Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Infertility is usually defined as the inability of a couple to conceive even after 1 year of unprotected, frequent sexual intercourse. The male is solely responsible in about 20% of cases and is a contributing factor in another 30% to 40% of all infertility cases. As male and female causes often co-exist, it is essential that both partners are investigated for infertility and managed together. Overall, the male factor substantially contributes to about 50% of all cases of infertility. […] There are several reasons for male fertility, including both reversible and irreversible conditions. Other factors can influence each partner, including age, medications, surgical history, exposure to environmental toxins, genetic problems, and systemic diseases. The key purpose for evaluating a male for infertility is to identify his contributing factors, offer treatment for those that are reversible, determine if he is a candidate for assisted reproductive techniques (ART), and provide counseling for irreversible and untreatable conditions.

• #2 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive. […] Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include: Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia). Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis. Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV. Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles). Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy). Testicular trauma. Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

• #3 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  There are multiple causes for male infertility, which can be broadly classified due to their general underlying etiology. These include endocrine disorders (usually due to hypogonadism) estimated at 2% to 5% of cases, sperm transport disorders (such as vasectomy) at 5%, primary testicular defects (which include abnormal sperm parameters without any identifiable cause) at 65% to 80% and idiopathic (where an infertile male has normal sperm and semen parameters) at 10% to 20%. […] Male infertility can also be classified based on the medical interventions that can potentially assist conception as follows: Treatable causes of male infertility are found in 18% of cases – obstructive azoospermia, ejaculatory duct and prostatic midline cysts, gonadotropin deficiency, sexual function disorders, sperm autoimmunity, varicoceles, and reversible effects of toxins. Uncorrectable male infertility or subfertility is found in 70% of cases – oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and normospermia with functional defects. ART will generally be necessary for reproduction. Untreatable male sterility is seen in 12% of cases – primary seminiferous tubular failure, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and bilateral orchiectomy.

• #4 Causes and Risk Factors for Male Infertility: A Scoping Review of Published Studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9268217/

  Four broad causes and risk factors of male infertility identified were 1) biological/physiological/genetic causes, 2) behavioral/lifestyle risk factors, 3) environmental factors, and 4) socio-demographic risk factors. […] The major biological factors associated with male infertility identified in this review were genetic factors, uro-genital infections, and varicoceles. […] Several causes and risk factors have been speculated and/or proven for male infertility and published in the literature. Some of these include smoking, alcohol intake, drugs, obesity, past or present testicular infections, exposure to environmental toxins, exposure of the testicles to excessive heat, hormonal disorders, testicular trauma and ejaculatory/erectile disorders among several others. […] The major causes of male infertility oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, azoospermia, or a combination as identified in the study were specific biological or physiological conditions.

• #5

  https://ssmr.org/patients/causes-of-male-infertility.aspx

  There are many possible causes of male infertility. […] Problems with the production and development of sperm are the most common problems of male infertility. […] Varicoceles are the most common correctable and treatable cause of male infertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen is pushed backwards into the bladder instead of out the penis. […] Triggered by a man’s immunologic response to his own sperm, the production of antisperm antibodies results from injury, surgery or infection of the reproductive tract. […] Blocking sperm from its normal passage, obstructions can be caused by a number of factors, such as repeated infections, prior surgery (including vasectomy), and inflammation or development problems. […] The inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection may impede intercourse, limiting the chances for conception.

• #6 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive. […] Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include: Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia). Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis. Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV. Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles). Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy). Testicular trauma. Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility in the male reproductive system is most commonly caused by problems in the ejection of semen, absence or low levels of sperm, or abnormal shape (morphology) and movement (motility) of the sperm. […] In the male reproductive system, infertility may be caused by obstruction of the reproductive tract causing dysfunctionalities in the ejection of semen. This blockage can occur in the tubes that carry semen (such as ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles). Blockages are commonly due to injuries or infections of the genital tract; […] hormonal disorders leading to abnormalities in hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles hormones such as testosterone regulate sperm production. Example of disorders that result in hormonal imbalance include pituitary or testicular cancers;

• #8 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #9 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #10 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  There are multiple causes for male infertility, which can be broadly classified due to their general underlying etiology. These include endocrine disorders (usually due to hypogonadism) estimated at 2% to 5% of cases, sperm transport disorders (such as vasectomy) at 5%, primary testicular defects (which include abnormal sperm parameters without any identifiable cause) at 65% to 80% and idiopathic (where an infertile male has normal sperm and semen parameters) at 10% to 20%. […] Male infertility can also be classified based on the medical interventions that can potentially assist conception as follows: Treatable causes of male infertility are found in 18% of cases – obstructive azoospermia, ejaculatory duct and prostatic midline cysts, gonadotropin deficiency, sexual function disorders, sperm autoimmunity, varicoceles, and reversible effects of toxins. Uncorrectable male infertility or subfertility is found in 70% of cases – oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and normospermia with functional defects. ART will generally be necessary for reproduction. Untreatable male sterility is seen in 12% of cases – primary seminiferous tubular failure, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and bilateral orchiectomy.

• #11

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/causes/

  Infertility can be caused by many different things. For 1 in 4 couples, a cause cannot be identified. […] A common cause of infertility in men is poor-quality semen, the fluid containing sperm that’s ejaculated during sex. […] Possible reasons for abnormal semen include: a lack of sperm you may have a very low sperm count or no sperm at all, sperm that are not moving properly this will make it harder for sperm to swim to the egg, abnormal sperm sperm can sometimes be an abnormal shape, making it harder for them to move and fertilise an egg. […] Many cases of abnormal semen are unexplained. […] The testicles produce and store sperm. If they’re damaged, it can seriously affect the quality of your semen. […] Hypogonadism is an abnormally low level of testosterone, the male sex hormone involved in making sperm. […] Certain types of medicines can sometimes cause infertility problems. […] Illegal drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, can also affect semen quality.

• #12 8 DIFFERENT CAUSES OF MALE INFERTILITY: Rocky Mountain Fertility Center: Reproductive Endocrinologists

  https://www.rockymountainfertility.com/blog/8-different-causes-of-male-infertility

  A third of the cases of infertility in couples are due to male fertility factors. Typical causes of male infertility range from physical to psychological issues; lifestyle choices are also known to impact male reproductive health. Male infertility typically falls under the following eight broad classes: […] Hormones that control the testes and lead to normal sperm production are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary. Disturbances in hormones can impede testosterone synthesis and the production of sperm. […] Hyperprolactinemia, characterized by elevated prolactin hormone level, lowers sperm generation and libido in men. […] Hypothyroidism, associated with reduced thyroid hormone levels also impairs semen quality and libido. […] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a condition wherein the pituitary functions are reduced by high adrenal androgen levels.

• #13 What Causes Male Infertility?

  https://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/causemal.htm

  A variety of disorders ranging from hormonal disturbances to physical problems, to psychological problems can cause male infertility. […] In many instances, male infertility is caused by testicular damage resulting in an inability of the testicle to produce sperm. […] Besides testicular damage, the main causes of male infertility are low sperm production and poor sperm quality. […] Male infertility has many causes–from hormonal imbalances, to physical problems, to psychological and/or behavioral problems. […] The following is a list of hormonal disorders which can disrupt male infertility: […] Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin–a hormone associated with nursing mothers, is found in 10 to 40 percent of infertile males. […] Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid hormone levels–can cause poor semen quality, poor testicular function and may disturb libido.

• #14 What Causes Male Infertility?

  https://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/causemal.htm

  A variety of disorders ranging from hormonal disturbances to physical problems, to psychological problems can cause male infertility. […] In many instances, male infertility is caused by testicular damage resulting in an inability of the testicle to produce sperm. […] Besides testicular damage, the main causes of male infertility are low sperm production and poor sperm quality. […] Male infertility has many causes–from hormonal imbalances, to physical problems, to psychological and/or behavioral problems. […] The following is a list of hormonal disorders which can disrupt male infertility: […] Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin–a hormone associated with nursing mothers, is found in 10 to 40 percent of infertile males. […] Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid hormone levels–can cause poor semen quality, poor testicular function and may disturb libido.

• #15 What Causes Male Infertility?

  https://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/causemal.htm

  Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Occurs when the pituitary is suppressed by increased levels of adrenal androgens. […] Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism: Low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH. […] Panhypopituitafism: Complete pituitary gland failure–lowers growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and LH and FSH levels. […] A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility. […] The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: […] Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen. […] Damaged Sperm Ducts: Seven percent of infertile men cannot transport sperm from their testicles to out of their penis. […] Torsion: Is a common problem affecting fertility that is caused by a supportive tissue abnormality which allows the testes to twist inside the scrotum.

• #16 Male Infertility Causes – Low Sperm Count – Indiana Fertility Specialists

  https://www.midwestfertility.com/male-infertility/causes/

  Anatomical concerns may include varicoceles, obstructions in the tubes that carry the sperm from the testicles to the penis, erectile dysfunction and other abnormalities present since birth. Varicoceles (an enlargement of the veins that drain the testicles) can affect testicular temperature and sperm quality. In contrast, erectile dysfunction and obstructions can have a negative effect on sperm delivery. A medical history or a physical exam will often help to reveal these male infertility causes. […] Hormonal imbalances can affect sexual urges and the production and the distribution of sperm. One common example is low testosterone (Low T), which can impact a mans sperm production and sex drive. […] In most cases, lifestyle changes or basic fertility treatments are enough to overcome male infertility.

• #17 Male Infertility Causes – Crete Fertility Centre

  https://www.fertilitycrete.gr/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Varicocele, a varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men. […] Hydrocele, presence of excessive fluid around the testicle […] Damaged Sperm Ducts, seven percent of infertile men cannot transport sperm from their testicles to out of their penis […] Torsion is a common problem affecting fertility that is caused by a supportive tissue abnormality which allows the testes to twist inside the scrotum which is characterized by extreme swelling. […] Retrograde ejaculation (a rare condition when some men ejaculate backwards into the bladder). […] Additionally a small percentage of male infertility is caused by hormonal problems. The hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine system regulates the chain of hormonal events that enables testes to produce and effectively disseminate sperm. Most common hormonal conditions are:

• #18 Causes of Male Infertility | ReproductiveFacts.org

  https://www.reproductivefacts.org/browse-resources/videos/causes-of-male-infertility/

  Causes of Male Infertility […] Dr. Roger Lobo, of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine explains the causes of male infertility. […] Hi I’m Dr. Roger Lobo with the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Today, we’re talking about the causes of male infertility. Male infertility can be due to a variety of conditions. Some of these can be found and corrected while others cannot be corrected. Most problems with male infertility occur when there are low numbers of sperm or abnormalities in their movement or shape. This can result from abnormalities in the production, transport, or delivery of sperm. A varicocele is a common potentially correctable cause of male infertility. A varicocele is a collection of enlarged veins in the scrotum that can affect sperm production and its characteristics. Varicocele occurs in about 15% of all men and as many as 40% of those who are infertile. The tricky thing with that area is there are a lot of fertile men who are found with varicocele, so what do you do when you find a small one in an infertile male? This is when a male might first want to consult with a urologist before acting on taking care of a varicocele which sometimes might require surgery. About 10 to 15% of men with low sperm counts have an abnormality in the Y chromosome which affects the development of sperm. Others may be born without critical parts of the sperm transport process, such as the vas deferens, which connect the testes to the male urethra. Vasectomy is a common surgical cause of male infertility in men who have changed their minds about fertilization. But men who have had other surgery in or near the reproductive tract also can have problems. Injury to the nerve supply and/or obstructions in a transport system can affect sperm production. For some men, fertility is affected by abnormal hormones, too. Too much estrogen and/or too little testosterone can negatively affect the development and maturation of sperm. Other hormones may be involved as well. Temperature also plays a critical role. Sperm can only mature at temperatures lower than the core body temperature. This is why the testes normally lie in the scrotal sacs outside of the body. Heat exposure or conditions where the testes have not descended into the scrotum can affect sperm production. Male infertility can also be due to infections, certain medical conditions, and exposure to toxins such as chemotherapy or radiation. […] […] […] About 20% of infertility cases are due to a male factor alone. Another 30% involves both male and female factors. […] […] […] Did you know that up to 40% of infertile couples suffer from male factor infertility?

• #19 Causes and Risk Factors of Male infertility

  https://www.gaudiumivfcentre.com/blog/understanding-causes-and-risk-factors-of-male-infertility/

  Male infertility is a complex condition with multiple causes and risk factors. It affects approximately 7% of men and can result from a variety of issues related to sperm production, function, or structure. […] Genetic Disorders: Conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis can impact sperm production. […] Hormonal Imbalances: Disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, or adrenal glands can affect hormone levels, leading to impaired sperm production. Low levels of testosterone, for instance, can significantly reduce sperm count. […] Undescended Testicles: If one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development, it can lead to infertility. […] Blockages: Obstructions in the tubes that transport sperm from the testicles to the penis (such as the vas deferens or epididymis) can prevent sperm from being ejaculated.

• #20 Male Factor Infertility | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/male-factor-infertility

  Treatment for male infertility depends upon the underlying cause, and whether or not female factors also exist. Treatment often involves both the male and female partner. […] Blockage of the reproductive tract prevents sperm from traveling from the testis to the ejaculatory duct. Blockage may be caused by previous infections or scarring from previous surgeries. In rare cases, some men are born without the necessary sperm transport structures (vas deferens). […] Hypothalamic or pituitary deficiency: As in women, the brain regulates production of mens reproductive hormones. Hormone production abnormalities, such as too little testosterone or too much estrogen, can inhibit the production and maturation of sperm. […] Varicocele is a common, potentially correctable, cause of male infertility which results from a dilation of the veins (like a varicose vein) in the scrotum. This condition occurs in 15% of all men, and 40% of infertile men. It is associated with a low sperm count or abnormal sperm morphology (shape).

• #21

  https://ssmr.org/patients/causes-of-male-infertility.aspx

  There are many possible causes of male infertility. […] Problems with the production and development of sperm are the most common problems of male infertility. […] Varicoceles are the most common correctable and treatable cause of male infertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen is pushed backwards into the bladder instead of out the penis. […] Triggered by a man’s immunologic response to his own sperm, the production of antisperm antibodies results from injury, surgery or infection of the reproductive tract. […] Blocking sperm from its normal passage, obstructions can be caused by a number of factors, such as repeated infections, prior surgery (including vasectomy), and inflammation or development problems. […] The inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection may impede intercourse, limiting the chances for conception.

• #22 What causes male infertility?

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/what-causes-male-infertility

  Male infertility is a common condition, affecting approximately 7% of the population. In half of these men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. […] There are numerous possible causes of male infertility: One of these causes is a varicocele. This is when the veins that drain the testicle swell up. It is unknown why varicocele causes male infertility; however, it is believed to possibly be linked to abnormal blood flow. […] Another possible cause of infertility is an infection. Infections of different parts of the testicles, such as the epididymis or testicles, as well as STIs, can later lead to fertility problems. Sometimes the damage to the testicles from infections is permanent. […] Retrograde ejaculation is another medical condition that can cause fertility issues. This is when the sperm travels back up into the bladder during ejaculation instead of out of the penis. Retrograde ejaculation can be caused by injuries to the genitals, diabetes, spinal injuries, different medicines and bladder surgery. The tubes which carry sperm can also become blocked due to various possible problems, such as injury or infection.

• #23 What Causes Male Infertility?

  https://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/causemal.htm

  Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Occurs when the pituitary is suppressed by increased levels of adrenal androgens. […] Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism: Low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH. […] Panhypopituitafism: Complete pituitary gland failure–lowers growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and LH and FSH levels. […] A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility. […] The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: […] Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen. […] Damaged Sperm Ducts: Seven percent of infertile men cannot transport sperm from their testicles to out of their penis. […] Torsion: Is a common problem affecting fertility that is caused by a supportive tissue abnormality which allows the testes to twist inside the scrotum.

• #24 Male Infertility: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436829-overview

  Primary testicular problems may be chromosomal or nonchromosomal in nature. […] An estimated 6-13% of infertile men have chromosomal abnormalities (compared with 0.6% of the general population). […] Varicoceles are considered the most common correctable cause of infertility (30-35%) and the most common cause of secondary (acquired) infertility (75-85%). […] Testicular failure that is nonchromosomal in origin may be idiopathic or acquired by gonadotoxic drugs, radiation, orchitis, trauma, or torsion. […] Causes of testicular failure also include granulomatous disease, sickle cell disease, and excessive use of alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, or marijuana. […] Post-testicular causes of infertility include problems with sperm transportation through the ductal system, either congenital or acquired.

• #25 Male infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_infertility

  Male infertility refers to a sexually mature male’s inability to impregnate a fertile female. Male infertility can wholly or partially account for 40% of infertility among couples who are trying to have children. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. Factors relating to male infertility include: Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood–testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men. Chromosomal anomalies and genetic mutations account for nearly 10–15% of all male infertility cases. Mature human sperm contains almost no mitochondrial DNA at all. An increased amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sperm cells has shown to have a negative impact on fertility. One of the most commonly known causes of infertility is Klinefelter syndrome, which affects one in 500–1000 newborn males. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal defect that occurs during gamete formation due to a non-disjunction error during cell division. Resulting in males having smaller testes, reducing the amount of testosterone and sperm production. Males with this syndrome carry an extra X chromosome (XXY), meaning they have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 46 in each cell. This extra chromosome directly affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. A variation of Klinefelter syndrome is when some cells in an individual have the extra X chromosome but others do not, referred to as mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. The reduction of testosterone in the male body normally results in an overall decrease in the production of viable sperm for these individuals thereby forcing them to turn to fertility treatments to father children. Y chromosomal infertility is a direct cause of male infertility due to its effects on sperm production, occurring in approximately one in 2000 males. Usually, affected men show no symptoms, although they may have smaller testes. Men with this condition may exhibit azoospermia (no sperm production), oligozoospermia (small number of sperm production), or they may produce abnormally shaped sperm (teratozoospermia). This case of infertility occurs during the development of gametes in the male. Where a normal healthy male will have both an X and a Y chromosome, affected males have genetic deletions in the Y chromosome. These deletions affect protein production that is vital for spermatogenesis. Studies have shown that this is an inherited trait; if a male is fathered by a man who also exhibited Y chromosome deletions then this trait will be passed down. These individuals are thereby „Y-linked”. Daughters are not affected and cannot be carriers due to their lack of a Y chromosome. Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that impede adequate support of the testes and include situations of poor hormonal support and poor general health including: Varicocele is a condition of swollen testicle veins. It is present in 15% of normal men and in about 40% of infertile men. It is present in up to 35% of cases of primary infertility and 69–81% of secondary infertility. There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking may damage the testicles and kill sperm, but their effect on male fertility is not clear. Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. An increasing amount of recent evidence has been recorded documenting abnormal sperm DNA methylation in association with abnormal semen parameters and male infertility. Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation.

• #26 What causes male infertility?

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/what-causes-male-infertility

  Cystic fibrosis: Most people know that cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, but another symptom in men is the absence of the vas deferens, the tube that carries the sperm to the semen. […] Klinefelter syndrome: Klinefelter syndrome, also known as XXY syndrome, is when men are born with an extra X chromosome. This is one of the most common causes of fertility problems in men. […] Kallmann syndrome: Kallmann syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterised by a delayed or complete absence of puberty. It is rare, only affecting one in 30,000 men. Most men who suffer from this condition experience an absence of sperm production, and an impaired sense of smell. […] Yes. Sperm production can be affected by lifestyle factors, or overexposure to certain drugs, chemicals and toxins: […] Men who smoke have been shown to have a lower sperm count than non-smokers. Alcohol can also significantly affect male fertility, as it lowers testosterone levels, and can cause erectile dysfunction.

• #27 Genetic Disorders & Infertility in Men | Fertility Center

  https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/services/male-infertility/genetic-disorders-infertility-in-men

  Men with the CFTR mutation may also have a blockage of the ejaculatory duct or blockage of the epididymis, a coiled tube behind each testicle that transports sperm to the vas deferens. […] This condition affects the production of sperm and results in genetic information needed for producing healthy sperm to be missing from areas of the Y chromosome. […] A chromosomal translocation is an unusual rearrangement of a chromosome, the two main types being a reciprocal translocation and a Robertsonian translocation. […] Boys with Noonan syndrome may also experience infertility. […] Genetic tests for male infertility identify changes in chromosomes or genes. […] Most men with congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) have at least one mutation that can cause cystic fibrosis.

• #28 What causes male infertility?

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/what-causes-male-infertility

  Cystic fibrosis: Most people know that cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, but another symptom in men is the absence of the vas deferens, the tube that carries the sperm to the semen. […] Klinefelter syndrome: Klinefelter syndrome, also known as XXY syndrome, is when men are born with an extra X chromosome. This is one of the most common causes of fertility problems in men. […] Kallmann syndrome: Kallmann syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterised by a delayed or complete absence of puberty. It is rare, only affecting one in 30,000 men. Most men who suffer from this condition experience an absence of sperm production, and an impaired sense of smell. […] Yes. Sperm production can be affected by lifestyle factors, or overexposure to certain drugs, chemicals and toxins: […] Men who smoke have been shown to have a lower sperm count than non-smokers. Alcohol can also significantly affect male fertility, as it lowers testosterone levels, and can cause erectile dysfunction.

• #29 What causes male infertility?

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/what-causes-male-infertility

  Cystic fibrosis: Most people know that cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, but another symptom in men is the absence of the vas deferens, the tube that carries the sperm to the semen. […] Klinefelter syndrome: Klinefelter syndrome, also known as XXY syndrome, is when men are born with an extra X chromosome. This is one of the most common causes of fertility problems in men. […] Kallmann syndrome: Kallmann syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterised by a delayed or complete absence of puberty. It is rare, only affecting one in 30,000 men. Most men who suffer from this condition experience an absence of sperm production, and an impaired sense of smell. […] Yes. Sperm production can be affected by lifestyle factors, or overexposure to certain drugs, chemicals and toxins: […] Men who smoke have been shown to have a lower sperm count than non-smokers. Alcohol can also significantly affect male fertility, as it lowers testosterone levels, and can cause erectile dysfunction.

• #30

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/infertility-male

  Chromosome rearrangements can cause infertility. In some persons, there is a usual number of chromosomes (46) in the nucleus of cells, but rearrangements in the chromosome material, in which a piece of a chromosome has exchanged places with another, has occurred. Men with either azoospermia or oligospermia have a higher frequency of chromosome rearrangements than is found in the general population. […] Deletions in the Y chromosome can cause infertility. In some persons, there are the usual number of chromosomes (46) in the body cells, but small sections of the Y chromosome are missing or deleted. A small percentage of men with either azoospermia or oligospermia have deletions in the Y chromosome. […] Anatomical abnormalities can cause infertility. Obstructions of the genital tract can cause infertility by partially or totally blocking the flow of seminal fluid.

• #31 Top 10 Causes of Male Infertility

  https://www.repromedfertility.com/blog/top-10-causes-of-male-infertility-41790/

  Infections or Inflammatory Conditions: infections such as epididymitis, orchitis, and many sexually transmitted diseases can negatively affect sperm production. […] Environmental Factor: long-term exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead, chemotherapy, or pesticides can cause fertility concerns among men. Exposing the genitals to extreme or prolonged heat, spending long hours in a seated position, and wearing tight underwear can also diminish sperm quality and production. […] Varicocele: a varicocele is a large or swollen vein in the testicle. This condition can cause poor testicle development, low sperm production, and other problems. […] Advanced Age: the reproductive potential of men over the age of thirty-five drops sharply and continues to diminish as they age. Much of this can be attributed to an increase in functional problems. […] Testicular Trauma: an injury or twisting of the testicles can cause fertility issues. Many times one of the tubes that carries semen can become impeded or blocked altogether.

• #32

  https://ssmr.org/patients/causes-of-male-infertility.aspx

  Epididymitis is swelling (inflammation) of the epididymis, the tube that connects the testicle with the vas deferens. […] Orchitis is swelling (inflammation) of the testicle. […] A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sack in the scrotum that surrounds the testicle. […] General health and lifestyle issues, such as poor nutrition, obesity, or use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs may contribute to fertility issues in men. […] Certain medications can affect sperm production and function, as well as erectile and ejaculatory function.

• #33

  https://ssmr.org/patients/causes-of-male-infertility.aspx

  Epididymitis is swelling (inflammation) of the epididymis, the tube that connects the testicle with the vas deferens. […] Orchitis is swelling (inflammation) of the testicle. […] A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sack in the scrotum that surrounds the testicle. […] General health and lifestyle issues, such as poor nutrition, obesity, or use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs may contribute to fertility issues in men. […] Certain medications can affect sperm production and function, as well as erectile and ejaculatory function.

• #34 What causes male infertility? | Causes of Infertility in Men

  https://www.malefertility.com/male-infertility/causes-of-male-infertility

  Hemochromatosis is a metabolic disorder which causes iron deposition in the testes. […] Hormone Dysfunction is caused by a disorder in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. […] Inflammatory infections of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis) and testicles (orchitis), can cause irreversible infertility if they occur before puberty. […] Retrograde Ejaculation occurs when impairment of the muscles or nerves of the bladder neck prohibit it from closing during ejaculation, allowing semen to flow backwards into the bladder. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) can cause obstruction, infection, and scarring. […] Sickle Cell Anemia may cause hypogonadism; a decreased functionality of the testicles. […] Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) can produce sexual and reproductive difficulties. Many factors may predispose spinal cord injured men to infertility.

• #35 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive. […] Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include: Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia). Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis. Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV. Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles). Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy). Testicular trauma. Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

• #36 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  Nutrition: Food rich in antioxidants can help to preserve male fertility. […] Supplements and steroids: Food supplements should not be used without physician or professional advice regarding impact on health and fertility. […] High testicular temperature: Male genital organs hang outside the body, in a scrotal sac with a lower temperate compared to intra-abdominal organs. Raising the testicular temperature even 2 or 3 degrees centigrade can compromise sperm quality and functionality. […] Infections: It is well known that Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia and ureoplasma can cause male infertility. […] Genital injuries: Testicular injuries should be treated without delay. […] Varicocoele: This is enlargement of the veins in the scrotal sack, which raises the temperature of the testes and influences sperm production and quality. […] Age: The assumption that men can reproduce into advanced age is totally untrue. After 35, the reproductive potential of men drops sharply, as DNA in the nucleus fragments. After the age of 40, the likelihood of men fathering a child without genetic mutations declines 11 percent every year.

• #37 Causes of Male Infertility | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-3335-4_1

  Of all sexually active couples, 1215% are infertile. When broken down by gender, a male component can be identified 50% of the time either in isolation or in combination with a female factor. The majority of the causes of male infertility are treatable or preventable, so a keen understanding of these conditions is paramount. […] Previous research in a US male fertility clinic analyzing 1,430 patients identified causes of infertility from most to least common: varicocele, idiopathic, obstruction, female factor, cryptorchidism, immunologic, ejaculatory dysfunction, testicular failure, drug effects/radiation, endocrinology, and all others. […] The focus of this book on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is easily applied to the majority of the listed conditions which comprise this chapters overview of pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes of male infertility.

• #38 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  There are ten major reasons for male infertility, although they typically do not manifest visible symptoms. […] Obesity: A BMI above 30 can have an impact on sperm quality, because fat deposits can overload and influence the metabolism of androgens (hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity), especially testosterone. This causes significant alterations in sperm development and sperm DNA in the nucleus. […] Smoking and addictive substances: inhaled and addictive substances have a significant, negative effect on sperm because of nicotine and cannabinoid receptors in testicular tissue. Nicotine causes an imbalance in the body which is called oxidative stress; this influences sperm quality and fertilisation potential. […] Radiation: Although there is significant debate in the scientific literature on the impact of mobile phone irradiation on male infertility (only one meta study presented significant data on the effect) it is highly recommended that men do not keep cell phones close to the scrotum and testicles to reduce risk.

• #39 Factors Causing Infertility in Men | cause infertility in male | HayatMedTour

  https://hayatmedtour.com/Blog/factors-causing-infertility-in-men/

  Because of differences in health facilities, community health, and lifestyle, the prevalence of infertility in men and women varies across communities. Many of the factors that influence infertility are acquired over time. Therefore infertility can be preventable in some cases. This article describes some of the factors that contribute to mens infertility and the necessary preventive measures. […] Smoking can have a negative effect on mens fertility. The sperm count in men who smoke is 20% lower than in non-smokers. So smoking affects sperm quality in men. […] Low testosterone levels in men reduce libido, erectile dysfunction, enlarge breasts, shrink testicles, reduce sperm count, and ultimately infertility. […] Obesity can interfere with mens sex hormones because testosterone can easily convert to estrogen in adipose tissue. Estrogen inhibits the pituitary gland in men and thus disrupts testicular sperm production, and affects mens fertility.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Infertility is a reproductive system disorder which results in the inability of a couple to procreate. […] When the reproductive system of the male has a problem which makes it difficult for the couple to have a child, it is termed male infertility. […] Male infertility is on the rise in society. Approximately 15% of married couples have trouble conceiving despite having regular unprotected sex for more than a year. […] Here is an overview of a few of the reasons why male infertility may occur. This is not, by any means, an exhaustive list. […] Cigarettes not only affect the lungs, but also have a detrimental effect on the males sperm count. The decrease in sperm count and sperm cell motility can cause male infertility. […] Long term alcoholics do damage to their sperm. In fact, drinking regularly lowers testosterone levels, leading to fertility issues.

• #41 What causes male infertility?

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/what-causes-male-infertility

  The use of several different drugs can also affect sperm production. Anabolic steroids can cause testicle shrinkage, and lower testosterone levels. Marijuana and cocaine usage can also lower sperm production temporarily. […] Exposure to industrial chemicals such as solvents, painting materials, pesticides and herbicides can lower sperm production. […] Overexposure to radiation (including x-rays or radiation therapy) can also increase the risk of developing fertility problems. […] Obesity can increase the chance of infertility in several different ways.

• #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Anabolic steroids used by men to build body muscles actually cause the testicles to reduce in size. This affects the ability of the testicles to produce sperm. […] Not eating a healthy diet can cause vitamin C and zinc deficiencies. Both deficiencies affect the ability of a male to produce healthy sperm. […] A great amount of pressure can come from the environment, causing an individual considerable physical and emotional stress. This can affect the body processes required to produce healthy sperm. […] Elevated levels of the hormone prolactin, usually associated with nursing mothers, can reduce sperm production in males. […] Low levels of the hormone thyroid can disturb libido, reduce the quality and quantity of sperm, and cause poor testicular function, leading to male infertility.

• #43 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  There are ten major reasons for male infertility, although they typically do not manifest visible symptoms. […] Obesity: A BMI above 30 can have an impact on sperm quality, because fat deposits can overload and influence the metabolism of androgens (hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity), especially testosterone. This causes significant alterations in sperm development and sperm DNA in the nucleus. […] Smoking and addictive substances: inhaled and addictive substances have a significant, negative effect on sperm because of nicotine and cannabinoid receptors in testicular tissue. Nicotine causes an imbalance in the body which is called oxidative stress; this influences sperm quality and fertilisation potential. […] Radiation: Although there is significant debate in the scientific literature on the impact of mobile phone irradiation on male infertility (only one meta study presented significant data on the effect) it is highly recommended that men do not keep cell phones close to the scrotum and testicles to reduce risk.

• #44 Understanding Secondary Male Infertility | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2024/08/understanding-secondary-male-infertility

  Secondary male infertility means that issues with the father’s reproductive health can prevent conception after already naturally conceiving and having a child. […] Secondary infertility affects about 11% of couples in the United States, with about one-third of all cases being male factor infertility. […] Various factors can change over time and impact a man’s fertility, including low sperm count or reduced semen quality, reduced testosterone levels, testicular varicocele, ejaculatory disorders, prostate enlargement or removal, medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, taking medications that affect sperm production, genetic conditions, and lifestyle factors such as weight gain, alcohol consumption, or smoking. […] Poor diets with high saturated fat, sugars, and sodium can contribute to obesity, which can affect reproductive hormone levels such as estrogen and testosterone.

• #45 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  Nutrition: Food rich in antioxidants can help to preserve male fertility. […] Supplements and steroids: Food supplements should not be used without physician or professional advice regarding impact on health and fertility. […] High testicular temperature: Male genital organs hang outside the body, in a scrotal sac with a lower temperate compared to intra-abdominal organs. Raising the testicular temperature even 2 or 3 degrees centigrade can compromise sperm quality and functionality. […] Infections: It is well known that Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia and ureoplasma can cause male infertility. […] Genital injuries: Testicular injuries should be treated without delay. […] Varicocoele: This is enlargement of the veins in the scrotal sack, which raises the temperature of the testes and influences sperm production and quality. […] Age: The assumption that men can reproduce into advanced age is totally untrue. After 35, the reproductive potential of men drops sharply, as DNA in the nucleus fragments. After the age of 40, the likelihood of men fathering a child without genetic mutations declines 11 percent every year.

• #46 Causes and risk factors for male infertility | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/causes-and-risk-factors-for-male-infertility-a-scoping-review-of-publi-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  Review articles on the risk factors of male infertility identified exposure to toxic metals, such as lead, zinc deficiency, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and mycotoxins. […] Male infertility was significantly higher among men who had not fathered a child with their present wife or another wife than those who had. […] Age was significantly associated with male infertility.

• #47 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Male-Infertility.aspx

  Anabolic steroids used by men to build body muscles actually cause the testicles to reduce in size. This affects the ability of the testicles to produce sperm. […] Not eating a healthy diet can cause vitamin C and zinc deficiencies. Both deficiencies affect the ability of a male to produce healthy sperm. […] A great amount of pressure can come from the environment, causing an individual considerable physical and emotional stress. This can affect the body processes required to produce healthy sperm. […] Elevated levels of the hormone prolactin, usually associated with nursing mothers, can reduce sperm production in males. […] Low levels of the hormone thyroid can disturb libido, reduce the quality and quantity of sperm, and cause poor testicular function, leading to male infertility.

• #48 Factors Causing Infertility in Men | cause infertility in male | HayatMedTour

  https://hayatmedtour.com/Blog/factors-causing-infertility-in-men/

  Severe or prolonged mild stress can reduce sperm count and motility in men. In addition, stress inhibits testosterone production in men and thus disrupts sperm production. […] Increasing the age of couples is caused a decrease in the egg quality in females and also in sperm quality in males. Thus, long-term prevention of pregnancy and the increasing age of men increases the likelihood of infertility in men. […] These substances can endanger their health and even reduce their fertility. Microwave, radar, X-ray, plant toxins, substances such as cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, carbon dioxide, ethylene glycol, etc. are among the environments that can reduce sperm quality in men and affect their fertility.

• #49 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive. […] Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include: Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia). Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis. Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV. Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles). Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy). Testicular trauma. Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

• #50 Infertility – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354317

  Infertility causes can affect one or both partners. In some cases, no cause can be found. […] Causes of male infertility can include conditions that can affect how much sperm is made or sperm quality. These medical conditions can include undescended testicles, genetic defects, hormone problems and health problems such as diabetes. Infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, mumps or HIV also can impact sperm. Enlarged veins in the scrotum, called a varicocele, can affect sperm’s quality. […] Problems with sperm reaching the female reproductive tract can be due to sexual conditions such as premature ejaculation, certain genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, physical problems such as a blockage in the testicle, or damage or an injury to the reproductive organs. […] Certain factors in the environment, such as exposure to pesticides, other chemicals or radiation, can affect fertility. […] Damage related to cancer and its treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiation, can affect sperm production.

• #51 Male Factor Infertility | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/male-factor-infertility

  Testicular Failure occurs when the sperm-producing structures of the testis have been severely damaged or are abnormal. This condition occurs in some men who have been exposed to chemotherapy or radiation, and can also result from injury to the testicles, testicular torsion, or undescended testes. Genetic abnormalities, such as Klinefelter syndrome are additional causes of testicular failure. Many forms cannot be reversed, and require either the use of assisted reproductive technology or the use of donor sperm.

• #52 Male Infertility: An Overview of the Causes and Treatments

  https://www-staging.uspharmacist.com/article/male-infertility-an-overview-of-the-causes-and-treatments

  Testicular Deficiency: Testicular deficiency, sometimes referred to as nonobstructive azoospermia, is spermatogenic failure caused by conditions other than obstruction or HPG dysfunction. […] Post-testicular Deficiency: Often referred to as obstructive azoospermia, post-testicular deficiency is due to either ejaculatory dysfunction or obstruction of sperm delivery. […] Idiopathic Infertility: In approximately 30% to 40% of men who are infertile, no male infertility factor can be identified. […] Numerous substances have been implicated as causes of infertility. […] Testosterone replacement therapy is a common medical etiology of male factor infertility and has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis. […] Some infertile men will have medically or surgically correctable causes, making natural conception possible with appropriate intervention. Treatment is dependent on the underlying etiology and thus requires an accurate diagnosis for proper treatment.

• #53 Top 10 Causes of Male Infertility

  https://www.repromedfertility.com/blog/top-10-causes-of-male-infertility-41790/

  Sperm Problems: sperm can be immature, abnormally shaped, or unable to swim. In some cases, men may not produce enough or any sperm at all. […] Hormone Imbalances: imbalances that affect the hypothalamus or pituitary glands can cause diminished sperm production. […] Chronic Health Conditions: obesity, diabetes, kidney failure, cystic fibrosis, and many autoimmune disorders can have a negative effect on fertility. Taking certain medications for these conditions can also compromise sperm quality. […] Genetic Disorders: disorders such as Klinefelter Syndrome, Myotonic Dystrophy, and more can affect male fertility. […] Lifestyle Choices: lifestyle choices such as a poor diet, heavy tobacco use, extreme stress, heavy alcohol use, and illicit drug use can have a significant effect on male fertility. Steroid injections can also harm sperm production.

• #54 Male Infertility | Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | PFCLA

  https://www.pfcla.com/fertility-101/causes-of-male-infertility

  More often than not, however, it is very difficult to explain the cause of low sperm count or motility. […] A variety of medications can affect reproductive function. Some of these medications include Sulfasalazine (used for colitis treatment), spironolactone (diuretic), Cimetidine (for ulcers), erythromycin, Gentamicin (antibiotics).

• #55 Male Infertility | Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | PFCLA

  https://www.pfcla.com/fertility-101/causes-of-male-infertility

  More often than not, however, it is very difficult to explain the cause of low sperm count or motility. […] A variety of medications can affect reproductive function. Some of these medications include Sulfasalazine (used for colitis treatment), spironolactone (diuretic), Cimetidine (for ulcers), erythromycin, Gentamicin (antibiotics).

• #56 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive. […] Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include: Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia). Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis. Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV. Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles). Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy). Testicular trauma. Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

• #57 Understanding Secondary Male Infertility | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2024/08/understanding-secondary-male-infertility

  Secondary male infertility means that issues with the father’s reproductive health can prevent conception after already naturally conceiving and having a child. […] Secondary infertility affects about 11% of couples in the United States, with about one-third of all cases being male factor infertility. […] Various factors can change over time and impact a man’s fertility, including low sperm count or reduced semen quality, reduced testosterone levels, testicular varicocele, ejaculatory disorders, prostate enlargement or removal, medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, taking medications that affect sperm production, genetic conditions, and lifestyle factors such as weight gain, alcohol consumption, or smoking. […] Poor diets with high saturated fat, sugars, and sodium can contribute to obesity, which can affect reproductive hormone levels such as estrogen and testosterone.

• #58

  https://ssmr.org/patients/causes-of-male-infertility.aspx

  There are many possible causes of male infertility. […] Problems with the production and development of sperm are the most common problems of male infertility. […] Varicoceles are the most common correctable and treatable cause of male infertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen is pushed backwards into the bladder instead of out the penis. […] Triggered by a man’s immunologic response to his own sperm, the production of antisperm antibodies results from injury, surgery or infection of the reproductive tract. […] Blocking sperm from its normal passage, obstructions can be caused by a number of factors, such as repeated infections, prior surgery (including vasectomy), and inflammation or development problems. […] The inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection may impede intercourse, limiting the chances for conception.

• #59 Male Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17201-male-infertility

  Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive. […] Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include: Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia). Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis. Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV. Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles). Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy). Testicular trauma. Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

• #60

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/infertility-male

  The main causes of male infertility can be divided into the following categories: […] Problems with the production and maturation of sperm are the most common causes of male infertility. Sperm may be immature, abnormally shaped or unable to move properly. Or normal sperm may be produced in abnormally low numbers (oligospermia) or seemingly not at all (azoospermia). […] Sperm disorders may be caused by many different conditions, including the following: […] Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited condition that typically involves the lungs and pancreas, but that can also present as a cause of infertility with or without mild sinus problems. Most men who have cystic fibrosis have obstructive azoospermia because they were born without a vas deferens. This results in male infertility. […] Noonan syndrome is an inherited condition that can occur in either males or females. In males, this syndrome can cause abnormal gonadal (testicular) function.

• #61 What causes male infertility? | Causes of Infertility in Men

  https://www.malefertility.com/male-infertility/causes-of-male-infertility

  Hemochromatosis is a metabolic disorder which causes iron deposition in the testes. […] Hormone Dysfunction is caused by a disorder in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. […] Inflammatory infections of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis) and testicles (orchitis), can cause irreversible infertility if they occur before puberty. […] Retrograde Ejaculation occurs when impairment of the muscles or nerves of the bladder neck prohibit it from closing during ejaculation, allowing semen to flow backwards into the bladder. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) can cause obstruction, infection, and scarring. […] Sickle Cell Anemia may cause hypogonadism; a decreased functionality of the testicles. […] Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) can produce sexual and reproductive difficulties. Many factors may predispose spinal cord injured men to infertility.

• #62

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/infertility-male

  Myotonic dystrophy is an inherited condition with progressive multisystem involvement that results in infertility (underdeveloped testes and abnormal sperm production) in some cases. […] Hemochromatosis is an inherited condition that affects iron storage. Eighty percent of men with hemochromatosis have testicular dysfunction. […] Sickle cell disease is an inherited condition that affects the normal production of hemoglobin. […] Sex reversal syndrome is a condition in which a male has the sex chromosomes of a genetic female (XX, instead of XY), which results in azoospermia and other characteristics. […] Androgen receptor gene mutations is an inherited condition in which a man is genetically male (46,XY), but has infertility due to a defect in receptors for testosterone. […] Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to infertility. Men with an extra X sex chromosome, a condition known as Klinefelter syndrome, often do not produce sperm or produce very low quantities of sperm.

• #63 What causes male infertility? | Causes of Infertility in Men

  https://www.malefertility.com/male-infertility/causes-of-male-infertility

  Hemochromatosis is a metabolic disorder which causes iron deposition in the testes. […] Hormone Dysfunction is caused by a disorder in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. […] Inflammatory infections of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis) and testicles (orchitis), can cause irreversible infertility if they occur before puberty. […] Retrograde Ejaculation occurs when impairment of the muscles or nerves of the bladder neck prohibit it from closing during ejaculation, allowing semen to flow backwards into the bladder. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) can cause obstruction, infection, and scarring. […] Sickle Cell Anemia may cause hypogonadism; a decreased functionality of the testicles. […] Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) can produce sexual and reproductive difficulties. Many factors may predispose spinal cord injured men to infertility.

• #64 What causes male infertility? | Causes of Infertility in Men

  https://www.malefertility.com/male-infertility/causes-of-male-infertility

  Hemochromatosis is a metabolic disorder which causes iron deposition in the testes. […] Hormone Dysfunction is caused by a disorder in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. […] Inflammatory infections of the prostate (prostatitis), epididymis (epididymitis) and testicles (orchitis), can cause irreversible infertility if they occur before puberty. […] Retrograde Ejaculation occurs when impairment of the muscles or nerves of the bladder neck prohibit it from closing during ejaculation, allowing semen to flow backwards into the bladder. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) can cause obstruction, infection, and scarring. […] Sickle Cell Anemia may cause hypogonadism; a decreased functionality of the testicles. […] Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) can produce sexual and reproductive difficulties. Many factors may predispose spinal cord injured men to infertility.

• #65 What Are the Causes of Infertility In Men | CCRM Fertility Clinic

  https://www.ccrmivf.com/infertility-in-men/

  Infertility can result from disorders of the testicles themselves or an abnormality affecting other hormonal systems including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands. […] There are many different tubes that carry sperm. […] Hereditary disorders, such as Klinefelters syndrome (when a male is born with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y) impacts the normal development of the male reproductive organs. […] Certain surgeries may prevent you from having sperm in your ejaculate, including vasectomy, inguinal hernia repairs, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. […] A digestive disorder caused by sensitivity to gluten, celiac disease can cause male infertility. […] Some infections, such as gonorrhea or inflammation of the testicles, can affect sperm production or sperm health or can cause scarring that blocks the passage of sperm.

• #66 What Are the Causes of Infertility In Men | CCRM Fertility Clinic

  https://www.ccrmivf.com/infertility-in-men/

  One of the main causes of male infertility are problems related to the testicles. […] There are numerous additional factors that may affect male infertility, including hormone imbalances, blockages in the male reproductive organs, medications, surgeries and genetic disorders. […] Varicocele can affect one or both testes. […] Ejaculation disorders include premature ejaculation, anejaculation (the failure to ejaculate), and retrograde ejaculation, which is when semen enters the bladder during orgasm instead of coming out the tip of the penis. […] Anti-sperm antibodies are immune system cells that mistakenly identify sperm as harmful invaders and attempt to eliminate them. […] Cancers and nonmalignant tumors can affect the male reproductive organs directly, through the glands that release hormones related to reproduction, such as the pituitary gland, or through unknown causes.

• #67 What causes male infertility? | Causes of Infertility in Men

  https://www.malefertility.com/male-infertility/causes-of-male-infertility

  Systemic disease can cause a fever, infection, kidney disease or a metabolic disorder which can impair spermatogenesis (the process of creating sperm). […] Testicular Cancer can limit or destroy the ability for spermatogenesis. […] An injury, surgery, or infection can cause testicular trauma and trigger an immune response in the testes that may damage sperm. […] A varicocele is simply a varicose enlargement of the pampiniform plexus around the testicle.

• #68 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #69 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #70 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #71 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #72 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #73 Male Infertility Causes – Diagnosis – Treatment – Dallas-Fort Worth Fertility

  https://www.fertilitytexas.com/causes-of-infertility/male-infertility-causes/

  Male-factor infertility accounts for about 30% of all infertility issues. […] Abnormalities with sperm, like shape, motility and quantity, are common. […] Azoospermia is an absence of sperm. […] Asthenozoospermia is reduced sperm motility. […] Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count. […] Necrozoospermia refers to immobile or dead sperm. […] Teratozoospermia is an abnormal sperm shape (morphology). […] Globozoospermia is a specific abnormality in the shape that prevents fertilization. […] OAT syndrome (oligoasthenozoospermia) is a combination of low count, motility and morphology. […] The most common sexual problem for men is erectile dysfunction. […] Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder rather than out through the urethra. […] Anejaculation is the inability to ejaculate. […] Premature ejaculation refers to uncontrolled ejaculation resulting from minimal sexual stimulation. […] Low libido is the diminished or complete lack of desire to have sex.

• #74 Common Causes of Male Infertility | Advanced Urology

  https://www.advancedurology.com/blog/common-causes-male-infertility

  Fertility struggles arent strictly an issue for women. About 11 percent of women in the United States have experienced fertility issues, while nine percent of men have dealt with similar struggles. […] What causes male infertility? Most problems can be traced back to one of the following: Varicocele: Enlargement of the veins serving the testicle is the most common cause of male infertility that can be medically reversed. […] Hormonal irregularities: Low testosterone production, or abnormal levels of other hormones produced naturally in the body, can inhibit the production of healthy sperm. […] Ejaculation struggles: These can include medical dysfunction such as retrograde ejaculation, or psychological or behavioral problems such as premature ejaculation, painful erections or intercourse, or other physical abnormalities that impede proper erections and ejaculation.

• #75 Male infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_infertility

  Male infertility refers to a sexually mature male’s inability to impregnate a fertile female. Male infertility can wholly or partially account for 40% of infertility among couples who are trying to have children. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. Factors relating to male infertility include: Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood–testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men. Chromosomal anomalies and genetic mutations account for nearly 10–15% of all male infertility cases. Mature human sperm contains almost no mitochondrial DNA at all. An increased amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sperm cells has shown to have a negative impact on fertility. One of the most commonly known causes of infertility is Klinefelter syndrome, which affects one in 500–1000 newborn males. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal defect that occurs during gamete formation due to a non-disjunction error during cell division. Resulting in males having smaller testes, reducing the amount of testosterone and sperm production. Males with this syndrome carry an extra X chromosome (XXY), meaning they have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 46 in each cell. This extra chromosome directly affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. A variation of Klinefelter syndrome is when some cells in an individual have the extra X chromosome but others do not, referred to as mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. The reduction of testosterone in the male body normally results in an overall decrease in the production of viable sperm for these individuals thereby forcing them to turn to fertility treatments to father children. Y chromosomal infertility is a direct cause of male infertility due to its effects on sperm production, occurring in approximately one in 2000 males. Usually, affected men show no symptoms, although they may have smaller testes. Men with this condition may exhibit azoospermia (no sperm production), oligozoospermia (small number of sperm production), or they may produce abnormally shaped sperm (teratozoospermia). This case of infertility occurs during the development of gametes in the male. Where a normal healthy male will have both an X and a Y chromosome, affected males have genetic deletions in the Y chromosome. These deletions affect protein production that is vital for spermatogenesis. Studies have shown that this is an inherited trait; if a male is fathered by a man who also exhibited Y chromosome deletions then this trait will be passed down. These individuals are thereby „Y-linked”. Daughters are not affected and cannot be carriers due to their lack of a Y chromosome. Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that impede adequate support of the testes and include situations of poor hormonal support and poor general health including: Varicocele is a condition of swollen testicle veins. It is present in 15% of normal men and in about 40% of infertile men. It is present in up to 35% of cases of primary infertility and 69–81% of secondary infertility. There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking may damage the testicles and kill sperm, but their effect on male fertility is not clear. Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. An increasing amount of recent evidence has been recorded documenting abnormal sperm DNA methylation in association with abnormal semen parameters and male infertility. Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation.

• #76 Male infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_infertility

  Male infertility refers to a sexually mature male’s inability to impregnate a fertile female. Male infertility can wholly or partially account for 40% of infertility among couples who are trying to have children. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. Factors relating to male infertility include: Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood–testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men. Chromosomal anomalies and genetic mutations account for nearly 10–15% of all male infertility cases. Mature human sperm contains almost no mitochondrial DNA at all. An increased amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sperm cells has shown to have a negative impact on fertility. One of the most commonly known causes of infertility is Klinefelter syndrome, which affects one in 500–1000 newborn males. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal defect that occurs during gamete formation due to a non-disjunction error during cell division. Resulting in males having smaller testes, reducing the amount of testosterone and sperm production. Males with this syndrome carry an extra X chromosome (XXY), meaning they have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 46 in each cell. This extra chromosome directly affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. A variation of Klinefelter syndrome is when some cells in an individual have the extra X chromosome but others do not, referred to as mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. The reduction of testosterone in the male body normally results in an overall decrease in the production of viable sperm for these individuals thereby forcing them to turn to fertility treatments to father children. Y chromosomal infertility is a direct cause of male infertility due to its effects on sperm production, occurring in approximately one in 2000 males. Usually, affected men show no symptoms, although they may have smaller testes. Men with this condition may exhibit azoospermia (no sperm production), oligozoospermia (small number of sperm production), or they may produce abnormally shaped sperm (teratozoospermia). This case of infertility occurs during the development of gametes in the male. Where a normal healthy male will have both an X and a Y chromosome, affected males have genetic deletions in the Y chromosome. These deletions affect protein production that is vital for spermatogenesis. Studies have shown that this is an inherited trait; if a male is fathered by a man who also exhibited Y chromosome deletions then this trait will be passed down. These individuals are thereby „Y-linked”. Daughters are not affected and cannot be carriers due to their lack of a Y chromosome. Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that impede adequate support of the testes and include situations of poor hormonal support and poor general health including: Varicocele is a condition of swollen testicle veins. It is present in 15% of normal men and in about 40% of infertile men. It is present in up to 35% of cases of primary infertility and 69–81% of secondary infertility. There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking may damage the testicles and kill sperm, but their effect on male fertility is not clear. Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. An increasing amount of recent evidence has been recorded documenting abnormal sperm DNA methylation in association with abnormal semen parameters and male infertility. Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation.

• #77 Causes of male infertility – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-male-infertility

  Causes of male infertility […] The causes of male infertility will be reviewed here. […] The distribution of male and female causes of infertility has not been well defined. […] Aging affects the prevalence of male infertility. Overall, the studies indicate that paternal age >40 years adversely affects couples’ fertility, but this effect is small compared with the effect of maternal age >35 years. […] The observed effects of paternal aging on fertility are at least partially due to decreased sperm quality and increased genetic abnormalities in sperm.

• #78 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  Nutrition: Food rich in antioxidants can help to preserve male fertility. […] Supplements and steroids: Food supplements should not be used without physician or professional advice regarding impact on health and fertility. […] High testicular temperature: Male genital organs hang outside the body, in a scrotal sac with a lower temperate compared to intra-abdominal organs. Raising the testicular temperature even 2 or 3 degrees centigrade can compromise sperm quality and functionality. […] Infections: It is well known that Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia and ureoplasma can cause male infertility. […] Genital injuries: Testicular injuries should be treated without delay. […] Varicocoele: This is enlargement of the veins in the scrotal sack, which raises the temperature of the testes and influences sperm production and quality. […] Age: The assumption that men can reproduce into advanced age is totally untrue. After 35, the reproductive potential of men drops sharply, as DNA in the nucleus fragments. After the age of 40, the likelihood of men fathering a child without genetic mutations declines 11 percent every year.

• #79 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  Nutrition: Food rich in antioxidants can help to preserve male fertility. […] Supplements and steroids: Food supplements should not be used without physician or professional advice regarding impact on health and fertility. […] High testicular temperature: Male genital organs hang outside the body, in a scrotal sac with a lower temperate compared to intra-abdominal organs. Raising the testicular temperature even 2 or 3 degrees centigrade can compromise sperm quality and functionality. […] Infections: It is well known that Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia and ureoplasma can cause male infertility. […] Genital injuries: Testicular injuries should be treated without delay. […] Varicocoele: This is enlargement of the veins in the scrotal sack, which raises the temperature of the testes and influences sperm production and quality. […] Age: The assumption that men can reproduce into advanced age is totally untrue. After 35, the reproductive potential of men drops sharply, as DNA in the nucleus fragments. After the age of 40, the likelihood of men fathering a child without genetic mutations declines 11 percent every year.

• #80 10 reasons for male infertility | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/10-reasons-male-infertility

  Nutrition: Food rich in antioxidants can help to preserve male fertility. […] Supplements and steroids: Food supplements should not be used without physician or professional advice regarding impact on health and fertility. […] High testicular temperature: Male genital organs hang outside the body, in a scrotal sac with a lower temperate compared to intra-abdominal organs. Raising the testicular temperature even 2 or 3 degrees centigrade can compromise sperm quality and functionality. […] Infections: It is well known that Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamydia and ureoplasma can cause male infertility. […] Genital injuries: Testicular injuries should be treated without delay. […] Varicocoele: This is enlargement of the veins in the scrotal sack, which raises the temperature of the testes and influences sperm production and quality. […] Age: The assumption that men can reproduce into advanced age is totally untrue. After 35, the reproductive potential of men drops sharply, as DNA in the nucleus fragments. After the age of 40, the likelihood of men fathering a child without genetic mutations declines 11 percent every year.

• #81 Male infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_infertility

  Male infertility refers to a sexually mature male’s inability to impregnate a fertile female. Male infertility can wholly or partially account for 40% of infertility among couples who are trying to have children. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. Factors relating to male infertility include: Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood–testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men. Chromosomal anomalies and genetic mutations account for nearly 10–15% of all male infertility cases. Mature human sperm contains almost no mitochondrial DNA at all. An increased amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sperm cells has shown to have a negative impact on fertility. One of the most commonly known causes of infertility is Klinefelter syndrome, which affects one in 500–1000 newborn males. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal defect that occurs during gamete formation due to a non-disjunction error during cell division. Resulting in males having smaller testes, reducing the amount of testosterone and sperm production. Males with this syndrome carry an extra X chromosome (XXY), meaning they have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 46 in each cell. This extra chromosome directly affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. A variation of Klinefelter syndrome is when some cells in an individual have the extra X chromosome but others do not, referred to as mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. The reduction of testosterone in the male body normally results in an overall decrease in the production of viable sperm for these individuals thereby forcing them to turn to fertility treatments to father children. Y chromosomal infertility is a direct cause of male infertility due to its effects on sperm production, occurring in approximately one in 2000 males. Usually, affected men show no symptoms, although they may have smaller testes. Men with this condition may exhibit azoospermia (no sperm production), oligozoospermia (small number of sperm production), or they may produce abnormally shaped sperm (teratozoospermia). This case of infertility occurs during the development of gametes in the male. Where a normal healthy male will have both an X and a Y chromosome, affected males have genetic deletions in the Y chromosome. These deletions affect protein production that is vital for spermatogenesis. Studies have shown that this is an inherited trait; if a male is fathered by a man who also exhibited Y chromosome deletions then this trait will be passed down. These individuals are thereby „Y-linked”. Daughters are not affected and cannot be carriers due to their lack of a Y chromosome. Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that impede adequate support of the testes and include situations of poor hormonal support and poor general health including: Varicocele is a condition of swollen testicle veins. It is present in 15% of normal men and in about 40% of infertile men. It is present in up to 35% of cases of primary infertility and 69–81% of secondary infertility. There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking may damage the testicles and kill sperm, but their effect on male fertility is not clear. Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. An increasing amount of recent evidence has been recorded documenting abnormal sperm DNA methylation in association with abnormal semen parameters and male infertility. Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation.

• #82 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  There are multiple causes for male infertility, which can be broadly classified due to their general underlying etiology. These include endocrine disorders (usually due to hypogonadism) estimated at 2% to 5% of cases, sperm transport disorders (such as vasectomy) at 5%, primary testicular defects (which include abnormal sperm parameters without any identifiable cause) at 65% to 80% and idiopathic (where an infertile male has normal sperm and semen parameters) at 10% to 20%. […] Male infertility can also be classified based on the medical interventions that can potentially assist conception as follows: Treatable causes of male infertility are found in 18% of cases – obstructive azoospermia, ejaculatory duct and prostatic midline cysts, gonadotropin deficiency, sexual function disorders, sperm autoimmunity, varicoceles, and reversible effects of toxins. Uncorrectable male infertility or subfertility is found in 70% of cases – oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and normospermia with functional defects. ART will generally be necessary for reproduction. Untreatable male sterility is seen in 12% of cases – primary seminiferous tubular failure, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and bilateral orchiectomy.

• #83 Male Infertility – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/meetings-and-education/for-medical-students/medical-students-curriculum/male-infertility

  Azoospermia refers to the absence of sperm in the ejaculate. […] Obstructive azoospermia is due to an obstruction/blockage somewhere between the testicle and the seminal vesicles. […] Nonobstructive azoospermia is a failure of the testis to produce sperm. […] A varicocele refers to the abnormal dilation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus. This is the most common cause of secondary infertility and also a common cause of primary fertility. […] Unfortunately, many men seen for infertility and abnormal semen analyses have no obvious cause for their condition. […] An increasingly recognized cause of idiopathic infertility is oxidative stress. […] Treatment for male factor infertility varies based on the underlying cause.

• #84 Male Infertility – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/meetings-and-education/for-medical-students/medical-students-curriculum/male-infertility

  Azoospermia refers to the absence of sperm in the ejaculate. […] Obstructive azoospermia is due to an obstruction/blockage somewhere between the testicle and the seminal vesicles. […] Nonobstructive azoospermia is a failure of the testis to produce sperm. […] A varicocele refers to the abnormal dilation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus. This is the most common cause of secondary infertility and also a common cause of primary fertility. […] Unfortunately, many men seen for infertility and abnormal semen analyses have no obvious cause for their condition. […] An increasingly recognized cause of idiopathic infertility is oxidative stress. […] Treatment for male factor infertility varies based on the underlying cause.

• #85 Male Infertility | Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | PFCLA

  https://www.pfcla.com/fertility-101/causes-of-male-infertility

  More often than not, however, it is very difficult to explain the cause of low sperm count or motility. […] A variety of medications can affect reproductive function. Some of these medications include Sulfasalazine (used for colitis treatment), spironolactone (diuretic), Cimetidine (for ulcers), erythromycin, Gentamicin (antibiotics).

• #86 Male Infertility – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/meetings-and-education/for-medical-students/medical-students-curriculum/male-infertility

  Male infertility can be due to a variety of genetic, anatomic, and environmental conditions, many of which will be briefly discussed below. […] Male factor infertility also has important implications for overall health. It is estimated that men with semen analysis abnormalities have a higher risk for malignancy and even death relative to their peers. […] Many anatomic, hormonal, and genetic abnormalities can cause male infertility. […] A multitude of environmental factors have been linked to male factor infertility include pesticides, pollutants, and even certain medications used to treat various medical illnesses. […] Specific medical conditions that may contribute to male factor infertility include obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cryptorchidism (undescended testicle). […] Certain genetic conditions are known to cause male factor infertility.

• #87 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  Infertility is usually defined as the inability of a couple to conceive even after 1 year of unprotected, frequent sexual intercourse. The male is solely responsible in about 20% of cases and is a contributing factor in another 30% to 40% of all infertility cases. As male and female causes often co-exist, it is essential that both partners are investigated for infertility and managed together. Overall, the male factor substantially contributes to about 50% of all cases of infertility. […] There are several reasons for male fertility, including both reversible and irreversible conditions. Other factors can influence each partner, including age, medications, surgical history, exposure to environmental toxins, genetic problems, and systemic diseases. The key purpose for evaluating a male for infertility is to identify his contributing factors, offer treatment for those that are reversible, determine if he is a candidate for assisted reproductive techniques (ART), and provide counseling for irreversible and untreatable conditions.

• #88 Male Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/

  There are multiple causes for male infertility, which can be broadly classified due to their general underlying etiology. These include endocrine disorders (usually due to hypogonadism) estimated at 2% to 5% of cases, sperm transport disorders (such as vasectomy) at 5%, primary testicular defects (which include abnormal sperm parameters without any identifiable cause) at 65% to 80% and idiopathic (where an infertile male has normal sperm and semen parameters) at 10% to 20%. […] Male infertility can also be classified based on the medical interventions that can potentially assist conception as follows: Treatable causes of male infertility are found in 18% of cases – obstructive azoospermia, ejaculatory duct and prostatic midline cysts, gonadotropin deficiency, sexual function disorders, sperm autoimmunity, varicoceles, and reversible effects of toxins. Uncorrectable male infertility or subfertility is found in 70% of cases – oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and normospermia with functional defects. ART will generally be necessary for reproduction. Untreatable male sterility is seen in 12% of cases – primary seminiferous tubular failure, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and bilateral orchiectomy.

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