Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know

  Learning disabilities (disorders) affect how your childs brain takes in and uses information. Learning disabilities are manageable with interventions that can help your child learn in a different way. […] Learning disabilities (LDs) affect how your brain processes information. Most people with an LD find out about it early in school. But some people dont get a diagnosis until adolescence or adulthood. […] A licensed professional (like a psychologist) diagnoses someone with a learning disorder based on certain criteria. […] A public school identifies a student with a learning disability based on a variety of assessments and documentation. […] Specific learning disorder is the term the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uses to describe neurodevelopmental disorders that involve consistent difficulty in at least one of three major areas: Reading, Writing, Math.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/learning-disabilities/Pages/Diagnosing-a-Learning-Disability.aspx

  Learning disabilities are traditionally diagnosed by conducting two tests and noticing a significant discrepancy between their scores. These tests are an intelligence (or IQ) test and a standardized achievement (reading, writing, arithmetic) test. […] When a learning disability is not detected early, diagnosed correctly, and treated effectively, it can cause a number of other problems. […] Studies show that among children whose families seek professional help for emotional or behavioral problems, 30 to 50 percent of them have learning disabilities.

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What Are Specific Learning Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder/what-is-specific-learning-disorder

  In 2013, the DSM-5 changed the diagnostic criteria for Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) to combine all three learning disorders (reading, mathematics, and written expression) into one overarching diagnosis. Specific learning disorders (often referred to as a learning disorder or learning disability, see note on terminology) are neurodevelopmental disorders that are typically diagnosed in early school-aged children, although may not be recognized until adulthood. They are characterized by a persistent impairment in at least one of three major areas: reading, written expression, and/or math. […] To be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder (SLD), a person must meet four criteria. […] A diagnosis is made through a combination of observation, interviews, family history and school reports. Neuropsychological testing may be used to help find the best way to help the individual with specific learning disorder.

• #1 How are learning disabilities diagnosed? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/diagnosed

  Learning disabilities are often identified once a child is in school. The school may use a process called response to intervention to help identify children with learning disabilities. Special tests are required to make a diagnosis. […] An evaluation can: Identify whether a child has a learning disability. […] A full evaluation for a learning disability includes the following: A medical exam, including a neurological exam, to rule out other possible causes of the child’s difficulties. […] Usually, several specialists work as a team to do the evaluation. The team may include a psychologist, a special education expert, and a speech-language pathologist. […] School psychologists are trained in both education and psychology. They can help diagnose students with learning disabilities and help the student and his or her parents and teachers come up with plans to improve learning. […] A speech-language pathologist can do a language evaluation and assess the child’s ability to organize his or her thoughts and possessions. The speech-language pathologist may evaluate the child’s learning skills, such as understanding directions, manipulating sounds, and reading and writing.

• #1 Reforming learning disorder diagnosis following COVID-19 educational disruption | Nature Reviews Psychology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-022-00052-0

  Current diagnostic criteria for learning disorders are insufficient because of ongoing COVID-19-related educational disruption. Diagnostic criteria for learning disorders should be modified to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and ensure timely intervention. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), diagnosis of a specific learning disorder requires evidence from standardized achievement tests and comprehensive clinical assessment indicating that academic skills are below age-based expectations and interfere with daily activities. When education has been disrupted by COVID-19, rigid adherence to DSM-5 criteria for initial diagnosis of a specific learning disorder entails substantial risk of error. Adherence to the DSM-5 criteria in the COVID-19 era may result in two types of diagnostic error. False negative errors, or missed diagnoses, will occur when true learning disorders are misattributed to prolonged educational disruption, lack of prior intervention, or psychosocial dysfunction. By contrast, false positive errors, or inaccurate diagnoses, will occur when attenuated learning gains are misattributed to an underlying learning disorder. The extraordinary extent of COVID-19-related educational disruption has substantially limited the sensitivity of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for learning disorders and has delayed or eliminated access to special education services in schools. Reform of diagnostic criteria is needed to improve psychologists ability to identify and quickly intervene on behalf of youth with learning challenges.

• #1 Learning Disorders and Disabilities | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/learning-disorders-and-disabilities

  The terms “learning disorder” (used by the medical community) and “specific learning disability” (used by the schools) refer to a neurodevelopmental problem in which a child of normal intellectual potential (that is, a child does not have an Intellectual Disability) is encountering unusual difficulty with their academic functioning that cannot be explained by inadequate educational opportunity or emotional or sensory disabilities. These problems can become apparent at any point in a child’s development and may have different symptoms at different ages. […] A child with a learning disability will have struggles that don’t get better with standard teaching or extra help. The DSM-5 (the manual that psychiatrists use to diagnose disorders) has four criteria for a diagnosis of “specific learning disorder”: Symptoms persist for at least six months despite extra help or targeted instruction; Affected skills are below age expectations and cause impairment in academic, occupational, or everyday activities, as confirmed by testing and comprehensive clinical assessment; Problem starts during the school-age years; Problem not due to other conditions (such as intellectual disability, or vision or hearing impairment).

• #1 Who Can Diagnose LD and/or ADHD? – Disability Resource Center – Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

  https://drc.calpoly.edu/content/eligibility/whoCanDiagnose

  Many professionals are involved in the diagnosis of LD. They include psychologists, educational specialists, and other professionals who work in specialized fields such as speech and language. […] It is always important to ask the professional about his/her credentials. […] When you go to a person in a private practice, not in the school system, it is important to determine if the professional has the needed license to be in private practice and to make the diagnosis of LD and/or ADHD. […] According to the US Department of Education, a medical or clinical diagnosis is not required with ADHD. This means that school psychologists may diagnose for school eligibility purposes if they are appropriately trained and experienced in doing so and if the school has a policy that permits it.

• #1 What Tests Are Used to Diagnose a Learning Disability? | Dr. Vienna

  https://www.viennapsychologicalgroup.com/what-tests-are-used-to-diagnose-a-learning-disability/

  A learning disability is described as a disorder in the basic psychological processes that interfere with a persons ability to listen, think, speak, read, spell, or do mathematical calculations. […] A sufficient way to have the best possible intervention is to have the proper diagnosis for the individual. […] Hence, testing is essential in diagnosing an individual who may have a learning disability. […] The type of tests that are used to diagnose a learning disability includes Intelligence Tests, Achievement Tests, Visual-Motor Integration Tests, and Language Tests. […] Using the appropriate tests as part of a comprehensive evaluation is beneficial when determining whether or not a student may have a learning disability. […] The types of tests to consider as part of a comprehensive learning disorder evaluation include intelligence or cognitive abilities tests, achievement tests, visual-motor integration tests, and language tests. […] The general importance behind these types of tests is that they allow psychologists to evaluate a students strengths and weaknesses in academic achievement and cognitive abilities and find the proper interventions they may need to improve their way of learning.

• #1 Comprehensive Learning Disability Testing Services in Michigan

  https://www.brightpinepsychology.com/learning-disability-testing-michigan/

  We have an extensive in-house library of psychological assessment instruments, allowing us to diagnose a broad spectrum of conditions as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] Learning disabilities can affect a persons ability to read, write, do math, or process information. […] At Bright Pine Behavioral Health, we offer a wide range of testing services to diagnose learning disabilities and provide the necessary support. […] The various diagnostic tools applied in the field of learning disabilities are expansive, ranging from traditional paper-and-pencil cognitive and neuropsychological assessments to modern psychological testing and behavioral self-report questionnaires. […] Cognitive ability tests evaluate an individuals mental capabilities, such as reasoning, memory, problem-solving, comprehension, and general knowledge.

• #1 Children’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105

  Learning disorders can make it hard for a child to read, write or do simple math. […] It can be hard to figure out that a child has a learning disorder. Some children have learning disorders for a long time before they are diagnosed. […] A learning disorder is present when the brain takes in and works with information in a way that is not typical. […] Common learning disorders affect a child’s ability to: Read. Write. Do math. Use or understand language. Socialize. Learn other skills that don’t involve words. […] One of the most common types of learning disorders is a reading disorder called dyslexia. […] A learning disorder in writing, also called dysgraphia, may cause the following: Slow handwriting that takes a lot of work. Trouble recalling how to form letters, copy shapes and draw lines. Handwriting that’s hard to read. Trouble putting thoughts into writing.

• #1 Dyslexia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353557

  There’s no single test that can diagnose dyslexia. A number of factors are considered, such as: […] The health care provider will likely ask you questions about these areas. Also, the provider will want to know about any conditions that run in the family, including dyslexia or any other type of learning disability. […] The provider may have your child, caregivers or teachers complete questionnaires. Your child may be asked to take tests to identify reading and language abilities. […] These can help determine whether another disorder may be causing or adding to your child’s difficulty reading. […] The provider may ask you and your child questions to better understand your child’s mental health. This can help determine whether social problems, anxiety or depression may be limiting your child’s abilities.

• #1 Learning Disability Testing & Learning Disability Diagnosis – Englewood CO

  https://www.mountainvistapsychology.com/learning-disability-testing-learning-disability-diagnosis/

  According to the DSM-V, the areas people can get diagnosed with a Specific Learning Disability are as follows: […] Dyslexia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. […] Dyscalculia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of difficulties characterized by problems processing numerical information, learning arithmetic facts, and performing accurate or fluent calculations. […] Once a diagnosis is made, people can take the report to their school to so they can work with school staff to get appropriate accommodations. […] In order to determine whether a child has a Specific Learning Disability, there are certain criteria that need to be met.

• #1 Children’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105

  A learning disorder in math, also called dyscalculia, may cause problems with the following skills: Understanding how numbers work and relate to each other. Doing math problems. Learning basic math rules. […] Children with speech and language disorders can have trouble using and understanding spoken or written words. […] Children with nonverbal learning disorders often have good basic language skills. […] Things that might play roles in learning disorders include: Family history and genes. Having a blood relative, such as a parent, with a learning disorder raises the risk of a child having a disorder. […] At times, all children have trouble learning and using academic skills. But when the symptoms last for at least six months and don’t get better with help from adults, a child might have a learning disorder.

• #1 Diagnosis – New York Learning Disabilities School | Gow

  https://www.gow.org/about/blog/diagnosis-of-language-based-learning-disability-what-to-do-next

  Disabilities can first be noticed by teachers, parents or sometimes students themselves who have trouble keeping up with their peers. Students can be referred for testing to determine if their difficulties indicate the presence of one or more language-based learning disorders. […] Language-based learning disabilities (LBLD) refer to a spectrum of spoken and/or written language difficulties. These conditions make learning challenging because they interfere with comprehension and communication. […] LBLD isn’t usually identified until children begin school and are expected to learn to read and write. Learning difficulties at school are usually diagnosed by a team that includes a speech-language pathologist, psychologist, and a special educator to evaluate the child’s speaking, listening, reading and written language.

• #1 Diagnosing a Nonverbal Learning Disability – Children’s Resource Group – A Multi-Specialty Behavioral Health Practice

  https://www.childrensresourcegroup.com/diagnosing-a-nonverbal-learning-disability/

  In general, NVLD is characterized by the discrepancy between an individuals verbal (area of strength) and nonverbal (area of weakness) reasoning abilities. […] However, it provides a framework to explain areas of strength and weakness to better understand why an individual may be struggling academically, socially, emotionally, or behaviorally. […] To diagnosis NVLD, a comprehensive evaluation by a psychologist is conducted to determine areas of strength and weakness. […] Diagnosis can be completed through a psychological or neuropsychological evaluation and often consists of the following areas being assessed: […] Following the comprehensive psychological or neuropsychological evaluation, a feedback session is held to go over the results as well as describe the learning profile of those with NVLD.

• #1 Clinical Characteristics of Learning Disabilities – Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332886/

  Learning disabilities (LDs) are diagnosed using both educational and medical perspectives (Cortiella and Horowitz, 2014). […] Children are typically diagnosed using the IDEA criteria in school settings as a prerequisite to receiving educational interventions and accommodations (Cortiella and Horowitz, 2014). […] According to DSM-5, the diagnosis of a specific learning disorder includes the following symptoms: Persistent difficulties in reading, writing, arithmetic, or mathematical reasoning skills during formal years of schooling. […] The individual’s difficulties must not be better explained by developmental, neurological, sensory (vision or hearing), or motor disorders and must significantly interfere with academic achievement, occupational performance, or activities of daily living (APA, 2013).

• #1 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know

  If you think your child has a learning disorder, you should formally request testing through their school system. Schools are required to evaluate a child (age 3 to 21) if theyre suspected of having a disability that affects their learning or educational performance. […] Your child will need to go through special assessments and tests so that a professional can make a diagnosis. […] A psychologist diagnoses a learning disorder. Your childs school may identify a learning disability and then act accordingly to do an evaluation and develop a learning plan. […] Types of evaluations for learning disabilities each of which use different assessments or tests, include: Medical evaluation, Educational assessment and performance evaluation, Cognitive evaluation, Psychological evaluation, Neuropsychological assessment.

• #1 Clinical Characteristics of Learning Disabilities – Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332886/

  The diagnosis is usually made in school-aged children. […] LDs are diagnosed in educational and clinical settings. Standardized instruments are available as diagnostic aides. […] Academic and employment success can be challenging for those with LDs. […] Comorbidities are common and add to the likelihood of functional impairment. […] Appropriate accommodations in educational settings enhance the opportunities for children with LDs to achieve academically and develop real-life skills that allow them to do well as adults.

• #1 Learning Disabilities | North Metro Psychological Services Georgia — North Metro Psychological Services

  https://www.northmetropsych.com/evaluations/learning-disabilities

  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Although not exclusively a learning disability, ADHD can significantly impact academic performance. It involves difficulty with attention, and/or hyperactivity, and impulse control. […] Diagnosis and appropriate interventions are crucial for supporting individuals in academic and everyday settings.

• #1 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know

  People with learning disabilities need different or additional help learning. This help or management varies based on the type of learning disability and its severity. […] If your child qualifies for special education services, theyll receive an Individualized Education Program (IEP). […] Learning disabilities arent preventable, but theyre often manageable with different strategies. […] Even though children dont outgrow learning disabilities, they can learn to adapt and improve their skills. […] If your child has an LD, they may experience self-esteem issues or believe they arent intelligent. […] Learning disabilities are lifelong. This means that adults have learning disabilities, too.

• #1 Learning Disability Testing & Diagnosis – Englewood – Denver – Lone Tree

  https://www.mountainvistapsychology.com/testing-and-assessment/learning-disability-testing-learning-disability-diagnosis/

  Learning disability testing and learning disability diagnoses can help in many ways. Receiving a learning disability diagnosis also permits additional support and accommodations. […] Through thorough testing, they can get answers and an understanding of their ability to learn visually and verbally. […] If you do have a learning disability, whether it is a reading disability, writing disability, or math disability, you may be able to access extra support once a learning disability diagnosis is made. […] Those in college may require testing to receive accommodations in their college classes, such as extended time on tests. Our evaluations have been used to support the need for these accommodations. […] Our tests are gold standard tests, recognized by K-12 schools, colleges, and standardized testing boards (i.e., ACT, SAT, LSAT, MCAT, etc.). […] Additionally, we offer Dyslexia diagnosis and testing services. Dyslexia is a common learning disability diagnosis. We also test for Dyscalculia and specific learning disabilities in written expression.

• #1 Documentation Guidelines: Learning Disorders – Accommodations | College Board

  https://accommodations.collegeboard.org/request-accommodations/provide-documentation/by-disability/learning-disorders

  To receive accommodations for College Board exams, students with learning disorders must make a request to College Boards Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD) even if they have an Individualized Education Plan (IEP), a 504 plan, or already receive those accommodations for school or state tests. […] The diagnosis should be clearly stated. Documentation should state the learning disorder as diagnosed. The diagnosis should be made by someone with appropriate professional credentials, should be specific, and should reference the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 or whichever edition was current at the time of diagnosis). […] Because disabilities change over time, documentation should be up to date. For learning disorders, the educational evaluation and testing should be no more than five years old.

• #1 The Adult Learning Disability Assessment Process – Learning Disabilities Association of America

  https://ldaamerica.org/info/adult-learning-disability-assessment-process/

  An LD assessment is a gathering of relevant information about an individuals areas of strengths and challenges to determine whether or not he or she may have a learning disability. […] The components of the assessment process may vary depending on which individual, clinic, or agency is conducting the assessment, but most assessments include the following: […] Diagnosis (a statement specifying the results of the assessment, including the type of LD identified). […] By completing the LD assessment process, adults can obtain the information and documentation they need to formally request accommodations at work or in school, and to determine effective strategies for learning and living based on their areas of strengths. […] Only qualified professionals can conduct LD assessments. […] The professional chosen should: Have experience assessing adults for LD.

• #1 The Power of a Diagnosis for a Learning or Thinking Difference

  https://www.parallellearning.com/post/the-power-of-a-diagnosis-for-a-learning-difference-or-learning-disability

  You make decisions based on the information you have. […] A diagnosis brings understanding to you, your child, and educators, and this understanding can become a powerful tool that helps your child grow in and out of the classroom. […] A diagnosis is an important step in a life-changing process for a child with a learning difference or learning disability. […] A diagnosis raises your awareness of your child’s strengths and weaknesses, and gives you understanding of what is at the root of their abilities. […] A diagnosis also helps parents know what type of treatment or support is needed for their child to improve. […] When your child is ready to hear and understand their diagnosis, this information can help them answer questions they have about themself and empower them to embrace their strengths and work to improve on their weaknesses.

• #1 Learning disability – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disability

  The DSM-IV and many school systems and government programs diagnose learning disabilities in this way (DSM-IV uses the term „disorder” rather than „disability”). […] Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach among researchers. […] Recent research has provided little evidence that a discrepancy between formally measured IQ and achievement is a clear indicator of LD. […] Since 1998, there have been attempts to create a reference index more useful than IQ to generate predicted scores on achievement tests. […] Much current research has focused on a treatment-oriented diagnostic process known as response to intervention (RTI). […] In the United States, the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act permitted states and school districts to use RTI as a method of identifying students with learning disabilities. […] The process does not take into account children’s individual neuropsychological factors such as phonological awareness and memory, that can inform design instruction.

• #1 The Adult Learning Disability Assessment Process – Learning Disabilities Association of America

  https://ldaamerica.org/info/adult-learning-disability-assessment-process/

  The cost of an LD assessment varies depending on where it is conducted geographically, type of professional who administers the assessment, and the assessments comprehensiveness. […] Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) clients who have either a history of LD OR disclose to their case managers that they think they have LD have a right to an LD assessment as part of their TANF services.

• #1 Revolutionizing Learning Disability Identification Through Process Data Analysis – National Center for Learning Disabilities

  https://ncld.org/ld-identification-through-process-data-analysis/

  Early identification of learning disabilities is crucial for providing timely interventions and improving educational outcomes. […] Research shows that up to 40% of people with learning difficulties are not diagnosed in childhood, which can have a significant impact on their long-term academic and employment success. […] Traditional screening methods, such as teacher referrals and standardized tests, can be time-consuming and subjective and often fail to identify students with mild or specific learning disabilities. […] Because of this drastic shortage of school psychologists, many students with learning disabilities may go undiagnosed, delaying the implementation of appropriate supports and services. […] If more correlations can be found between the process data and people who are diagnosed with learning disabilities, this data has the potential to shape the way in which we indicate whether or not a student is potentially at risk of having a learning disability.

• #1 Issues in Learning Disabilities: Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.asha.org/policy/tr1994-00140/?srsltid=AfmBOoohGJMd63lyaDPGYOPIwyZ_eU5mohVTRJnyx7cfG_T0ti-dR-sN

  The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) believes that inappropriate diagnostic practices and procedures have contributed to misclassification of individuals and questionable incidence rates of learning disabilities. […] The NJCLD addresses these concerns in this statement and emphasizes the importance of integrating assessment, diagnosis, and procedures that lead to a diagnosis of learning disability and eligibility for services. […] Appropriate procedures must be used from early childhood through adulthood to assess and identify individuals suspected of having learning disabilities. […] Diagnosis of learning disabilities must be based on an analysis of the individual’s strengths as well as weaknesses. […] A comprehensive assessment must include procedures to determine levels of performance in the following domains: motor, sensory, cognitive, communication, and behavior.

• #1 Testing and Diagnosis of ADHD, Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, and Learning Issues

  https://www.diagnostic-learning.com/

  Diagnosing Learning Disabilities and ADHD in Children Adults […] Comprehensive assessments to diagnose learning disabilities including dyslexia, ADHD, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. […] An Individual has a learning disability when they have average to above average ability but are struggling In one or more academic areas. […] Individuals with ADHD have a hard time paying attention especially when the task is boring or overwhelming and can often feel restless or act impulsively. […] A reading disability that causes difficulties understanding how sounds and letters come together to make a word. This often causes struggles with ones ability to recognize and decode words, read fluently, and spell. […] Difficulty with the skills that allow us to produce written work like handwriting, typing, and spelling. […] A specific learning disability in math that causes individuals to struggle with a variety of math concepts and skills. […] Students with documented disabilities can be eligible to receive accommodations on standardized assessments. Our evaluations meet ACT/SAT documentation requirements. […] All colleges and universities offer support services to students with learning disabilities, including dyslexia and ADHD. Diagnostic Learning Services offers evaluations that meet documentation requirements for accommodations. […] Qb Test is an FDA cleared advanced computer-based test that objectively measures core ADHD symptoms including activity, attention, and impulsivity.

• #1 Comprehensive Learning Disorder Assessment | Fair Winds Assessment and Counseling Center

  https://www.fairwindsmentalhealth.com/services/comprehensive-learning-disorder-assessment/

  Fifteen percent of the U.S. population, or one in seven Americans, has some type of learning disorder, according to the National Institutes of Health. Diagnostic assessment and testing is crucial for the diagnosis of a learning disorder. A learning disorder is diagnosed when a specific ability, such as reading, is significantly lower than a persons general ability, usually measured by an IQ test. […] Specific abilities can be measured with academic achievement tests such as the Woodcock-Johnson-III or WRAT-4. […] 80% of students with a learning disorder have trouble reading. 90% percent will read normally if they receive help by the first grade. 75% percent of children who receive help after the age of nine will have some difficulty throughout life. […] Most learning disorders affect reading and language skills. In fact, a significant majority of students with a learning disorder have problems with reading. If these children receive appropriate help in the early grades, most of them will become skilled, independent readers.

• #1 Children’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105

  If you suspect your child has trouble learning, you can ask the school to check for a learning disorder. […] A child’s teacher, parents or guardian, and health care provider are some of the people who can request an evaluation. […] These professionals work together to decide whether a child’s trouble meets the definition of a learning disorder. […] If your child has a learning disorder, your child’s provider or school might suggest: Extra help. A reading specialist, math tutor or other trained professional can teach your child ways to do schoolwork, study and get organized. […] Individualized education program (IEP). This written plan sets learning goals and describes the special-education services your child needs. […] Early treatment is key, because the problem can grow. […] Your child’s treatment plan will likely change over time. […] Early treatment can lessen the effects of a learning disorder.

• #1 Dyslexia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353557

  Your child may take a set of educational tests and have the process and quality of reading skills analyzed by a reading expert. […] In the United States, schools have a legal obligation to take steps to help children diagnosed with dyslexia with their learning problems. […] If you suspect that your child has dyslexia, talk to your child’s health care provider. Early intervention can improve success. […] Talk to the teacher about how the school will help your child succeed. […] If your child has a severe reading disability, tutoring may need to occur more frequently, and progress may be slower. […] Children with dyslexia who get extra help in kindergarten or first grade often improve their reading skills enough to succeed in grade school and high school. […] A child with severe dyslexia may never have an easy time reading. But a child can learn skills that improve reading and develop strategies to improve school performance and quality of life.

• #2 What Tests Are Used to Diagnose a Learning Disability? | Dr. Vienna

  https://www.viennapsychologicalgroup.com/what-tests-are-used-to-diagnose-a-learning-disability/

  A learning disability is described as a disorder in the basic psychological processes that interfere with a persons ability to listen, think, speak, read, spell, or do mathematical calculations. […] A sufficient way to have the best possible intervention is to have the proper diagnosis for the individual. […] Hence, testing is essential in diagnosing an individual who may have a learning disability. […] The type of tests that are used to diagnose a learning disability includes Intelligence Tests, Achievement Tests, Visual-Motor Integration Tests, and Language Tests. […] Using the appropriate tests as part of a comprehensive evaluation is beneficial when determining whether or not a student may have a learning disability. […] The types of tests to consider as part of a comprehensive learning disorder evaluation include intelligence or cognitive abilities tests, achievement tests, visual-motor integration tests, and language tests. […] The general importance behind these types of tests is that they allow psychologists to evaluate a students strengths and weaknesses in academic achievement and cognitive abilities and find the proper interventions they may need to improve their way of learning.

• #2 Learning disability – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disability

  The DSM-IV and many school systems and government programs diagnose learning disabilities in this way (DSM-IV uses the term „disorder” rather than „disability”). […] Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach among researchers. […] Recent research has provided little evidence that a discrepancy between formally measured IQ and achievement is a clear indicator of LD. […] Since 1998, there have been attempts to create a reference index more useful than IQ to generate predicted scores on achievement tests. […] Much current research has focused on a treatment-oriented diagnostic process known as response to intervention (RTI). […] In the United States, the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act permitted states and school districts to use RTI as a method of identifying students with learning disabilities. […] The process does not take into account children’s individual neuropsychological factors such as phonological awareness and memory, that can inform design instruction.

• #2 Learning Disabilities

  https://access.byu.edu/learning-disabilities

  A learning disability (also known as a specific learning disorder) is marked by the following criteria: 1. Difficulties learning and using academic skills despite provision of interventions that target those difficulties. One of the following symptoms has persisted in the last six months: Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading, Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read, Difficulties with spelling, Difficulties with written expression, Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation, Difficulties with mathematical reasoning. 2. These skills are lower than what would be expected for the persons chronological age and significantly interfere with academic/occupational performance or activities of daily living. 3. Learning difficulties begin during school-age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills exceed the individuals capacity. 4. Learning difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual difficulties, auditory/vision problems, psychosocial adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of academic instruction, inadequate educational instruction, or other mental/neurological disorders.

• #2 Clinical Characteristics of Learning Disabilities – Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332886/

  Learning disabilities (LDs) are diagnosed using both educational and medical perspectives (Cortiella and Horowitz, 2014). […] Children are typically diagnosed using the IDEA criteria in school settings as a prerequisite to receiving educational interventions and accommodations (Cortiella and Horowitz, 2014). […] According to DSM-5, the diagnosis of a specific learning disorder includes the following symptoms: Persistent difficulties in reading, writing, arithmetic, or mathematical reasoning skills during formal years of schooling. […] The individual’s difficulties must not be better explained by developmental, neurological, sensory (vision or hearing), or motor disorders and must significantly interfere with academic achievement, occupational performance, or activities of daily living (APA, 2013).

• #2 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know

  If you think your child has a learning disorder, you should formally request testing through their school system. Schools are required to evaluate a child (age 3 to 21) if theyre suspected of having a disability that affects their learning or educational performance. […] Your child will need to go through special assessments and tests so that a professional can make a diagnosis. […] A psychologist diagnoses a learning disorder. Your childs school may identify a learning disability and then act accordingly to do an evaluation and develop a learning plan. […] Types of evaluations for learning disabilities each of which use different assessments or tests, include: Medical evaluation, Educational assessment and performance evaluation, Cognitive evaluation, Psychological evaluation, Neuropsychological assessment.

• #2 Who Can Diagnose LD and/or ADHD? – Disability Resource Center – Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

  https://drc.calpoly.edu/content/eligibility/whoCanDiagnose

  Many professionals are involved in the diagnosis of LD. They include psychologists, educational specialists, and other professionals who work in specialized fields such as speech and language. […] It is always important to ask the professional about his/her credentials. […] When you go to a person in a private practice, not in the school system, it is important to determine if the professional has the needed license to be in private practice and to make the diagnosis of LD and/or ADHD. […] According to the US Department of Education, a medical or clinical diagnosis is not required with ADHD. This means that school psychologists may diagnose for school eligibility purposes if they are appropriately trained and experienced in doing so and if the school has a policy that permits it.

• #2 The Adult Learning Disability Assessment Process – Learning Disabilities Association of America

  https://ldaamerica.org/info/adult-learning-disability-assessment-process/

  An LD assessment is a gathering of relevant information about an individuals areas of strengths and challenges to determine whether or not he or she may have a learning disability. […] The components of the assessment process may vary depending on which individual, clinic, or agency is conducting the assessment, but most assessments include the following: […] Diagnosis (a statement specifying the results of the assessment, including the type of LD identified). […] By completing the LD assessment process, adults can obtain the information and documentation they need to formally request accommodations at work or in school, and to determine effective strategies for learning and living based on their areas of strengths. […] Only qualified professionals can conduct LD assessments. […] The professional chosen should: Have experience assessing adults for LD.

• #2 Comprehensive Learning Disability Testing Services in Michigan

  https://www.brightpinepsychology.com/learning-disability-testing-michigan/

  We have an extensive in-house library of psychological assessment instruments, allowing us to diagnose a broad spectrum of conditions as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). […] Learning disabilities can affect a persons ability to read, write, do math, or process information. […] At Bright Pine Behavioral Health, we offer a wide range of testing services to diagnose learning disabilities and provide the necessary support. […] The various diagnostic tools applied in the field of learning disabilities are expansive, ranging from traditional paper-and-pencil cognitive and neuropsychological assessments to modern psychological testing and behavioral self-report questionnaires. […] Cognitive ability tests evaluate an individuals mental capabilities, such as reasoning, memory, problem-solving, comprehension, and general knowledge.

• #2 Testing for Learning Disabilities: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/testing-for-learning-disability

  Not all children learn at the same speed or through the same ways, but persistent challenges with reading, writing, and mathematics may warrant testing for a learning disability. […] The diagnosis of a learning disability involves testing across multiple areas of function. […] Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, a learning disability cant be diagnosed based on any singular test result. […] Most commonly, evaluating/testing includes overall cognitive testing, achievement testing in reading and math, evaluation of processing speed and attention, and language-specific testing in addition to measures of spelling and writing development, explains Rebecca Rolland, a speech pathologist and oral and written language specialist from Boston. […] Learning disabilities can be dismissed as underperformance because of other reasons such as inadequate studying or lack of motivation.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What Are Specific Learning Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder/what-is-specific-learning-disorder

  In 2013, the DSM-5 changed the diagnostic criteria for Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) to combine all three learning disorders (reading, mathematics, and written expression) into one overarching diagnosis. Specific learning disorders (often referred to as a learning disorder or learning disability, see note on terminology) are neurodevelopmental disorders that are typically diagnosed in early school-aged children, although may not be recognized until adulthood. They are characterized by a persistent impairment in at least one of three major areas: reading, written expression, and/or math. […] To be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder (SLD), a person must meet four criteria. […] A diagnosis is made through a combination of observation, interviews, family history and school reports. Neuropsychological testing may be used to help find the best way to help the individual with specific learning disorder.

• #2 Dyslexia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353557

  Your child may take a set of educational tests and have the process and quality of reading skills analyzed by a reading expert. […] In the United States, schools have a legal obligation to take steps to help children diagnosed with dyslexia with their learning problems. […] If you suspect that your child has dyslexia, talk to your child’s health care provider. Early intervention can improve success. […] Talk to the teacher about how the school will help your child succeed. […] If your child has a severe reading disability, tutoring may need to occur more frequently, and progress may be slower. […] Children with dyslexia who get extra help in kindergarten or first grade often improve their reading skills enough to succeed in grade school and high school. […] A child with severe dyslexia may never have an easy time reading. But a child can learn skills that improve reading and develop strategies to improve school performance and quality of life.

• #2 Dyslexia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353557

  There’s no single test that can diagnose dyslexia. A number of factors are considered, such as: […] The health care provider will likely ask you questions about these areas. Also, the provider will want to know about any conditions that run in the family, including dyslexia or any other type of learning disability. […] The provider may have your child, caregivers or teachers complete questionnaires. Your child may be asked to take tests to identify reading and language abilities. […] These can help determine whether another disorder may be causing or adding to your child’s difficulty reading. […] The provider may ask you and your child questions to better understand your child’s mental health. This can help determine whether social problems, anxiety or depression may be limiting your child’s abilities.

• #2 Learning Disability Testing & Learning Disability Diagnosis – Englewood CO

  https://www.mountainvistapsychology.com/learning-disability-testing-learning-disability-diagnosis/

  According to the DSM-V, the areas people can get diagnosed with a Specific Learning Disability are as follows: […] Dyslexia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. […] Dyscalculia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of difficulties characterized by problems processing numerical information, learning arithmetic facts, and performing accurate or fluent calculations. […] Once a diagnosis is made, people can take the report to their school to so they can work with school staff to get appropriate accommodations. […] In order to determine whether a child has a Specific Learning Disability, there are certain criteria that need to be met.

• #2 Diagnosing a Nonverbal Learning Disability – Children’s Resource Group – A Multi-Specialty Behavioral Health Practice

  https://www.childrensresourcegroup.com/diagnosing-a-nonverbal-learning-disability/

  In general, NVLD is characterized by the discrepancy between an individuals verbal (area of strength) and nonverbal (area of weakness) reasoning abilities. […] However, it provides a framework to explain areas of strength and weakness to better understand why an individual may be struggling academically, socially, emotionally, or behaviorally. […] To diagnosis NVLD, a comprehensive evaluation by a psychologist is conducted to determine areas of strength and weakness. […] Diagnosis can be completed through a psychological or neuropsychological evaluation and often consists of the following areas being assessed: […] Following the comprehensive psychological or neuropsychological evaluation, a feedback session is held to go over the results as well as describe the learning profile of those with NVLD.

• #2 Learning Disorders and Disabilities | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/learning-disorders-and-disabilities

  The terms “learning disorder” (used by the medical community) and “specific learning disability” (used by the schools) refer to a neurodevelopmental problem in which a child of normal intellectual potential (that is, a child does not have an Intellectual Disability) is encountering unusual difficulty with their academic functioning that cannot be explained by inadequate educational opportunity or emotional or sensory disabilities. These problems can become apparent at any point in a child’s development and may have different symptoms at different ages. […] A child with a learning disability will have struggles that don’t get better with standard teaching or extra help. The DSM-5 (the manual that psychiatrists use to diagnose disorders) has four criteria for a diagnosis of “specific learning disorder”: Symptoms persist for at least six months despite extra help or targeted instruction; Affected skills are below age expectations and cause impairment in academic, occupational, or everyday activities, as confirmed by testing and comprehensive clinical assessment; Problem starts during the school-age years; Problem not due to other conditions (such as intellectual disability, or vision or hearing impairment).

• #2 Learning Disabilities | MaineHealth

  https://www.mainehealth.org/care-services/pediatric-care-child-health/learning-disabilities

  An evaluation can: Identify whether a child has a learning disability, Determine a child’s eligibility under federal law for special education services, Help construct an individualized education plan (IEP) that outlines supports for a youngster who qualifies for special education services, Establish a benchmark for measuring the child’s educational progress. […] A full evaluation for a learning disability includes the following: A medical examination, including a neurological exam, to identify or rule out other possible causes of the child’s difficulties, Exploration of developmental, social and school performance, A discussion of family history, Academic achievement testing and psychological assessment. […] A learning disability is treated by using educational strategies to help overcome difficulties.

• #2 Learning Disabilities | North Metro Psychological Services Georgia — North Metro Psychological Services

  https://www.northmetropsych.com/evaluations/learning-disabilities

  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Although not exclusively a learning disability, ADHD can significantly impact academic performance. It involves difficulty with attention, and/or hyperactivity, and impulse control. […] Diagnosis and appropriate interventions are crucial for supporting individuals in academic and everyday settings.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What Are Specific Learning Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/specific-learning-disorder/what-is-specific-learning-disorder

  The merging of three separate learning disorders into one diagnostic category under Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) in the DSM-5 required three different specifiers to identify the area(s) of academic weakness. […] In addition to specifying the domain of learning disorder, the degree of severity should also be indicated in the SLD diagnosis. There are three levels of SLD severity. […] Though there is no cure, specific learning disorders can be successfully managed throughout one’s life. […] Under federal law, per the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), students with learning disorders are eligible for special education services. […] Special education services can help children with learning disabilities improve in their reading, writing and math skills. […] Currently, there are no FDA approved medications for specific learning disorders. However, medications may be prescribed for co-occurring disorders such as ADHD and anxiety.

• #2 Documentation Guidelines: Learning Disorders – Accommodations | College Board

  https://accommodations.collegeboard.org/request-accommodations/provide-documentation/by-disability/learning-disorders

  To receive accommodations for College Board exams, students with learning disorders must make a request to College Boards Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD) even if they have an Individualized Education Plan (IEP), a 504 plan, or already receive those accommodations for school or state tests. […] The diagnosis should be clearly stated. Documentation should state the learning disorder as diagnosed. The diagnosis should be made by someone with appropriate professional credentials, should be specific, and should reference the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 or whichever edition was current at the time of diagnosis). […] Because disabilities change over time, documentation should be up to date. For learning disorders, the educational evaluation and testing should be no more than five years old.

• #2 Documentation Guidelines: Learning Disorders – Accommodations | College Board

  https://accommodations.collegeboard.org/request-accommodations/provide-documentation/by-disability/learning-disorders

  Provide relevant educational, developmental, and medical history in support of the diagnosis and functional limitations. […] Documentation should describe the comprehensive testing and techniques used to arrive at the specific learning disorder diagnosis. […] Explain how the learning disorder impacts the students daily functioning and ability to participate in College Board exams. […] Provide a detailed rationale for the requested accommodations, focusing on: The connection between the students diagnosed learning disability and requested accommodations. […] To ensure valid testing and diagnosis, evaluators must be licensed by the state in which they practice.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/diagnosis/

  Being diagnosed with a learning disability is helpful. This is because it can help you to get the support you need. […] Having a diagnosis can be really important and helpful. But some people may feel that they do not need a diagnosis. […] A learning disability diagnosis might happen at different ages. […] If you have a learning disability you might need some support when you are an adult. […] This is called a needs assessment.

• #2 Adult Testing – Learning Disabilities Association of America

  https://ldaamerica.org/category/adult-testing/?audience=Students

  If you are an adult and suspect that you have a learning disability (LD) you may be at a loss about how to obtain testing and the assessment process. This guide will walk you through a learning disability assessment process, and show you where to start looking for an assessment. […] The Learning Disabilities Association of Iowa is dedicated to identifying causes and promoting prevention of learning disabilities and to enhancing the quality of life for all individuals with learning disabilities and their families by: Encouraging effective identification and intervention, Fostering research, and Protecting the rights of individuals with learning disabilities under the law. […] Make a difference in your state by volunteering to start a state affiliate to help individuals with learning disabilities in your state. Contact LDA of America at [email protected] to inquire about starting a state affiliate.

• #2 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know

  People with learning disabilities need different or additional help learning. This help or management varies based on the type of learning disability and its severity. […] If your child qualifies for special education services, theyll receive an Individualized Education Program (IEP). […] Learning disabilities arent preventable, but theyre often manageable with different strategies. […] Even though children dont outgrow learning disabilities, they can learn to adapt and improve their skills. […] If your child has an LD, they may experience self-esteem issues or believe they arent intelligent. […] Learning disabilities are lifelong. This means that adults have learning disabilities, too.

• #2 Issues in Learning Disabilities: Assessment and Diagnosis

  https://www.asha.org/policy/tr1994-00140/?srsltid=AfmBOoohGJMd63lyaDPGYOPIwyZ_eU5mohVTRJnyx7cfG_T0ti-dR-sN

  The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) believes that inappropriate diagnostic practices and procedures have contributed to misclassification of individuals and questionable incidence rates of learning disabilities. […] The NJCLD addresses these concerns in this statement and emphasizes the importance of integrating assessment, diagnosis, and procedures that lead to a diagnosis of learning disability and eligibility for services. […] Appropriate procedures must be used from early childhood through adulthood to assess and identify individuals suspected of having learning disabilities. […] Diagnosis of learning disabilities must be based on an analysis of the individual’s strengths as well as weaknesses. […] A comprehensive assessment must include procedures to determine levels of performance in the following domains: motor, sensory, cognitive, communication, and behavior.

• #2 Reforming learning disorder diagnosis following COVID-19 educational disruption | Nature Reviews Psychology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-022-00052-0

  Current diagnostic criteria for learning disorders are insufficient because of ongoing COVID-19-related educational disruption. Diagnostic criteria for learning disorders should be modified to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and ensure timely intervention. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), diagnosis of a specific learning disorder requires evidence from standardized achievement tests and comprehensive clinical assessment indicating that academic skills are below age-based expectations and interfere with daily activities. When education has been disrupted by COVID-19, rigid adherence to DSM-5 criteria for initial diagnosis of a specific learning disorder entails substantial risk of error. Adherence to the DSM-5 criteria in the COVID-19 era may result in two types of diagnostic error. False negative errors, or missed diagnoses, will occur when true learning disorders are misattributed to prolonged educational disruption, lack of prior intervention, or psychosocial dysfunction. By contrast, false positive errors, or inaccurate diagnoses, will occur when attenuated learning gains are misattributed to an underlying learning disorder. The extraordinary extent of COVID-19-related educational disruption has substantially limited the sensitivity of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for learning disorders and has delayed or eliminated access to special education services in schools. Reform of diagnostic criteria is needed to improve psychologists ability to identify and quickly intervene on behalf of youth with learning challenges.

• #2 Learning Disability Assessment Resources – LDRFA

  https://www.ldrfa.org/learning-disability-assessment/

  Most universities and teaching hospitals offer low-cost testing and evaluation for learning disabilities for children and adults through their graduate and Ph.D. Programs. […] By law, all evaluations for school-age children are free. Children who are struggling in learning are entitled to assessment process. You can request a free evaluation from your child’s school as defined by IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act). […] Health Resources Service Administration (HRSA) provides regional health centers for families who don’t have access to health insurance or primary health care.

• #2 Revolutionizing Learning Disability Identification Through Process Data Analysis – National Center for Learning Disabilities

  https://ncld.org/ld-identification-through-process-data-analysis/

  The process data collected from this research should not be used as a sole diagnostic tool but as an additional data point to inform further assessment and intervention. […] Early identification of learning disabilities is crucial for providing timely interventions and improving educational outcomes. […] By leveraging the potential of process data analysis, we can revolutionize the identification process by allowing for the NAEP Mathematics assessment and state-standardized testing.

• #2 Learning Disabilities Program | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/programs/learning-disabilities-program

  We evaluate children who have completed first grade up until completion of eighth grade who have problems with school functioning — academic, cognitive, behavioral, or social. The evaluation may also be appropriate for some children with medical or neurological conditions that may be affecting their development and school functioning. […] What are the underlying causes of your child’s problem? […] Is there a medical basis for your child’s problems? […] Are emotional or social factors slowing your child’s learning progress? […] Is the learning problem causing emotional or social problems? […] What specific programs and interventions does your child need to make progress? […] Our unique approach brings together experts from a number of different fields to look at your whole child. Many of our educational providers are former teachers who understand the challenges of working with children learning disabilities in the classroom. Your child’s evaluation will include meetings with experts in: Neurology, Neuropsychology, Oral and written language (speech and language, reading and writing), Mathematics, Psychology.

• #2 Testing and Diagnosis of ADHD, Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, and Learning Issues

  https://www.diagnostic-learning.com/

  Diagnosing Learning Disabilities and ADHD in Children Adults […] Comprehensive assessments to diagnose learning disabilities including dyslexia, ADHD, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. […] An Individual has a learning disability when they have average to above average ability but are struggling In one or more academic areas. […] Individuals with ADHD have a hard time paying attention especially when the task is boring or overwhelming and can often feel restless or act impulsively. […] A reading disability that causes difficulties understanding how sounds and letters come together to make a word. This often causes struggles with ones ability to recognize and decode words, read fluently, and spell. […] Difficulty with the skills that allow us to produce written work like handwriting, typing, and spelling. […] A specific learning disability in math that causes individuals to struggle with a variety of math concepts and skills. […] Students with documented disabilities can be eligible to receive accommodations on standardized assessments. Our evaluations meet ACT/SAT documentation requirements. […] All colleges and universities offer support services to students with learning disabilities, including dyslexia and ADHD. Diagnostic Learning Services offers evaluations that meet documentation requirements for accommodations. […] Qb Test is an FDA cleared advanced computer-based test that objectively measures core ADHD symptoms including activity, attention, and impulsivity.

• #2 How are learning disabilities diagnosed? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/diagnosed

  Learning disabilities are often identified once a child is in school. The school may use a process called response to intervention to help identify children with learning disabilities. Special tests are required to make a diagnosis. […] An evaluation can: Identify whether a child has a learning disability. […] A full evaluation for a learning disability includes the following: A medical exam, including a neurological exam, to rule out other possible causes of the child’s difficulties. […] Usually, several specialists work as a team to do the evaluation. The team may include a psychologist, a special education expert, and a speech-language pathologist. […] School psychologists are trained in both education and psychology. They can help diagnose students with learning disabilities and help the student and his or her parents and teachers come up with plans to improve learning. […] A speech-language pathologist can do a language evaluation and assess the child’s ability to organize his or her thoughts and possessions. The speech-language pathologist may evaluate the child’s learning skills, such as understanding directions, manipulating sounds, and reading and writing.

• #2 How to Get a Learning Disability Diagnosis – DFWChild

  https://dfwchild.com/how-to-get-a-learning-disability-diagnosis/

  Is your child struggling in school despite tutoring and extra help? Are they not meeting expected reading, math or writing goals for their grade level? Or maybe they have anxiety or low self-esteem when it comes to school? If any of this sounds familiar, your child may have a learning disability. […] The good news? Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), all children with disabilities are entitled to a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs, according to the U.S. Department of Education. […] If you suspect your child has a learning disability, here’s what you need to do: […] Request an evaluation. […] The special education evaluation must focus on and assess the child in all areas related to the child’s suspected disability and include information from the parent, according to Partners Resource Network. The evaluation will help determine the child’s eligibility for special education and related services.

• #2 Learning Disabilities | MaineHealth

  https://www.mainehealth.org/care-services/pediatric-care-child-health/learning-disabilities

  In general, experts work to help a child learn skills by building on the child’s strengths and developing ways to compensate for the child’s weaknesses. Interventions vary depending on the type of and extent of the disability. […] For most children, federal law requires that a public school create an Individualized Education Program (IEP). […] An IEP is specific to your child’s disability and includes appropriate teaching methods and goals for the school year. […] An IEP can change based on the child’s progress. You have the right to ask for a change in the IEP if you don’t agree with it.

• #3 Who Can Diagnose LD and/or ADHD | LD OnLine

  https://www.ldonline.org/ld-topics/evaluation-ld-testing/who-can-diagnose-ld-andor-adhd

  Many professionals are involved in the diagnosis of LD: psychologists, educational specialists, and other professionals who work in specialized fields such as speech and language. […] It is always important to ask the professional about his/her credentials. […] When you go to a person in a private practice, not in the school system, it is important to determine if the professional has the needed license to be in private practice and to make the diagnosis of LD and/or ADHD. […] According to the US Department of Education, a medical or clinical diagnosis is not required with ADHD. This means that school psychologists may diagnose for school eligibility purposes if they are appropriately trained and experienced in doing so and if the school has a policy that permits it.

• #3 Learning Disabilities | MaineHealth

  https://www.mainehealth.org/care-services/pediatric-care-child-health/learning-disabilities

  An evaluation can: Identify whether a child has a learning disability, Determine a child’s eligibility under federal law for special education services, Help construct an individualized education plan (IEP) that outlines supports for a youngster who qualifies for special education services, Establish a benchmark for measuring the child’s educational progress. […] A full evaluation for a learning disability includes the following: A medical examination, including a neurological exam, to identify or rule out other possible causes of the child’s difficulties, Exploration of developmental, social and school performance, A discussion of family history, Academic achievement testing and psychological assessment. […] A learning disability is treated by using educational strategies to help overcome difficulties.

• #3 Comprehensive Learning Disability Testing Services in Michigan

  https://www.brightpinepsychology.com/learning-disability-testing-michigan/

  Academic achievement tests are used to evaluate a students proficiency in core academic areas such as mathematics, reading, and writing. […] Language assessments measure both expressive (speaking, writing) and receptive (listening, reading) language skills. […] Learning assessments focus on a persons capacity to acquire, process, and understand new information. […] Assessments of motor skills evaluate both gross motor skills (e.g., walking, jumping) and fine motor skills (e.g., writing, buttoning a shirt). […] Visuospatial assessments evaluate an individuals ability to understand and interpret spatial relationships between objects. […] Executive function assessments evaluate skills related to planning, organization, working memory, and impulse control. […] The diagnosis of learning disabilities encompasses a diverse array of tests designed to assess different facets of an individuals cognitive and physical functioning.

• #3 Children’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105

  If you suspect your child has trouble learning, you can ask the school to check for a learning disorder. […] A child’s teacher, parents or guardian, and health care provider are some of the people who can request an evaluation. […] These professionals work together to decide whether a child’s trouble meets the definition of a learning disorder. […] If your child has a learning disorder, your child’s provider or school might suggest: Extra help. A reading specialist, math tutor or other trained professional can teach your child ways to do schoolwork, study and get organized. […] Individualized education program (IEP). This written plan sets learning goals and describes the special-education services your child needs. […] Early treatment is key, because the problem can grow. […] Your child’s treatment plan will likely change over time. […] Early treatment can lessen the effects of a learning disorder.

• #3 Learning Disabilities Documentation Guidelines | ETS

  https://www.ets.org/disabilities/documentation/learning-disabilities.html

  Learning disabilities is a general term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or mathematical abilities. […] A qualified professional, with demonstrated training and experience in the assessment of learning disabilities in adolescents and adults, should conduct the evaluation. […] The provision of reasonable accommodations and services is based upon clear evidence of the current impact of the disability on academic and test-taking performance. […] The documentation must validate the need for accommodations based upon the test-taker’s current level of functioning and how that level of functioning may impact test taking. […] A clear diagnostic statement in accordance with the most recent edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) or International Classification of Disease (ICD), including a discussion of functional limitations due to the learning disability, is required.

• #3 Dyslexia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353557

  You may first bring up your concerns with your child’s pediatrician or family health care provider. […] The provider may refer your child to a specialist, such as an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist). […] Bringing school records is especially helpful for the evaluation done by health care providers. […] Questions to ask may include: What do you think is the cause of my child’s difficulty with reading? […] Are there other diagnoses that can be associated with or confused with dyslexia? […] What kinds of tests does my child need? […] How is dyslexia treated? […] How quickly will we see progress? […] Should other family members be tested for dyslexia? […] Academic problems don’t necessarily mean a person with dyslexia can’t succeed.

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