Materiały źródłowe

• #1 How to prevent or improve male infertility | Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/preventing-male-infertility/

  Theres a widespread misconception that infertility is a female issue. But research shows male factor infertility is just as common, and getting worse. Over the past 50 years, human sperm counts appear to have fallen by more than 50% globally. […] Though fertility naturally declines with age, preventing male infertility is possible. There are a number of precautions you could take to improve your sperm health and protect your fertility, whether you hope to have a child in the near future or many years from now. […] Its not always possible to prevent male infertility, but there are some precautions you can take: freezing your sperm, giving up smoking, following a healthy diet, getting vaccinated against viruses that may impact fertility, and limiting exposure to heat and toxins. […] The best way to preserve your fertility is to freeze your sperm proactively. Sperm quality declines with age. Freezing your sperm while youre young is a great way to save high-quality sperm for future use.

• #2 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-aua-asrm-guideline-part2/

  Failure to conceive within 12 months of attempted conception is due in whole or in part to the male in approximately one-half of all infertile couples. […] Most male factor conditions are specifically treatable with medical or surgical therapy, while others may only be managed with donor sperm or adoption. […] Varicoceles have long been recognized as a condition that can affect male fertility, where correction of a clinical varicocele can result in substantial improvements in semen parameters and the chance of achieving a pregnancy. […] Varicocele repair defers treatment with ART for at least six months. […] Male infertility may be managed with ART. […] Clinicians should inform the man with idiopathic infertility that the use of SERMs has limited benefits relative to results of ART.

• #3 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Reasonable healthy lifestyle changes should be recommended or at least discussed with all male infertility patients. These changes include stopping smoking, limiting or eliminating alcohol intake, adopting a more nutritious diet, weight loss measures if obese, increased exercise, avoiding potentially toxic artificial lubricants during sexual activity, reducing stress, eliminating illegal and recreational drug use (such as marijuana), minimizing prescription drugs, avoiding exposure to pesticides and heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, boron, and cadmium), and eliminating any unnecessary chemical exposures. […] While it remains unclear exactly how much influence these factors have in male infertility, it is reasonable to expect that avoiding potentially spermatotoxic activities and adopting a healthier lifestyle will improve overall male fertility.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Should there be an actual physical problem such as a congenital condition in which the vas deferens is missing, it is not possible to prevent infertility. However for infertility issues caused by sperm production problems due to addiction, infections and other reversible conditions, treatment will help cure male infertility. […] Only lifestyle-related problems that cause male infertility can be prevented by taking better care of the body. The prevention of male fertility problems that are caused by lifestyle issues can be managed by living a healthier life. Below are some suggestions: […] Avoid Being Overweight: Excess weight has often been associated with sperm production problems. To prevent this from becoming an issue, maintain a healthy weight as per your body type. […] Overcome Additions to Alcohol, Smoking and Drugs: Addictions tend to disrupt the proper functioning of biological processes. Anything in excess can become an addiction and, therefore, one must monitor their intake.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Should there be an actual physical problem such as a congenital condition in which the vas deferens is missing, it is not possible to prevent infertility. However for infertility issues caused by sperm production problems due to addiction, infections and other reversible conditions, treatment will help cure male infertility. […] Only lifestyle-related problems that cause male infertility can be prevented by taking better care of the body. The prevention of male fertility problems that are caused by lifestyle issues can be managed by living a healthier life. Below are some suggestions: […] Avoid Being Overweight: Excess weight has often been associated with sperm production problems. To prevent this from becoming an issue, maintain a healthy weight as per your body type. […] Overcome Additions to Alcohol, Smoking and Drugs: Addictions tend to disrupt the proper functioning of biological processes. Anything in excess can become an addiction and, therefore, one must monitor their intake.

• #6 Maintaining normal weight early in life may help prevent male infertility | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/news-and-advocacy/news-room/2022/maintaining-normal-weight-early-in-life-may-help-prevent-male-infertility

  Maintaining normal weight early in life may help prevent male infertility. New research suggests that more careful control of body weight in childhood and adolescence could help prevent male infertility later in life. More careful control of body weight in childhood and adolescence may help to maintain testicular function later in life. This evidence suggests a possible link between childhood obesity and the high prevalence of low testicular volume in youngsters. These findings help to explain the reason for the high prevalence of decreased testicular size in young men. […] Up to one-quarter of young men aged 18-19 have low testicular volume, or smaller-than-normal testicles. This puts their future fertility at risk.

• #7 Maintaining normal weight early in life may help prevent male infertility | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/news-and-advocacy/news-room/2022/maintaining-normal-weight-early-in-life-may-help-prevent-male-infertility

  Maintaining normal weight early in life may help prevent male infertility. New research suggests that more careful control of body weight in childhood and adolescence could help prevent male infertility later in life. More careful control of body weight in childhood and adolescence may help to maintain testicular function later in life. This evidence suggests a possible link between childhood obesity and the high prevalence of low testicular volume in youngsters. These findings help to explain the reason for the high prevalence of decreased testicular size in young men. […] Up to one-quarter of young men aged 18-19 have low testicular volume, or smaller-than-normal testicles. This puts their future fertility at risk.

• #8 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  Although intrauterine insemination has been shown to be equally effective as timed intercourse in unstimulated cycles, there is a modest increase in live birth rates when combined with ovarian stimulation. […] Lastly, in vitro fertilization, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection, is the mainstay of assisted reproductive technology for male factor infertility. […] All couples should be counseled to abstain from tobacco use, limit alcohol consumption, and aim for a body mass index less than 30 kg per m2 to improve their chances of natural conception or using assisted reproductive technology. […] Obesity impairs fertility and the response to fertility treatments, including in vitro fertilization; therefore, it is advisable to counsel patients who are obese to lose weight before conception or infertility treatments. […] Counseling on lifestyle modifications is reasonable because exposures to tobacco and alcohol are associated with lower rates of fertility.

• #9 Maintaining normal weight early in life may help prevent male infertility | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/news-and-advocacy/news-room/2022/maintaining-normal-weight-early-in-life-may-help-prevent-male-infertility

  Maintaining normal weight early in life may help prevent male infertility. New research suggests that more careful control of body weight in childhood and adolescence could help prevent male infertility later in life. More careful control of body weight in childhood and adolescence may help to maintain testicular function later in life. This evidence suggests a possible link between childhood obesity and the high prevalence of low testicular volume in youngsters. These findings help to explain the reason for the high prevalence of decreased testicular size in young men. […] Up to one-quarter of young men aged 18-19 have low testicular volume, or smaller-than-normal testicles. This puts their future fertility at risk.

• #10 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Reasonable healthy lifestyle changes should be recommended or at least discussed with all male infertility patients. These changes include stopping smoking, limiting or eliminating alcohol intake, adopting a more nutritious diet, weight loss measures if obese, increased exercise, avoiding potentially toxic artificial lubricants during sexual activity, reducing stress, eliminating illegal and recreational drug use (such as marijuana), minimizing prescription drugs, avoiding exposure to pesticides and heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, boron, and cadmium), and eliminating any unnecessary chemical exposures. […] While it remains unclear exactly how much influence these factors have in male infertility, it is reasonable to expect that avoiding potentially spermatotoxic activities and adopting a healthier lifestyle will improve overall male fertility.

• #11 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  You can reduce your risk of male infertility by: […] Avoiding or stopping smoking, drinking and nonprescription drugs. […] Limiting your exposure to hazardous chemicals. […] Staying up to date on vaccines against viruses that may affect your fertility. […] Not exposing your testicles to heat for long periods. […] Avoiding foods rich in fats and maintaining a weight thats healthy for you. […] Talk to a healthcare provider about other risk factors and how you can reduce your risk.

• #12 How to prevent or improve male infertility | Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/preventing-male-infertility/

  From avoiding smoking to following a healthy diet, there are a number of simple lifestyle adjustments you can make to improve your sperm health and boost your fertility. […] Some lifestyle changes you can make to start improving your fertility: Quit smoking. Research shows that cigarette smoking is associated with infertility issues, including lower semen volume and total sperm count. […] Follow a healthy diet. The common Western diet high in fried foods, refined grains, added sugars, and red meat is associated with lower sperm counts and reduced sperm motility, while diets high in processed meats are associated with lower sperm morphology. […] Exercise and maintain a healthy body weight. Overweight or obesity is a contributing factor to male fertility, negatively impacting sperm count and sperm motility.

• #13 Solutions to Male Infertility

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/solutions-to-male-infertility

  Some 7.3 million Americans or 15% of couples in the United States experience infertility. While society generally blames infertility on women, statistics show that infertility is a shared problem with male issues contributing to at least 50% of cases. Recent data suggest that infertility affects one in 25 American men. A wide variety of factors including lifestyle, concurrent disease states, environmental exposures, and medications have been linked to male infertility. Determining the etiology of male infertility is extremely important, since many of the causes can be successfully treated with surgery and/or medical therapies. […] In many instances, lifestyle factors are solely responsible for low sperm counts. Emotional stress may interfere with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and reduce sperm counts. Testicular overheating (from high fevers, saunas, and hot tubs) may temporarily lower sperm counts and impair fertility. Cocaine and/or heavy marijuana use may reduce the number and quality of sperm by as much as 50%. Smoking impairs sperm mobility, reduces sperm lifespan, and may cause genetic changes that affect the offspring.

• #14 Can We Prevent or Reverse Male Infertility? | UConn Fertility | Center for Advanced Reproductive Services

  https://uconnfertility.com/2020/06/can-we-prevent-or-reverse-male-infertility/

  Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use have been shown in clinical and research studies to affect hormone levels, as well as direct toxic effects on the testicle. […] Many medications used for the treatment of unrelated medical conditions may have negative effects on sperm quality, as well. […] Occupational exposure to toxins may also affect sperm quality. […] Direct heat to the testis can be a major cause of diminished sperm quality and male infertility. Varicoceles are one of the most common, treatable, and reversible causes of male factor infertility. […] In varicocele-associated infertility, multiple studies have shown that it is more cost-effective to perform varicocele repair as compared to going directly to IVF/ICSI in moderate male factor infertility cases. […] Preventive medicine has an important role in male factor infertility. A thorough evaluation and physical examination by a physician familiar with male infertility are important to identify treatable, reversible, and potentially life-threatening conditions. In addition, modification of behaviors, and avoiding toxic recreational drugs such as anabolic steroids may improve the chances of pregnancy.

• #15 Solutions to Male Infertility

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/solutions-to-male-infertility

  Some 7.3 million Americans or 15% of couples in the United States experience infertility. While society generally blames infertility on women, statistics show that infertility is a shared problem with male issues contributing to at least 50% of cases. Recent data suggest that infertility affects one in 25 American men. A wide variety of factors including lifestyle, concurrent disease states, environmental exposures, and medications have been linked to male infertility. Determining the etiology of male infertility is extremely important, since many of the causes can be successfully treated with surgery and/or medical therapies. […] In many instances, lifestyle factors are solely responsible for low sperm counts. Emotional stress may interfere with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and reduce sperm counts. Testicular overheating (from high fevers, saunas, and hot tubs) may temporarily lower sperm counts and impair fertility. Cocaine and/or heavy marijuana use may reduce the number and quality of sperm by as much as 50%. Smoking impairs sperm mobility, reduces sperm lifespan, and may cause genetic changes that affect the offspring.

• #16 Lifestyle and Environmental Factors Affecting Male Fertility, Individual Predisposition, Prevention, and Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/6/2797

  The consequences of exposure to many lifestyle and environmental factors for male fertility can be reversible. Thus, spontaneous fertility improvement can be observed in many symptomatic men who quit such exposure. For instance, a recent study showed that smoking cessation had a positive effect on sperm concentration, semen volume, and total sperm count. […] If the exposure cessation is difficult to achieve (obesity, professional exposures, stress) or accept (smoking, alcohol), or if the causative agent comes from sources independent of individual human will (air pollution, harmful chemicals present in food, beverages, cosmetics, etc.), symptomatic treatment, mainly based on individualized oral intake of antioxidants, can be envisaged.

• #17 Male infertility – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20374773

  Male infertility isn’t always preventable. However, you can try to avoid some known causes of male infertility. For example: […] Don’t smoke. […] Limit or abstain from alcohol. […] Steer clear of illicit drugs. […] Maintain a healthy weight. […] Don’t get a vasectomy. […] Avoid things that lead to prolonged heat for the testicles. […] Reduce stress. […] Avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.

• #18 Pre-Conceptual Guidelines for Men: A Review of Male Infertility Experience, including Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0311/1/3/16

  However, given the profound psychosocial impacts of infertility and associated financial cost of assisted reproduction, nutritional and lifestyle pre-conception guidelines should be issued to patients who are having trouble conceiving and personalised nutrition support should be considered. […] Hence, preconceptual guidelines for men have been developed from findings of this review. […] These new guidelines are based upon a Mediterranean diet high in omega 3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins and minimally processed foods and minimising exposure to environmental pollutants and radiation.

• #19 Male infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_infertility

  Some strategies suggested or proposed for avoiding male infertility include the following: […] Avoiding smoking as it damages sperm DNA […] Avoiding heavy marijuana and alcohol use. […] Avoiding excessive heat to the testes. […] Maintaining optimal frequency of coital activity: sperm counts can be depressed by daily coital activity and sperm motility may be depressed by coital activity that takes place too infrequently (abstinence 10–14 days or more). […] Wearing a protective cup and jockstrap to protect the testicles, in any sport such as baseball, football, cricket, lacrosse, hockey, softball, paintball, rodeo, motocross, wrestling, soccer, karate or other martial arts or any sport where a ball, foot, arm, knee or bat can come into contact with the groin. […] Diet: Healthy diets (i.e. the Mediterranean diet) rich in such nutrients as omega-3 fatty acids, some antioxidants and vitamins, and low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are inversely associated with low semen quality parameters. In terms of food groups, fish, shellfish and seafood, poultry, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and low-fat dairy products have been positively related to sperm quality. However, diets rich in processed meat, soy foods, potatoes, full-fat dairy products, coffee, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets have been inversely associated with the quality of semen in some studies. The few studies relating male nutrient or food intake and fecundability also suggest that diets rich in red meat, processed meat, tea and caffeine are associated with a lower rate of fecundability. This association is only controversial in the case of alcohol. The potential biological mechanisms linking diet with sperm function and fertility are largely unknown and require further study.

• #20 How to prevent or improve male infertility | Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/preventing-male-infertility/

  From avoiding smoking to following a healthy diet, there are a number of simple lifestyle adjustments you can make to improve your sperm health and boost your fertility. […] Some lifestyle changes you can make to start improving your fertility: Quit smoking. Research shows that cigarette smoking is associated with infertility issues, including lower semen volume and total sperm count. […] Follow a healthy diet. The common Western diet high in fried foods, refined grains, added sugars, and red meat is associated with lower sperm counts and reduced sperm motility, while diets high in processed meats are associated with lower sperm morphology. […] Exercise and maintain a healthy body weight. Overweight or obesity is a contributing factor to male fertility, negatively impacting sperm count and sperm motility.

• #21 Male infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_infertility

  Some strategies suggested or proposed for avoiding male infertility include the following: […] Avoiding smoking as it damages sperm DNA […] Avoiding heavy marijuana and alcohol use. […] Avoiding excessive heat to the testes. […] Maintaining optimal frequency of coital activity: sperm counts can be depressed by daily coital activity and sperm motility may be depressed by coital activity that takes place too infrequently (abstinence 10–14 days or more). […] Wearing a protective cup and jockstrap to protect the testicles, in any sport such as baseball, football, cricket, lacrosse, hockey, softball, paintball, rodeo, motocross, wrestling, soccer, karate or other martial arts or any sport where a ball, foot, arm, knee or bat can come into contact with the groin. […] Diet: Healthy diets (i.e. the Mediterranean diet) rich in such nutrients as omega-3 fatty acids, some antioxidants and vitamins, and low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are inversely associated with low semen quality parameters. In terms of food groups, fish, shellfish and seafood, poultry, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and low-fat dairy products have been positively related to sperm quality. However, diets rich in processed meat, soy foods, potatoes, full-fat dairy products, coffee, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets have been inversely associated with the quality of semen in some studies. The few studies relating male nutrient or food intake and fecundability also suggest that diets rich in red meat, processed meat, tea and caffeine are associated with a lower rate of fecundability. This association is only controversial in the case of alcohol. The potential biological mechanisms linking diet with sperm function and fertility are largely unknown and require further study.

• #22 Pre-Conceptual Guidelines for Men: A Review of Male Infertility Experience, including Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0311/1/3/16

  Male fertility is declining and affects approximately one in seven couples. […] Semen parameters can be improved through a healthy diet and nutritional supplementation has also been shown to improve semen parameters, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates significantly. […] Despite this, in medical care dietary modification beyond alcohol reduction is rarely recommended. […] Review data indicates dietary modification or supplementation with antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, selenium, carnitine and zinc have been shown to improve markers of male fertility and reduce markers of seminal oxidative damage. […] A Mediterranean style diet is also associated with higher quality sperm counts. […] Weight loss is beneficial in terms of normalizing endocrine profiles but at present it is not possible to determine if this is the effect of weight loss alone, or the combined effect of weight loss alongside other dietary improvement.

• #23 MALE INFERTILITY CAUSES AND PREVENTION – Vardaan Medical Center : Blog

  https://vardaanmedicalcenter.com/blog/male-infertility-causes-and-prevention/

  EAT NUTRITIOUS FOOD Healthy and balanced diet is an important consideration for healthy sperm count. Nutrients such as vitamin C and zinc are considered good for maintaining good sperm health. […] ASK YOUR DOCTOR There are certain conditions which can only be explained and cured by your doctor. If you are facing any such situation, you must ask your doctor without hesitating to overcome the problem.

• #24 10 Ways to Boost Male Fertility and Increase Sperm Count

  https://www.healthline.com/health/boost-male-fertility-sperm-count

  Staying active, minimizing stress, and making changes to your diet and lifestyle may help support male fertility. Certain supplements may also be beneficial for increasing sperm count. […] While infertility is not always treatable, there are some things you can do to boost your chances of conceiving. […] Here are 10 science-backed lifestyle factors, foods, nutrients, and supplements to help boost male fertility. […] Research suggests that regular physical activity may help boost testosterone levels and improve semen quality. […] Some evidence indicates that taking antioxidant supplements may help improve male fertility. More specifically, vitamin C supplements may help improve semen quality and partner pregnancy rate. […] Stress has also been linked with a reduction in sperm quality.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #26 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  You can take these steps to protect your fertility, especially while trying to conceive: […] Eat a well-balanced diet and maintain a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Don’t smoke, misuse drugs or drink alcohol. […] Get treated for STIs. […] Limit exposure to environmental toxins. […] Stay physically active, but don’t overdo exercise. […] Don’t delay conception until an advanced age. […] Undergo fertility preservation procedures (freezing eggs or sperm).

• #27 Reducing Your Risk of Infertility | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/reducing-your-risk-of-infertility

  Maintain a normal body weight. Weighing too much or too little can not only put your health at risk, but also can diminish your fertility. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking lowers your chances for pregnancy and increases the risk of miscarriage. Smokers also tend to go through menopause two years earlier than non-smokers. […] Never have unprotected sex. The sexually transmitted infection that you acquire today can affect your fertility tomorrow. […] When you’re ready to have children, don’t delay. The age of the female partner is the number one determinant of successful fertility treatment for couples. […] The best approach to staying fertile in today’s busy world is to take care of yourself: eat well, sleep well, reduce your stress and take all things in moderation. Consider your body a temple and take care of it. A good healthy body is a good reproductive body.

• #28 Lifestyle and Environmental Factors Affecting Male Fertility, Individual Predisposition, Prevention, and Intervention

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/6/2797

  Lifestyle factors, also referred to as behavioral factors, are those related to the change in people’s behaviors and the way they live their life. Together with environmental factors, they can be at the origin of a wide range of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and some types of cancer, or the risk factors behind them. In addition to the above systemic NCDs, lifestyle and environmental factors were also reported to affect male fertility. […] The main negative lifestyle habits and environmental conditions affecting male fertility include an inadequate diet leading to obesity, air pollution, exposure to harmful chemicals (food and drinks, agricultural and industrial products), exposure to heat, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, stress, inadequate physical activity, and use of mobile telephones and portable computers.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #30 Male Infertility | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/infertility/male-infertility/

  Can male infertility be prevented? […] However, there are actions that men can take to decrease the possibility of infertility. These include: […] Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases […] Avoiding illicit drugs […] Avoiding radiation when possible […] Avoiding exposure to toxic substances […] Avoiding heavy or frequent use of alcohol […] Observing good personal hygiene and health practices […] Avoiding long, hot baths, hot tubs or saunas […] Wearing loose-fitting underwear.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #32 MALE INFERTILITY CAUSES AND PREVENTION – Vardaan Medical Center : Blog

  https://vardaanmedicalcenter.com/blog/male-infertility-causes-and-prevention/

  MAINTAIN HEALTHY WEIGHT Obesity can be reason of further lifestyle related disorders like diabetes and hypertension which directly or indirectly affect the sexual health and quality and quantity of semen. So, it is necessary to maintain your healthy weight to prevent such circumstances. […] QUIT ALCOHOL, SMOKING AND DRUGS Excessive intake of Alcohol, smoking and recreational drugs can cause adverse effects on semen quality and quantity, hence leads to impaired fertility. […] MAINTAIN TESTICULAR TEMPRATURE Raise in testicular temperature can affect sperm production in testes. Wearing tight clothes can restrict the blood flow in testicular area and leads to raise in temperature. Also, electronic gadgets such as laptops emits low level radiations which can directly affect sperm production. Also, long exposure of laptop in lap area can raise the testicular temperature.

• #33 Male Infertility | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/infertility/male-infertility/

  Can male infertility be prevented? […] However, there are actions that men can take to decrease the possibility of infertility. These include: […] Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases […] Avoiding illicit drugs […] Avoiding radiation when possible […] Avoiding exposure to toxic substances […] Avoiding heavy or frequent use of alcohol […] Observing good personal hygiene and health practices […] Avoiding long, hot baths, hot tubs or saunas […] Wearing loose-fitting underwear.

• #34 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Reasonable healthy lifestyle changes should be recommended or at least discussed with all male infertility patients. These changes include stopping smoking, limiting or eliminating alcohol intake, adopting a more nutritious diet, weight loss measures if obese, increased exercise, avoiding potentially toxic artificial lubricants during sexual activity, reducing stress, eliminating illegal and recreational drug use (such as marijuana), minimizing prescription drugs, avoiding exposure to pesticides and heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, boron, and cadmium), and eliminating any unnecessary chemical exposures. […] While it remains unclear exactly how much influence these factors have in male infertility, it is reasonable to expect that avoiding potentially spermatotoxic activities and adopting a healthier lifestyle will improve overall male fertility.

• #35 Male infertility – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20374773

  Male infertility isn’t always preventable. However, you can try to avoid some known causes of male infertility. For example: […] Don’t smoke. […] Limit or abstain from alcohol. […] Steer clear of illicit drugs. […] Maintain a healthy weight. […] Don’t get a vasectomy. […] Avoid things that lead to prolonged heat for the testicles. […] Reduce stress. […] Avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.

• #36 Can We Prevent or Reverse Male Infertility? | UConn Fertility | Center for Advanced Reproductive Services

  https://uconnfertility.com/2020/06/can-we-prevent-or-reverse-male-infertility/

  Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use have been shown in clinical and research studies to affect hormone levels, as well as direct toxic effects on the testicle. […] Many medications used for the treatment of unrelated medical conditions may have negative effects on sperm quality, as well. […] Occupational exposure to toxins may also affect sperm quality. […] Direct heat to the testis can be a major cause of diminished sperm quality and male infertility. Varicoceles are one of the most common, treatable, and reversible causes of male factor infertility. […] In varicocele-associated infertility, multiple studies have shown that it is more cost-effective to perform varicocele repair as compared to going directly to IVF/ICSI in moderate male factor infertility cases. […] Preventive medicine has an important role in male factor infertility. A thorough evaluation and physical examination by a physician familiar with male infertility are important to identify treatable, reversible, and potentially life-threatening conditions. In addition, modification of behaviors, and avoiding toxic recreational drugs such as anabolic steroids may improve the chances of pregnancy.

• #37 How to prevent or improve male infertility | Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/preventing-male-infertility/

  Exposure to certain toxins, including endocrine disrupting chemicals, can also impair male fertility. You can reduce your exposure to endocrine disruptors by making thoughtful choices in your personal care, home/garden, and clothing purchases. […] Though fertility naturally declines with age, there are precautions you can take to improve your sperm health and protect your fertility.

• #38 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #41 Male Infertility | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/infertility/male-infertility/

  Can male infertility be prevented? […] However, there are actions that men can take to decrease the possibility of infertility. These include: […] Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases […] Avoiding illicit drugs […] Avoiding radiation when possible […] Avoiding exposure to toxic substances […] Avoiding heavy or frequent use of alcohol […] Observing good personal hygiene and health practices […] Avoiding long, hot baths, hot tubs or saunas […] Wearing loose-fitting underwear.

• #42 Prevention of Male Infertility: From Childhood to Adulthood (Chapter 18) – Male and Sperm Factors that Maximize IVF Success

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/male-and-sperm-factors-that-maximize-ivf-success/prevention-of-male-infertility-from-childhood-to-adulthood/3C6D711519CC533C141BF083C6EE032F

  Many andrological pathologies seen in adults, including infertility, actually arise at a younger age, due to the strong susceptibility and vulnerability of the male gonad to external insults, starting from age of gestation and during all growth phases. […] Since a great number of risk factors for future male fertility might already be present at young ages, the possibility for early diagnosis and prevention of negative sequelae is unfortunately low if systematic health and information programmes are lacking. Indeed, interventions focused on childhood and adolescence could have a profound effect on sexual and reproductive health later in life. To do this, multiple level interventions are necessary.

• #43 MALE INFERTILITY CAUSES AND PREVENTION – Vardaan Medical Center : Blog

  https://vardaanmedicalcenter.com/blog/male-infertility-causes-and-prevention/

  EAT NUTRITIOUS FOOD Healthy and balanced diet is an important consideration for healthy sperm count. Nutrients such as vitamin C and zinc are considered good for maintaining good sperm health. […] ASK YOUR DOCTOR There are certain conditions which can only be explained and cured by your doctor. If you are facing any such situation, you must ask your doctor without hesitating to overcome the problem.

• #44 Can We Prevent or Reverse Male Infertility? | UConn Fertility | Center for Advanced Reproductive Services

  https://uconnfertility.com/2020/06/can-we-prevent-or-reverse-male-infertility/

  Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use have been shown in clinical and research studies to affect hormone levels, as well as direct toxic effects on the testicle. […] Many medications used for the treatment of unrelated medical conditions may have negative effects on sperm quality, as well. […] Occupational exposure to toxins may also affect sperm quality. […] Direct heat to the testis can be a major cause of diminished sperm quality and male infertility. Varicoceles are one of the most common, treatable, and reversible causes of male factor infertility. […] In varicocele-associated infertility, multiple studies have shown that it is more cost-effective to perform varicocele repair as compared to going directly to IVF/ICSI in moderate male factor infertility cases. […] Preventive medicine has an important role in male factor infertility. A thorough evaluation and physical examination by a physician familiar with male infertility are important to identify treatable, reversible, and potentially life-threatening conditions. In addition, modification of behaviors, and avoiding toxic recreational drugs such as anabolic steroids may improve the chances of pregnancy.

• #45 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/male-infertility

  Earlier evaluation is still a matter of debate in couples in with female partners older than 35 years who have not conceived for 6 months as ovarian reserve may fall. […] Recommendations include performing infertility evaluation in couples who have not conceived after twelve consecutive months of regular, unprotected intercourse, investigating both partners simultaneously to categorize the cause of infertility, and investigating all men belonging to couples seeking medical help for fertility problems. […] The Guidelines panel concludes that a comprehensive andrological examination is always indicated in infertile couples, both if semen analysis shows abnormalities and in men with normal sperm parameters as compared with reference values. […] Infertile men should be properly counselled and followed up considering their higher risk of developing malignant and non-malignant comorbid conditions later in life.

• #46 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY: AN UPDATE

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2404102803

  Initial evaluation of the infertile male includes a diligent search for testicular factors, gonadotoxins, and coital factors in order to identify existing causes of impaired fertility and prevent further diminution in fertility. […] Certain prophylactic measures can prevent future infertility such as prompt correction of cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, genital infection, and adolescent varicocele, and proper precautions to limit occupational, medical, and recreational gonadotoxins.

• #47 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY: AN UPDATE

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2404102803

  Initial evaluation of the infertile male includes a diligent search for testicular factors, gonadotoxins, and coital factors in order to identify existing causes of impaired fertility and prevent further diminution in fertility. […] Certain prophylactic measures can prevent future infertility such as prompt correction of cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, genital infection, and adolescent varicocele, and proper precautions to limit occupational, medical, and recreational gonadotoxins.

• #48 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY: AN UPDATE

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2404102803

  Initial evaluation of the infertile male includes a diligent search for testicular factors, gonadotoxins, and coital factors in order to identify existing causes of impaired fertility and prevent further diminution in fertility. […] Certain prophylactic measures can prevent future infertility such as prompt correction of cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, genital infection, and adolescent varicocele, and proper precautions to limit occupational, medical, and recreational gonadotoxins.

• #49 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY: AN UPDATE

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2404102803

  Initial evaluation of the infertile male includes a diligent search for testicular factors, gonadotoxins, and coital factors in order to identify existing causes of impaired fertility and prevent further diminution in fertility. […] Certain prophylactic measures can prevent future infertility such as prompt correction of cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, genital infection, and adolescent varicocele, and proper precautions to limit occupational, medical, and recreational gonadotoxins.

• #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Maintain an Optimum Testicular Temperature: Wearing tight clothes can affect the circulation of blood in the genital region and raise the temperature of the testicles. Higher testicular temperature has been associated with infertility by affecting sperm production. […] Avoid Mobile Phone and Laptop Radiation: Electronic gadgets emit low levels of radiation which can affect sperm production. Ensure that you do not sit with the laptop directly on your lap for long periods of time. Also keep your mobile phone in your shirt pocket rather than in the pant pocket or hooked to your belt. […] Eat Nutritious Food: A lack of nutrients, zinc and vitamin C in particular, can cause problems in sperm production. Ensure that you eat a healthy and balanced diet and take supplements if the food is not supplying you with proper nutrition. […] Exercise to Maintain High Immunity: Infections and inflammations may completely stop the production of healthy sperm. Exercising regularly is a means by which you can ensure a healthy immune system.

• #51 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  You can reduce your risk of male infertility by: […] Avoiding or stopping smoking, drinking and nonprescription drugs. […] Limiting your exposure to hazardous chemicals. […] Staying up to date on vaccines against viruses that may affect your fertility. […] Not exposing your testicles to heat for long periods. […] Avoiding foods rich in fats and maintaining a weight thats healthy for you. […] Talk to a healthcare provider about other risk factors and how you can reduce your risk.

• #52 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/prevention-of-male-infertility/61145407

  Early orchidopexy, before the age of 5 y: decrease this risk. […] Prophylactic Mumps, Measles, Rubella Vaccination Protects against the development of mumps orchitis: significantly affect spermatogenesis. […] Avoid trauma to the testes. […] No justification for prophylactic ligation in childhood or adolescence. […] Sperm storage before Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy.

• #53 Role of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Prevention of Male Infertility

  https://euti.org/journal/view.php?number=399

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause various diseases, including genital warts and malignant diseases, such as cervical, head and neck, and anal cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that a HPV infection can also adversely affect male fertility. The HPV has been detected in the semen and testicular tissues of infected individuals, indicating that the virus can directly impact the male reproductive system. Indeed, many studies showed that the HPV infection could cause sperm DNA damage, decreased sperm motility, and reduced sperm concentration, contributing to male infertility. […] The HPV vaccination is currently only being administered to females in Korea. On the other hand, the vaccine could help mitigate these negative impacts on male fertility by protecting males against HPV infection. This paper reviews the effects of the HPV on male fertility and the potential benefits of HPV vaccination in protecting male fertility.

• #54 Role of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Prevention of Male Infertility

  https://euti.org/journal/view.php?number=399

  HPV infection is a major risk factor for infertility. HPV infections in male decrease the pregnancy success rate significantly and increase the possibility of miscarriage and premature birth by various mechanisms. HPV vaccinations of male remove the risk factors of infertility by keeping males from being infected, and they may have a therapeutic effect on infertility who are already infected with HPV. […] Given the impact of HPV infections and the role of its vaccination on male infertility, it will be necessary to expand the scope of vaccination targets to include male.

• #55 Can We Prevent or Reverse Male Infertility? | UConn Fertility | Center for Advanced Reproductive Services

  https://uconnfertility.com/2020/06/can-we-prevent-or-reverse-male-infertility/

  Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use have been shown in clinical and research studies to affect hormone levels, as well as direct toxic effects on the testicle. […] Many medications used for the treatment of unrelated medical conditions may have negative effects on sperm quality, as well. […] Occupational exposure to toxins may also affect sperm quality. […] Direct heat to the testis can be a major cause of diminished sperm quality and male infertility. Varicoceles are one of the most common, treatable, and reversible causes of male factor infertility. […] In varicocele-associated infertility, multiple studies have shown that it is more cost-effective to perform varicocele repair as compared to going directly to IVF/ICSI in moderate male factor infertility cases. […] Preventive medicine has an important role in male factor infertility. A thorough evaluation and physical examination by a physician familiar with male infertility are important to identify treatable, reversible, and potentially life-threatening conditions. In addition, modification of behaviors, and avoiding toxic recreational drugs such as anabolic steroids may improve the chances of pregnancy.

• #56 Solutions to Male Infertility

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/solutions-to-male-infertility

  The pharmacist can play many roles in providing pharmaceutical care to men experiencing infertility. A thorough medication review identifying drugs that can affect infertility is an important first step. Next, pharmacists should encourage patients to make positive lifestyle changes (e.g., decreasing stress, stopping smoking, ceasing illicit drug activity). […] In the vast majority of cases, male infertility can be successfully treated with either medical or surgical interventions.

• #57 Medications / Supplements and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/medications-and-supplements

  Multiple classes of antibiotic medications have been shown to have the potential for reversible decreases in semen parameters. However, infections can be dangerous and cause oxidative stress on the body which can be detrimental for sperm as well. […] Anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications play an important role in many peoples lives but can also have an impact on the fertility potential of men. […] SSRIs have a known potential impact on ejaculatory function including ejaculatory latency. […] Some antifungal and antiparasitic medications are known to have a potentially negative impact on sperm quality. […] Unfortunately, the antiseizure medications that are used to treat epilepsy also appear to have the potential to cause further problems with semen parameters. […] Antipsychotic medications can potentially impact male fertility indirectly.

• #58 Medications / Supplements and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/medications-and-supplements

  There are many types of medications that are used to treat various cardiovascular problems. Some do not direct impact semen parameters but have the potential to affect fertility through an increased risk of erectile dysfunction, while other medications can potentially have a negative impact on sperm quality itself. […] Men trying to conceive with a new diagnosis of hypertension may want to start with an ACE-inhibitor if possible. […] See Cancer Treatment in the „Medical Conditions and Male Fertility” section of this website for more information regarding the impact of chemotherapy on male fertility. […] The use of antidepressant medications clearly has the risk of sexual side effects on libido, erections and ejaculation. […] The most common use of anti-fungal medications is with topical formulations, and these should not have a significant impact on a mans semen parameters.

• #59 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I (2020) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-auaasrm-guideline-part-i-2020/

  Over 50% of the time, the cause of a man’s infertility can be attributed to one of several conditions many of which have health implications beyond fertility. […] It is recommended that if there is concern about the influence of a particular medication on fertility, clinicians may consult reviews on this subject or databases with data on reproductive effects of medications for additional information. […] Evaluation and treatment of the male can improve SA and fertility outcomes allowing some couples to conceive naturally and potentially lower treatment costs. […] The clinician should discuss the importance of paternal structural autosomal defects in the evaluation of the couple with RPL and the need for the male partner to have a karyotype analysis. […] Given the increased risk of miscarriage for men with abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation, testing for sperm DNA fragmentation is also indicated for males in couples with RPL.

• #60 Medications / Supplements and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/medications-and-supplements

  Sperm production is a complex process that lasts approximately ten weeks, during which time sperm precursor cells are transformed into fully mature sperm. At any time during this process, sperm production can be influenced by outside factors including medications or supplements that may be taken. […] It is important that you have a discussion with your health care provider before making any changes to your medications. This website aims to provide you with information for your own knowledge, and you can share it with your personal physician if you learn something that may be pertinent to your situation. Decisions about which medications are right for you depend heavily upon individual factors, and the potential risks or benefits to stopping or changing any of your medications need to be adequately weighed by a health care professional familiar with your medical history and circumstances.

• #61 How to prevent or improve male infertility | Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/preventing-male-infertility/

  Theres a widespread misconception that infertility is a female issue. But research shows male factor infertility is just as common, and getting worse. Over the past 50 years, human sperm counts appear to have fallen by more than 50% globally. […] Though fertility naturally declines with age, preventing male infertility is possible. There are a number of precautions you could take to improve your sperm health and protect your fertility, whether you hope to have a child in the near future or many years from now. […] Its not always possible to prevent male infertility, but there are some precautions you can take: freezing your sperm, giving up smoking, following a healthy diet, getting vaccinated against viruses that may impact fertility, and limiting exposure to heat and toxins. […] The best way to preserve your fertility is to freeze your sperm proactively. Sperm quality declines with age. Freezing your sperm while youre young is a great way to save high-quality sperm for future use.

• #62 How Cancer and Cancer Treatment Can Affect Fertility in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/fertility-and-sexual-side-effects/fertility-and-men-with-cancer/how-cancer-treatments-affect-fertility.html

  Some cancers and cancer treatments can cause changes in your body that affect your fertility (your ability to have a child). This could include hormone changes or damage to certain parts of your body. […] If you want to have children after cancer treatment, talk to your doctor or cancer care team while you are deciding on treatment. Ask them how treatment might affect your fertility and if there is anything you can do to preserve it. […] It’s best to have these discussions before starting treatment. You might need to be the one to start the conversation. Don’t assume your health care team will ask you about your fertility concerns. […] For this reason, sperm banking before a testicle is removed is now recommended for men and boys who want to preserve their fertility. This is called fertility preservation.

• #63 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/prevention-of-male-infertility/61145407

  1. The document discusses ways to prevent male infertility, including reducing environmental pollutants, treating medical conditions early like undescended testes, vaccinating against diseases causing orchitis, treating sexually transmitted diseases, avoiding trauma, limiting exposure to occupational toxins and drugs affecting sperm production, and cryopreserving sperm before cancer treatments. […] Preventing infertility is better than treatment and many causes can be avoided through public health measures. […] Significant proportion of infertility could be prevented through (WHO, 2011) Standard public health measures Prevention of infections Prevention of iatrogenic infertility (Schoysman R and Segal L, 1989). […] Environmental pollutants (oestrogens): increasing rates Cryptorchidism Hypospadias Germ cell tumours Decline in sperm concentrations over the past 2050 years.

• #64 Male Fertility and Cancer Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/support/sexuality-fertility/fertility/male-fertility-and-cancer-treatment

  Being able to father a child is male fertility. If you are infertile, you cannot father a child. Cancer and its treatment can affect your ability to father a child. […] It is important to talk with your care team about how your cancer and treatment plan could lead to infertility before treatment begins and when new treatments are started. […] Advances in fertility preservation have allowed men to father children after diagnosis and treatment. […] Each situation is unique. Talk with your care team about the chemotherapy you are getting and how it could impact your fertility. […] There are two ways to try to prevent fertility issues from radiation treatment: Shielding protects the testicle(s) from being exposed to radiation. […] It can be hard, but it is important to speak up about your fertility. You can also ask to be referred to a fertility specialist. Learn more about fertility preservation options and find links to resources for more information.

• #65 Male Fertility Issues and Cancer — Side Effects – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-men

  Treatment for cancer may cause changes to a boys or a mans fertility. […] Cancer treatments may affect a male’s fertility. […] Cancer treatments are important for your future health, but they may harm reproductive organs and glands that control fertility. Changes to your fertility caused by cancer treatment may be temporary or permanent. […] Men and boys with cancer have options to preserve their fertility. […] If you choose to take steps to preserve your fertility, your doctor and a fertility specialist will work together to develop a treatment plan that includes fertility preservation whenever possible. […] If having biological children is important, talk with your health care team about how the proposed cancer treatment may affect your ability to make a female pregnant.

• #66 Reducing Your Risk of Infertility | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/reducing-your-risk-of-infertility

  Maintain a normal body weight. Weighing too much or too little can not only put your health at risk, but also can diminish your fertility. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking lowers your chances for pregnancy and increases the risk of miscarriage. Smokers also tend to go through menopause two years earlier than non-smokers. […] Never have unprotected sex. The sexually transmitted infection that you acquire today can affect your fertility tomorrow. […] When you’re ready to have children, don’t delay. The age of the female partner is the number one determinant of successful fertility treatment for couples. […] The best approach to staying fertile in today’s busy world is to take care of yourself: eat well, sleep well, reduce your stress and take all things in moderation. Consider your body a temple and take care of it. A good healthy body is a good reproductive body.

• #67 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I (2020) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-auaasrm-guideline-part-i-2020/

  Initial evaluation of the male for fertility should include a reproductive history. […] Men with one or more abnormal semen parameters or presumed male infertility should be evaluated by a male reproductive expert for complete history and physical examination as well as other directed tests when indicated. […] Clinicians should counsel infertile men or men with abnormal semen parameters of the health risks associated with abnormal sperm production. […] Infertile men with specific, identifiable causes of male infertility should be informed of relevant, associated health conditions. […] Clinicians should advise couples with advanced paternal age (R40) that there is an increased risk of adverse health outcomes for their offspring. […] It is increasingly recognized that male reproductive and overall health are related with infertile subjects having more comorbidities compared to fertile controls.

• #68 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  You can take these steps to protect your fertility, especially while trying to conceive: […] Eat a well-balanced diet and maintain a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Don’t smoke, misuse drugs or drink alcohol. […] Get treated for STIs. […] Limit exposure to environmental toxins. […] Stay physically active, but don’t overdo exercise. […] Don’t delay conception until an advanced age. […] Undergo fertility preservation procedures (freezing eggs or sperm).

• #69 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Infertility is usually defined as the inability of a couple to conceive even after 1 year of unprotected, frequent sexual intercourse. The male is solely responsible in about 20% of cases and is a contributing factor in another 30% to 40% of all infertility cases. As male and female causes often co-exist, it is essential that both partners are investigated for infertility and managed together. Overall, the male factor substantially contributes to about 50% of all cases of infertility. […] The key purpose for evaluating a male for infertility is to identify the contributing factors, offer treatment for those that are reversible, determine if the patient is a candidate for assisted reproductive techniques, and offer counseling for irreversible and untreatable conditions. […] Identify systemic factors contributing to male infertility, such as lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, and occupational hazards, incorporating preventive measures and health promotion strategies into patient care.

• #70 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Infertility is usually defined as the inability of a couple to conceive even after 1 year of unprotected, frequent sexual intercourse. The male is solely responsible in about 20% of cases and is a contributing factor in another 30% to 40% of all infertility cases. As male and female causes often co-exist, it is essential that both partners are investigated for infertility and managed together. Overall, the male factor substantially contributes to about 50% of all cases of infertility. […] The key purpose for evaluating a male for infertility is to identify the contributing factors, offer treatment for those that are reversible, determine if the patient is a candidate for assisted reproductive techniques, and offer counseling for irreversible and untreatable conditions. […] Identify systemic factors contributing to male infertility, such as lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, and occupational hazards, incorporating preventive measures and health promotion strategies into patient care.

• #71 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/male-infertility

  Focused evaluation of male patients should include a medical and reproductive history, physical examination, semen analysis with strict adherence to World Health Organization (WHO) reference values for human semen characteristics, and hormonal evaluation. […] Oxidative stress is considered to be central in male infertility by affecting sperm quality, function, as well as the integrity of sperm. […] Oxidative stress may lead to sperm DNA damage and poorer DNA integrity, which are associated with poor embryo development, miscarriage and infertility. […] Antioxidant regimens and lifestyle interventions may reduce the risk of DNA fragmentation and improve sperm quality. […] However, these data have not been supported by RCTs. […] High sperm DNA fragmentation index (SDF) is associated with reduced pregnancy rates via natural conception or intra-uterine insemination, poor assisted reproductive techniques (ART) outcomes, recurrent pregnancy loss and unexplained infertility.

• #72 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/male-infertility

  Earlier evaluation is still a matter of debate in couples in with female partners older than 35 years who have not conceived for 6 months as ovarian reserve may fall. […] Recommendations include performing infertility evaluation in couples who have not conceived after twelve consecutive months of regular, unprotected intercourse, investigating both partners simultaneously to categorize the cause of infertility, and investigating all men belonging to couples seeking medical help for fertility problems. […] The Guidelines panel concludes that a comprehensive andrological examination is always indicated in infertile couples, both if semen analysis shows abnormalities and in men with normal sperm parameters as compared with reference values. […] Infertile men should be properly counselled and followed up considering their higher risk of developing malignant and non-malignant comorbid conditions later in life.

• #73 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-aua-asrm-guideline-part2/

  Clinicians should counsel patients that the benefits of supplements (e.g., antioxidants, vitamins) are of questionable clinical utility in treating male infertility. […] Although ART does not correct the underlying condition(s) causing male infertility, it allows fertility for couples where natural pregnancy has not previously occurred. […] Patients should be informed of the short and long-term implications of these therapies on future fertility potential prior to initiation of treatment. […] It is important to encourage young men to bank sperm prior to initiating gonadotoxic therapies. […] Evaluation and management of men in a couple with infertility involves a step-wise process of evaluation and consultation regarding treatment options. […] Specific interventions such as varicocele repair, correction of identifiable hormonal abnormalities, microsurgical reconstruction of obstructive conditions, and surgical relief of ejaculatory duct obstruction are effective at increasing fertility for men.

• #74 Varicocele Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/sections/ir/advanced-services/varicocele

  Approximately 10 percent of all men have varicoceles – among infertile couples, the incidence of varicoceles increases to 30 percent. […] There is an association between varicoceles and infertility. The incidence of varicocele increases to 30 percent in infertile couples. Decreased sperm count, decreased motility of sperm, and an increase in the number of deformed sperm are related to varicoceles. Some experts believe that blocked and enlarged veins around the testes, called varicoceles, cause infertility by raising the temperature in the scrotum and decreasing sperm production. […] Embolization is equally effective in improving male infertility and costs about the same as surgical ligation. Pregnancy rates and recurrence rates are comparable to those following surgical varicocelectomy. In one study, sixty percent conceived who were treated for infertility. […] Patients who underwent both procedures expressed a strong preference for embolization.

• #75 Varicocele Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/sections/ir/advanced-services/varicocele

  Approximately 10 percent of all men have varicoceles – among infertile couples, the incidence of varicoceles increases to 30 percent. […] There is an association between varicoceles and infertility. The incidence of varicocele increases to 30 percent in infertile couples. Decreased sperm count, decreased motility of sperm, and an increase in the number of deformed sperm are related to varicoceles. Some experts believe that blocked and enlarged veins around the testes, called varicoceles, cause infertility by raising the temperature in the scrotum and decreasing sperm production. […] Embolization is equally effective in improving male infertility and costs about the same as surgical ligation. Pregnancy rates and recurrence rates are comparable to those following surgical varicocelectomy. In one study, sixty percent conceived who were treated for infertility. […] Patients who underwent both procedures expressed a strong preference for embolization.

• #76 Varicocele Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/sections/ir/advanced-services/varicocele

  Approximately 10 percent of all men have varicoceles – among infertile couples, the incidence of varicoceles increases to 30 percent. […] There is an association between varicoceles and infertility. The incidence of varicocele increases to 30 percent in infertile couples. Decreased sperm count, decreased motility of sperm, and an increase in the number of deformed sperm are related to varicoceles. Some experts believe that blocked and enlarged veins around the testes, called varicoceles, cause infertility by raising the temperature in the scrotum and decreasing sperm production. […] Embolization is equally effective in improving male infertility and costs about the same as surgical ligation. Pregnancy rates and recurrence rates are comparable to those following surgical varicocelectomy. In one study, sixty percent conceived who were treated for infertility. […] Patients who underwent both procedures expressed a strong preference for embolization.

• #77 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-aua-asrm-guideline-part2/

  Failure to conceive within 12 months of attempted conception is due in whole or in part to the male in approximately one-half of all infertile couples. […] Most male factor conditions are specifically treatable with medical or surgical therapy, while others may only be managed with donor sperm or adoption. […] Varicoceles have long been recognized as a condition that can affect male fertility, where correction of a clinical varicocele can result in substantial improvements in semen parameters and the chance of achieving a pregnancy. […] Varicocele repair defers treatment with ART for at least six months. […] Male infertility may be managed with ART. […] Clinicians should inform the man with idiopathic infertility that the use of SERMs has limited benefits relative to results of ART.

• #78 Can We Prevent or Reverse Male Infertility? | UConn Fertility | Center for Advanced Reproductive Services

  https://uconnfertility.com/2020/06/can-we-prevent-or-reverse-male-infertility/

  Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use have been shown in clinical and research studies to affect hormone levels, as well as direct toxic effects on the testicle. […] Many medications used for the treatment of unrelated medical conditions may have negative effects on sperm quality, as well. […] Occupational exposure to toxins may also affect sperm quality. […] Direct heat to the testis can be a major cause of diminished sperm quality and male infertility. Varicoceles are one of the most common, treatable, and reversible causes of male factor infertility. […] In varicocele-associated infertility, multiple studies have shown that it is more cost-effective to perform varicocele repair as compared to going directly to IVF/ICSI in moderate male factor infertility cases. […] Preventive medicine has an important role in male factor infertility. A thorough evaluation and physical examination by a physician familiar with male infertility are important to identify treatable, reversible, and potentially life-threatening conditions. In addition, modification of behaviors, and avoiding toxic recreational drugs such as anabolic steroids may improve the chances of pregnancy.

• #79 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) […] Lifestyle changes—Although there is limited evidence that specific lifestyle changes improve fertility, it is reasonable to take steps like avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol intake (to less than 24 ounces of beer, 10 ounces of wine, or 2 ounces of hard alcohol daily), avoiding any marijuana or recreational drugs, eating a healthy diet that contains fresh fruit and vegetables, and maintaining a healthy weight. These healthy habits may improve your chances of conceiving a child and certainly will help improve your overall health. […] Hypothalamic or pituitary deficiency—In a small percentage of cases (2 to 5 percent), male infertility is due to problems in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In this situation, treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that acts like LH, often in combination with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH), is given. The goal is to achieve normal blood hormone levels so the body can produce sperm.

• #80 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) […] Lifestyle changes—Although there is limited evidence that specific lifestyle changes improve fertility, it is reasonable to take steps like avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol intake (to less than 24 ounces of beer, 10 ounces of wine, or 2 ounces of hard alcohol daily), avoiding any marijuana or recreational drugs, eating a healthy diet that contains fresh fruit and vegetables, and maintaining a healthy weight. These healthy habits may improve your chances of conceiving a child and certainly will help improve your overall health. […] Hypothalamic or pituitary deficiency—In a small percentage of cases (2 to 5 percent), male infertility is due to problems in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In this situation, treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that acts like LH, often in combination with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (rhFSH), is given. The goal is to achieve normal blood hormone levels so the body can produce sperm.

• #81 Newly-Released Guidelines for Male Infertility: Part 2 < Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Blog

  https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/urology-mens-health-blog/2021/jul/

  One of the most important new guidelines addresses the use of testosterone in men of reproductive age. Testosterone use has been found to shut off sperm production, and is NOT indicated in the treatment of male factor infertility. Patients with low testosterone may be treated with off label use medications such as clomiphene citrate or clomid, which is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or a combination of these medicines. These medications will increase testosterone but do not have a negative effect on sperm production. […] Men who have a clinical varicocele, which are dilated veins around the testicle that are identified in a physical exam by a reproductive urologist, should consider surgical repair to help improve abnormal sperm parameters. In this patient population, with healthy, fertile female partners, a significant number of men see an improvement in semen quality.

• #82 Newly-Released Guidelines for Male Infertility: Part 2 < Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Blog

  https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/urology-mens-health-blog/2021/jul/

  One of the most important new guidelines addresses the use of testosterone in men of reproductive age. Testosterone use has been found to shut off sperm production, and is NOT indicated in the treatment of male factor infertility. Patients with low testosterone may be treated with off label use medications such as clomiphene citrate or clomid, which is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or a combination of these medicines. These medications will increase testosterone but do not have a negative effect on sperm production. […] Men who have a clinical varicocele, which are dilated veins around the testicle that are identified in a physical exam by a reproductive urologist, should consider surgical repair to help improve abnormal sperm parameters. In this patient population, with healthy, fertile female partners, a significant number of men see an improvement in semen quality.

• #83 Newly-Released Guidelines for Male Infertility: Part 2 < Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Blog

  https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/urology-mens-health-blog/2021/jul/

  One of the most important new guidelines addresses the use of testosterone in men of reproductive age. Testosterone use has been found to shut off sperm production, and is NOT indicated in the treatment of male factor infertility. Patients with low testosterone may be treated with off label use medications such as clomiphene citrate or clomid, which is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or a combination of these medicines. These medications will increase testosterone but do not have a negative effect on sperm production. […] Men who have a clinical varicocele, which are dilated veins around the testicle that are identified in a physical exam by a reproductive urologist, should consider surgical repair to help improve abnormal sperm parameters. In this patient population, with healthy, fertile female partners, a significant number of men see an improvement in semen quality.

• #84 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  Varicocele—A varicocele is a dilation of a vein in the scrotum. Many men with varicocele have a low sperm count or abnormal sperm morphology (shape). However, many men with varicoceles are able to get their partner pregnant. The reason a varicocele affects sperm production and shape might be related to a higher-than-normal temperature in the testicles. […] Blockage or abnormality of the reproductive tract—Sometimes, infertility is related to a blockage in the ducts that allow sperm to mix with the semen before ejaculation; this can happen as a result of certain infections. In some cases, surgery can fix the blockage. If it is not possible to correct the blockage or the attempt is unsuccessful, another option is ART using sperm removed directly from the testes. […] Other causes of male infertility—In most situations, medical therapies to fix the underlying cause of abnormal sperm production are not currently available. Treatment depends upon the results of blood testing and whether or not sperm are present (which can be determined by testing the fluid that is ejaculated or with a testicular biopsy). If any sperm are present, even a small number, IVF or ICSI may be an option.

• #85 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-aua-asrm-guideline-part2/

  Clinicians should counsel patients that the benefits of supplements (e.g., antioxidants, vitamins) are of questionable clinical utility in treating male infertility. […] Although ART does not correct the underlying condition(s) causing male infertility, it allows fertility for couples where natural pregnancy has not previously occurred. […] Patients should be informed of the short and long-term implications of these therapies on future fertility potential prior to initiation of treatment. […] It is important to encourage young men to bank sperm prior to initiating gonadotoxic therapies. […] Evaluation and management of men in a couple with infertility involves a step-wise process of evaluation and consultation regarding treatment options. […] Specific interventions such as varicocele repair, correction of identifiable hormonal abnormalities, microsurgical reconstruction of obstructive conditions, and surgical relief of ejaculatory duct obstruction are effective at increasing fertility for men.

• #86 Male Infertility – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/fertility-infertility-reproductive-medicine/male-infertility

  Varicocele remains the most correctable factor for men with poor semen quality, but since it is common the operation should only be considered if other infertility risk factors are absent. […] The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Fertility also provides vasectomy reversal for individuals wishing to restore their fertility. […] Ejaculatory duct obstruction is diagnosed in approximately 10% of men without sperm in the ejaculate. […] Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has revolutionized the treatment of male infertility.

• #87 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  Varicocele—A varicocele is a dilation of a vein in the scrotum. Many men with varicocele have a low sperm count or abnormal sperm morphology (shape). However, many men with varicoceles are able to get their partner pregnant. The reason a varicocele affects sperm production and shape might be related to a higher-than-normal temperature in the testicles. […] Blockage or abnormality of the reproductive tract—Sometimes, infertility is related to a blockage in the ducts that allow sperm to mix with the semen before ejaculation; this can happen as a result of certain infections. In some cases, surgery can fix the blockage. If it is not possible to correct the blockage or the attempt is unsuccessful, another option is ART using sperm removed directly from the testes. […] Other causes of male infertility—In most situations, medical therapies to fix the underlying cause of abnormal sperm production are not currently available. Treatment depends upon the results of blood testing and whether or not sperm are present (which can be determined by testing the fluid that is ejaculated or with a testicular biopsy). If any sperm are present, even a small number, IVF or ICSI may be an option.

• #88 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  If the male partner is having difficulty getting or maintaining an erection, or having trouble ejaculating, there are often treatments that can help. […] If tests show that the male partner’s semen contains no or few normal sperm, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can often help. These techniques offer hope to many couples who could not achieve pregnancy without them. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF)—IVF is a commonly used technique for a variety of infertility problems, including female tubal blockages and unexplained infertility. IVF is usually recommended with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for men with infertility. […] Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)—With ICSI, a single sperm from the male partner is injected directly into an egg in the lab. This is similar to IVF but may be more successful if there is there a known issue with the male partner’s sperm production.

• #89 Medical Treatments for Male Infertility | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/male-infertility/treatments/medical-treatments-for-male-infertility

  To manage male infertility, urologists at NYU Langone may recommend medications that correct hormonal imbalances. […] Medication can improve sperm count in some men with infertility. […] Men with low testosterone levels may be prescribed human chorionic gonadotropin to adjust FSH and LH levels and increase sperm production. […] Synthetic testosterone is not prescribed, because it can actually decrease sperm count in men. […] Your doctor may recommend IUI, which is an assisted reproductive technique that is also known as artificial insemination. […] This procedure produces a high concentration of healthy sperm. […] Your doctor may recommend IVF, in which eggs retrieved from a womans ovaries are fertilized with a mans sperm to form an embryo thats implanted in the uterus. […] In surgical sperm retrieval techniques, your doctor may be able to extract quality sperm during an in office procedure.

• #90 Male Infertility Treatment in San Francisco Bay | Pacific Fertility Center

  https://www.pacificfertilitycenter.com/fertility-care/male-fertility

  If such causative issues are identified as contributing factors, our doctors typically offer advice on how to address these challenges. […] Many dietary supplements are known to improve sperm production and function, such as L-carnitine and zinc. […] A reproductive endocrinologist or andrologist may recommend starting a vitamin and mineral supplement regimen to help improve sperm production and parameters. […] When there is mild, unexplained low sperm count or motility, we may recommend an intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycle. […] When surgical and medical treatment does not improve sperm production, many couples find success through in vitro fertilization with intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF with ICSI). […] Two procedures known as MESA and TESE are very effective at treating more problematic male infertility diagnoses, by enabling doctors to obtain healthy sperm directly from the male reproductive tract in cases where sperm is not able to travel on its own.

• #91 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  Although intrauterine insemination has been shown to be equally effective as timed intercourse in unstimulated cycles, there is a modest increase in live birth rates when combined with ovarian stimulation. […] Lastly, in vitro fertilization, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection, is the mainstay of assisted reproductive technology for male factor infertility. […] All couples should be counseled to abstain from tobacco use, limit alcohol consumption, and aim for a body mass index less than 30 kg per m2 to improve their chances of natural conception or using assisted reproductive technology. […] Obesity impairs fertility and the response to fertility treatments, including in vitro fertilization; therefore, it is advisable to counsel patients who are obese to lose weight before conception or infertility treatments. […] Counseling on lifestyle modifications is reasonable because exposures to tobacco and alcohol are associated with lower rates of fertility.

• #92 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  If the male partner is having difficulty getting or maintaining an erection, or having trouble ejaculating, there are often treatments that can help. […] If tests show that the male partner’s semen contains no or few normal sperm, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can often help. These techniques offer hope to many couples who could not achieve pregnancy without them. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF)—IVF is a commonly used technique for a variety of infertility problems, including female tubal blockages and unexplained infertility. IVF is usually recommended with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for men with infertility. […] Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)—With ICSI, a single sperm from the male partner is injected directly into an egg in the lab. This is similar to IVF but may be more successful if there is there a known issue with the male partner’s sperm production.

• #93 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  If the male partner is having difficulty getting or maintaining an erection, or having trouble ejaculating, there are often treatments that can help. […] If tests show that the male partner’s semen contains no or few normal sperm, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can often help. These techniques offer hope to many couples who could not achieve pregnancy without them. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF)—IVF is a commonly used technique for a variety of infertility problems, including female tubal blockages and unexplained infertility. IVF is usually recommended with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for men with infertility. […] Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)—With ICSI, a single sperm from the male partner is injected directly into an egg in the lab. This is similar to IVF but may be more successful if there is there a known issue with the male partner’s sperm production.

• #94 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) | HFEA

  https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-icsi/

  ICSI is the most common and successful treatment for male infertility. […] ICSI is an effective treatment for men with infertility. […] There is currently no scientific evidence to support the use of ICSI for cases of infertility which is not related to issues with the male partners sperm. […] Additionally, opting for ICSI when it is not necessary may increase the cost of your treatment without clear evidence that it will improve your success. […] Risks that may be associated with ICSI include: certain genetic and developmental defects in a very small number of children born using this treatment; however, problems that have been linked with ICSI may have been caused by the underlying infertility, rather than the treatment itself. […] If you think this might apply to you, you may want to consider having genetic testing first to avoid the low sperm count being passed onto a male child.

• #95 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) | HFEA

  https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-icsi/

  ICSI is the most common and successful treatment for male infertility. […] ICSI is an effective treatment for men with infertility. […] There is currently no scientific evidence to support the use of ICSI for cases of infertility which is not related to issues with the male partners sperm. […] Additionally, opting for ICSI when it is not necessary may increase the cost of your treatment without clear evidence that it will improve your success. […] Risks that may be associated with ICSI include: certain genetic and developmental defects in a very small number of children born using this treatment; however, problems that have been linked with ICSI may have been caused by the underlying infertility, rather than the treatment itself. […] If you think this might apply to you, you may want to consider having genetic testing first to avoid the low sperm count being passed onto a male child.

• #96 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  Testicular extraction of sperm—If a man’s semen contains no sperm or very few sperm, sperm can sometimes be directly removed from the testicles. This is done with a minor surgery or using a needle under local anesthesia. If sperm can be found and extracted from the testis, the sperm can be used for ICSI. […] Artificial insemination with donor sperm—Some couples may choose artificial insemination of the female partner with donor sperm. Donor sperm may be obtained from a known donor or from a sperm bank, which screens men for infections and certain genetic problems and provides a complete personal and family history. […] The decision to use donor sperm can be complicated and difficult for a couple. Counseling may be helpful to help both partners discuss their feelings and the potential implications of using donor sperm, including the question of when to talk to a child about their genetic origins.

• #97 Patient education: Treatment of male infertility (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-male-infertility-beyond-the-basics

  Testicular extraction of sperm—If a man’s semen contains no sperm or very few sperm, sperm can sometimes be directly removed from the testicles. This is done with a minor surgery or using a needle under local anesthesia. If sperm can be found and extracted from the testis, the sperm can be used for ICSI. […] Artificial insemination with donor sperm—Some couples may choose artificial insemination of the female partner with donor sperm. Donor sperm may be obtained from a known donor or from a sperm bank, which screens men for infections and certain genetic problems and provides a complete personal and family history. […] The decision to use donor sperm can be complicated and difficult for a couple. Counseling may be helpful to help both partners discuss their feelings and the potential implications of using donor sperm, including the question of when to talk to a child about their genetic origins.

• #98 Newly-Released Guidelines for Male Infertility: Part 2 < Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Blog

  https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/urology-mens-health-blog/2021/jul/

  In patients who have no sperm in their ejaculate as a result of low sperm production (non-obstructive azoospermia), a procedure called microsurgical testicular sperm extraction or microTESE should be performed to give the best results in finding sperm. 50% of the time, sperm can be identified and combined with oocytes in vitro to achieve a pregnancy.

• #99 Newly-Released Guidelines for Male Infertility: Part 2 < Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Blog

  https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/urology-mens-health-blog/2021/jul/

  In patients who have no sperm in their ejaculate as a result of low sperm production (non-obstructive azoospermia), a procedure called microsurgical testicular sperm extraction or microTESE should be performed to give the best results in finding sperm. 50% of the time, sperm can be identified and combined with oocytes in vitro to achieve a pregnancy.

• #100 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Deterrence and patient education play crucial roles in addressing male infertility. Educating patients about modifiable risk factors, such as lifestyle choices and environmental exposures, serves as a preventive measure to deter the development of fertility issues. Healthy lifestyle changes and practices are generally helpful in optimizing fertility. Patients are encouraged to stop smoking, eliminate cannabis use, reduce weight, and stop drinking excess alcohol. […] Promoting awareness of the significance of timely fertility evaluations encourages men to seek early medical intervention.

• #101 Male Infertility Treatment in San Francisco Bay | Pacific Fertility Center

  https://www.pacificfertilitycenter.com/fertility-care/male-fertility

  Perhaps because the woman carries the baby, we often consider infertility solely a female problem. In fact, up to 50% of all infertility cases involve the male partner. […] If male fertility issues are suspected based on the results of a semen analysis, we may refer him to a male fertility specialist or an andrologist, who specializes in male reproductive problems. […] Just as reproductive endocrinologists are gynecologists sub-specialized in treating female infertility, andrologists are urologists specially trained to treat male infertility. […] Because male infertility may require months of treatment, any treatment plan will consider the age of the female partner, as this is a crucial element in fertility success. […] Many cases of male factor infertility, even after a full evaluation, are labeled „idiopathic,” which means that we do not know why there is a low count, low motility, or poor sperm morphology (abnormally shaped sperm).

• #102 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/male-infertility

  Infertility is defined by the inability of a sexually active, non-contraceptive couple to achieve spontaneous pregnancy within 12 months. […] In 30-40% of cases, no male-associated factor is found to explain the underlying impairment of sperm parameters and historically was referred to as idiopathic male infertility. […] It is now believed that idiopathic male infertility may be associated with several previously unidentified pathological factors, which include but are not limited to endocrine disruption as a result of environmental pollution, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/sperm DNA damage, or genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. […] About 15% of couples do not achieve pregnancy within 12 consecutive months and seek medical treatment for infertility. […] One in eight couples encounter problems when attempting to conceive a first child and one in six when attempting to conceive a subsequent child.

• #103 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Reasonable healthy lifestyle changes should be recommended or at least discussed with all male infertility patients. These changes include stopping smoking, limiting or eliminating alcohol intake, adopting a more nutritious diet, weight loss measures if obese, increased exercise, avoiding potentially toxic artificial lubricants during sexual activity, reducing stress, eliminating illegal and recreational drug use (such as marijuana), minimizing prescription drugs, avoiding exposure to pesticides and heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, boron, and cadmium), and eliminating any unnecessary chemical exposures. […] While it remains unclear exactly how much influence these factors have in male infertility, it is reasonable to expect that avoiding potentially spermatotoxic activities and adopting a healthier lifestyle will improve overall male fertility.

• #104 Male infertility – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20374773

  Male infertility isn’t always preventable. However, you can try to avoid some known causes of male infertility. For example: […] Don’t smoke. […] Limit or abstain from alcohol. […] Steer clear of illicit drugs. […] Maintain a healthy weight. […] Don’t get a vasectomy. […] Avoid things that lead to prolonged heat for the testicles. […] Reduce stress. […] Avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.

• #105 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  You can reduce your risk of male infertility by: […] Avoiding or stopping smoking, drinking and nonprescription drugs. […] Limiting your exposure to hazardous chemicals. […] Staying up to date on vaccines against viruses that may affect your fertility. […] Not exposing your testicles to heat for long periods. […] Avoiding foods rich in fats and maintaining a weight thats healthy for you. […] Talk to a healthcare provider about other risk factors and how you can reduce your risk.

• #106 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Reasonable healthy lifestyle changes should be recommended or at least discussed with all male infertility patients. These changes include stopping smoking, limiting or eliminating alcohol intake, adopting a more nutritious diet, weight loss measures if obese, increased exercise, avoiding potentially toxic artificial lubricants during sexual activity, reducing stress, eliminating illegal and recreational drug use (such as marijuana), minimizing prescription drugs, avoiding exposure to pesticides and heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, boron, and cadmium), and eliminating any unnecessary chemical exposures. […] While it remains unclear exactly how much influence these factors have in male infertility, it is reasonable to expect that avoiding potentially spermatotoxic activities and adopting a healthier lifestyle will improve overall male fertility.

• #107 PREVENTION OF MALE INFERTILITY: AN UPDATE

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2404102803

  Initial evaluation of the infertile male includes a diligent search for testicular factors, gonadotoxins, and coital factors in order to identify existing causes of impaired fertility and prevent further diminution in fertility. […] Certain prophylactic measures can prevent future infertility such as prompt correction of cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, genital infection, and adolescent varicocele, and proper precautions to limit occupational, medical, and recreational gonadotoxins.

• #108 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  You can reduce your risk of male infertility by: […] Avoiding or stopping smoking, drinking and nonprescription drugs. […] Limiting your exposure to hazardous chemicals. […] Staying up to date on vaccines against viruses that may affect your fertility. […] Not exposing your testicles to heat for long periods. […] Avoiding foods rich in fats and maintaining a weight thats healthy for you. […] Talk to a healthcare provider about other risk factors and how you can reduce your risk.

• #109 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I (2020) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-auaasrm-guideline-part-i-2020/

  Over 50% of the time, the cause of a man’s infertility can be attributed to one of several conditions many of which have health implications beyond fertility. […] It is recommended that if there is concern about the influence of a particular medication on fertility, clinicians may consult reviews on this subject or databases with data on reproductive effects of medications for additional information. […] Evaluation and treatment of the male can improve SA and fertility outcomes allowing some couples to conceive naturally and potentially lower treatment costs. […] The clinician should discuss the importance of paternal structural autosomal defects in the evaluation of the couple with RPL and the need for the male partner to have a karyotype analysis. […] Given the increased risk of miscarriage for men with abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation, testing for sperm DNA fragmentation is also indicated for males in couples with RPL.

• #110 How to prevent or improve male infertility | Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/preventing-male-infertility/

  Theres a widespread misconception that infertility is a female issue. But research shows male factor infertility is just as common, and getting worse. Over the past 50 years, human sperm counts appear to have fallen by more than 50% globally. […] Though fertility naturally declines with age, preventing male infertility is possible. There are a number of precautions you could take to improve your sperm health and protect your fertility, whether you hope to have a child in the near future or many years from now. […] Its not always possible to prevent male infertility, but there are some precautions you can take: freezing your sperm, giving up smoking, following a healthy diet, getting vaccinated against viruses that may impact fertility, and limiting exposure to heat and toxins. […] The best way to preserve your fertility is to freeze your sperm proactively. Sperm quality declines with age. Freezing your sperm while youre young is a great way to save high-quality sperm for future use.

• #111 Male Infertility – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/fertility-infertility-reproductive-medicine/male-infertility

  At the Center for Reproductive Medicine, our experts work with specialists from the Mens Wellness Clinic to identify aspects of male factor infertility. […] Our team helps couples achieve their family building goals by: Identifying and correcting reversible causes of male infertility, with the goal of allowing a couple to conceive through intercourse or with the least amount of technology. […] A male should consider medical evaluation sooner if there is a known risk factor for infertility or concern about their fertility potential. […] These factors include: History of undescended testicles, hypospadias, urethral repair or genitourinary abnormalities. […] Medical therapy is sometimes an option to reverse or improve certain types of inflammation or hormone deficiency. […] Surgery may be recommended to treat problems with the male anatomy, such as ductal obstruction (from vasectomy or ejaculatory duct obstruction) or varicocele.

• #112

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol intake and obesity can affect fertility. […] Government policies could mitigate the many inequities in access to safe and effective fertility care. To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. […] Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #113 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I (2020) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-infertility-in-men-auaasrm-guideline-part-i-2020/

  Evaluation and management of men in a couple with infertility involves a step-wise process of evaluation and consultation regarding treatment options. An increasing understanding of general health conditions associated with male infertility is valuable for counselling, as well as diagnosis of the underlying cause of the fertility.

• #114

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol intake and obesity can affect fertility. […] Government policies could mitigate the many inequities in access to safe and effective fertility care. To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. […] Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

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