Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Osteoporosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441901/

  Osteoporosis is defined as low bone mineral density caused by altered bone microstructure, ultimately predisposing patients to low-impact, fragility fractures. […] Primary osteoporosis is related to the aging process in conjunction with decreasing sex hormones. The bones demonstrate deterioration in microarchitecture, leading to loss of bone mineral density and increased risk of a fracture. Other diseases or their treatments cause secondary osteoporosis. […] Risk factors for osteoporosis include increasing age, bodyweight of under 128 pounds, smoking, family history of osteoporosis, white or Asian race, early menopause, low levels of physical activity, and a personal history of a fracture from a ground-level fall or minor trauma after the age of forty. […] The risk of fracture is high in the following: Advanced age, Prior history of a fracture, Female gender, Use of corticosteroids, Low body mass index, Smoker, Secondary osteoporosis, Intake of alcohol. […] Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance of bone resorption and bone remodeling, leading to decreased skeletal mass. […] Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affecting millions of elderly individuals.

• #2 Osteoporosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-overview

  Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology and is the most common metabolic bone disease in the United States. It has been most frequently recognized in postmenopausal women, persons with small bone structure, the elderly, and in whites and Asians, although it does occur in both sexes, all races, and all age groups. […] Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The disease often does not become clinically apparent until a fracture occurs. […] Etiologically, osteoporosis is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It is divided into juvenile and idiopathic osteoporosis; idiopathic osteoporosis can be further subdivided into postmenopausal (type I) and age-associated or senile (type II) osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily due to estrogen deficiency. Senile osteoporosis is primarily due to an aging skeleton and calcium deficiency. […] Secondary osteoporosis occurs when an underlying disease, deficiency, or drug causes osteoporosis. Up to one-third of postmenopausal women, as well as many men and premenopausal women, have a coexisting cause of bone loss, of which renal hypercalciuria is one of the most important secondary causes of osteoporosis and treatable with thiazide diuretics.

• #3 Osteoporosis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis literally means bones with holes. It occurs when bones lose minerals such as calcium more quickly than the body can replace them. They become less dense, lose strength and break more easily. […] Most people dont realise they have osteoporosis until a fracture happens, however there are many risk factors which can impact bone health and these should be investigated. Early intervention and diagnosis can help prevent unwanted factures. as there are usually no signs or symptoms. […] There are many risk factors for osteoporosis, some of which you cannot change, such as being female, and having a direct relative who has had an osteoporotic fracture. […] Other risk factors include inadequate amounts of dietary calcium, low vitamin D levels, cigarette smoking or alcohol intake of more than two standard drinks per day, lack of physical activity, early menopause (before the age of 45), loss of menstrual period if it is associated with reduced production of oestrogen.

• #4 Osteoporosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-overview

  Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology and is the most common metabolic bone disease in the United States. It has been most frequently recognized in postmenopausal women, persons with small bone structure, the elderly, and in whites and Asians, although it does occur in both sexes, all races, and all age groups. […] Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The disease often does not become clinically apparent until a fracture occurs. […] Etiologically, osteoporosis is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It is divided into juvenile and idiopathic osteoporosis; idiopathic osteoporosis can be further subdivided into postmenopausal (type I) and age-associated or senile (type II) osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily due to estrogen deficiency. Senile osteoporosis is primarily due to an aging skeleton and calcium deficiency. […] Secondary osteoporosis occurs when an underlying disease, deficiency, or drug causes osteoporosis. Up to one-third of postmenopausal women, as well as many men and premenopausal women, have a coexisting cause of bone loss, of which renal hypercalciuria is one of the most important secondary causes of osteoporosis and treatable with thiazide diuretics.

• #5 Osteoporosis: Causes, Mechanisms, Treatment and Prevention: Role of Dietary Compounds

  https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1697

  Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by a loss of bone density, which mainly affects the microstructure of the bones due to a decrease in bone mass, thereby making them more fragile and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis is currently considered one of the pandemics of the 21st century, affecting around 200 million people. Its most serious consequence is an increased risk of bone fractures, thus making osteoporosis a major cause of disability and even premature death in the elderly. […] Osteoporosis can be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary osteoporosis is usually a consequence of normal aging and is further divided into postmenopausal osteoporosis, age-related (senile) osteoporosis and idiopathic osteoporosis. Osteoporosis caused by other diseases, disorders or other medication is referred to as secondary osteoporosis.

• #6 Osteoporosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-overview

  Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology and is the most common metabolic bone disease in the United States. It has been most frequently recognized in postmenopausal women, persons with small bone structure, the elderly, and in whites and Asians, although it does occur in both sexes, all races, and all age groups. […] Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The disease often does not become clinically apparent until a fracture occurs. […] Etiologically, osteoporosis is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It is divided into juvenile and idiopathic osteoporosis; idiopathic osteoporosis can be further subdivided into postmenopausal (type I) and age-associated or senile (type II) osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily due to estrogen deficiency. Senile osteoporosis is primarily due to an aging skeleton and calcium deficiency. […] Secondary osteoporosis occurs when an underlying disease, deficiency, or drug causes osteoporosis. Up to one-third of postmenopausal women, as well as many men and premenopausal women, have a coexisting cause of bone loss, of which renal hypercalciuria is one of the most important secondary causes of osteoporosis and treatable with thiazide diuretics.

• #7 Types and Causes of Osteoporosis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/osteoporosis/types-and-causes-osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis may be categorized based on its underlying causes. Primary osteoporosis is caused by natural age-related changes to bone density. Some cases of osteoporosis develop as the result of a separate condition or medication, called secondary osteoporosis. […] Because the treatments for primary and secondary osteoporosis differ, it is important to know if osteoporosis is age-related or caused by another underlying condition. […] Primary osteoporosis is caused by natural changes to bone mass and strength that come with age. […] For most patients, osteoporosis is caused by natural changes to bone mass and strength that come with age. Primary osteoporosis is most notable in women who have gone through menopause, but can affect anyone in advanced age. […] As a person ages, the process of bone breaking down (resorption) becomes faster than bone can be rebuilt (bone formation). This imbalance leads to lower bone mass and loss of integrity of the bone structure, causing bones to become thinner, weaker, and more susceptible to fractures. […] In women going through menopause, estrogen is drastically decreased at a relatively rapid rate. With less estrogen, more bone is removed than is laid down. When bone thins due to suddenly lower estrogen levels, it is considered postmenopausal osteoporosis.

• #8 Osteoporosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-overview

  Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology and is the most common metabolic bone disease in the United States. It has been most frequently recognized in postmenopausal women, persons with small bone structure, the elderly, and in whites and Asians, although it does occur in both sexes, all races, and all age groups. […] Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The disease often does not become clinically apparent until a fracture occurs. […] Etiologically, osteoporosis is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It is divided into juvenile and idiopathic osteoporosis; idiopathic osteoporosis can be further subdivided into postmenopausal (type I) and age-associated or senile (type II) osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily due to estrogen deficiency. Senile osteoporosis is primarily due to an aging skeleton and calcium deficiency. […] Secondary osteoporosis occurs when an underlying disease, deficiency, or drug causes osteoporosis. Up to one-third of postmenopausal women, as well as many men and premenopausal women, have a coexisting cause of bone loss, of which renal hypercalciuria is one of the most important secondary causes of osteoporosis and treatable with thiazide diuretics.

• #9 Types and Causes of Osteoporosis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/osteoporosis/types-and-causes-osteoporosis

  A separate health condition can affect the process of bone growth and diminish bone density, called secondary osteoporosis. […] In such cases, a health condition or medication directly or indirectly influences bone metabolism, leading to lower bone density and a risk for developing osteoporosis later in life. […] Health conditions that may cause secondary osteoporosis can include endocrine disorders that affect the system of glands that control hormones in the body. […] Because hormones play an important role in bone growth, too much or too little hormone release can raise the risk of low bone density. […] The long-term use of medications to treat these conditions can also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis. […] Osteoporosis induced by glucocorticoid use is the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis.

• #10 Osteoporosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441901/

  Osteoporosis is defined as low bone mineral density caused by altered bone microstructure, ultimately predisposing patients to low-impact, fragility fractures. […] Primary osteoporosis is related to the aging process in conjunction with decreasing sex hormones. The bones demonstrate deterioration in microarchitecture, leading to loss of bone mineral density and increased risk of a fracture. Other diseases or their treatments cause secondary osteoporosis. […] Risk factors for osteoporosis include increasing age, bodyweight of under 128 pounds, smoking, family history of osteoporosis, white or Asian race, early menopause, low levels of physical activity, and a personal history of a fracture from a ground-level fall or minor trauma after the age of forty. […] The risk of fracture is high in the following: Advanced age, Prior history of a fracture, Female gender, Use of corticosteroids, Low body mass index, Smoker, Secondary osteoporosis, Intake of alcohol. […] Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance of bone resorption and bone remodeling, leading to decreased skeletal mass. […] Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affecting millions of elderly individuals.

• #11 Pathophysiology | International Osteoporosis Foundation

  https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/health-professionals/about-osteoporosis/pathophysiology

  In adults, the daily removal of small amounts of bone mineral, a process called resorption, is balanced by an equal deposition of new mineral in order to maintain bone strength. When this balance tips toward excessive resorption, bones weaken and over time can become brittle and prone to fracture (osteoporosis). […] Understanding how bone remodelling is regulated is the key to the effective prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. […] Continual remodelling, and its effect on bone microarchitecture have a huge impact on the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. […] The balance between bone resorption and bone deposition is determined by the activities of two principle cell types, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which are from two different origins. […] The balance of RANKL/osteoprotegerin may be crucial in osteoporosis. In fact, animal studies showed that increased production of osteoprotegerin leads to an increase in bone mass, while loss of the protein leads to osteoporosis and increased fractures. […] Subtle differences in the genetic code might explain why one persons osteoblasts or osteoclasts are more active or responsive to their environment, and it might also lead to the discovery of unknown regulatory mechanisms. Environmental factors can also have an enormous impact on bone physiology.

• #12 Pathophysiology | International Osteoporosis Foundation

  https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/health-professionals/about-osteoporosis/pathophysiology

  In adults, the daily removal of small amounts of bone mineral, a process called resorption, is balanced by an equal deposition of new mineral in order to maintain bone strength. When this balance tips toward excessive resorption, bones weaken and over time can become brittle and prone to fracture (osteoporosis). […] Understanding how bone remodelling is regulated is the key to the effective prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. […] Continual remodelling, and its effect on bone microarchitecture have a huge impact on the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. […] The balance between bone resorption and bone deposition is determined by the activities of two principle cell types, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which are from two different origins. […] The balance of RANKL/osteoprotegerin may be crucial in osteoporosis. In fact, animal studies showed that increased production of osteoprotegerin leads to an increase in bone mass, while loss of the protein leads to osteoporosis and increased fractures. […] Subtle differences in the genetic code might explain why one persons osteoblasts or osteoclasts are more active or responsive to their environment, and it might also lead to the discovery of unknown regulatory mechanisms. Environmental factors can also have an enormous impact on bone physiology.

• #13 Osteoporosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis can be a symptom of mast cell activation syndrome. […] Several inherited or genetic disorders have been linked to osteoporosis. […] Osteoporosis occurs when reduction in bone mass surpasses a critical threshold with greater susceptibility to fracturing. […] The underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. […] The three main mechanisms by which osteoporosis develops are an inadequate peak bone mass, excessive bone resorption, and inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling. […] Hormonal factors strongly determine the rate of bone resorption; lack of estrogen increases bone resorption, as well as decreasing the deposition of new bone that normally takes place in weight-bearing bones. […] The activation of osteoclasts is regulated by various molecular signals, of which RANKL is one of the best-studied. […] Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult.

• #14 Pathophysiology | International Osteoporosis Foundation

  https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/health-professionals/about-osteoporosis/pathophysiology

  In adults, the daily removal of small amounts of bone mineral, a process called resorption, is balanced by an equal deposition of new mineral in order to maintain bone strength. When this balance tips toward excessive resorption, bones weaken and over time can become brittle and prone to fracture (osteoporosis). […] Understanding how bone remodelling is regulated is the key to the effective prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. […] Continual remodelling, and its effect on bone microarchitecture have a huge impact on the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. […] The balance between bone resorption and bone deposition is determined by the activities of two principle cell types, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which are from two different origins. […] The balance of RANKL/osteoprotegerin may be crucial in osteoporosis. In fact, animal studies showed that increased production of osteoprotegerin leads to an increase in bone mass, while loss of the protein leads to osteoporosis and increased fractures. […] Subtle differences in the genetic code might explain why one persons osteoblasts or osteoclasts are more active or responsive to their environment, and it might also lead to the discovery of unknown regulatory mechanisms. Environmental factors can also have an enormous impact on bone physiology.

• #15 Osteoporosis: Causes, Mechanisms, Treatment and Prevention: Role of Dietary Compounds

  https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1697

  Osteoporosis risk factors can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable. The modifiable factors include body weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, dietary calcium deficiency and the long-term use of glucocorticoids. The non-modifiable factors include sex, age, race and genetic characteristics. […] It has many causes, including a drop in estrogen levels in women or testosterone in men, unhealthy lifestyles, hormonal and nutritional disorders and genetic disorders, and it can even be a secondary consequence of the use of medicines. These triggers have direct and indirect effects on bone tissue cells, generating an imbalance either in favor of the activation of osteoclasts or the inhibition of osteoblasts, ultimately reducing the quality of the bone matrix. […] Osteoporosis caused by other diseases, disorders or other medication is referred to as secondary osteoporosis.

• #16 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis occurs when too much bone mass is lost and changes occur in the structure of bone tissue. Certain risk factors may lead to the development of osteoporosis or can increase the likelihood that you will develop the disease. […] Many people with osteoporosis have several risk factors, but others who develop osteoporosis may not have any specific risk factors. There are some risk factors that you cannot change, and others that you may be able to change. However, by understanding these factors, you may be able to prevent the disease and fractures. […] Factors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include: […] Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have lower peak bone mass and smaller bones than men. However, men are still at risk, especially after the age of 70.

• #17 Causes of osteoporosis

  https://theros.org.uk/information-and-support/osteoporosis/causes/

  Osteoporosis and broken bones have a number of known risk factors, which cause bones to lose strength. Some do this by reducing how much bone tissue your body makes and repairs, known as bone density. Others affect how strong your bones are, or their risk of breaking, in other ways. […] If you have low body weight, you’re more likely to have less bone tissue. […] Smoking slows down the cells that build bone in your body. […] Alcohol affects the cells that build and break down bone. […] Your genes determine the potential size and strength of your skeleton. […] From your late thirties, the amount of bone tissue you have starts to naturally decrease. […] Osteoporosis and broken bones are more common in women than men. […] If you’ve broken bones easily in the past, including in the spine, you are much more likely to break a bone in the future.

• #18 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases. […] Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men. […] White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. […] Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture. […] Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

• #19 Causes of osteoporosis

  https://theros.org.uk/information-and-support/osteoporosis/causes/

  Osteoporosis and broken bones have a number of known risk factors, which cause bones to lose strength. Some do this by reducing how much bone tissue your body makes and repairs, known as bone density. Others affect how strong your bones are, or their risk of breaking, in other ways. […] If you have low body weight, you’re more likely to have less bone tissue. […] Smoking slows down the cells that build bone in your body. […] Alcohol affects the cells that build and break down bone. […] Your genes determine the potential size and strength of your skeleton. […] From your late thirties, the amount of bone tissue you have starts to naturally decrease. […] Osteoporosis and broken bones are more common in women than men. […] If you’ve broken bones easily in the past, including in the spine, you are much more likely to break a bone in the future.

• #20 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases. […] Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men. […] White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. […] Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture. […] Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

• #21 What Causes Osteoporosis? | MyOsteoTeam

  https://www.myosteoteam.com/resources/what-causes-osteoporosis

  Ethnicity influences osteoporosis risk. The condition is less prevalent among non-Hispanic Black adults compared with non-Hispanic white adults, Hispanic adults, and Asian adults, according to research in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. […] Researchers have identified many environmental factors linked to the development of osteoporosis. […] Insufficient intake, particularly during the bone-building years of early adulthood, increases the risk. […] A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to the loss of bone mineral density. […] Heavy smoking has been shown to reduce bone mass, while chronic, excessive alcohol consumption during adolescence and early adulthood significantly decreases bone density. […] Exposure to the toxic metal cadmium is believed to contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

• #22 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases. […] Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men. […] White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. […] Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture. […] Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

• #23 Common Causes And Symptoms Of Osteoporosis | Los Angeles | Pacific Arthritis Care Center

  https://pacificarthritis.com/blog/common-causes-and-symptoms-of-osteoporosis/

  In this guide from Pacific Arthritis in Los Angeles, we explain the causes and symptoms of osteoporosis. […] Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone happens more slowly than the loss of old bone. […] What Are the Causes Of Osteoporosis You Can Not Control? […] Your sex. Women have a greater chance of developing osteoporosis than men. […] Age. As you become older, your risk of osteoporosis increases. This happens because as you age, bone loss happens more rapidly, while new bone growth happens more slowly. […] Race. If you are white or of Asian descent, you are at a greater risk of osteoporosis. […] Genetics. Having an immediate family member with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father has previously fractured a hip. […] Body frame size. As they age, people who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they might have less bone mass to draw from as they age.

• #24 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases. […] Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men. […] White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. […] Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture. […] Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

• #25 Understanding Osteoporosis: Causes, Risk Factors, & Prevention

  https://www.msmedicine.com/blog/understanding-osteoporosis-causes-risk-factors-prevention

  Your body is continually breaking down and developing new bones. If this process is balanced, then your bones stay strong. However, osteoporosis develops when your body breaks down bone faster than it creates new bone. […] There is no singular factor that causes bone loss. Instead, various risk factors that can increase ones likelihood of developing osteoporosis. […] Your sex, age, body size, race, family history, hormone levels, diet, medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle can all influence your risk of developing osteoporosis, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. […] You are more likely to develop osteoporosis if you have a parent or sibling with the disease. […] You are more likely to develop osteoporosis if you have too much or too little of certain hormones. Women with low levels of estrogen, men with low levels of testosterone, and people with high levels of thyroid hormone may be at increased risk of osteoporosis.

• #26 Osteoporosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis can be a symptom of mast cell activation syndrome. […] Several inherited or genetic disorders have been linked to osteoporosis. […] Osteoporosis occurs when reduction in bone mass surpasses a critical threshold with greater susceptibility to fracturing. […] The underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. […] The three main mechanisms by which osteoporosis develops are an inadequate peak bone mass, excessive bone resorption, and inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling. […] Hormonal factors strongly determine the rate of bone resorption; lack of estrogen increases bone resorption, as well as decreasing the deposition of new bone that normally takes place in weight-bearing bones. […] The activation of osteoclasts is regulated by various molecular signals, of which RANKL is one of the best-studied. […] Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult.

• #27 Osteoporosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | UW MedicineStethascopeHeart

  https://www.uwmedicine.org/conditions-symptoms/bone-joint-muscle/osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis results in weak, thinning bones with a higher risk of fracture. It affects all genders but especially women. […] Osteoporosis is a disease that causes weak, thinning bones. This puts the bones at greater risk of breaking. The bones most often affected are the hips, spine, and wrists. […] Researchers don’t know the exact cause for osteoporosis. But a number of factors contribute to the disease. […] Women are 4 times more likely to get osteoporosis than men. Here are other things that may put you at risk for osteoporosis: Older age. Bones become less dense and weaker with age. Race. White and Asian women are most at risk. But all races may get the disease. Body weight. People who weigh less and have less muscle are more at risk for this condition. Lifestyle factors. Lack of physical activity, caffeine, heavy alcohol use, smoking, dietary calcium, and vitamin D deficiency may all increase your risk. Certain medicines. Some medicines may increase your risk. Family history. Having a family history of bone disease may increase your risk. […] Having low bone mass (osteopenia) also puts you at a greater risk for osteoporosis. Low estrogen is one of the main causes of bone loss in women during and after menopause. Women may lose up to 20% of their bone mass in the 5 to 7 years after menopause.

• #28 Osteoporosis Causes: Lack of Calcium and Exercise, Smoking, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/strong-bones

  Are you searching for what causes osteoporosis? You may be surprised to learn that many factors contribute to the condition. For instance, a decrease in estrogen at menopause is one cause. There is also a genetic component. If your mother or grandmother had osteoporosis, the chances are higher that you will develop it, too. […] Eating a diet that’s low in calcium, getting little exercise, and smoking cigarettes can also increase your chances of getting osteoporosis. […] While some bone is lost each year, the rate of bone loss increases dramatically in the 5 to 10 years after menopause. Then, for several years, the breakdown of bone occurs at a much greater pace than the building of new bone. This is the process that eventually causes osteoporosis. […] Estrogen is important for maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, bone loss speeds up. This can happen with natural menopause or an early surgical menopause if you have your ovaries removed. […] Accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women.

• #29

• #30 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  In men low levels of testosterone can be caused by a number of conditions including liver disease, pituitary disease, chemotherapy, chronic illness and ageing. Some of these conditions can be treated with testosterone. […] Primary Hyperparathyroidism […] The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which controls blood calcium levels. In primary hyperparathyroidism a tumour (generally benign) in one or more of these glands causes the production of more parathyroid hormone than is needed. This causes an increase in bone turnover, which results in excess calcium release from bone and a rise in the level of calcium in the blood. As a result, the risk of osteoporosis and fractures also increases. […] Chronic Kidney Disease […] Many patients with chronic kidney disease are treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone, which puts them at risk for developing osteoporosis. In addition, chronic kidney disease may cause several different metabolic bone diseases (called renal osteodystrophy) that are associated with reduced bone formation, hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. In renal osteodystrophy bone quality is poor, and this increases the risk of fracture.

• #31

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoporosis/causes/

  Osteoporosis causes bones to become weaker and more fragile. Some people are more at risk than others. […] Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men because the hormone changes that happen at the menopause directly affect bone density. […] In most cases, the cause of osteoporosis in men is unknown. However, there’s a link to the male hormone testosterone, which helps keep the bones healthy. […] Many hormones in the body affect bone turnover. If you have a disorder of the hormone-producing glands, you may have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. […] Hormone-related disorders that can trigger osteoporosis include: overactive thyroid gland, reduced amounts of sex hormones (oestrogen and testosterone), disorders of the pituitary gland, overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism).

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Osteoporosis.aspx

  Osteoporosis is a common, yet serious bone disease affecting one-third of women and one-fifth of men worldwide. Caused by changes in the activity of bone generating and destroying cells leading to overall reduced bone mass density, this article discusses the hormonal, medication and lifestyle factors that contribute to its development. […] Osteoporosis occurs when the balance between the formation of new bone tissue and the destruction of old tissue leads to reduced bone density overall. […] Several hormones are associated with triggering activity in osteoblast or osteoclast cells, resulting in either reduced bone formation or increased bone destruction: […] Hyperthyroidism (the overproduction of thyroid hormone) increases the activity of osteoclasts, speeding up the rate at which bone cells are destroyed.

• #33 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases. […] Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men. […] White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. […] Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture. […] Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

• #34 What Causes Osteoporosis? And Why?

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/features/causes

  Too little vitamin D can lead to weak bones and increased bone loss. […] Bones weaken if they aren’t worked. […] High levels of thyroid hormone have long been linked to an increase in bone loss. […] Smokers suffer from lower bone density and a higher risk of fracture than non-smokers. […] Taking certain medications may lead to bone loss and an increase in bone fractures. […] A host of medical conditions can lead to bone loss, from genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis to digestive diseases to the tumors called multiple myeloma, which infiltrate bones with abnormal cells. […] Alcohol can arrest bone remodeling and increase your calcium loss.

• #35

• #36 Osteoporosis Risk Factors

  https://dhhr.wv.gov/hpcd/FocusAreas/osteoporosis/Pages/Osteo-Risk-Factors.aspx

  A lifetime diet low in calcium and vitamin D makes you more prone to bone loss. […] Long-term use of certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and some anticonvulsants can lead to loss of bone density and fractures. […] An inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest tends to weaken bones. […] Smoking is bad for bones as well as the heart and lungs. […] Excessive consumption of alcohol increases the risk of bone loss and fractures.

• #37

• #38 What Causes Osteoporosis? And Why?

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/features/causes

  Too little vitamin D can lead to weak bones and increased bone loss. […] Bones weaken if they aren’t worked. […] High levels of thyroid hormone have long been linked to an increase in bone loss. […] Smokers suffer from lower bone density and a higher risk of fracture than non-smokers. […] Taking certain medications may lead to bone loss and an increase in bone fractures. […] A host of medical conditions can lead to bone loss, from genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis to digestive diseases to the tumors called multiple myeloma, which infiltrate bones with abnormal cells. […] Alcohol can arrest bone remodeling and increase your calcium loss.

• #39

• #40 Causes of osteoporosis

  https://theros.org.uk/information-and-support/osteoporosis/causes/

  Known to affect bone strength: glucocorticoid (steroids) tablets, if taken for more than three months; anti-epileptic medications; breast cancer treatments, such as aromatase inhibitors; prostate cancer treatments that affect either the production of the male hormone testosterone, or the way it works in the body. […] Known to affect bone strength: rheumatoid arthritis; low levels of the sex hormone oestrogen in women; low levels of the sex hormone testosterone in men; hyperthyroidism; parathyroid disease; conditions that affect the absorption of food. […] If you think you might be at risk of osteoporosis or breaking a bone easily, do speak to your GP or another healthcare professional.

• #41 What causes bone loss? : MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000506.htm

  As you age, your body may reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping these minerals in your bones. This makes your bones weaker. When this process reaches a certain stage, it is called osteoporosis. […] For women, a drop in estrogen at the time of menopause is a major cause of bone loss. For men, a drop in testosterone as they age can cause bone loss. […] Certain habits can affect your bones. Drinking alcohol. Too much alcohol can damage your bones. It can also put you at risk of falling and breaking a bone. Smoking. Men and women who smoke have weaker bones. Women who smoke after menopause have an even higher chance of fractures. […] Low body weight is linked to less bone mass and weaker bones. […] Many long-term (chronic) medical conditions can keep people confined to a bed or chair.

• #42 Causes and risk factors of osteoporosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cause-of-osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis is a condition where the bones become thinner and weaker. Many factors, such as age, sex, and family history, can increase a persons risk of developing osteoporosis. […] Various factors can put a person at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Risk factors for osteoporosis can be both controllable and uncontrollable. […] Sex is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Evidence suggests that females develop osteoporosis more often than males. This may occur in part because females tend to have less bone mass and smaller, thinner bones than males. […] Most people who develop osteoporosis are over the age of 50 years. This occurs due to a change in how fast new bone development occurs. […] A persons body size also may increase their risk. People who have small, thin bodies typically have smaller bones. They start with less bone mass compared with individuals who have larger bones.

• #43 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  Some medical conditions that you may be able to treat or manage can increase the risk of osteoporosis, such as other endocrine and hormonal diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, certain types of cancer, HIV/AIDS, and anorexia nervosa. […] Long-term use of certain medications may make you more likely to develop bone loss and osteoporosis. […] A healthy lifestyle can be important for keeping bones strong. Factors that contribute to bone loss include: […] Chronic heavy drinking of alcohol is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis. […] Studies indicate that smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture. Researchers are still studying if the impact of smoking on bone health is from tobacco use alone or if people who smoke have more risk factors for osteoporosis.

• #44 Osteoporosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis

  Ethnicity: While osteoporosis occurs in people from all ethnic groups, European or Asian ancestry predisposes for osteoporosis. […] Those with a family history of fracture or osteoporosis are at an increased risk; the heritability of fracture risk, as well as low bone mineral density, is relatively high, ranging from 25 to 80%. […] Malnutrition, parenteral nutrition and malabsorption can lead to osteoporosis. […] Chronic kidney disease can lead to renal osteodystrophy. […] Many diseases and disorders have been associated with osteoporosis. […] Hypogonadal states can cause secondary osteoporosis. […] Endocrine disorders that can induce bone loss include Cushing’s syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, acromegaly, and adrenal insufficiency.

• #45 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures […] A variety of diseases or conditions can increase bone loss and/or fall risk. Some of the more common examples are discussed below. […] Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Rheumatological Conditions […] An inflammatory disease of the joints, rheumatoid arthritis is often treated with glucocorticoids, usually prednisone. Pain and loss of joint function can lead to inactivity, which can further contribute to bone loss. Research suggests that osteoclast (a bone removing cell) activity and bone resorption is increased at the affected sites. In addition to rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis has been associated with bone loss. Several other rheumatological conditions may affect the joints, resulting in poor balance and increased risk of falls, including lupus, psoriatic arthritis and severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.

• #46 Osteoporosis: Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155646

  Genetic factors: Having a close family member with a diagnosis of hip fracture or osteoporosis makes osteoporosis more likely. […] Some diseases or medications cause changes in hormone levels, and some drugs reduce bone mass. […] Medical conditions that increase the risk of osteoporosis include inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. […] Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is the most common type of osteoporosis that develops due to medication use. […] Osteoporosis happens as a result of reduced bone mass and changes in a persons bone structure. This is most likely to happen with aging, particularly after a person is over the age of 50 years.

• #47 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  Malabsorption Syndromes […] Malabsorption can result from bowel diseases such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac disease, and other conditions that affect the bowel such as weight loss surgery. These conditions reduce the absorption of nutrients from the intestine including dietary calcium and vitamin D. The result is lower levels of calcium and vitamin D, which can increase bone loss and falls risk, leading to fractures. […] Sex Hormone Deficiency (Hypogonadism) […] In women this generally results in the early stoppage of menstrual periods (amenorrhea). Common causes include premature menopause (before the age of 45), eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, exercise-induced amenorrhea (typically seen in high performance athletes and dancers), pituitary disease, chemotherapy and chronic illness. Some of these conditions can be treated with hormone therapy.

• #48

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoporosis/causes/

  Other factors thought to increase the risk of osteoporosis and broken bones include: a family history of osteoporosis, a parental history of hip fracture, a body mass index (BMI) of 19 or less, long-term use of high-dose steroid tablets, having an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, heavy drinking and smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, malabsorption problems, as in coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease, some medicines used to treat breast cancer and prostate cancer that affect hormone levels, long periods of inactivity, such as long-term bed rest.

• #49 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  In men low levels of testosterone can be caused by a number of conditions including liver disease, pituitary disease, chemotherapy, chronic illness and ageing. Some of these conditions can be treated with testosterone. […] Primary Hyperparathyroidism […] The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which controls blood calcium levels. In primary hyperparathyroidism a tumour (generally benign) in one or more of these glands causes the production of more parathyroid hormone than is needed. This causes an increase in bone turnover, which results in excess calcium release from bone and a rise in the level of calcium in the blood. As a result, the risk of osteoporosis and fractures also increases. […] Chronic Kidney Disease […] Many patients with chronic kidney disease are treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone, which puts them at risk for developing osteoporosis. In addition, chronic kidney disease may cause several different metabolic bone diseases (called renal osteodystrophy) that are associated with reduced bone formation, hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. In renal osteodystrophy bone quality is poor, and this increases the risk of fracture.

• #50 Osteoporosis | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/osteoporosis/

  Osteoporosis is a bone disorder caused by loss of bone mass, resulting in abnormal bone structure and an increased risk of fracture. […] Osteoporosis is the commonest acquired bone disorder and an important cause of fractures in adults. […] Most of the time, there is no specific cause behind osteoporosis (primary osteoporosis) although, in some occasions, there might be reasons behind it (secondary osteoporosis). Some conditions and medications that can increase the risk of osteoporosis are: 1. Hormone abnormalities. […] Oestrogen deficiency in women. This is usually the result of menopause in women, although there are other conditions in younger women that can also lower oestrogen levels. This is one of the reasons why osteoporosis is more frequent in women. […] Osteoporosis is more common in women and older people, however men and younger people can also be affected.

• #51 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  In men low levels of testosterone can be caused by a number of conditions including liver disease, pituitary disease, chemotherapy, chronic illness and ageing. Some of these conditions can be treated with testosterone. […] Primary Hyperparathyroidism […] The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which controls blood calcium levels. In primary hyperparathyroidism a tumour (generally benign) in one or more of these glands causes the production of more parathyroid hormone than is needed. This causes an increase in bone turnover, which results in excess calcium release from bone and a rise in the level of calcium in the blood. As a result, the risk of osteoporosis and fractures also increases. […] Chronic Kidney Disease […] Many patients with chronic kidney disease are treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone, which puts them at risk for developing osteoporosis. In addition, chronic kidney disease may cause several different metabolic bone diseases (called renal osteodystrophy) that are associated with reduced bone formation, hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. In renal osteodystrophy bone quality is poor, and this increases the risk of fracture.

• #52 Osteoporosis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/osteoporosis/osteoporosis

  Examples of disorders that may cause secondary osteoporosis are chronic kidney disease, and hormonal disorders (especially Cushing disease, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, high levels of prolactin, and diabetes mellitus). […] Certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma, can cause secondary osteoporosis, as can other diseases such as celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Examples of medications that, if used for a long time, may cause secondary osteoporosis are progesterone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, certain chemotherapy medications, and antiseizure medications. […] Osteoporosis treatment involves ensuring adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D and engaging in weight-bearing exercises. […] Bisphosphonates have been shown to reduce bone turnover and thus reduce bone loss as well as reduce the risk of fractures.

• #53 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  Chronic Liver Disease […] Chronic liver disease is associated with reduced bone formation, vitamin D deficiency and low sex hormones, all of which may result in bone loss. In addition, some forms of liver disease may be treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone, which may cause even greater bone loss. Up to 50% of patients with chronic liver disease develop osteoporosis. […] Diabetes […] There is evidence to suggest that both men and women with type 1 diabetes are at higher risk for low bone density and for osteoporotic fractures. Poorly controlled type I and type II diabetes are often associated with hypoglycemic episodes (low blood sugar) and/or neuropathy (poor sensation) in the feet. Both of these complications of diabetes can increase the risk of falls and fractures. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• #54 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  Chronic Liver Disease […] Chronic liver disease is associated with reduced bone formation, vitamin D deficiency and low sex hormones, all of which may result in bone loss. In addition, some forms of liver disease may be treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone, which may cause even greater bone loss. Up to 50% of patients with chronic liver disease develop osteoporosis. […] Diabetes […] There is evidence to suggest that both men and women with type 1 diabetes are at higher risk for low bone density and for osteoporotic fractures. Poorly controlled type I and type II diabetes are often associated with hypoglycemic episodes (low blood sugar) and/or neuropathy (poor sensation) in the feet. Both of these complications of diabetes can increase the risk of falls and fractures. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• #55 Osteoporosis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/osteoporosis/osteoporosis

  Examples of disorders that may cause secondary osteoporosis are chronic kidney disease, and hormonal disorders (especially Cushing disease, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, high levels of prolactin, and diabetes mellitus). […] Certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma, can cause secondary osteoporosis, as can other diseases such as celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Examples of medications that, if used for a long time, may cause secondary osteoporosis are progesterone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, certain chemotherapy medications, and antiseizure medications. […] Osteoporosis treatment involves ensuring adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D and engaging in weight-bearing exercises. […] Bisphosphonates have been shown to reduce bone turnover and thus reduce bone loss as well as reduce the risk of fractures.

• #56 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  COPD is a type of chronic lung disease that usually results after prolonged smoking but can also occur due to other causes. COPD can consist of chronic bronchitis or emphysema or both, and is often associated with a chronic cough, phlegm production, shortness of breath on exertion or at rest (depending on the severity) and frequent chest infections. There is a strong association between COPD and low bone mass or osteoporosis, usually from a combination of factors such as smoking history, low body weight, poor nutrition and treatment with oral glucocorticoids. […] Untreated Hyperthyroidism […] Normal thyroid hormone levels maintain good bone health. Too much thyroid hormone interferes with the bodys ability to absorb calcium into the bones and increases bone turnover, which can cause bone loss over time.

• #57 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  COPD is a type of chronic lung disease that usually results after prolonged smoking but can also occur due to other causes. COPD can consist of chronic bronchitis or emphysema or both, and is often associated with a chronic cough, phlegm production, shortness of breath on exertion or at rest (depending on the severity) and frequent chest infections. There is a strong association between COPD and low bone mass or osteoporosis, usually from a combination of factors such as smoking history, low body weight, poor nutrition and treatment with oral glucocorticoids. […] Untreated Hyperthyroidism […] Normal thyroid hormone levels maintain good bone health. Too much thyroid hormone interferes with the bodys ability to absorb calcium into the bones and increases bone turnover, which can cause bone loss over time.

• #58 Osteoporosis Causes: Remodeling, Balance, and Hormones

  https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis-causes

  Taking thyroid hormones can also increase your risk of bone thinning. Thyroid hormones speed up the bone remodeling process. This increase in speed results in an increased chance of imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. […] Abusing alcohol, smoking, and having an eating disorder are additional risk factors for osteoporosis. These interfere with your ability to absorb necessary nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D. […] Some health conditions and medications can affect the bone remodeling process and lead to bone thinning. Maintaining the necessary levels of calcium and vitamin D is key to reducing the risk of developing osteoporosis.

• #59 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  Neurological Disorders […] Many neurological disorders are associated with an increased risk of fractures (broken bones) because they increase fall risk, bone loss or both. For example: […] 1. Conditions or injuries resulting in immobility are associated with bone loss. This includes stroke, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. […] 2. Conditions or injuries that result in poor balance, or problems with gait or movement, are associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures. These include cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, confusion (due to dementia or delirium), dizziness and vertigo, and lower limb muscle weakness. […] 3. Neuropathy (numbness or reduced sensation) of the feet or legs can also lead to poor balance. This includes diabetic neuropathy, sciatica and other types of neuropathy.

• #60 Causes of osteoporosis

  https://theros.org.uk/information-and-support/osteoporosis/causes/

  Known to affect bone strength: glucocorticoid (steroids) tablets, if taken for more than three months; anti-epileptic medications; breast cancer treatments, such as aromatase inhibitors; prostate cancer treatments that affect either the production of the male hormone testosterone, or the way it works in the body. […] Known to affect bone strength: rheumatoid arthritis; low levels of the sex hormone oestrogen in women; low levels of the sex hormone testosterone in men; hyperthyroidism; parathyroid disease; conditions that affect the absorption of food. […] If you think you might be at risk of osteoporosis or breaking a bone easily, do speak to your GP or another healthcare professional.

• #61 What Causes Osteoporosis? And Why?

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/features/causes

  Too little vitamin D can lead to weak bones and increased bone loss. […] Bones weaken if they aren’t worked. […] High levels of thyroid hormone have long been linked to an increase in bone loss. […] Smokers suffer from lower bone density and a higher risk of fracture than non-smokers. […] Taking certain medications may lead to bone loss and an increase in bone fractures. […] A host of medical conditions can lead to bone loss, from genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis to digestive diseases to the tumors called multiple myeloma, which infiltrate bones with abnormal cells. […] Alcohol can arrest bone remodeling and increase your calcium loss.

• #62 What is osteoporosis and what causes it?

  https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/patients/what-is-osteoporosis/

  Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. […] There are many health problems and a few medical procedures that increase the likelihood of osteoporosis. […] If you have any of the following diseases or conditions, talk to your doctor or health care provider about what you can do to keep your bones healthy. […] Some medicines can be harmful to your bones, even if you need to take them for another condition. […] While steroid medicines can be lifesaving treatments for some conditions, they can also cause bone loss and osteoporosis. […] Taking steroid medicines as pills in a dose of 5 mg or more for three or more months can increase the chance of bone loss and developing osteoporosis.

• #63 Beyond the Surface: Uncovering Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis for Optimal Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/11/2558

  Concurrently, factors like glucocorticoid use can suppress osteoblast function, reducing bone formation. […] Nutritional deficiencies, such as insufficient vitamin D or calcium, impair mineralization, while chronic diseases like kidney disease disrupt calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, further compromising bone health. […] Inflammatory mediators from autoimmune disorders can also stimulate osteoclastogenesis, exacerbating bone loss. […] The management of CKD–MBD includes lifestyle modification, including modifying dietary calcium and vitamin D, exercise, smoking cessation, avoidance of alcohol, and increased weight-bearing exercise. […] Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most common cause of medication-induced OP with an estimated 30% of patients treated with GCs suffering an osteoporotic fracture.

• #64

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoporosis/causes/

  Other factors thought to increase the risk of osteoporosis and broken bones include: a family history of osteoporosis, a parental history of hip fracture, a body mass index (BMI) of 19 or less, long-term use of high-dose steroid tablets, having an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, heavy drinking and smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, malabsorption problems, as in coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease, some medicines used to treat breast cancer and prostate cancer that affect hormone levels, long periods of inactivity, such as long-term bed rest.

• #65 Osteoporosis, Causes and Prevalence – CreakyJoints

  https://creakyjoints.org/education/osteoporosis/

  The controllable risk factors include not getting enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet, not eating enough fruits and vegetables, not exercising/being inactive, smoking and drinking too much alcohol. Certain medications can also cause osteoporosis, including long-term use of the blood thinner heparin, anti-seizure medications such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, and long-term use of oral corticosteroids.

• #66 Osteoporosis | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones lose mass, or density, and the bone tissue breaks down. As bones slowly become weaker, more brittle and less dense, they can fracture or break easily. The bones that have the highest risk of breaking because of osteoporosis include those in the hip, pelvis, spine, ribs, wrist and leg. […] As a result, osteoporosis is most common in elderly people, particularly after menopause. But certain cancer types and treatments can also weaken bones, resulting in osteoporosis. […] Osteoporosis can be caused by bone cancer or by certain types of cancer that spread to the bones, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and multiple myeloma. It can also be a side effect of certain types of cancer treatments. […] Lowered levels of hormones such as estrogen( a female sex hormone made by the ovaries) and testosterone( a male sex hormone made by the testicles) in the body can contribute to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be a side effect of hormone therapies used to treat breast, uterine, ovarian and prostate cancers because this treatment blocks or lowers the body’s production of these hormones.

• #67 Osteopenia: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21855-osteopenia

  Osteopenia usually happens naturally as you age. […] Most people lose some bone density as they get older. […] However, if you lose too much bone density, you can develop osteopenia, which may mean you’re more likely to have osteoporosis later in your life. […] Osteopenia is the warning sign that means you have an increased osteoporosis and fracture risk. […] If it’s not treated, osteopenia can become osteoporosis. […] Some health conditions can lower your bone density or worsen osteopenia, including: Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes, Chronic kidney disease (CKD), Malnutrition, A calcium or vitamin D deficiency, Hormonal imbalances (like Cushing syndrome), Anorexia and other eating disorders, Autoimmune diseases that affect your bones (like rheumatoid arthritis or collagen defects). […] Medications that can increase your osteopenia risk include: Diuretics, Corticosteroids, Medications used to treat seizures, Hormone therapy for cancer (including to treat breast cancer or prostate cancer), Anticoagulants, Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, like those that treat acid reflux, which can affect your calcium absorption).

• #68 Osteoporosis Causes: Remodeling, Balance, and Hormones

  https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis-causes

  Taking thyroid hormones can also increase your risk of bone thinning. Thyroid hormones speed up the bone remodeling process. This increase in speed results in an increased chance of imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. […] Abusing alcohol, smoking, and having an eating disorder are additional risk factors for osteoporosis. These interfere with your ability to absorb necessary nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D. […] Some health conditions and medications can affect the bone remodeling process and lead to bone thinning. Maintaining the necessary levels of calcium and vitamin D is key to reducing the risk of developing osteoporosis.

• #69 Osteopenia: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21855-osteopenia

  Osteopenia usually happens naturally as you age. […] Most people lose some bone density as they get older. […] However, if you lose too much bone density, you can develop osteopenia, which may mean you’re more likely to have osteoporosis later in your life. […] Osteopenia is the warning sign that means you have an increased osteoporosis and fracture risk. […] If it’s not treated, osteopenia can become osteoporosis. […] Some health conditions can lower your bone density or worsen osteopenia, including: Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes, Chronic kidney disease (CKD), Malnutrition, A calcium or vitamin D deficiency, Hormonal imbalances (like Cushing syndrome), Anorexia and other eating disorders, Autoimmune diseases that affect your bones (like rheumatoid arthritis or collagen defects). […] Medications that can increase your osteopenia risk include: Diuretics, Corticosteroids, Medications used to treat seizures, Hormone therapy for cancer (including to treat breast cancer or prostate cancer), Anticoagulants, Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, like those that treat acid reflux, which can affect your calcium absorption).

• #70 Osteoporosis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/article.htm

  When vitamin D is lacking, the body cannot absorb adequate amounts of calcium from the diet to prevent osteoporosis. […] Certain medications can cause osteoporosis. These medicines include long-term use of heparin (a blood thinner), antiseizure medicine such as phenytoin (Dilantin) and phenobarbital, and long-term use of oral corticosteroids (such as prednisone). […] Osteoporosis has even been linked with an increased risk of death. Some 20% of women with a hip fracture will die in the subsequent year as an indirect result of the fracture.

• #71 Osteoporosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330598-overview

  Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology and is the most common metabolic bone disease in the United States. It has been most frequently recognized in postmenopausal women, persons with small bone structure, the elderly, and in whites and Asians, although it does occur in both sexes, all races, and all age groups. […] Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The disease often does not become clinically apparent until a fracture occurs. […] Etiologically, osteoporosis is categorized as primary or secondary. Primary osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It is divided into juvenile and idiopathic osteoporosis; idiopathic osteoporosis can be further subdivided into postmenopausal (type I) and age-associated or senile (type II) osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily due to estrogen deficiency. Senile osteoporosis is primarily due to an aging skeleton and calcium deficiency. […] Secondary osteoporosis occurs when an underlying disease, deficiency, or drug causes osteoporosis. Up to one-third of postmenopausal women, as well as many men and premenopausal women, have a coexisting cause of bone loss, of which renal hypercalciuria is one of the most important secondary causes of osteoporosis and treatable with thiazide diuretics.

• #72 Osteoporosis Causes: Lack of Calcium and Exercise, Smoking, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/strong-bones

  Are you searching for what causes osteoporosis? You may be surprised to learn that many factors contribute to the condition. For instance, a decrease in estrogen at menopause is one cause. There is also a genetic component. If your mother or grandmother had osteoporosis, the chances are higher that you will develop it, too. […] Eating a diet that’s low in calcium, getting little exercise, and smoking cigarettes can also increase your chances of getting osteoporosis. […] While some bone is lost each year, the rate of bone loss increases dramatically in the 5 to 10 years after menopause. Then, for several years, the breakdown of bone occurs at a much greater pace than the building of new bone. This is the process that eventually causes osteoporosis. […] Estrogen is important for maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, bone loss speeds up. This can happen with natural menopause or an early surgical menopause if you have your ovaries removed. […] Accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women.

• #73 What Causes Osteoporosis? And Why?

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/features/causes

  Osteoporosis or its early warning sign, osteopenia, signals an imbalance in the remodeling process: Too much bone is broken down, and too little new bone is built back up. […] „In general, it’s estrogen deficiency in women,” says Paul Mystkowski, MD, an endocrinologist at Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle and clinical faculty member of the University of Washington in Seattle. Bone loss accelerates after menopause, when older women have a quick drop in estrogen. […] Men need both testosterone and estrogen for bone health. That’s because men convert testosterone into bone-preserving estrogen. […] Several other hormones play a role in regulating your bone density, including parathyroid hormone and growth hormone. […] Without calcium, you can’t rebuild new bone during the lifelong process of bone remodeling.

• #74 Osteoporosis Causes: Lack of Calcium and Exercise, Smoking, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/strong-bones

  Are you searching for what causes osteoporosis? You may be surprised to learn that many factors contribute to the condition. For instance, a decrease in estrogen at menopause is one cause. There is also a genetic component. If your mother or grandmother had osteoporosis, the chances are higher that you will develop it, too. […] Eating a diet that’s low in calcium, getting little exercise, and smoking cigarettes can also increase your chances of getting osteoporosis. […] While some bone is lost each year, the rate of bone loss increases dramatically in the 5 to 10 years after menopause. Then, for several years, the breakdown of bone occurs at a much greater pace than the building of new bone. This is the process that eventually causes osteoporosis. […] Estrogen is important for maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, bone loss speeds up. This can happen with natural menopause or an early surgical menopause if you have your ovaries removed. […] Accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women.

• #75 Osteoporosis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | UW MedicineStethascopeHeart

  https://www.uwmedicine.org/conditions-symptoms/bone-joint-muscle/osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis results in weak, thinning bones with a higher risk of fracture. It affects all genders but especially women. […] Osteoporosis is a disease that causes weak, thinning bones. This puts the bones at greater risk of breaking. The bones most often affected are the hips, spine, and wrists. […] Researchers don’t know the exact cause for osteoporosis. But a number of factors contribute to the disease. […] Women are 4 times more likely to get osteoporosis than men. Here are other things that may put you at risk for osteoporosis: Older age. Bones become less dense and weaker with age. Race. White and Asian women are most at risk. But all races may get the disease. Body weight. People who weigh less and have less muscle are more at risk for this condition. Lifestyle factors. Lack of physical activity, caffeine, heavy alcohol use, smoking, dietary calcium, and vitamin D deficiency may all increase your risk. Certain medicines. Some medicines may increase your risk. Family history. Having a family history of bone disease may increase your risk. […] Having low bone mass (osteopenia) also puts you at a greater risk for osteoporosis. Low estrogen is one of the main causes of bone loss in women during and after menopause. Women may lose up to 20% of their bone mass in the 5 to 7 years after menopause.

• #76 Osteoporosis Causes: Lack of Calcium and Exercise, Smoking, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/strong-bones

  Are you searching for what causes osteoporosis? You may be surprised to learn that many factors contribute to the condition. For instance, a decrease in estrogen at menopause is one cause. There is also a genetic component. If your mother or grandmother had osteoporosis, the chances are higher that you will develop it, too. […] Eating a diet that’s low in calcium, getting little exercise, and smoking cigarettes can also increase your chances of getting osteoporosis. […] While some bone is lost each year, the rate of bone loss increases dramatically in the 5 to 10 years after menopause. Then, for several years, the breakdown of bone occurs at a much greater pace than the building of new bone. This is the process that eventually causes osteoporosis. […] Estrogen is important for maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, bone loss speeds up. This can happen with natural menopause or an early surgical menopause if you have your ovaries removed. […] Accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women.

• #77 Osteoporosis | Causes, symptoms, treatment | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoporosis/

  Osteoporosis is common in the UK, and the risk increases with age. Anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more likely than men to develop it. There are two main reasons for this: […] A number of other risk factors can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include: […] Lack of oestrogen in the body. If you have an early menopause (before the age of 45) or a hysterectomy where one or both ovaries are removed, this increases your risk of developing osteoporosis. This is because they cause your body’s oestrogen production to reduce dramatically, so the process of bone loss will speed up. […] Lack of weight-bearing exercise. Exercise encourages bone development, and lack of exercise means you’ll be more at risk of losing calcium from the bones and so developing osteoporosis. […] Poor diet. If your diet doesn’t include enough calcium or vitamin D, or if you’re very underweight, you’ll be at greater risk of osteoporosis.

• #78 Osteoporosis | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/osteoporosis

  Some cancer treatments cause early menopause, or treatment-induced menopause. These treatments include chemotherapy, surgery to remove both ovaries and radiation therapy to the pelvis. If the ovaries are removed or damaged, they cant make estrogen or progesterone. This results in less estrogen in the body, which can weaken bones. […] These drugs are a type of corticosteroids that can also weaken the bones.

• #79 Osteoporosis | Causes, symptoms, treatment | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoporosis/

  Osteoporosis is common in the UK, and the risk increases with age. Anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more likely than men to develop it. There are two main reasons for this: […] A number of other risk factors can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. […] Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include: […] Lack of oestrogen in the body. If you have an early menopause (before the age of 45) or a hysterectomy where one or both ovaries are removed, this increases your risk of developing osteoporosis. This is because they cause your body’s oestrogen production to reduce dramatically, so the process of bone loss will speed up. […] Lack of weight-bearing exercise. Exercise encourages bone development, and lack of exercise means you’ll be more at risk of losing calcium from the bones and so developing osteoporosis. […] Poor diet. If your diet doesn’t include enough calcium or vitamin D, or if you’re very underweight, you’ll be at greater risk of osteoporosis.

• #80 Osteoporosis | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/osteoporosis

  Some cancer treatments cause early menopause, or treatment-induced menopause. These treatments include chemotherapy, surgery to remove both ovaries and radiation therapy to the pelvis. If the ovaries are removed or damaged, they cant make estrogen or progesterone. This results in less estrogen in the body, which can weaken bones. […] These drugs are a type of corticosteroids that can also weaken the bones.

• #81 Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis occurs when too much bone mass is lost and changes occur in the structure of bone tissue. Certain risk factors may lead to the development of osteoporosis or can increase the likelihood that you will develop the disease. […] Many people with osteoporosis have several risk factors, but others who develop osteoporosis may not have any specific risk factors. There are some risk factors that you cannot change, and others that you may be able to change. However, by understanding these factors, you may be able to prevent the disease and fractures. […] Factors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include: […] Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have lower peak bone mass and smaller bones than men. However, men are still at risk, especially after the age of 70.

• #82 Osteoporosis Causes | How to Limit Risk Factors

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/osteoporosis/causes

  Some people are more likely to develop osteoporosis than others. Factors that increase the chance of developing osteoporosis are called „risk factors.” […] Risk factors include: […] Normally women, and normally postmenopausal women, so the hypothesis is possibly lack of hormones after menopause can predispose women to this condition, but also people who are smokers or drinking alcohol or caffeine excessively, as well as some endocrine problem like thyroid or parathyroid disorders and lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyle. […] Normally that used to be a disease of women, but now we realize that men that who have been smokers, they have a significant amount of osteoporosis.

• #83

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoporosis/causes/

  Osteoporosis causes bones to become weaker and more fragile. Some people are more at risk than others. […] Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men because the hormone changes that happen at the menopause directly affect bone density. […] In most cases, the cause of osteoporosis in men is unknown. However, there’s a link to the male hormone testosterone, which helps keep the bones healthy. […] Many hormones in the body affect bone turnover. If you have a disorder of the hormone-producing glands, you may have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. […] Hormone-related disorders that can trigger osteoporosis include: overactive thyroid gland, reduced amounts of sex hormones (oestrogen and testosterone), disorders of the pituitary gland, overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism).

• #84 What Causes Osteoporosis? And Why?

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/features/causes

  Osteoporosis or its early warning sign, osteopenia, signals an imbalance in the remodeling process: Too much bone is broken down, and too little new bone is built back up. […] „In general, it’s estrogen deficiency in women,” says Paul Mystkowski, MD, an endocrinologist at Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle and clinical faculty member of the University of Washington in Seattle. Bone loss accelerates after menopause, when older women have a quick drop in estrogen. […] Men need both testosterone and estrogen for bone health. That’s because men convert testosterone into bone-preserving estrogen. […] Several other hormones play a role in regulating your bone density, including parathyroid hormone and growth hormone. […] Without calcium, you can’t rebuild new bone during the lifelong process of bone remodeling.

• #85 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Osteoporosis.aspx

  Estrogen levels are strongly associated with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and elderly men. […] The most important predictor of osteoporosis in elderly men is age-related deficiencies in testosterone. […] The overproduction of cortisol can have powerful effects on bone density. […] Drug-induced osteoporosis is a significant health concern as many commonly prescribed treatments can contribute to bone loss. […] Corticosteroids, which are widely used in the management of many conditions, are associated with reduced bone density. […] Gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcerative bowel disease are strongly associated with secondary osteoporosis. […] A poor diet deficient in nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D is a risk factor for osteoporosis. […] An inactive lifestyle can increase the risk of osteoporosis as weight-bearing exercise stimulates bone development and reduces calcium loss from bones. […] Excessive smoking and alcohol consumption also increase the risk of bone loss and fracture by impacting on hormonal systems associated with bone production.

• #86 Medical Conditions that can Cause Bone Loss, Falls and/or Fractures | Osteoporosis Canada

  https://osteoporosis.ca/medical-conditions-that-can-cause-bone-loss-falls-and-or-fractures/

  In men low levels of testosterone can be caused by a number of conditions including liver disease, pituitary disease, chemotherapy, chronic illness and ageing. Some of these conditions can be treated with testosterone. […] Primary Hyperparathyroidism […] The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which controls blood calcium levels. In primary hyperparathyroidism a tumour (generally benign) in one or more of these glands causes the production of more parathyroid hormone than is needed. This causes an increase in bone turnover, which results in excess calcium release from bone and a rise in the level of calcium in the blood. As a result, the risk of osteoporosis and fractures also increases. […] Chronic Kidney Disease […] Many patients with chronic kidney disease are treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone, which puts them at risk for developing osteoporosis. In addition, chronic kidney disease may cause several different metabolic bone diseases (called renal osteodystrophy) that are associated with reduced bone formation, hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. In renal osteodystrophy bone quality is poor, and this increases the risk of fracture.

• #87 Etiology of osteoporosis in men – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-osteoporosis-in-men

  Etiology of osteoporosis in men […] The disorders that cause osteoporosis in men are similar to those in women. Epidemiologic surveys suggest that causes or contributing factors for osteoporosis can be identified in 40 to 60 percent of men who have osteoporotic fractures. Hypogonadism, glucocorticoid therapy, gastrointestinal disease, vitamin D deficiency, antiseizure medication therapy, hypercalciuria, and alcohol use disorder were among the most common identifiable causes of osteoporosis in these surveys. […] The etiology of osteoporosis in men will be reviewed here.

• #88 Etiology of osteoporosis in men – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-osteoporosis-in-men

  Etiology of osteoporosis in men […] The disorders that cause osteoporosis in men are similar to those in women. Epidemiologic surveys suggest that causes or contributing factors for osteoporosis can be identified in 40 to 60 percent of men who have osteoporotic fractures. Hypogonadism, glucocorticoid therapy, gastrointestinal disease, vitamin D deficiency, antiseizure medication therapy, hypercalciuria, and alcohol use disorder were among the most common identifiable causes of osteoporosis in these surveys. […] The etiology of osteoporosis in men will be reviewed here.

• #89 Epidemiology and etiology of premenopausal osteoporosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-etiology-of-premenopausal-osteoporosis

  Epidemiology and etiology of premenopausal osteoporosis […] ETIOLOGY […] Secondary causes […] – Estrogen deficiency […] – Drugs […] – Other […] Both fractures and low bone mass are less common in premenopausal women. Low bone mass, when present, may be related to either inadequate peak bone mass acquisition and/or ongoing bone loss. […] Bone loss and/or fractures can often be attributed to a secondary cause such as estrogen deficiency, glucocorticoid exposure, or inflammatory or malabsorption conditions. The term idiopathic osteoporosis (IOP) is reserved for the subset of women with no apparent etiology or known secondary cause. Some women with IOP may have an adult presentation of a primary or genetic etiology of bone fragility.

• #90 Osteoporosis in children | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/osteoporosis-in-children

  Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and lose their strength. […] Osteoporosis in children is a rare condition that is usually caused by an underlying medical condition. […] This rare condition is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, certain medication used to treat a medical condition, or lifestyle factors such as poor diet and lack of exercise. This is known as secondary osteoporosis. […] Less commonly, osteoporosis will occur for an unknown reason. This is known as idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. […] In most cases, juvenile osteoporosis is caused by an underlying medical condition, certain medications used to treat a medical condition or a lifestyle factor. […] Causes include: medical conditions including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, osteogenesis imperfecta, diabetes, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, Cushings syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis and anorexia nervosa.

• #91 Osteoporosis in children | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/osteoporosis-in-children

  Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and lose their strength. […] Osteoporosis in children is a rare condition that is usually caused by an underlying medical condition. […] This rare condition is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, certain medication used to treat a medical condition, or lifestyle factors such as poor diet and lack of exercise. This is known as secondary osteoporosis. […] Less commonly, osteoporosis will occur for an unknown reason. This is known as idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. […] In most cases, juvenile osteoporosis is caused by an underlying medical condition, certain medications used to treat a medical condition or a lifestyle factor. […] Causes include: medical conditions including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, osteogenesis imperfecta, diabetes, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, Cushings syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis and anorexia nervosa.

• #92 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Osteoporosis is primarily caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, often due to hormonal changes like decreased estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and reduced testosterone in aging men. Genetic predisposition, inadequate nutrition, especially low calcium and vitamin D intake, and lack of physical activity further contribute to the disease’s development. Additionally, certain medical conditions and medications, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid disorders, can exacerbate bone loss, heightening the risk of osteoporosis. […] Understanding the etiology, or the study of the cause of osteoporosis, is vital for implementing preventive and treatment strategies. By diving into the causes, factors, and mechanisms behind osteoporosis, we can build a comprehensive understanding of how this condition develops and affects the body.

• #93 Osteoporosis: Causes, Mechanisms, Treatment and Prevention: Role of Dietary Compounds

  https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/12/1697

  Osteoporosis risk factors can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable. The modifiable factors include body weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, dietary calcium deficiency and the long-term use of glucocorticoids. The non-modifiable factors include sex, age, race and genetic characteristics. […] It has many causes, including a drop in estrogen levels in women or testosterone in men, unhealthy lifestyles, hormonal and nutritional disorders and genetic disorders, and it can even be a secondary consequence of the use of medicines. These triggers have direct and indirect effects on bone tissue cells, generating an imbalance either in favor of the activation of osteoclasts or the inhibition of osteoblasts, ultimately reducing the quality of the bone matrix. […] Osteoporosis caused by other diseases, disorders or other medication is referred to as secondary osteoporosis.

• #94 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Osteoporosis is primarily caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, often due to hormonal changes like decreased estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and reduced testosterone in aging men. Genetic predisposition, inadequate nutrition, especially low calcium and vitamin D intake, and lack of physical activity further contribute to the disease’s development. Additionally, certain medical conditions and medications, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid disorders, can exacerbate bone loss, heightening the risk of osteoporosis. […] Understanding the etiology, or the study of the cause of osteoporosis, is vital for implementing preventive and treatment strategies. By diving into the causes, factors, and mechanisms behind osteoporosis, we can build a comprehensive understanding of how this condition develops and affects the body.

• #95 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Genetics play a significant role in the development of osteoporosis. If you have a family history of osteoporosis, your risk of developing the condition increases. Research shows that several genes are involved in regulating bone density and structure. […] Hormonal changes, especially those related to estrogen and testosterone, significantly affect bone mass. Women are particularly susceptible to osteoporosis following menopause when estrogen levels decline. Estrogen is crucial for maintaining bone density as it helps in the regulation of bone resorption and formation. In men, low levels of testosterone can also increase the risk of osteoporosis. […] Dietary intake of critical nutrients like calcium and vitamin D is essential for bone health. Calcium provides the basic building blocks for bone, while vitamin D enhances calcium absorption from the diet. A deficiency in either nutrient can decrease bone mineral density and increase osteoporosis risk.

• #96 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Genetics play a significant role in the development of osteoporosis. If you have a family history of osteoporosis, your risk of developing the condition increases. Research shows that several genes are involved in regulating bone density and structure. […] Hormonal changes, especially those related to estrogen and testosterone, significantly affect bone mass. Women are particularly susceptible to osteoporosis following menopause when estrogen levels decline. Estrogen is crucial for maintaining bone density as it helps in the regulation of bone resorption and formation. In men, low levels of testosterone can also increase the risk of osteoporosis. […] Dietary intake of critical nutrients like calcium and vitamin D is essential for bone health. Calcium provides the basic building blocks for bone, while vitamin D enhances calcium absorption from the diet. A deficiency in either nutrient can decrease bone mineral density and increase osteoporosis risk.

• #97 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Lifestyle factors contribute significantly to osteoporosis risk. Sedentary lifestyles can lead to decreased bone mass, as regular physical activity promotes bone growth and strength. […] Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by weakened bones, which are more prone to fractures. Understanding its etiology involves exploring the various causes and mechanisms that lead to bone deterioration. […] Hormones play a crucial role in bone density maintenance. In women, post-menopausal decline in estrogen levels can accelerate osteoporosis development due to reduced protection against bone loss. Similarly, low testosterone levels in men can affect bone mass. […] Proper nutrition is vital for maintaining healthy bones. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in calcium and vitamin D, can contribute to lower bone density and osteoporosis.

• #98 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Osteoporosis is primarily caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, often due to hormonal changes like decreased estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and reduced testosterone in aging men. Genetic predisposition, inadequate nutrition, especially low calcium and vitamin D intake, and lack of physical activity further contribute to the disease’s development. Additionally, certain medical conditions and medications, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid disorders, can exacerbate bone loss, heightening the risk of osteoporosis. […] Understanding the etiology, or the study of the cause of osteoporosis, is vital for implementing preventive and treatment strategies. By diving into the causes, factors, and mechanisms behind osteoporosis, we can build a comprehensive understanding of how this condition develops and affects the body.

• #99 Osteoporosis Etiology: Causes & Risk Factors | Vaia

  https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/medicine/endocrinology/osteoporosis-etiology/

  Osteoporosis is primarily caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, often due to hormonal changes like decreased estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and reduced testosterone in aging men. Genetic predisposition, inadequate nutrition, especially low calcium and vitamin D intake, and lack of physical activity further contribute to the disease’s development. Additionally, certain medical conditions and medications, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid disorders, can exacerbate bone loss, heightening the risk of osteoporosis. […] Understanding the etiology, or the study of the cause of osteoporosis, is vital for implementing preventive and treatment strategies. By diving into the causes, factors, and mechanisms behind osteoporosis, we can build a comprehensive understanding of how this condition develops and affects the body.

• #100 Osteoporosis: Causes, Risks, and Treatment – Uniprix

  https://www.uniprix.com/en/article/osteoporosis

  Suffering height loss: A loss of height can be an indication of a spine fracture that went undetected […] […] Suffering from certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, malabsorption syndrome, sex hormone deficiency […] […] Taking certain drugs that can have a negative effect on bones […] […] Osteoporosis: Not just a womens disease! […] While osteoporosis affects women more frequently, men, too, are at risk of developing the disease. One in five men (20%) will suffer an osteoporotic fracture during their lifetime. In women, the rate is one in three (33%). In other words, men, too, need to look after their bone health. […] While there is no cure for osteoporosis, it is possible to prevent or slow bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. […] […] Bisphosphonates are the most prescribed drugs for osteoporosis. They help strengthen bones and reduce the risk of fractures. […]

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