Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Frontal lobe seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958

  Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of brain cells send a burst of electrical signals. This causes movements that can’t be controlled, known as seizures. Frontal lobe seizures begin in the front of the brain, the area known as the frontal lobe. […] The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. The seizures also can be mistaken for a sleep disorder because they often occur during sleep. Frontal lobe seizures also are known as frontal lobe epilepsy. […] Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.

• #2 Focal seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/focal-seizures

  Frontal lobes are responsible for things like personality, emotions, concentration, problem solving and body movements. The symptoms of frontal lobe seizures can sometimes be mistaken for mental health problems or sleep disorders. […] Some people who have frontal lobe seizures only have them in their sleep. They dont usually last long, but often happen in clusters, with several happening in a short space of time. Your awareness may or may not be affected. […] Symptoms of seizures in the frontal lobes can include: pelvic thrusting, kicking, pedalling, thrashing or rocking movements; screaming, swearing or laughing; unintentionally passing urine (urinary incontinence); your head or eyes turning to one side; having unusual body movements, such as stretching one arm while the other bends; twitching, jerking or stiffening of muscles in one area of your body. The movements may sometimes spread bit by bit to other areas.

• #3 Frontal lobe seizures | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures?content_id=CON-20197154

  In this common form of epilepsy, the seizures stem from the front of the brain. They can produce symptoms that appear to be from a mental illness. […] Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. […] The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. […] Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.

• #4 Frontal lobe seizures | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting. […] Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include: Seizures that last dangerously long. Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #5 Frontal lobe seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Consciousness is often preserved, even when there is bilateral motor involvement. […] If seizures of frontal lobe onset spread to the temporal lobes, postictal confusion, as typical for temporal lobe seizures, can be observed. […] Patients with frontal lobe epilepsy may have cognitive impairments. These may include verbal executive function deficits. […] The true percentage of patients with seizures originating in the anterior neocortex is not known because many patients may respond well to medications. […] If epilepsy surgery is performed, reported success rates for a good or seizure-free outcome vary between 26% and 80%. […] If patients are seizure-free two years after surgery, their likelihood of remaining seizure-free is 86%.

• #6 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder affecting your frontal lobes. It causes frontal lobe seizures, which is a pattern of abnormal electrical activity in your brain. […] The main symptom of frontal lobe epilepsy is a brief focal seizure (a seizure that starts in one area of your brain). […] The features of a frontal lobe seizure can include: Abnormal behavior such as screaming, laughing or swearing, Turning your head or eyes to one side, Leg kicking or pedaling, Thrashing or convulsions, Uncontrolled, repetitive movements (like arm and leg waving), Twitching or repetitive jerking, Loss of consciousness or awareness (staring off into space), Urinary or fecal incontinence, Muscle weakness, Difficulty speaking, Personality changes, Sleep disturbances. […] These usually occur in clusters (when you have more than two seizures in 24 hours). They often happen while you’re asleep but may happen when you’re awake. They also tend to be short, lasting less than a minute.

• #7 FRONTAL LOBE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html

  The frontal lobe is the largest lobe. Seizures involving frontal lobe network have distinctive features depending on the area of the frontal lobe involved. Motor features are prominent and may be hyperkinetic (e.g. pelvic thrusting, bipedal kicking or pedalling) or asymmetric tonic in nature. The motor feature may not be the initial sign and the seizure may be a focal aware non-motor seizure with the prominent motor phase occurring a brief period after seizure onset. Seizures are typically brief overall, and can have prominent vocalization, bizarre behavior, urinary incontinence, and head and eye deviation. Seizures may be exclusively nocturnal and often cluster. The ictal EEG may not show ictal patterns or may be obscured by movement artifact. […] When awareness is impaired, focal impaired awareness seizures of frontal origin can be difficult to distinguish from absence seizures.

• #8 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Symptoms and Causes – Leaf Complex Care

  https://leafcare.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy-symptoms-and-causes/

  Frontal lobe seizures can cause changes in the persons behaviour and everyday routine. For example, individuals with frontal lobe epilepsy may have sleep disturbances and personality changes. […] Common symptoms of a frontal lobe seizure include the following: Behaviours of distress, such as moaning, screaming, swearing, or laughing; Unusual limb movements (kicking, pedalling, jerking, twitching); Repetitive movements; Sleepwalking; Head and eye movements directed to one side; Urinary incontinence. […] Frontal lobe seizures are typically short and last for 30 seconds, but some may occur in clusters. The person may have impaired awareness or even lose consciousness. […] Some individuals experience an aura stage which entails warning symptoms before the seizure. In this stage, you may experience the following: Dizziness; Lack of balance; Numbness; Hallucinations; Strong sense of panic.

• #9 Frontal lobe epilepsy: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy causes seizures that begin in the part of the brain responsible for movement, personality, and planning. […] Frontal lobe seizures can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. […] Frontal lobe epilepsy symptoms can vary from person to person and can differ depending on which part of the frontal lobe the seizures affect. An individual’s seizures will typically have consistent symptoms, but sometimes they may occur with new or different symptoms. These may indicate a change in brain activity or a potential problem. […] Frontal lobe seizures are often brief. Symptoms may include: jerking on one side of the body, stiffness or twitching, a wave feeling going through the head, lack of responsiveness, urinary incontinence. […] People with frontal lobe epilepsy may be able to manage or reduce seizures with the right medication, diet, or surgery.

• #10 Frontal lobe seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958

  Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of brain cells send a burst of electrical signals. This causes movements that can’t be controlled, known as seizures. Frontal lobe seizures begin in the front of the brain, the area known as the frontal lobe. […] The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. The seizures also can be mistaken for a sleep disorder because they often occur during sleep. Frontal lobe seizures also are known as frontal lobe epilepsy. […] Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.

• #11 Frontal lobe seizures | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting. […] Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include: Seizures that last dangerously long. Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #12 Focal seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/focal-seizures

  Frontal lobes are responsible for things like personality, emotions, concentration, problem solving and body movements. The symptoms of frontal lobe seizures can sometimes be mistaken for mental health problems or sleep disorders. […] Some people who have frontal lobe seizures only have them in their sleep. They dont usually last long, but often happen in clusters, with several happening in a short space of time. Your awareness may or may not be affected. […] Symptoms of seizures in the frontal lobes can include: pelvic thrusting, kicking, pedalling, thrashing or rocking movements; screaming, swearing or laughing; unintentionally passing urine (urinary incontinence); your head or eyes turning to one side; having unusual body movements, such as stretching one arm while the other bends; twitching, jerking or stiffening of muscles in one area of your body. The movements may sometimes spread bit by bit to other areas.

• #13 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  In many cases, frontal lobe seizures appear during sleep or when the person is awake, and the person may experience the following signs of seizures: Unusual behaviour, such as uncontrolled screaming, crying or laughing, Sleep-walking, Twitching or jerking with the arms and legs, Uncontrolled blinking or chewing motions, Repetitive movements, Involuntary eye movements to one side, Thrashing or struggling movements with arms and legs, Bedwetting. […] Following a frontal lobe seizure, people may experience temporary memory loss and feel confused or exhausted. […] As many frontal lobe seizures occur while the person is asleep, there are potential risks caused by the seizures and complications that include: Injuries: Some people may have bruises, fractures, cuts or other injuries during a seizure, Status epilepticus: If a person having a seizure doesn’t regain consciousness within five minutes or longer, it requires urgent medical help. This is called status epilepticus, and it’s a life-threatening health condition, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP): This is a sudden and unexpected outcome of an epileptic seizure. About 1 in 1,000 people with epilepsy have a SUDEP with no clear cause, Anxiety and depression: People with epilepsy are susceptible to developing anxiety disorders and even depression. Frontal lobe epilepsy in children is associated with a higher chance of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

• #14 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder affecting your frontal lobes. It causes frontal lobe seizures, which is a pattern of abnormal electrical activity in your brain. […] The main symptom of frontal lobe epilepsy is a brief focal seizure (a seizure that starts in one area of your brain). […] The features of a frontal lobe seizure can include: Abnormal behavior such as screaming, laughing or swearing, Turning your head or eyes to one side, Leg kicking or pedaling, Thrashing or convulsions, Uncontrolled, repetitive movements (like arm and leg waving), Twitching or repetitive jerking, Loss of consciousness or awareness (staring off into space), Urinary or fecal incontinence, Muscle weakness, Difficulty speaking, Personality changes, Sleep disturbances. […] These usually occur in clusters (when you have more than two seizures in 24 hours). They often happen while you’re asleep but may happen when you’re awake. They also tend to be short, lasting less than a minute.

• #15 DIRECTED AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN FRONTAL LOBE EPILEPSY: A VIDEO-EEG AND ICTAL SPECT CASE STUDY

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2849702/

  Frontal lobe seizures may manifest bizarre behaviors such as thrashing, kicking, genital manipulation, unusual facial expressions, and articulate vocalizations. Aggressive and violent behaviors have also been associated with epilepsy, especially temporal or frontal lobe seizures. […] More so than seizures arising from other brain locations, frontal lobe seizures may exhibit bizarre and unusual behaviors. It is generally agreed among neurologists and epileptologists that well-organized, purposeful, complex, goal-directed behavior is highly unlikely during a seizure. […] This study demonstrates a rare case of directed and interactive aggressive verbal and physical behavior during frontal lobe seizures. This case highlights the potential for certain frontal lobe seizures to cause behavior with significant adverse legal ramifications.

• #16 Frontal lobe seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958

  Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of brain cells send a burst of electrical signals. This causes movements that can’t be controlled, known as seizures. Frontal lobe seizures begin in the front of the brain, the area known as the frontal lobe. […] The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. The seizures also can be mistaken for a sleep disorder because they often occur during sleep. Frontal lobe seizures also are known as frontal lobe epilepsy. […] Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.

• #17 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder affecting your frontal lobes. It causes frontal lobe seizures, which is a pattern of abnormal electrical activity in your brain. […] The main symptom of frontal lobe epilepsy is a brief focal seizure (a seizure that starts in one area of your brain). […] The features of a frontal lobe seizure can include: Abnormal behavior such as screaming, laughing or swearing, Turning your head or eyes to one side, Leg kicking or pedaling, Thrashing or convulsions, Uncontrolled, repetitive movements (like arm and leg waving), Twitching or repetitive jerking, Loss of consciousness or awareness (staring off into space), Urinary or fecal incontinence, Muscle weakness, Difficulty speaking, Personality changes, Sleep disturbances. […] These usually occur in clusters (when you have more than two seizures in 24 hours). They often happen while you’re asleep but may happen when you’re awake. They also tend to be short, lasting less than a minute.

• #18 Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nocturnal-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  SHE causes seizures while a person sleeps. […] Most SHE seizures occur during sleep, but some people with this type of epilepsy experience daytime seizures. The seizures generally occur in groups, and the individual seizures often last for several seconds but may continue for a few minutes. Most seizures last under 2 minutes. […] Some mild seizures wake an individual up but do not cause involuntary movements. Others are more severe, causing repetitive, sudden motions that may involve: throwing motions, swinging the arms around, cycling with the legs. […] People with SHE may leave the bed and walk around the room, which resembles sleepwalking but is not the same. […] People may make vocal sounds during SHE seizures, including: groans, gasps, moans, cries. […] These seizures may disturb sleep and lead to drowsiness during waking hours.

• #19 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder affecting your frontal lobes. It causes frontal lobe seizures, which is a pattern of abnormal electrical activity in your brain. […] The main symptom of frontal lobe epilepsy is a brief focal seizure (a seizure that starts in one area of your brain). […] The features of a frontal lobe seizure can include: Abnormal behavior such as screaming, laughing or swearing, Turning your head or eyes to one side, Leg kicking or pedaling, Thrashing or convulsions, Uncontrolled, repetitive movements (like arm and leg waving), Twitching or repetitive jerking, Loss of consciousness or awareness (staring off into space), Urinary or fecal incontinence, Muscle weakness, Difficulty speaking, Personality changes, Sleep disturbances. […] These usually occur in clusters (when you have more than two seizures in 24 hours). They often happen while you’re asleep but may happen when you’re awake. They also tend to be short, lasting less than a minute.

• #20 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  Frontal lobe seizures can occur when a person is awake or asleep, although numbers show they are more frequent at night. […] Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) is diagnosed when people experience frontal lobe seizures only in their sleep. They can appear with the following symptoms: Sudden wake-ups for no apparent reason, Night-wetting, Shivering, Uncontrolled shouting or screaming, Jerking movements of the arms and legs. […] Seizures in frontal lobe epilepsy typically last a short time (up to 30 seconds) and can appear in repeating clusters. Some people may lose awareness during frontal lobe seizure, whilst others may not. […] Many individuals experience warning signs of a seizure, known as the aura, that often includes: Feeling dizzy or lightheaded, Loss of balance, Tingling and numbness throughout the body, Panic attack or fear, Hallucinations.

• #21 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  In many cases, frontal lobe seizures appear during sleep or when the person is awake, and the person may experience the following signs of seizures: Unusual behaviour, such as uncontrolled screaming, crying or laughing, Sleep-walking, Twitching or jerking with the arms and legs, Uncontrolled blinking or chewing motions, Repetitive movements, Involuntary eye movements to one side, Thrashing or struggling movements with arms and legs, Bedwetting. […] Following a frontal lobe seizure, people may experience temporary memory loss and feel confused or exhausted. […] As many frontal lobe seizures occur while the person is asleep, there are potential risks caused by the seizures and complications that include: Injuries: Some people may have bruises, fractures, cuts or other injuries during a seizure, Status epilepticus: If a person having a seizure doesn’t regain consciousness within five minutes or longer, it requires urgent medical help. This is called status epilepticus, and it’s a life-threatening health condition, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP): This is a sudden and unexpected outcome of an epileptic seizure. About 1 in 1,000 people with epilepsy have a SUDEP with no clear cause, Anxiety and depression: People with epilepsy are susceptible to developing anxiety disorders and even depression. Frontal lobe epilepsy in children is associated with a higher chance of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

• #22 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Symptoms, Causes, Outlook, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Frontal lobe seizures are short focal (partial) seizures. Instead of starting in widespread or generalized areas of the brain, they begin in the frontal lobe behind the forehead. […] Frontal lobe seizures have varying presentations and symptoms. They may happen when you’re conscious or sleeping. […] Some people may experience an aura before their seizure, which can cause: tingling or numbness, dizziness, stiffness or twitching, unusual tastes or smells, sense of fear, anticipation, or an odd feeling that’s hard to describe, intense emotions. […] Other symptoms of frontal lobe seizures can include: loudly vocalizing words or sounds, inability to speak, lack of consciousness or awareness, confusion or lack of memory after a seizure, unusual posturing, inability to hold urine, emotional symptoms such as laughing, motor symptoms, such as strong muscle contractions and jerking movements, kicking or bicycling of the legs or pelvic thrusting, head, face, or eye movement, such as grimacing or eyes moving to one side, repetitive motions such as chewing or swallowing.

• #23 Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nocturnal-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  SHE is a type of epilepsy that causes an aura, or a series of sensations ahead of a seizure. These include: tingling, shivering, fearfulness, dizziness, a sensation similar to being pushed or falling, occasionally, breathlessness or rapid breathing. […] Most people with SHE do not experience cognitive, developmental, or intellectual impairment between seizures. However, an increasing body of research suggests that SHE may lead to cognitive and behavioral problems. […] The seizures generally become less severe and happen less often over time. […] SHE does not get worse over time. However, for many people, seizures become milder and less frequent as they get older.

• #24 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  Frontal lobe seizures can occur when a person is awake or asleep, although numbers show they are more frequent at night. […] Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) is diagnosed when people experience frontal lobe seizures only in their sleep. They can appear with the following symptoms: Sudden wake-ups for no apparent reason, Night-wetting, Shivering, Uncontrolled shouting or screaming, Jerking movements of the arms and legs. […] Seizures in frontal lobe epilepsy typically last a short time (up to 30 seconds) and can appear in repeating clusters. Some people may lose awareness during frontal lobe seizure, whilst others may not. […] Many individuals experience warning signs of a seizure, known as the aura, that often includes: Feeling dizzy or lightheaded, Loss of balance, Tingling and numbness throughout the body, Panic attack or fear, Hallucinations.

• #25 FRONTAL LOBE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html

  The frontal lobe is the largest lobe. Seizures involving frontal lobe network have distinctive features depending on the area of the frontal lobe involved. Motor features are prominent and may be hyperkinetic (e.g. pelvic thrusting, bipedal kicking or pedalling) or asymmetric tonic in nature. The motor feature may not be the initial sign and the seizure may be a focal aware non-motor seizure with the prominent motor phase occurring a brief period after seizure onset. Seizures are typically brief overall, and can have prominent vocalization, bizarre behavior, urinary incontinence, and head and eye deviation. Seizures may be exclusively nocturnal and often cluster. The ictal EEG may not show ictal patterns or may be obscured by movement artifact. […] When awareness is impaired, focal impaired awareness seizures of frontal origin can be difficult to distinguish from absence seizures.

• #26 Frontal lobe epilepsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy

  The symptoms typically come in short bursts that last less than a minute and often occur while a patient is sleeping. […] In most cases, a patient will experience a physical or emotional aura of tingling, numbness or tension prior to a seizure occurring. […] Tonic posture and clonic movements are common symptoms among most of the areas of the frontal lobe, therefore the type of seizures associated with frontal lobe epilepsy are commonly called tonic-clonic seizures. […] The seizures are complex partial, simple partial, secondarily generalized or a combination of the three. […] A wide range of more specific symptoms arise when different parts of the frontal cortex are affected. […] The onset and relief of the seizure are quite abrupt. […] The tonic posturing in this area is unilateral or asymmetric between the left and right hemispheres.

• #27 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-overview

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures arising from the frontal lobes. Frequently, seizure types are focal onset with preserved or impaired awareness, often with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. […] A frontal lobe seizure is often the seizure type most difficult to diagnose as it can be easily mistaken for a parasomnia or nonepileptic event. The following features help to distinguish frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events: Stereotyped semiology, Occurrence during EEG-confirmed sleep, Brief duration (often 30 seconds), Rapid secondary generalization, Prominent motor manifestations, Complex automatisms. […] Approximately 65-75% of patients with frontal lobe seizures respond to appropriate antiseizure medications and become seizure free. However, approximately 30% of patients will be intractable, many of whom will continue to have frequent nocturnal seizures. […] An important feature in prognosis is the early recognition of frontal lobe seizures as an epileptic syndrome rather than as a parasomnia or a psychiatric condition.

• #28 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Symptoms, Causes, Outlook, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Frontal lobe seizures are typically brief, sometimes lasting only seconds. […] Some people may experience frontal lobe seizures only at night or in clusters of more than one seizure occurring close together or both. […] Also, some focal seizures, including frontal lobe seizures, may spread to become generalized and affect wider areas of the brain. […] Due to their similar symptoms, frontal lobe seizures may resemble psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). […] Frontal lobe seizures can occur due to brain injury or dysfunction and can occur as part of frontal lobe epilepsy if they occur more than once. […] Medication, neuromodulation, and surgery can be effective at preventing and controlling frontal lobe seizures.

• #29 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder affecting your frontal lobes. It causes frontal lobe seizures, which is a pattern of abnormal electrical activity in your brain. […] The main symptom of frontal lobe epilepsy is a brief focal seizure (a seizure that starts in one area of your brain). […] The features of a frontal lobe seizure can include: Abnormal behavior such as screaming, laughing or swearing, Turning your head or eyes to one side, Leg kicking or pedaling, Thrashing or convulsions, Uncontrolled, repetitive movements (like arm and leg waving), Twitching or repetitive jerking, Loss of consciousness or awareness (staring off into space), Urinary or fecal incontinence, Muscle weakness, Difficulty speaking, Personality changes, Sleep disturbances. […] These usually occur in clusters (when you have more than two seizures in 24 hours). They often happen while you’re asleep but may happen when you’re awake. They also tend to be short, lasting less than a minute.

• #30 Frontal lobe epilepsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy

  The symptoms typically come in short bursts that last less than a minute and often occur while a patient is sleeping. […] In most cases, a patient will experience a physical or emotional aura of tingling, numbness or tension prior to a seizure occurring. […] Tonic posture and clonic movements are common symptoms among most of the areas of the frontal lobe, therefore the type of seizures associated with frontal lobe epilepsy are commonly called tonic-clonic seizures. […] The seizures are complex partial, simple partial, secondarily generalized or a combination of the three. […] A wide range of more specific symptoms arise when different parts of the frontal cortex are affected. […] The onset and relief of the seizure are quite abrupt. […] The tonic posturing in this area is unilateral or asymmetric between the left and right hemispheres.

• #31 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-overview

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures arising from the frontal lobes. Frequently, seizure types are focal onset with preserved or impaired awareness, often with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. […] A frontal lobe seizure is often the seizure type most difficult to diagnose as it can be easily mistaken for a parasomnia or nonepileptic event. The following features help to distinguish frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events: Stereotyped semiology, Occurrence during EEG-confirmed sleep, Brief duration (often 30 seconds), Rapid secondary generalization, Prominent motor manifestations, Complex automatisms. […] Approximately 65-75% of patients with frontal lobe seizures respond to appropriate antiseizure medications and become seizure free. However, approximately 30% of patients will be intractable, many of whom will continue to have frequent nocturnal seizures. […] An important feature in prognosis is the early recognition of frontal lobe seizures as an epileptic syndrome rather than as a parasomnia or a psychiatric condition.

• #32 Frontal Lobe Seizures – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/frontal-lobe-seizures.html

  A seizure is an abnormal burst of electrical activity in your brain. A frontal lobe seizure starts in the frontal lobe of the brain. This part of the brain controls many functions. A frontal lobe seizure is called a focal seizure because it starts in one part of your brain. The seizure may last under 30 seconds and may happen while you sleep. It may be simple or complex. Simple means you stay aware of your surroundings. Complex means you lose awareness. The seizure can become a generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure. This may cause you to have convulsions. […] What are the signs and symptoms of a frontal lobe seizure? Head and eye movement to one side. Trouble speaking, or yelling profanities. Laughing for no reason. Body postures that are stiff or look like you are fighting someone. Rocking your body or thrusting your hips. Staring and not responding when spoken to. Making motions like you are chewing or swallowing, or you taste something that is not real. Fear or mood swings. […] You feel you are not able to cope with frontal lobe seizures. Your seizures start to happen more often. You are confused longer than usual after a seizure.

• #33 FRONTAL LOBE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html

  Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures can be mistaken for parasomnias, however: Frontal lobe seizures are usually brief events ( 2 minutes), with stereotyped features seen from seizure to seizure and preserved awareness. Parasomnias are usually longer in duration ( 10 minutes), have variable features from event to event and are characterized by a confusional state with the patient having no memory of the event afterwards. […] Frontal lobe seizures may be mis-diagnosed as non-epileptic seizures as there may be bilateral motor phenomena with preserved awareness, and the ictal EEG can be normal.

• #34 Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/autosomal-dominant-nocturnal-frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is an uncommon form of epilepsy that runs in families. This disorder causes seizures that usually occur at night (nocturnally) while an affected person is sleeping. Some people with ADNFLE also have seizures during the day. […] The seizures characteristic of ADNFLE tend to occur in clusters, with each one lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes. Some people have mild seizures that simply cause them to wake up from sleep. Others have more severe episodes that can include sudden, repetitive movements such as flinging or throwing motions of the arms and bicycling movements of the legs. The person may get out of bed and wander around, which can be mistaken for sleepwalking. The person may also cry out or make moaning, gasping, or grunting sounds. These episodes are sometimes misdiagnosed as nightmares, night terrors, or panic attacks.

• #35 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  Frontal lobe seizures can occur when a person is awake or asleep, although numbers show they are more frequent at night. […] Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) is diagnosed when people experience frontal lobe seizures only in their sleep. They can appear with the following symptoms: Sudden wake-ups for no apparent reason, Night-wetting, Shivering, Uncontrolled shouting or screaming, Jerking movements of the arms and legs. […] Seizures in frontal lobe epilepsy typically last a short time (up to 30 seconds) and can appear in repeating clusters. Some people may lose awareness during frontal lobe seizure, whilst others may not. […] Many individuals experience warning signs of a seizure, known as the aura, that often includes: Feeling dizzy or lightheaded, Loss of balance, Tingling and numbness throughout the body, Panic attack or fear, Hallucinations.

• #36 Strange episodes during sleep – epilepsy or parasomnia? | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/03/clinical-review/strange-episodes-during-sleep-epilepsy-or-parasomnia

  In some forms of epilepsy, the seizures occur almost exclusively during sleep. This is particularly the case with hypermotor frontal lobe seizures. […] The pattern of sleep-related hypermotor seizures is generally stereotypical. They occur during non-REM sleep, are short ( 60 seconds) and usually manifest themselves as severe motor activity. Patients seem frenetic and agitated; they kick, wave their arms or roll around in the bed. Many make repetitive sounds in the form of shouting, swearing or anguished screams. […] The form of the seizures varies somewhat, depending on the location of the area causing the seizure within the frontal lobe. Some patients may have relatively mild motor symptoms, for example only a brief extending of an extremity. […] The treatment follows normal principles for treatment of focal epilepsies; first antiseizure medications should be tried, for example low dose carbamazepine drugs (oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine) at night, lamotrigine, levetiracetam or valproate. Most patients gain control of their seizures with medication, but up to 30 % are pharmacoresistant. […] Although the prognosis in patients with typical sleep-related hypermotor seizures and without underlying brain changes is usually good, several years of fragmented sleep can cause cognitive impairment and poor quality of life.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/aips/fulltext/2022/06040/nocturnal_frontal_lobe_epilepsy_presenting_as.15.aspx

  Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) is characterized by seizures with complex motor behaviors arising mainly during sleep. Varied clinical presentations and nonspecific electroencephalogram findings make it difficult to distinguish NFLE from other nocturnal paroxysmal events such as nonrapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias and restless leg syndrome (RLS). […] NFLE is a rare form of partial epilepsy characterized by bizarre motor behavior that occurs, exclusively or almost exclusively during sleep. It may have varied clinical manifestations including posturing, hypermotor automatisms, and sometimes ambulatory behavior. […] Diagnosis of NFLE might be difficult, as interictal and ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) findings are often normal or show nonspecific changes. […] The semiology of this case is unique in that it started with RLS-like symptoms and later presented with motor symptoms within 15-20 min of sleep onset.

• #38 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  After a frontal lobe seizure, you may have confusion, memory loss or muscle soreness. This is the postictal state. […] Frequent frontal lobe seizures may lead to the following: Increased risk of injuries, Status epilepticus (seizures that last longer than five minutes), which is a life-threatening emergency, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (this is rare). […] Your healthcare provider can give you the best information on what your outlook looks like. It varies from person to person based on many factors like your general health and how often you have seizures. […] While there isn’t a cure for frontal lobe epilepsy, many people report fewer seizures or seizure freedom with the right combination of medications or after surgery.

• #39 Frontal lobe epilepsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy

  Frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by brief, recurring seizures arising in the frontal lobes of the brain, that often occur during sleep. […] The symptoms and clinical manifestations of frontal lobe epilepsy can differ depending on which specific area of the frontal lobe is affected. […] During the onset of a seizure, the patient may exhibit abnormal body posturing, sensorimotor tics, or other abnormalities in motor skills. […] In some cases, uncontrollable laughing or crying may occur during a seizure. […] A brief period of confusion known as a postictal state may sometimes follow a seizure occurring in the frontal lobes. […] Signs and symptoms of frontal lobe seizures may include head and eye movements to one side, complete or partial unresponsiveness or difficulty speaking, explosive screams, including profanities, or laughter, abnormal body posturing, especially fencing position, and repetitive movements, such as rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.

• #40 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  In many cases, frontal lobe seizures appear during sleep or when the person is awake, and the person may experience the following signs of seizures: Unusual behaviour, such as uncontrolled screaming, crying or laughing, Sleep-walking, Twitching or jerking with the arms and legs, Uncontrolled blinking or chewing motions, Repetitive movements, Involuntary eye movements to one side, Thrashing or struggling movements with arms and legs, Bedwetting. […] Following a frontal lobe seizure, people may experience temporary memory loss and feel confused or exhausted. […] As many frontal lobe seizures occur while the person is asleep, there are potential risks caused by the seizures and complications that include: Injuries: Some people may have bruises, fractures, cuts or other injuries during a seizure, Status epilepticus: If a person having a seizure doesn’t regain consciousness within five minutes or longer, it requires urgent medical help. This is called status epilepticus, and it’s a life-threatening health condition, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP): This is a sudden and unexpected outcome of an epileptic seizure. About 1 in 1,000 people with epilepsy have a SUDEP with no clear cause, Anxiety and depression: People with epilepsy are susceptible to developing anxiety disorders and even depression. Frontal lobe epilepsy in children is associated with a higher chance of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

• #41 Frontal lobe seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Consciousness is often preserved, even when there is bilateral motor involvement. […] If seizures of frontal lobe onset spread to the temporal lobes, postictal confusion, as typical for temporal lobe seizures, can be observed. […] Patients with frontal lobe epilepsy may have cognitive impairments. These may include verbal executive function deficits. […] The true percentage of patients with seizures originating in the anterior neocortex is not known because many patients may respond well to medications. […] If epilepsy surgery is performed, reported success rates for a good or seizure-free outcome vary between 26% and 80%. […] If patients are seizure-free two years after surgery, their likelihood of remaining seizure-free is 86%.

• #42 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-overview

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures arising from the frontal lobes. Frequently, seizure types are focal onset with preserved or impaired awareness, often with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. […] A frontal lobe seizure is often the seizure type most difficult to diagnose as it can be easily mistaken for a parasomnia or nonepileptic event. The following features help to distinguish frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events: Stereotyped semiology, Occurrence during EEG-confirmed sleep, Brief duration (often 30 seconds), Rapid secondary generalization, Prominent motor manifestations, Complex automatisms. […] Approximately 65-75% of patients with frontal lobe seizures respond to appropriate antiseizure medications and become seizure free. However, approximately 30% of patients will be intractable, many of whom will continue to have frequent nocturnal seizures. […] An important feature in prognosis is the early recognition of frontal lobe seizures as an epileptic syndrome rather than as a parasomnia or a psychiatric condition.

• #43 Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nocturnal-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  SHE is a type of epilepsy that causes an aura, or a series of sensations ahead of a seizure. These include: tingling, shivering, fearfulness, dizziness, a sensation similar to being pushed or falling, occasionally, breathlessness or rapid breathing. […] Most people with SHE do not experience cognitive, developmental, or intellectual impairment between seizures. However, an increasing body of research suggests that SHE may lead to cognitive and behavioral problems. […] The seizures generally become less severe and happen less often over time. […] SHE does not get worse over time. However, for many people, seizures become milder and less frequent as they get older.

• #44 Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/autosomal-dominant-nocturnal-frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  The seizures associated with ADNFLE can begin anytime from infancy to mid-adulthood, but most begin in childhood. The episodes tend to become milder and less frequent with age. In most affected people, the seizures can be effectively controlled with medication. […] The seizures associated with ADNFLE begin in areas of the brain called the frontal lobes. These regions of the brain are involved in many critical functions, including reasoning, planning, judgment, and problem-solving. […] Most people with ADNFLE are intellectually normal, and there are no problems with their brain function between seizures. However, some people with ADNFLE have experienced psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia), behavioral problems, or intellectual disability. It is unclear whether these additional features are directly related to epilepsy in these individuals.

• #45 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-overview

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures arising from the frontal lobes. Frequently, seizure types are focal onset with preserved or impaired awareness, often with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. […] A frontal lobe seizure is often the seizure type most difficult to diagnose as it can be easily mistaken for a parasomnia or nonepileptic event. The following features help to distinguish frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events: Stereotyped semiology, Occurrence during EEG-confirmed sleep, Brief duration (often 30 seconds), Rapid secondary generalization, Prominent motor manifestations, Complex automatisms. […] Approximately 65-75% of patients with frontal lobe seizures respond to appropriate antiseizure medications and become seizure free. However, approximately 30% of patients will be intractable, many of whom will continue to have frequent nocturnal seizures. […] An important feature in prognosis is the early recognition of frontal lobe seizures as an epileptic syndrome rather than as a parasomnia or a psychiatric condition.

• #46 Frontal lobe seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Frontal lobe seizures can have bizarre manifestations; however, they are easily recognizable if the clinician is well aware of the clinical presentation. Frontal lobe seizures are typically brief, nocturnal, and without loss of consciousness. […] Frontal lobe seizures may have bizarre manifestations with hyperactive behavior and preserved consciousness. […] Frontal lobe seizures are brief and nocturnal and occur in clusters. […] The average age of onset of patients with intractable seizures of the anterior neocortex usually is in late childhood or early adolescence. […] Frontal lobe seizures are significantly shorter in duration than seizures originating in the temporal lobes. […] Nighttime preponderance and association with the sleep-wake cycle have been reported. […] Seizures may occur in nightly clusters of as many as 70 in a row.

• #47 Frontal lobe seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Consciousness is often preserved, even when there is bilateral motor involvement. […] If seizures of frontal lobe onset spread to the temporal lobes, postictal confusion, as typical for temporal lobe seizures, can be observed. […] Patients with frontal lobe epilepsy may have cognitive impairments. These may include verbal executive function deficits. […] The true percentage of patients with seizures originating in the anterior neocortex is not known because many patients may respond well to medications. […] If epilepsy surgery is performed, reported success rates for a good or seizure-free outcome vary between 26% and 80%. […] If patients are seizure-free two years after surgery, their likelihood of remaining seizure-free is 86%.

• #48 Frontal lobe seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958

  Frontal lobe seizures can be caused by tumors, stroke, infection or traumatic injuries in the brain’s frontal lobes. […] Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include: Seizures that last dangerously long. Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death. […] Seizures that last longer than five minutes are medical emergencies. Call 911 or get medical help right away if you witness someone having a seizure for longer than five minutes.

• #49 Frontal Lobe Seizures: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17011-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  After a frontal lobe seizure, you may have confusion, memory loss or muscle soreness. This is the postictal state. […] Frequent frontal lobe seizures may lead to the following: Increased risk of injuries, Status epilepticus (seizures that last longer than five minutes), which is a life-threatening emergency, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (this is rare). […] Your healthcare provider can give you the best information on what your outlook looks like. It varies from person to person based on many factors like your general health and how often you have seizures. […] While there isn’t a cure for frontal lobe epilepsy, many people report fewer seizures or seizure freedom with the right combination of medications or after surgery.

• #50 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Causes & Symptoms – Unique Community Services

  https://uniquecs.co.uk/blog/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  In many cases, frontal lobe seizures appear during sleep or when the person is awake, and the person may experience the following signs of seizures: Unusual behaviour, such as uncontrolled screaming, crying or laughing, Sleep-walking, Twitching or jerking with the arms and legs, Uncontrolled blinking or chewing motions, Repetitive movements, Involuntary eye movements to one side, Thrashing or struggling movements with arms and legs, Bedwetting. […] Following a frontal lobe seizure, people may experience temporary memory loss and feel confused or exhausted. […] As many frontal lobe seizures occur while the person is asleep, there are potential risks caused by the seizures and complications that include: Injuries: Some people may have bruises, fractures, cuts or other injuries during a seizure, Status epilepticus: If a person having a seizure doesn’t regain consciousness within five minutes or longer, it requires urgent medical help. This is called status epilepticus, and it’s a life-threatening health condition, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP): This is a sudden and unexpected outcome of an epileptic seizure. About 1 in 1,000 people with epilepsy have a SUDEP with no clear cause, Anxiety and depression: People with epilepsy are susceptible to developing anxiety disorders and even depression. Frontal lobe epilepsy in children is associated with a higher chance of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

• #51 All About Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (FLE)Healthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/frontal-lobe-epilepsy

  Symptoms of FLE commonly happen for about 30 seconds at a time. They can develop while you’re awake or when you’re asleep, but they’re most common during sleep. […] FLE is primarily treated with medications called anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). These medications help control activity between neurons to reduce or stop seizures. […] Possible complications of FLE can include: cognitive impairment, which may be more pronounced in school settings; behavioral challenges; increased risk of depression. […] Frontal lobe epilepsy affects the front portion of your brain and can lead to chronic focal seizures.

• #52 Frontal lobe seizures | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures

  Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate. […] Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include: Head and eye movement to one side. Not responding to others or having trouble speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter. Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer. Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting. […] Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include: Seizures that last dangerously long. Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #53

• #54

• #55 Strange episodes during sleep – epilepsy or parasomnia? | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/03/clinical-review/strange-episodes-during-sleep-epilepsy-or-parasomnia

  In some forms of epilepsy, the seizures occur almost exclusively during sleep. This is particularly the case with hypermotor frontal lobe seizures. […] The pattern of sleep-related hypermotor seizures is generally stereotypical. They occur during non-REM sleep, are short ( 60 seconds) and usually manifest themselves as severe motor activity. Patients seem frenetic and agitated; they kick, wave their arms or roll around in the bed. Many make repetitive sounds in the form of shouting, swearing or anguished screams. […] The form of the seizures varies somewhat, depending on the location of the area causing the seizure within the frontal lobe. Some patients may have relatively mild motor symptoms, for example only a brief extending of an extremity. […] The treatment follows normal principles for treatment of focal epilepsies; first antiseizure medications should be tried, for example low dose carbamazepine drugs (oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine) at night, lamotrigine, levetiracetam or valproate. Most patients gain control of their seizures with medication, but up to 30 % are pharmacoresistant. […] Although the prognosis in patients with typical sleep-related hypermotor seizures and without underlying brain changes is usually good, several years of fragmented sleep can cause cognitive impairment and poor quality of life.

• #56 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Behavior – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/frontal-lobe-epilepsy-and-behavior/

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is a seizure disorder that starts in the frontal lobes of the brain. This area controls emotions, solving problems, and moving on purpose. When seizures happen here, they can change behavior, mood, and personality. This affects life at home and work. […] Frontal lobe seizures are special. They often happen when you’re sleeping and can look strange. […] Signs of frontal lobe seizures are sudden stops in movement or behavior. You might see repetitive movements or have trouble speaking. These seizures can be hard to spot because they can be small or not follow a pattern. […] Frontal lobe epilepsy changes many parts of daily life. It affects personal and work life a lot. It brings about behavior changes and thinking problems. These changes make it hard for people to be social and work well.

• #57

  https://journals.lww.com/aips/fulltext/2022/06040/nocturnal_frontal_lobe_epilepsy_presenting_as.15.aspx

  NFLE can lead to excessive daytime somnolence, which may often be incapacitating and interfere with patient’s daily life. Previous studies have shown that about two-thirds of NFLE patients benefit from carbamazepine administration, which in this case lead to the abolition of symptoms. […] Timely diagnosis and initiation of anti-epileptics can help achieve adequate control of NFLE.

• #58

• #59 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Behavior – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/frontal-lobe-epilepsy-and-behavior/

  People with frontal lobe epilepsy may act differently. They might act impulsively, have mood swings, and behave erratically. This can make it hard to keep friends and do well at work. […] The brain’s frontal lobe is key for thinking and making decisions. It helps with memory, attention, and solving problems. When seizures hit this area, it can make it hard to plan, solve problems, and stay focused. […] Frontal lobe seizures begin with quick electrical activity. This can show as sudden moves, odd actions, or a brief moment of not knowing what’s happening. Frontal lobe seizures are fast to start and stop, usually in seconds or minutes. […] Neurologists find seizure disorders in the frontal lobes complex. They can be hard to spot because of their sudden and odd signs.

• #60 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-clinical

  Even when such characteristics are present, however, distinguishing frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events remains difficult based on history alone, and patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often directed first to psychiatrists rather than to neurologists. […] The semiologic findings may vary according to the specific part of the frontal lobe involved at the onset: Dominant hemisphere involvement – May be indicated by prominent language disturbances; Supplementary motor area (SMA) – Typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical, bilateral tonic posturing; may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest; seizures frequently preceded by a somatosensory aura; seizure lateralization is contralateral to the extended arm; Primary motor cortex – Usually focal motor seizures with clonic or myoclonic movements and preserved awareness; Jacksonian spread to adjacent cortical areas may occur, and progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity; Medial frontal, cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, or frontopolar regions – Complex behavioral events characterized by motor agitation and gestural automatisms; viscerosensory symptoms and strong emotional feelings often described, most commonly fear; motor activity repetitive and may involve pelvic thrusting, pedaling, or thrashing, often accompanied by vocalizations or laughter/crying; seizures often bizarre and may be diagnosed incorrectly as psychogenic; Dorsolateral cortex – Tonic posturing or clonic movements often associated with either contralateral head and eye deviation, or less commonly, ipsilateral head turn; Operculum – Swallowing, salivation, mastication, epigastric aura, fear, and speech arrest often associated with clonic facial movements; gustatory hallucinations also may occur; Nonlocalizable frontal seizures – Rare, manifesting as brief staring spells accompanied by generalized spike/wave on EEG, which may be difficult to distinguish from primarily generalized absence seizures; may present as generalized tonic-clonic seizures without obvious focal onset. […] Stereo EEG (SEEG) can be used to explore the seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and can be grouped in motor signs (either elementary or complex) and emotional signs, with a rostrocaudal gradient of anatomical electroclinical correlations.

• #61 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  The frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain. Its high connectivity with other cortical regions can result in rapid, widespread ictal propagation. Moreover, some of the semiological features from more rostral areas may result more from disinhibition (removal of higher cortical control) than from direct activation. Together, these can make frontal lobe seizure semiology complex and difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, seizures have characteristic patterns depending on the area of the frontal lobe involved. In general, frontal lobe seizures are typically brief, may cluster, can have prominent vocalisation and commonly occur from sleep. Motor features are prominent and include various different motor phenomena, including simple clonic movements, tonic posturing and eye deviation, or more complex movements such as cycling, rocking and grimacing. Seizures can appear bizarre, with bilateral motor phenomena, but with retained awareness. Ictal scalp EEG may show no changes if there is a deep source, or may be obscured by movement artefact, and so frontal lobe seizures may be mistaken for dissociative (non-epileptic) attacks.

• #62 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-clinical

  Even when such characteristics are present, however, distinguishing frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events remains difficult based on history alone, and patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often directed first to psychiatrists rather than to neurologists. […] The semiologic findings may vary according to the specific part of the frontal lobe involved at the onset: Dominant hemisphere involvement – May be indicated by prominent language disturbances; Supplementary motor area (SMA) – Typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical, bilateral tonic posturing; may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest; seizures frequently preceded by a somatosensory aura; seizure lateralization is contralateral to the extended arm; Primary motor cortex – Usually focal motor seizures with clonic or myoclonic movements and preserved awareness; Jacksonian spread to adjacent cortical areas may occur, and progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity; Medial frontal, cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, or frontopolar regions – Complex behavioral events characterized by motor agitation and gestural automatisms; viscerosensory symptoms and strong emotional feelings often described, most commonly fear; motor activity repetitive and may involve pelvic thrusting, pedaling, or thrashing, often accompanied by vocalizations or laughter/crying; seizures often bizarre and may be diagnosed incorrectly as psychogenic; Dorsolateral cortex – Tonic posturing or clonic movements often associated with either contralateral head and eye deviation, or less commonly, ipsilateral head turn; Operculum – Swallowing, salivation, mastication, epigastric aura, fear, and speech arrest often associated with clonic facial movements; gustatory hallucinations also may occur; Nonlocalizable frontal seizures – Rare, manifesting as brief staring spells accompanied by generalized spike/wave on EEG, which may be difficult to distinguish from primarily generalized absence seizures; may present as generalized tonic-clonic seizures without obvious focal onset. […] Stereo EEG (SEEG) can be used to explore the seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and can be grouped in motor signs (either elementary or complex) and emotional signs, with a rostrocaudal gradient of anatomical electroclinical correlations.

• #63 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  The ictal onset patterns during intracranial studies with stereo-EEG show that elementary motor signs (clonic, tonic, versive) arise from precentral and premotor regions, while more complex motor signs arise from more rostral frontal regions. Non-integrated (less natural) gestural behaviour with proximal stereotypies, such as rocking and turning, are from premotor and posterior prefrontal regions, and more integrated (natural) gestural behaviour with distal stereotypies, such as manual automatisms, arise from more anterior prefrontal regions (orbitofrontal cortex, frontal pole, anterior cingulate). In clinical practice, these distinctions may be confounded by rapid propagation. […] Seizures from primary motor cortex comprise contralateral unilateral clonic or sometimes tonic or myoclonic activity that can spread to adjacent areas: the Jacksonian march, reflecting ictal activity spread through the motor cortex. It is therefore possible to distinguish lateral from medial precentral seizures, depending on whether the seizure starts in face, upper or lower limb. The spread is typically slow, representing the slow recruitment of neurones during tangential spread of the ictal wavefront.

• #64 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-clinical

  Even when such characteristics are present, however, distinguishing frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events remains difficult based on history alone, and patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often directed first to psychiatrists rather than to neurologists. […] The semiologic findings may vary according to the specific part of the frontal lobe involved at the onset: Dominant hemisphere involvement – May be indicated by prominent language disturbances; Supplementary motor area (SMA) – Typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical, bilateral tonic posturing; may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest; seizures frequently preceded by a somatosensory aura; seizure lateralization is contralateral to the extended arm; Primary motor cortex – Usually focal motor seizures with clonic or myoclonic movements and preserved awareness; Jacksonian spread to adjacent cortical areas may occur, and progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity; Medial frontal, cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, or frontopolar regions – Complex behavioral events characterized by motor agitation and gestural automatisms; viscerosensory symptoms and strong emotional feelings often described, most commonly fear; motor activity repetitive and may involve pelvic thrusting, pedaling, or thrashing, often accompanied by vocalizations or laughter/crying; seizures often bizarre and may be diagnosed incorrectly as psychogenic; Dorsolateral cortex – Tonic posturing or clonic movements often associated with either contralateral head and eye deviation, or less commonly, ipsilateral head turn; Operculum – Swallowing, salivation, mastication, epigastric aura, fear, and speech arrest often associated with clonic facial movements; gustatory hallucinations also may occur; Nonlocalizable frontal seizures – Rare, manifesting as brief staring spells accompanied by generalized spike/wave on EEG, which may be difficult to distinguish from primarily generalized absence seizures; may present as generalized tonic-clonic seizures without obvious focal onset. […] Stereo EEG (SEEG) can be used to explore the seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and can be grouped in motor signs (either elementary or complex) and emotional signs, with a rostrocaudal gradient of anatomical electroclinical correlations.

• #65 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  Seizures arising in the supplementary motor area (SMA) are characterised by asymmetric bilateral tonic posturing, with or without impaired awareness. There may be extension of the upper limb contralateral to the hemisphere of onset, and flexion of the ipsilateral upper limb, known as a fencing posture, along with head and eye deviation contralateral to the hemisphere of onset. The motor features can be preceded by sensory features such as tingling, or tightness. […] Seizures arising from orbitofrontal cortex tend to have impaired awareness and automatisms, and may evolve to complex motor seizures. Olfactory auras occasionally occur and there may be autonomic features such as ictal tachycardia. Seizures arising from frontopolar cortex can also start with impaired awareness and progress to show other motor features. Seizures arising from ventromedial prefrontal regions, including anterior cingulate, have been associated with forced thinking and have hyperkinetic features; patients may appear to be frightened.

• #66 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-clinical

  Even when such characteristics are present, however, distinguishing frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events remains difficult based on history alone, and patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often directed first to psychiatrists rather than to neurologists. […] The semiologic findings may vary according to the specific part of the frontal lobe involved at the onset: Dominant hemisphere involvement – May be indicated by prominent language disturbances; Supplementary motor area (SMA) – Typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical, bilateral tonic posturing; may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest; seizures frequently preceded by a somatosensory aura; seizure lateralization is contralateral to the extended arm; Primary motor cortex – Usually focal motor seizures with clonic or myoclonic movements and preserved awareness; Jacksonian spread to adjacent cortical areas may occur, and progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity; Medial frontal, cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, or frontopolar regions – Complex behavioral events characterized by motor agitation and gestural automatisms; viscerosensory symptoms and strong emotional feelings often described, most commonly fear; motor activity repetitive and may involve pelvic thrusting, pedaling, or thrashing, often accompanied by vocalizations or laughter/crying; seizures often bizarre and may be diagnosed incorrectly as psychogenic; Dorsolateral cortex – Tonic posturing or clonic movements often associated with either contralateral head and eye deviation, or less commonly, ipsilateral head turn; Operculum – Swallowing, salivation, mastication, epigastric aura, fear, and speech arrest often associated with clonic facial movements; gustatory hallucinations also may occur; Nonlocalizable frontal seizures – Rare, manifesting as brief staring spells accompanied by generalized spike/wave on EEG, which may be difficult to distinguish from primarily generalized absence seizures; may present as generalized tonic-clonic seizures without obvious focal onset. […] Stereo EEG (SEEG) can be used to explore the seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and can be grouped in motor signs (either elementary or complex) and emotional signs, with a rostrocaudal gradient of anatomical electroclinical correlations.

• #67 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  Seizures arising in the supplementary motor area (SMA) are characterised by asymmetric bilateral tonic posturing, with or without impaired awareness. There may be extension of the upper limb contralateral to the hemisphere of onset, and flexion of the ipsilateral upper limb, known as a fencing posture, along with head and eye deviation contralateral to the hemisphere of onset. The motor features can be preceded by sensory features such as tingling, or tightness. […] Seizures arising from orbitofrontal cortex tend to have impaired awareness and automatisms, and may evolve to complex motor seizures. Olfactory auras occasionally occur and there may be autonomic features such as ictal tachycardia. Seizures arising from frontopolar cortex can also start with impaired awareness and progress to show other motor features. Seizures arising from ventromedial prefrontal regions, including anterior cingulate, have been associated with forced thinking and have hyperkinetic features; patients may appear to be frightened.

• #68 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  Seizures arising from the contralateral dorsolateral frontal cortex (involving the frontal eye fields) may show early head version (forced, sustained and extreme turning of the head with neck extension) and eye version. Seizures arising in the dominant hemisphere, especially if in or near Brocas area, can cause dysphasia. Seizures arising from frontal operculum are characterised by face clonic movements that may be unilateral, with laryngeal symptoms, hypersalivation and articulation difficulties. […] Seizures arising from the anterior cingulate are characterised by intense fright, screaming and vocalisations, with autonomic signs and complex gestural automatisms or hypermotor activity. A later case series that included cases with seizures arising from both posterior and anterior cingulate, identified that there were two groups of patients with seizures arising from the anterior cingulate: those with typical hypermotor seizures with fear, autonomic features and infrequent generalisation, and a subgroup (all with infiltrating astrocytomas) with simple motor features and frequent generalisation.

• #69 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-clinical

  Even when such characteristics are present, however, distinguishing frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events remains difficult based on history alone, and patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often directed first to psychiatrists rather than to neurologists. […] The semiologic findings may vary according to the specific part of the frontal lobe involved at the onset: Dominant hemisphere involvement – May be indicated by prominent language disturbances; Supplementary motor area (SMA) – Typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical, bilateral tonic posturing; may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest; seizures frequently preceded by a somatosensory aura; seizure lateralization is contralateral to the extended arm; Primary motor cortex – Usually focal motor seizures with clonic or myoclonic movements and preserved awareness; Jacksonian spread to adjacent cortical areas may occur, and progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity; Medial frontal, cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, or frontopolar regions – Complex behavioral events characterized by motor agitation and gestural automatisms; viscerosensory symptoms and strong emotional feelings often described, most commonly fear; motor activity repetitive and may involve pelvic thrusting, pedaling, or thrashing, often accompanied by vocalizations or laughter/crying; seizures often bizarre and may be diagnosed incorrectly as psychogenic; Dorsolateral cortex – Tonic posturing or clonic movements often associated with either contralateral head and eye deviation, or less commonly, ipsilateral head turn; Operculum – Swallowing, salivation, mastication, epigastric aura, fear, and speech arrest often associated with clonic facial movements; gustatory hallucinations also may occur; Nonlocalizable frontal seizures – Rare, manifesting as brief staring spells accompanied by generalized spike/wave on EEG, which may be difficult to distinguish from primarily generalized absence seizures; may present as generalized tonic-clonic seizures without obvious focal onset. […] Stereo EEG (SEEG) can be used to explore the seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and can be grouped in motor signs (either elementary or complex) and emotional signs, with a rostrocaudal gradient of anatomical electroclinical correlations.

• #70 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  Seizures arising from the contralateral dorsolateral frontal cortex (involving the frontal eye fields) may show early head version (forced, sustained and extreme turning of the head with neck extension) and eye version. Seizures arising in the dominant hemisphere, especially if in or near Brocas area, can cause dysphasia. Seizures arising from frontal operculum are characterised by face clonic movements that may be unilateral, with laryngeal symptoms, hypersalivation and articulation difficulties. […] Seizures arising from the anterior cingulate are characterised by intense fright, screaming and vocalisations, with autonomic signs and complex gestural automatisms or hypermotor activity. A later case series that included cases with seizures arising from both posterior and anterior cingulate, identified that there were two groups of patients with seizures arising from the anterior cingulate: those with typical hypermotor seizures with fear, autonomic features and infrequent generalisation, and a subgroup (all with infiltrating astrocytomas) with simple motor features and frequent generalisation.

• #71 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-clinical

  Even when such characteristics are present, however, distinguishing frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events remains difficult based on history alone, and patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often directed first to psychiatrists rather than to neurologists. […] The semiologic findings may vary according to the specific part of the frontal lobe involved at the onset: Dominant hemisphere involvement – May be indicated by prominent language disturbances; Supplementary motor area (SMA) – Typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical, bilateral tonic posturing; may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest; seizures frequently preceded by a somatosensory aura; seizure lateralization is contralateral to the extended arm; Primary motor cortex – Usually focal motor seizures with clonic or myoclonic movements and preserved awareness; Jacksonian spread to adjacent cortical areas may occur, and progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity; Medial frontal, cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal, or frontopolar regions – Complex behavioral events characterized by motor agitation and gestural automatisms; viscerosensory symptoms and strong emotional feelings often described, most commonly fear; motor activity repetitive and may involve pelvic thrusting, pedaling, or thrashing, often accompanied by vocalizations or laughter/crying; seizures often bizarre and may be diagnosed incorrectly as psychogenic; Dorsolateral cortex – Tonic posturing or clonic movements often associated with either contralateral head and eye deviation, or less commonly, ipsilateral head turn; Operculum – Swallowing, salivation, mastication, epigastric aura, fear, and speech arrest often associated with clonic facial movements; gustatory hallucinations also may occur; Nonlocalizable frontal seizures – Rare, manifesting as brief staring spells accompanied by generalized spike/wave on EEG, which may be difficult to distinguish from primarily generalized absence seizures; may present as generalized tonic-clonic seizures without obvious focal onset. […] Stereo EEG (SEEG) can be used to explore the seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and can be grouped in motor signs (either elementary or complex) and emotional signs, with a rostrocaudal gradient of anatomical electroclinical correlations.

• #72 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  Seizures arising from the contralateral dorsolateral frontal cortex (involving the frontal eye fields) may show early head version (forced, sustained and extreme turning of the head with neck extension) and eye version. Seizures arising in the dominant hemisphere, especially if in or near Brocas area, can cause dysphasia. Seizures arising from frontal operculum are characterised by face clonic movements that may be unilateral, with laryngeal symptoms, hypersalivation and articulation difficulties. […] Seizures arising from the anterior cingulate are characterised by intense fright, screaming and vocalisations, with autonomic signs and complex gestural automatisms or hypermotor activity. A later case series that included cases with seizures arising from both posterior and anterior cingulate, identified that there were two groups of patients with seizures arising from the anterior cingulate: those with typical hypermotor seizures with fear, autonomic features and infrequent generalisation, and a subgroup (all with infiltrating astrocytomas) with simple motor features and frequent generalisation.

• #73 Frontal lobe epilepsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy

  Motor symptoms of seizures in this area are accompanied by emotional feelings and viscerosensory symptoms. […] This area does not seem to have many motor symptoms beyond tonic posturing or clonic movements. […] Many of the symptoms associated with this area involve the head and digestive tract: swallowing, salivation, mastication and possibly gustatory hallucinations. […] Seizures originating directly from head trauma usually occur within a few months, but occasionally they can take years to manifest.

• #74 FRONTAL LOBE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html

  The frontal lobe is the largest lobe. Seizures involving frontal lobe network have distinctive features depending on the area of the frontal lobe involved. Motor features are prominent and may be hyperkinetic (e.g. pelvic thrusting, bipedal kicking or pedalling) or asymmetric tonic in nature. The motor feature may not be the initial sign and the seizure may be a focal aware non-motor seizure with the prominent motor phase occurring a brief period after seizure onset. Seizures are typically brief overall, and can have prominent vocalization, bizarre behavior, urinary incontinence, and head and eye deviation. Seizures may be exclusively nocturnal and often cluster. The ictal EEG may not show ictal patterns or may be obscured by movement artifact. […] When awareness is impaired, focal impaired awareness seizures of frontal origin can be difficult to distinguish from absence seizures.

• #75 Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/21/6/481

  The frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain. Its high connectivity with other cortical regions can result in rapid, widespread ictal propagation. Moreover, some of the semiological features from more rostral areas may result more from disinhibition (removal of higher cortical control) than from direct activation. Together, these can make frontal lobe seizure semiology complex and difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, seizures have characteristic patterns depending on the area of the frontal lobe involved. In general, frontal lobe seizures are typically brief, may cluster, can have prominent vocalisation and commonly occur from sleep. Motor features are prominent and include various different motor phenomena, including simple clonic movements, tonic posturing and eye deviation, or more complex movements such as cycling, rocking and grimacing. Seizures can appear bizarre, with bilateral motor phenomena, but with retained awareness. Ictal scalp EEG may show no changes if there is a deep source, or may be obscured by movement artefact, and so frontal lobe seizures may be mistaken for dissociative (non-epileptic) attacks.

• #76 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-overview

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures arising from the frontal lobes. Frequently, seizure types are focal onset with preserved or impaired awareness, often with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. […] A frontal lobe seizure is often the seizure type most difficult to diagnose as it can be easily mistaken for a parasomnia or nonepileptic event. The following features help to distinguish frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events: Stereotyped semiology, Occurrence during EEG-confirmed sleep, Brief duration (often 30 seconds), Rapid secondary generalization, Prominent motor manifestations, Complex automatisms. […] Approximately 65-75% of patients with frontal lobe seizures respond to appropriate antiseizure medications and become seizure free. However, approximately 30% of patients will be intractable, many of whom will continue to have frequent nocturnal seizures. […] An important feature in prognosis is the early recognition of frontal lobe seizures as an epileptic syndrome rather than as a parasomnia or a psychiatric condition.

• #77 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy | The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation

  https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/frontal-lobe-epilepsy/

  Frontal lobe seizures are usually short, lasting around 30 seconds with quick recovery times. […] The seizures might begin with a slight aura, which is an unusual feeling, experience, or movement. […] The seizures may be exclusively nocturnal and appear in clusters, which are closely grouped series of seizures. […] Although the seizures are brief, various effects can be seen to impact vocalizations and motor functions. […] Signs and symptoms of frontal lobe seizures may include: Prominent vocalization (i.e., explosive screams), Unusual behavior, Urinary incontinence, Head and eye movement deviation, Abnormal body posture, Repetitive movements, Complete or partial unresponsiveness or difficult speaking.

• #78 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy – Long-term Management Of Children With Epilepsy

  https://www.wjdpn.cn/epilepsy/en/frontal-lobe-epilepsy.html

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is an epileptic focus originated from any part of the frontal lobe. In general, most of them have the following clinical features: Motor symptoms are prominent (often with significant tonic or gestural motor behavior), and the seizure form is quite stereotypies. The seizures are frequent (sometimes several times a day), each time is short (usually less than 30 seconds), and the onset and end of the seizures are often sudden. Seizures are more common at night or during sleep. Consciousness can be preserved during epileptic seizures, and slight or no confusion after seizures. The aura of frontal lobe seizures is usually manifested as head discomfort or generalized diffuse paresthesias, often lacking clear positioning and lateralization cues. Secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures are more common.

• #79 FRONTAL LOBE SEIZURE

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html

  Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures can be mistaken for parasomnias, however: Frontal lobe seizures are usually brief events ( 2 minutes), with stereotyped features seen from seizure to seizure and preserved awareness. Parasomnias are usually longer in duration ( 10 minutes), have variable features from event to event and are characterized by a confusional state with the patient having no memory of the event afterwards. […] Frontal lobe seizures may be mis-diagnosed as non-epileptic seizures as there may be bilateral motor phenomena with preserved awareness, and the ictal EEG can be normal.

• #80 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184076-overview

  Frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures arising from the frontal lobes. Frequently, seizure types are focal onset with preserved or impaired awareness, often with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. […] A frontal lobe seizure is often the seizure type most difficult to diagnose as it can be easily mistaken for a parasomnia or nonepileptic event. The following features help to distinguish frontal lobe seizures from nonepileptic events: Stereotyped semiology, Occurrence during EEG-confirmed sleep, Brief duration (often 30 seconds), Rapid secondary generalization, Prominent motor manifestations, Complex automatisms. […] Approximately 65-75% of patients with frontal lobe seizures respond to appropriate antiseizure medications and become seizure free. However, approximately 30% of patients will be intractable, many of whom will continue to have frequent nocturnal seizures. […] An important feature in prognosis is the early recognition of frontal lobe seizures as an epileptic syndrome rather than as a parasomnia or a psychiatric condition.

• #81

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