Prostate Centers

  https://americanprostatecenters.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/bph-risk-factors/

  There are several factors that increase the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is an enlargement of the prostate. […] The most common risk factor for BPH is being male, age 50 or older. Family history, diabetes, heart disease, and an unhealthy lifestyle may also increase the risk. […] All men experience enlarged prostates as they age, and the risks increase with each decade. […] There have been findings of a possible genetic link to BPH. […] A study that was published in the Journal of Urology found that men who are overweight, especially those with large amounts of abdominal fat, have a marked increase of developing BPH. […] It is surprising, but lack of physical exercise can increase the risk of developing BPH. […] Like many other conditions, daily consumption of a diet high in red or processed meat, saturated fats, and dairy products can increase your risk for prostate problems.

• #2 Enlarged prostate Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/enlarged-prostate

  An enlarged prostate means the gland has grown bigger. Prostate enlargement happens to almost all men as they get older. […] The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown. Factors linked to aging and changes in the cells of the testicles may have a role in the growth of the gland, as well as testosterone levels. […] The likelihood of developing an enlarged prostate increases with age. […] BPH is so common that it has been said all men will have an enlarged prostate if they live long enough. […] A small amount of prostate enlargement is present in many men over age 40. More than 90% of men over age 80 have the condition. […] No risk factors have been identified, other than having normally-functioning testicles.

• #2 Enlarged prostate

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/enlarged-prostate/

  An enlarged prostate may be caused by changes in your hormone levels as you get older. […] An enlarged prostate is very common. You may be more likely to get it if you’re over 50, and if others in your family have an enlarged prostate. […] An enlarged prostate is not caused by prostate cancer, and does not increase your risk of getting prostate cancer.

• #2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/prostate/what-is-prostate-cancer/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlargement of the prostate caused by an overgrowth of cells (called hyperplasia) in the prostate. […] BPH is a non-cancerous (benign) condition of the prostate. Non-cancerous conditions don’t spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body and are not usually life-threatening. BPH doesn’t increase the risk of prostate cancer and it isn’t considered a health problem unless it causes symptoms. […] The following increase your chance of developing BPH: getting older, having extra fat on your abdomen (called abdominal obesity), not getting enough physical activity. […] 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors help shrink the prostate to relieve symptoms. These drugs prevent the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase from changing testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, which makes the prostate grow. […] Prostatectomy is surgery to remove the prostate. A prostatectomy is only used in rare cases when other procedures or surgeries can’t be done. It may also be used if the urethra is completely blocked or if the prostate is very large.

• #2 Benign prostate enlargement | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/benign-prostate-enlargement/

  Research has shown that rates of benign prostate enlargement are higher among men and anyone with a prostate with high blood pressure and diabetes. However, both diabetes and high blood pressure are associated with the natural ageing process, so there may not be a direct connection between the three conditions.

• #2 BPH: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/enlarged-prostate

  As you age, your prostate gland can become enlarged, a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). […] BPH is common in people over 50, and its considered an expected condition of aging. Although the exact cause is unknown, changes in male sex hormones accompanying aging may be a factor. […] Any family history of prostate problems or any abnormalities with your testicles may raise your risk for BPH. People whove had their testicles removed at a young age dont develop BPH. […] Prostate cancer is almost always asymptomatic and identified by either an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level or prostate nodule. Its also a more serious condition than BPH.

• #2 The growing problem of an enlarged prostate gland – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/the-growing-problem-of-an-enlarged-prostate-gland

  By age 60, half of all men will have an enlarged prostate, a condition also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH. […] It’s not clear why the prostate grows like this, but it’s believed certain male hormones such as dihydrotestosterone tend to act more strongly on the prostate gland later in life. […] An enlarged prostate places pressure on the urethra, which makes urine harder to expel. […] Because the prostate is located just below the bladder, when it becomes larger it can place pressure on the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis and out of the body. […] Urine that doesn’t get expelled and collects in the bladder can increase the risk of infection, which in turn makes it painful to urinate and causes even more bathroom trips and potentially loss of bladder control. […] Men might opt for surgery to remove excess tissue from the prostate if medications do not relieve symptoms sufficiently or cause undesirable side effects, or if there are complications like urinary retention or recurring urinary tract infections.

• #2 Enlarged prostate: King Charles has the condition. What are the symptoms and is it serious?

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/enlarged-prostate-king-charles-has-the-condition-what-are-the-symptoms-and-is-it-serious/2024/01

  Buckingham Palace has announced that Britains King Charles III is being treated for an enlarged prostate. The condition is common in older men and can affect urination, but there are treatment options. […] The prostate is a testosterone-sensitive gland, so a combination of exposure and time will lead to growth, DallEra told the paper. All men experience some growth of the gland as they age, but the size varies. […] Prostate enlargement is very common as men age. While we dont know the exact cause, there is clearly a genetic or hereditary component. We also know that the condition can be affected by obesity, heart issues, type 2 diabetes, lack of exercise and erectile dysfunction. […] Treatment is based on how serious or bothersome symptoms become. Treatments range from medications such as alpha-blockers or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors to surgical procedures that physically open the prostatic urethra or reduce the size of the gland. […] Serious problems can arise when men are unable to empty their bladder partially or completely. The bladder can overfill and urine can back up into the kidneys, causing kidney damage. Recurrent urinary tract infections can also occur.

• #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  There is conflicting data on the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) in promoting BPH, with some studies indicating a positive association and others discounting any association. Allopurinol is somewhat protective for BPH, possibly secondary to reduced oxidative stress from hyperuricemia effects. […] Testicular androgens are required to develop BPH as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) promotes tissue growth and cellular proliferation by interacting directly with prostatic epithelium and stroma. Testosterone is converted to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase 2 in prostatic stromal cells and accounts for 90% of total intraprostatic androgens. DHT directly influences prostatic stromal and adjacent cells, which affect cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, there does not appear to be any relationship between testosterone or DHT levels and the development of symptomatic BPH.

• #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant growth or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older men. Disease prevalence has been shown to increase with advancing age. The histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy is as high as 50% to 60% for males in their 60s, increasing to 80% to 90% of those older than 70 years of age. […] BPH arises due to the loss of homeostasis between prostatic cellular proliferation and apoptosis or cell death. This imbalance favors cellular proliferation without intervention. The result is increased numbers of prostatic periurethral epithelial and stromal cells, which can be seen histopathologically. The etiology of BPH is influenced by a wide variety of risk factors, in addition to the direct hormonal effects of testosterone on prostate tissue. Men who are castrated before puberty or who have an androgen-related disorder do not develop BPH.

• #3 Enlarged prostate Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/enlarged-prostate

  An enlarged prostate means the gland has grown bigger. Prostate enlargement happens to almost all men as they get older. […] The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown. Factors linked to aging and changes in the cells of the testicles may have a role in the growth of the gland, as well as testosterone levels. […] The likelihood of developing an enlarged prostate increases with age. […] BPH is so common that it has been said all men will have an enlarged prostate if they live long enough. […] A small amount of prostate enlargement is present in many men over age 40. More than 90% of men over age 80 have the condition. […] No risk factors have been identified, other than having normally-functioning testicles.

• #3 Know Your BPH Risk Factors | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2025/01/know-your-bph-risk-factors

  At some point in their lives, nearly all men will experience some degree of prostate enlargement. […] BPH is extremely common. If you have a prostate, then you are at risk for developing the condition. […] Age is the most significant risk factor for BPH. In fact, about 50% of men will have BPH symptoms by age 60, and that number skyrockets to 90% for men who reach age 85. […] If a first-degree relative, such as your father or brother, has been diagnosed with BPH, then you are more likely to develop it as well. […] As men age, they can experience changes in hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which can contribute to prostate enlargement. […] Exercise helps reduce inflammation and improves blood circulation, which are important factors in maintaining prostate health.

• #3 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): What Is It & What Causes It?

  https://www.webmd.com/men/prostate-enlargement-bph/what-is-bph

  Doctors aren’t sure exactly what makes BPH happen. It may have to do with normal hormonal changes as you age, but it’s not clear. […] Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men and people assigned male at birth. This hormone acts on cells of the prostate and leads to the production of growth factors that make the prostate get bigger. As evidence of this effect, when men with prostate cancer take medicine to stop testosterone production, their prostate shrinks. […] BPH isn’t curable, but treatments can improve your symptoms. How your doctor treats you depends on your age, health, the size of your prostate, and how BPH affects you. […] BPH doesn’t lead to prostate cancer or make you more likely to get it.

• #3 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors also contribute to the development of BPH. These have been shown to include diabetes, diet, genetic factors, localized inflammation, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Diabetes and the use of antidiabetic medications, particularly insulin, appear to increase the risk of BPH, LUTS, and prostatic surgery. Dietary factors also appear to influence the development of BPH. Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and vitamin A seem somewhat protective, while excessive alcohol ingestion, heavy caffeine intake, and high-dose supplemental vitamin C tend to increase BPH risk and symptoms. Genetic predisposition to BPH has been demonstrated in cohort studies. First-degree relatives in one study demonstrated a 4-fold increase in the risk of BPH compared to the control. Localized inflammation is often associated with BPH, at least histologically. While the exact etiology is unclear, possible causes include increased detrusor voiding pressure, obesity, low-grade or chronic prostatitis, compression of the prostatic ducts, and autoimmune disorders. This would suggest that the use of NSAIDs could be used to treat symptomatic BPH.

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