Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hives: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8630-hives

  Hives, a skin rash thats often very itchy, often results from an allergic reaction to food or something youve touched. Hives can go away quickly (acute hives) or last a long time (chronic hives). Treatments may include antihistamines or steroids. […] Hives are a type of allergic reaction that creates itchy bumps on your skin. […] Hives are raised red bumps (welts) or splotches on the skin. Theyre a type of swelling on the surface of your skin and happen when your body has an allergic reaction. […] Hives look different depending on the person and the situation. They can show up anywhere on your body. Signs of acute hives include swelling under your skin causing puffiness (angioedema). […] Your healthcare provider can diagnose hives and angioedema by looking at your skin. […] Most of the time, hives go away without treatment. Your healthcare provider might recommend medications and at-home care to help you feel better and lower your chances of having hives again.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) and Angioedema Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/hives-(urticaria)-and-angioedema-overview

  Hives or welts, also known as urticaria, are itchy, raised, reddish areas on the skin. […] Angioedema is swelling below the surface of the skin and fatty tissue. […] Throat swelling can be life threatening and requires immediate medical attention. […] Understanding the underlying mechanism of swelling or the specific disease is critical in determining the best treatment. […] Sometimes the hives in chronic urticaria can occur with angioedema (swelling). […] Neither form of Chronic urticaria is dangerous. […] Antihistamines are frequently an effective form of treatment. […] Talk to your doctor if swelling occurs without hives. […] This may suggest a special situation requiring additional evaluation. […] Antihistamines are the best initial medication to treat your hives. […] Your doctor will outline a treatment plan that allows you to increase treatment during an outbreak of hives or swelling and reduce medications when the hives or angioedema are not as bothersome. […] Chronic hives can last for many years but will often go away. […] Hives will resolve in half of patients within 1-2 years and 80-90% of patients will improve within 5 years.

• #1 Hives & Angioedema in Children | UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/rainbow/services/pediatric-allergy-and-immunology/conditions-and-treatments/hives-and-angioedema-in-children

  Hives, also known as urticaria, is a sudden outbreak of itchy, red and swollen areas on the skin. It often occurs as an allergic reaction from eating certain foods or taking certain medicines. Angioedema causes swelling in the deeper layers of skin, often around the face and lips. It can occur with hives or alone. […] Short-lived (acute) hives and angioedema are common conditions. In general, they are harmless, resolve within in a day and do not leave any lasting marks even without treatment. Hives that last longer than six weeks are called chronic hives and are less likely due to food or environmental allergy. […] Angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or throat obstructs the airway. Call 9-1-1 immediately if this occurs. […] If your child is experiencing a severe allergic reaction, please call 9-1-1 or go to the nearest Emergency Room.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hives.html

  Hives are red raised bumps or welts on the skin. Hives (or urticaria) is a common skin reaction to something like an allergen (a substance that causes allergies). […] In some cases, a person has hives and angioedema, a condition that causes swelling around the eyes, lips, hands, feet, or throat. Very rarely, hives and angioedema are associated with an allergic reaction that involves the whole body or anaphylactic shock. […] Someone who also has angioedema might have puffiness, blotchy redness, swelling, or large bumps around the eyes, lips, hands, feet, genitals, or throat. Other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, or belly pain. […] Anaphylactic shock and bad attacks of hives or angioedema are rare. But when they happen, they need immediate medical care.

• #1 Practical Management of New-Onset Urticaria and Angioedema Presenting in Primary Care, Urgent Care, and the Emergency Department – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35348101/

  A new episode of urticaria and/or angioedema can be an anxiety-inducing event for both the patient and the physician(s) seeing them in primary care, urgent care, or the emergency department. […] The most common causes of new onset urticaria in older children and adults, with or without angioedema, and normal vital signs or hypertension, are post-infection or acute idiopathic urticaria. […] Acute idiopathic urticaria is treated with high-dose nonsedating antihistamines acute avoidance of alcohol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and time. […] An epinephrine prescription is not indicated for onset acute urticaria or angioedema, unless there is a strong suspicion of anaphylaxis, and they have been acutely treated with epinephrine. […] Most angioedema, without itching or hives, is idiopathic. Treatment is supportive care and time. […] Antihistamines, epinephrine, and systemic corticosteroids are completely ineffective in treating idiopathic or bradykinin-mediated angioedema. […] Only check a C4 prior to a referral to Allergy for a formal diagnosis and long-term management.

• #1 What Causes Hives & Angioedema? | Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/news/allergist-hives-angioedema-triggers/

  Urticaria is more commonly called hives itchy, raised or red welts on the skin. They are usually caused by physical triggers. […] Certain medications such as aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause hives or angioedema to flare. […] Angioedema involves severe and painful swelling in the hands, feet, arms, legs or face, as well as the digestive system. It sometimes occurs with hives or is mistaken for hives. […] Allergists and immunologists can help you identify whats causing your skin symptoms and ways to avoid your triggers. […] Medications can help treat urticaria and angioedema symptoms and improve quality of life for patients. Talk with an allergist or immunologist about guidelines-based care and finding the right treatment and management plan.

• #1 Hives and angioedema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354914

  If you’re experiencing mild hives or angioedema, these tips may help relieve your symptoms: Avoid triggers. These can include foods, medications, pollen, pet dander, latex and insect stings. If you think a medication caused your rash, stop using it and contact your primary care provider. Some studies suggest that stress or fatigue can trigger hives. […] Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment. List your signs and symptoms, when they occurred, and how long they lasted. List any medications you’re taking, including vitamins, herbs and supplements. Even better, take the original bottles and a list of the doses and directions. List questions to ask your doctor. […] For hives and angioedema, questions you may want to ask include: What is likely causing my symptoms? Do I need any tests to confirm the diagnosis? What are other possible causes for my symptoms? Is my condition likely temporary or chronic? What is the best course of action? What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you’re suggesting? Do I need prescription medication, or can I use nonprescription medications to treat the condition? What results can I expect? Can I wait to see if the condition goes away on its own?

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/hives/

  If the cause of hives can be identified, the best treatment is to avoid the trigger or eliminate it. […] Chronic hives may also be associated with thyroid disease, other hormonal problems or, in very rare instances, cancer. Even this condition usually dissipates over time. […] In physical urticaria, the hives have a physical cause, such as exposure to heat, cold or pressure.

• #1 Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview

  Urticaria can co-exist with angioedema which is a deeper swelling within the skin or mucous membranes. […] Angioedema is more often localised. It commonly affects the face (especially eyelids and perioral sites), hands, feet, and genitalia. It may involve tongue, uvula, soft palate, or larynx. […] A single episode or recurrent episodes of angioedema without urticaria can be due to an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug. […] Recurrent angioedema without urticaria can be due to inherited or acquired complement C1 esterase deficiency. […] Patients with angioedema without weals should be asked if they take ACE inhibitor drugs and tested for complement C4; C1-INH levels, function and antibodies; and C1q.

• #1 Hives and angioedema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354914

  To diagnose hives or angioedema, your doctor will likely look at your welts or areas of swelling and ask about your medical history. You may also need blood tests or an allergy skin test. […] If your symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Hives and angioedema often clear up on their own. But treatment can offer relief from intense itching, serious discomfort or symptoms that persist. […] Treatments for hives and angioedema may include prescription drugs: Anti-itch drugs. The standard treatment for hives and angioedema is antihistamines that don’t make you drowsy. These medications reduce itching, swelling and other allergy symptoms. They’re available in nonprescription and prescription formulations. […] For a severe attack of hives or angioedema, you may need a trip to the emergency room and an emergency injection of epinephrine a type of adrenaline. If you have had a serious attack or your attacks recur despite treatment, your doctor may have you carry a penlike device that will allow you to self-inject epinephrine in emergencies.

• #1 Hives and angioedema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hives-and-angioedema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354914

  Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: When did you first begin experiencing symptoms? What did your skin reaction look like when it first appeared? Have your symptoms changed over time? Have you noticed anything that makes your symptoms worse or better? Do your skin lesions mainly itch, or do they burn or sting? Do your skin lesions go away completely without leaving a bruise or a mark? Do you have any known allergies? Have you ever had a similar skin reaction before? Have you tried a new food for the first time, changed laundry products or adopted a new pet? What prescriptions, nonprescription medications and supplements are you taking? Have you started taking any new medications or started a new course of a medication you’ve taken before? Has your overall health changed recently? Have you had any fevers or have you lost weight? Has anyone else in your family ever had this kind of skin reaction? Do other family members have any known allergies? What at-home treatments have you used?

• #1 Clinical Practice Guideline: Initial Evaluation and Management of Patients Presenting with Acute Urticaria or Angioedema – AAEM

  https://www.aaem.org/statements/clinical-practice-guideline-initial-evaluation-and-management-of-patients-presenting-with-acute-urticaria-or-angioedema/

  Review medications, foods, and exposure to insect venom, contact allergens, and radiocontrast media in patients with acute urticaria and/or angioedema. […] Routine laboratory studies are not indicated in the evaluation of patients with acute urticaria and angioedema. […] Discontinue ACE inhibitors in any patient presenting with isolated angioedema. […] Perform NPL on patients presenting with dyspnea, hoarseness, voice change, or odynophagia. […] Administer intramuscular or subcutaneous epinephrine to patients with respiratory distress. […] Alcohol, NSAIDS, aspirin, opiates, and ACE inhibitors should be avoided in patients with acute urticaria and/or angioedema. […] Obtain a C4 level in patients with suspected HAE. […] Admit intubated patients and those with laryngeal edema, edema of the floor of the mouth, or tongue edema to the ICU.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Urticaria – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-urticaria/

  Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a dermatological condition characterized by the sudden appearance of raised, red, and intensely pruritic welts on the skin. […] Nursing care for individuals with urticaria is essential to alleviate symptoms, identify potential triggers, and enhance the overall quality of life for affected patients. […] By conducting a thorough assessment, identifying triggers, and implementing targeted interventions, nurses aim to minimize the impact of acute episodes and prevent recurrent outbreaks. […] The plan also underscores the importance of ongoing assessment and modification based on the patients response, as urticaria can vary widely in presentation and triggers among individuals. […] Through the implementation of evidence-based interventions and a focus on patient education, the nursing care plan for urticaria seeks to enhance symptom control, improve quality of life, and promote long-term management strategies for individuals grappling with this unpredictable and often distressing skin condition.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Urticaria – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-urticaria/

  Inspect the skin for the presence of raised, erythematous wheals with defined borders. Note the distribution, size, and any signs of angioedema, especially around the eyes, lips, and extremities. […] Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to angioedema affecting the respiratory system. […] Severe urticaria may involve angioedema, potentially affecting the respiratory system and leading to respiratory distress. Monitoring respiratory status and collaborating with healthcare providers are crucial to prevent complications. […] In cases of angioedema or respiratory involvement, closely monitor respiratory status and collaborate with healthcare providers for prompt intervention if signs of respiratory distress occur. […] The care plan emphasizes the use of antihistamines, both topically and systemically, along with cool compresses and moisturizing emollients to manage itching and inflammation.

• #1 Are You Ready for Angioedema? – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/angioedema/

  Here’s another one to add to your “scary things that can happen to patients” list, and that, my friends, is angioedema. But, with a little knowledge ahead of time, you’ll hopefully recognize when it happens and know what to do for your patient. […] Angioedema is a sudden, non-pitting edema of the skin and mucous membranes. You’ll typically see angioedema in the upper respiratory and GI tracts, though it’s detrimental effects on airway patency are what make it potentially life-threatening. […] Your priority assessment with angioedema is airway patency. In fact, any time your patient has swelling of the head, neck, face, mouth, lips, tongue…airway should always be top of mind. […] The priority assessment is airway patency. […] The priority intervention is airway patency and intubation may be necessary. […] Common pharmacologic treatments include epinephrine, corticosteroids and antihistamines. […] Angioedema can be hereditary, idiopathic, due to an allergy, or drug-mediated. […] Common drugs that cause angioedema include ACE inhibitors, antibiotics and NSAIDS.

• #1 Hives and angioedema | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20212564/

  Hives and angioedema are usually treated with antihistamine medication. Angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or in the throat blocks the airway. […] You can usually treat mild cases of hives or angioedema at home. See your health care provider if your symptoms continue for more than a few days. […] If your symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Hives and angioedema often clear up on their own. But treatment can offer relief from intense itching, serious discomfort or symptoms that persist. […] Treatments for hives and angioedema may include prescription drugs: The standard treatment for hives and angioedema is antihistamines that don’t make you drowsy. These medications reduce itching, swelling and other allergy symptoms. […] For a severe attack of hives or angioedema, you may need a trip to the emergency room and an emergency injection of epinephrine a type of adrenaline.

• #1 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Urticaria commonly presents with intensely pruritic wheals, sometimes with edema of the subcutaneous or interstitial tissue. […] Urticaria can occur with angioedema, which is localized nonpitting edema of the subcutaneous or interstitial tissue that may be painful and warm. […] The mainstay of treatment is avoidance of triggers, if identified. […] Second-generation H1 antihistamines are safe and effective symptomatic therapy for urticaria. […] Second-generation H1 antihistamines are recommended over older antihistamines because of adverse effect profiles. […] If needed to control symptoms of urticaria, second-generation H1 antihistamines can be titrated to two to four times the normal dose. […] A short course of systemic corticosteroids may help control severe cases of urticaria.

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Hives and angioedema | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20212564

  For a severe attack of hives or angioedema, you may need a trip to the emergency room and an emergency injection of epinephrine a type of adrenaline. If you have had a serious attack or your attacks recur despite treatment, your doctor may have you carry a penlike device that will allow you to self-inject epinephrine in emergencies.

• #1 Practical Management of New-Onset Urticaria and Angioedema Presenting in Primary Care, Urgent Care, and the Emergency Department

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8784078/

  An epinephrine injector is rarely indicated in patients with acute idiopathic urticaria or chronic urticaria, with or without angioedema. […] All patients with chronic urticaria, daily hives lasting more than 6 weeks, should be referred to Allergy for long-term follow-up and to determine if an additional therapy such as omalizumab (anti-IgE) may be warranted. […] When angioedema presents without itching or hives, it is often bradykinin mediated. […] There is typically no effective treatment for a newly presenting case of angioedema, unless it has been confirmed to be from HAE or AAE, a complement system defect. […] The most useful treatment is watchful waiting, maintaining the airway, discontinuation of the implicated ACE inhibitor, and allowing normal homeostasis to return. […] Bradykinin-mediated angioedema, specifically with laryngeal angioedema, may be life-threatening.

• #1 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Treatment of acute angioedema is largely the same as treatment for urticaria, although corticosteroids may be more commonly recommended. […] However, angioedema of the larynx and massive angioedema of the tongue are medical emergencies because of the risk of airway obstruction, and they require intramuscular epinephrine and airway management. […] Most of the data on treatment of urticaria involve chronic cases. […] Current guidelines suggest a stepwise approach to treating chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] If symptomatic control is still not achieved, the third step is addition and titration of high-potency antihistamines as tolerated, such as hydroxyzine or the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin. […] The fourth step is referral to a subspecialist for use of immunomodulatory agents. […] Once symptoms are adequately controlled, physicians should consider stepping down treatment sequentially.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Urticaria – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-urticaria/

  Avoidance of triggers, supported by patient education and the identification of potential allergens, is integral to preventing recurrent outbreaks. […] The psychosocial impact of urticaria is addressed through psychosocial support, counseling, and education on coping strategies. […] Regular follow-up assessments and ongoing communication with the healthcare team are essential components of the care plan, allowing for adjustments based on the patients response and any changes in the condition.

• #1 Angioedema: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000846.htm

  Angioedema is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface. […] Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections. Angioedema may occur alone or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, leukemia, and lymphoma). […] Mild symptoms may not need treatment. Moderate to severe symptoms may need to be treated. Breathing difficulty is an emergency condition. […] People with angioedema should: Avoid any known allergen or trigger that causes their symptoms. Avoid any medicines, herbs, or supplements that are not prescribed by a provider. […] If the person has trouble breathing, seek medical help right away. A severe, life-threatening airway blockage may occur if the throat swells. […] Contact your provider if: Angioedema does not respond to treatment. It is severe. You have never had angioedema before. […] Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if there are any of the following symptoms: Abnormal breathing sounds, Difficulty breathing or wheezing, Fainting.

• #1 Hives (Urticaria) and AngioedemaEnvelope icon

  https://angioedemanews.com/hives-urticaria-angioedema/

  Both hives and some types of angioedema can be treated with normal allergy medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine (EpiPen). EpiPens can be used to rapidly treat individuals experiencing a life-threatening swelling. […] If swelling is not life-threatening, both hives and angioedema typically will fade on their own and any itching and discomfort can be managed with skin creams as needed. […] Treatment and management of both types of swellings include avoiding allergens or other potential triggers. These include certain foods or liquids, airborne allergens, detergents and soaps with scents or dyes, extreme temperature changes, stress, and wearing tight and heavy clothes.

• #1 When Your Child Has Hives (Urticaria) or Angioedema

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Search/3,88951

  To help prevent hives, stay away from any substances your child is sensitive to. […] If your child has ever had a severe allergic reaction, ask your provider about carrying epinephrine and developing an Anaphylaxis Action Plan. This plan, prescribed by your physician, describes the symptoms of anaphylaxis and the actions to take. […] Call 911 right away if your child has any of these: Wheezing, or trouble breathing or swallowing.

• #1 Immunology – What is urticaria and angioedema? :: Northern Care Alliance

  https://www.northerncarealliance.nhs.uk/patient-information/patient-leaflets/immunology-what-urticaria-and-angioedema

  In a small number of patients, angioedema may develop in the tongue or throat or you may have difficulty swallowing or breathing during an attack. […] For most patients, chronic spontaneous urticaria and angioedema symptoms get better over time. […] Generally, the attacks become milder and at longer intervals and eventually disappear altogether.

• #1 Urticaria (hives) – Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia

  https://allergyfacts.org.au/__interest/urticaria/

  Follow specific management advice from your doctor. However, general management of urticaria includes: Cool, wet cloths put on the affected skin may help to reduce itch and discomfort. Non-drowsy antihistamines are a good treatment for urticaria. They won’t cure urticaria, but they help to lessen the severity and itch. […] Severe chronic urticaria sometimes requires medicine that reduces inflammation, called immune modulators, immunosuppressive medications, or steroids. […] If there are any of the signs listed below, follow the instructions on the ASCIA Action Plan and call triple zero (000) for an ambulance: Difficult or noisy breathing, Swelling of the tongue, Swelling or tightness in throat, Wheeze or persistent cough, Difficulty talking or hoarse voice, Persistent dizziness or collapse, Pale and floppy (young children). […] Urticaria alone does not make you sick; it is just itchy and uncomfortable. If you have urticaria and are sick with a high fever, weight loss, sore joints, or bruising, see your doctor as soon as possible.

• #1 Managing chronic spontaneous urticaria (hives) in primary care

  https://journals.rcni.com/nursing-standard/evidence-and-practice/managing-chronic-spontaneous-urticaria-hives-in-primary-care-ns.2018.e11198

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria is characterised by the spontaneous appearance of hives or wheals, and/or angioedema, lasting for at least six weeks. […] Nurses have an important role in the differential diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria, assessing patients quality of life, providing advice on non-pharmacological measures, monitoring the patients response to treatment, and referring the patient for specialist care, where appropriate. […] This article describes the presentation, diagnosis and management of chronic spontaneous urticaria in primary care. […] To understand the aspects of optimal nursing care for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.

• #2 Hives and Angioedema – Advanced Allergy & Asthma Family Care

  https://statenislandallergy.com/hives-and-angioedema/

  Urticaria, commonly known as hives or welts, are raised, flat, red, itchy rashes on the skin. Hives are fairly common and up to 25% of the general population will have experienced a form of hives in their lifetime. They generally appear without any warning and can happen at any age. […] Angioedema is a swelling that occurs deep in the skin. It can occur with or without hives. Common areas affected are- face, throat, hands, and feet. For patients that have angioedema in the absence of hives, it is important to evaluate for Hereditary Angioedema, which is a genetic disorder in which your body is not able to properly regulate its inflammatory cascade. […] Hives and angioedema may be allergic and your allergist can perform testing to try and help identify a cause for your symptoms. Your doctor can also provide you with treatment for your hives to try and relieve the itching and control the swelling.

• #2 Urticaria and Angioedema | The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602060/all/Urticaria_and_Angioedema?q=Lead+poisoning

  Chronic urticaria (with or without angioedema) is defined as the occurrence of hives and/or angioedema for 6 weeks. There are many possible causes of chronic urticaria and angioedema, including medications, autoimmunity, self-care products, and physical triggers. However, the etiology remains unidentified in 80% of cases. […] Angioedema occurs in 40%-50% of patients with urticaria. […] Most forms of urticaria and angioedema are caused by the degranulation of mast cells or basophils and the release of inflammatory mediators. Histamine is the primary mediator and elicits edema (wheal) and erythema (flare). HAE and related syndromes are mediated by the overproduction of bradykinin and are not responsive to antihistamines.

• #2 Practical Management of New-Onset Urticaria and Angioedema Presenting in Primary Care, Urgent Care, and the Emergency Department

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8784078/

  An epinephrine injector is rarely indicated in patients with acute idiopathic urticaria or chronic urticaria, with or without angioedema. […] All patients with chronic urticaria, daily hives lasting more than 6 weeks, should be referred to Allergy for long-term follow-up and to determine if an additional therapy such as omalizumab (anti-IgE) may be warranted. […] When angioedema presents without itching or hives, it is often bradykinin mediated. […] There is typically no effective treatment for a newly presenting case of angioedema, unless it has been confirmed to be from HAE or AAE, a complement system defect. […] The most useful treatment is watchful waiting, maintaining the airway, discontinuation of the implicated ACE inhibitor, and allowing normal homeostasis to return. […] Bradykinin-mediated angioedema, specifically with laryngeal angioedema, may be life-threatening.

• #2 Urticaria and angioedema | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0288-z

  Strategies for the management of acute urticaria include avoidance measures, antihistamines and corticosteroids. For urticaria, antihistamines are the mainstay of therapy. […] Second-generation, non-sedating, non-impairing H1-receptor antihistamines represent the mainstay of therapy for both acute and chronic urticaria, and up-dosing of these agents can result in better control for some individuals. […] Angioedema can occur in the absence of urticaria. The more common causes are ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema and idiopathic angioedema. […] HAE and AAE are rare disorders also characterized by angioedema in the absence of urticaria; they result from a deficiency or dysfunction of the C1-INH (a plasma protease inhibitor that regulates several proinflammatory pathways), and are associated with life-threatening upper airway swelling. […] The management of these disorders involves an approach to acute treatment, short-term and long-term prophylaxis that is evidence-based and follows national and international guideline recommendations.

• #2 Clinical Practice Guideline: Initial Evaluation and Management of Patients Presenting with Acute Urticaria or Angioedema – AAEM

  https://www.aaem.org/statements/clinical-practice-guideline-initial-evaluation-and-management-of-patients-presenting-with-acute-urticaria-or-angioedema/

  This clinical guideline focuses on the evaluation and treatment of emergency department patients with acute urticaria and/or angioedema. Specific emphasis is placed on the importance of the history of present illness, the role of laboratory testing, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor angioedema, indications for antihistamines and corticosteroids, indications for nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, and patient disposition. […] Urticaria is described as generalized, erythematous, pruritic papules that are localized to the papillary dermis. […] Angioedema commonly accompanies urticaria. Approximately 50% of patients present with both urticaria and angioedema. […] Patient Management Recommendations: Lesions should be consistent with the definitions of urticaria or angioedema. […] History is the most important component of the evaluation of patients with urticaria and/or angioedema.

• #2 Hives & Angioedema in Children | UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/rainbow/services/pediatric-allergy-and-immunology/conditions-and-treatments/hives-and-angioedema-in-children

  Your child’s healthcare provider can diagnose hives and angioedema in your child by performing a thorough physical examination and gathering a full family medical history. Your child’s doctor may also order certain blood tests or an allergy skin test to aid in the diagnosis. […] If your child’s symptoms are mild, they may not need treatment: hives and angioedema often clear up on their own. However, treatment can offer relief from intense itching and other uncomfortable symptoms. […] If your child has hives, treatment will depend on his or her symptoms, age and general health. If food or another known trigger is the cause of your child’s hives, you can take steps to avoid future outbreaks by helping them avoid the trigger. […] Otherwise, antihistamines are often effective in treating hives. Antihistamines reduce itching, swelling and other allergy symptoms.

• #2 Are You Ready for Angioedema? – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/angioedema/

  Here’s another one to add to your “scary things that can happen to patients” list, and that, my friends, is angioedema. But, with a little knowledge ahead of time, you’ll hopefully recognize when it happens and know what to do for your patient. […] Angioedema is a sudden, non-pitting edema of the skin and mucous membranes. You’ll typically see angioedema in the upper respiratory and GI tracts, though it’s detrimental effects on airway patency are what make it potentially life-threatening. […] Your priority assessment with angioedema is airway patency. In fact, any time your patient has swelling of the head, neck, face, mouth, lips, tongue…airway should always be top of mind. […] The priority assessment is airway patency. […] The priority intervention is airway patency and intubation may be necessary. […] Common pharmacologic treatments include epinephrine, corticosteroids and antihistamines. […] Angioedema can be hereditary, idiopathic, due to an allergy, or drug-mediated. […] Common drugs that cause angioedema include ACE inhibitors, antibiotics and NSAIDS.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan For Urticaria – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-urticaria/

  Avoidance of triggers, supported by patient education and the identification of potential allergens, is integral to preventing recurrent outbreaks. […] The psychosocial impact of urticaria is addressed through psychosocial support, counseling, and education on coping strategies. […] Regular follow-up assessments and ongoing communication with the healthcare team are essential components of the care plan, allowing for adjustments based on the patients response and any changes in the condition.

• #2 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Hives and angioedema | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20212564

  Hives and angioedema are usually treated with antihistamine medication. Angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or in the throat blocks the airway. […] Severe angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or in the throat blocks the airway. […] If your symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Hives and angioedema often clear up on their own. But treatment can offer relief from intense itching, serious discomfort or symptoms that persist. […] Treatments for hives and angioedema may include prescription drugs: Anti-itch drugs. The standard treatment for hives and angioedema is antihistamines that don’t make you drowsy. These medications reduce itching, swelling and other allergy symptoms. They’re available in nonprescription and prescription formulations.

• #2 Acute and Chronic Urticaria: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0601/p717.html

  Treatment of acute angioedema is largely the same as treatment for urticaria, although corticosteroids may be more commonly recommended. […] However, angioedema of the larynx and massive angioedema of the tongue are medical emergencies because of the risk of airway obstruction, and they require intramuscular epinephrine and airway management. […] Most of the data on treatment of urticaria involve chronic cases. […] Current guidelines suggest a stepwise approach to treating chronic idiopathic urticaria. […] If symptomatic control is still not achieved, the third step is addition and titration of high-potency antihistamines as tolerated, such as hydroxyzine or the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin. […] The fourth step is referral to a subspecialist for use of immunomodulatory agents. […] Once symptoms are adequately controlled, physicians should consider stepping down treatment sequentially.

• #2 Hives and Angioedema I Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/ear-nose-throat/allergy-immunology-care/hives-and-angioedema

  Depending on the severity of the angioedema diagnosis, your doctor may prescribe over-the-counter antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medicines, epinephrine shots, inhaler medicines, or ranitidine. In addition, people with angioedema should avoid any known allergens or triggers that cause their symptoms and avoid any medicines, herbs, or supplements that are not prescribed by their Ohio State Wexner Medical Center physician. […] Suffering from breathing difficulties is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you are having trouble breathing. A severe, life-threatening airway blockage may occur if the throat swells.

• #2 Angioedema – Immunology; Allergic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/immunology-allergic-disorders/allergic-autoimmune-and-other-hypersensitivity-disorders/angioedema

  For ACE inhibitor-related angioedema, occasionally fresh frozen plasma and C1 inhibitor concentrate are used. […] For bradykinin-mediated angioedema, epinephrine, corticosteroids, and antihistamines have not been shown to be effective. […] Eliminating or avoiding the allergen is key. […] For symptomatic and adjunctive treatment, an antihistamine (eg, H1 blocker) and a systemic corticosteroid can relieve symptoms of mast cell-mediated angioedema; frozen plasma, C1 inhibitor concentrate, and/or ecallantide or icatibant may be tried if bradykinin-mediated angioedema is severe or refractory.

• #2 Urticaria (hives) – Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia

  https://allergyfacts.org.au/__interest/urticaria/

  Follow specific management advice from your doctor. However, general management of urticaria includes: Cool, wet cloths put on the affected skin may help to reduce itch and discomfort. Non-drowsy antihistamines are a good treatment for urticaria. They won’t cure urticaria, but they help to lessen the severity and itch. […] Severe chronic urticaria sometimes requires medicine that reduces inflammation, called immune modulators, immunosuppressive medications, or steroids. […] If there are any of the signs listed below, follow the instructions on the ASCIA Action Plan and call triple zero (000) for an ambulance: Difficult or noisy breathing, Swelling of the tongue, Swelling or tightness in throat, Wheeze or persistent cough, Difficulty talking or hoarse voice, Persistent dizziness or collapse, Pale and floppy (young children). […] Urticaria alone does not make you sick; it is just itchy and uncomfortable. If you have urticaria and are sick with a high fever, weight loss, sore joints, or bruising, see your doctor as soon as possible.

• #2 FloridaHealthFinder | Angioedema | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000846

  Contact your provider if: Angioedema does not respond to treatment. It is severe. You have never had angioedema before. […] Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if there are any of the following symptoms: Abnormal breathing sounds. Difficulty breathing or wheezing. Fainting.

• #2 Angioedema: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.angioedema-care-instructions.uf8353

  Angioedema is swelling in the deep layers of the skin. Swelling can also happen in the tissues that line your mouth, throat, and other organs. Angioedema can sometimes occur along with hives. Hives are an allergic reaction in the outer layers of the skin. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Your doctor may prescribe an epinephrine medicine, such as an epinephrine shot or nasal spray, to carry with you in case you have a severe reaction. Learn how to give yourself the medicine and keep it with you at all times. Make sure it has not expired. […] Use an epinephrine medicine, such as an epinephrine shot or nasal spray, if you think you are having a severe allergic reaction. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as: A rash or hives (raised, red areas on the skin). […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #2 Immunology – What is urticaria and angioedema? :: Northern Care Alliance

  https://www.northerncarealliance.nhs.uk/patient-information/patient-leaflets/immunology-what-urticaria-and-angioedema

  In a small number of patients, angioedema may develop in the tongue or throat or you may have difficulty swallowing or breathing during an attack. […] For most patients, chronic spontaneous urticaria and angioedema symptoms get better over time. […] Generally, the attacks become milder and at longer intervals and eventually disappear altogether.

• #2

  http://www.sgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/hives-urticaria-and-angioedema

  Majority of patients with chronic hives will clear between one to five years. A very small number may experience these hives for more than 20 years. About half will have another episode of chronic hives in their lifetime. […] Whenever you have an unusual rash, please consult your doctor to determine if any underlying disease is present. Most importantly, your physician and other healthcare providers can offer a support system and assist you in managing your skin condition.

• #2 Managing chronic spontaneous urticaria (hives) in primary care

  https://journals.rcni.com/nursing-standard/evidence-and-practice/managing-chronic-spontaneous-urticaria-hives-in-primary-care-ns.2018.e11198

  Chronic spontaneous urticaria is characterised by the spontaneous appearance of hives or wheals, and/or angioedema, lasting for at least six weeks. […] Nurses have an important role in the differential diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria, assessing patients quality of life, providing advice on non-pharmacological measures, monitoring the patients response to treatment, and referring the patient for specialist care, where appropriate. […] This article describes the presentation, diagnosis and management of chronic spontaneous urticaria in primary care. […] To understand the aspects of optimal nursing care for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.

• #3 Hives and angioedema | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hives-and-angioedema?content_id=CON-20212564

  Hives and angioedema are usually treated with antihistamine medication. Angioedema can be life-threatening if swelling of the tongue or in the throat blocks the airway. […] If your symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Hives and angioedema often clear up on their own. But treatment can offer relief from intense itching, serious discomfort or symptoms that persist. […] For a severe attack of hives or angioedema, you may need a trip to the emergency room and an emergency injection of epinephrine a type of adrenaline. If you have had a serious attack or your attacks recur despite treatment, your doctor may have you carry a penlike device that will allow you to self-inject epinephrine in emergencies.

• #3 Hives: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8630-hives

  For some people, allergic reactions like angioedema can cause anaphylaxis severe swelling of the airways and lungs. If you have this life-threatening condition, you should carry and know when and how to use injectable epinephrine (EpiPen). […] Hives usually go away after a few days to a few weeks. However, chronic hives can last much longer than that. It may take months, or longer, for chronic hives to go away.

Zobacz więcej