Niepełnosprawność intelektualna lub specyficzne trudności w nauce
Etiologia i przyczyny

Niepełnosprawność intelektualna oraz specyficzne trudności w nauce stanowią złożone zaburzenia neurorozwojowe o wieloczynnikowej etiologii, obejmującej czynniki genetyczne, neurologiczne, prenatalne, okołoporodowe, poporodowe oraz środowiskowe. Genetyczne predyspozycje są istotne, co potwierdzają badania rodzinne i bliźniąt, wskazujące na zwiększone ryzyko (4-13-krotnie) wystąpienia trudności w uczeniu się u potomstwa osób z tymi zaburzeniami, a także specyficzne zespoły genetyczne, takie jak zespół Downa, kruchego chromosomu X czy Turnera. Neurologiczne podłoże manifestuje się m.in. zmniejszonym planum temporale u osób z dysleksją oraz zaburzeniami szlaków istoty białej, co wpływa na przetwarzanie języka i funkcje poznawcze. Okres prenatalny i okołoporodowy to krytyczne momenty rozwoju mózgu, gdzie ekspozycja na toksyny (alkohol, tytoń, ołów), niedożywienie, choroby matki czy komplikacje porodowe (np. anoksja) znacząco podnoszą ryzyko rozwoju trudności w uczeniu się. Po urodzeniu czynniki takie jak urazy mózgu, infekcje, niedożywienie oraz niekorzystne warunki środowiskowe (np. niska jakość edukacji, stres, izolacja społeczna) dodatkowo wpływają na funkcjonowanie poznawcze dziecka.

Przyczyny niepełnosprawności intelektualnej lub specyficznych trudności w nauce

Niepełnosprawność intelektualna lub specyficzne trudności w nauce stanowią grupę zaburzeń neurorozwojowych, które wpływają na zdolność mózgu do przetwarzania, przyswajania i wykorzystywania informacji. Dokładne przyczyny tych zaburzeń nie są w pełni poznane, jednak badacze zidentyfikowali szereg czynników ryzyka, które mogą przyczynić się do ich rozwoju12. W niniejszym artykule omówimy główne czynniki etiologiczne związane z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną i trudnościami w uczeniu się.

Czynniki genetyczne i dziedziczne

Badania naukowe wyraźnie wskazują, że czynniki genetyczne odgrywają znaczącą rolę w rozwoju trudności w uczeniu się. Analiza danych wykazała, że dzieci, których rodzice lub rodzeństwo mają trudności w uczeniu się, są od 4 do 13 razy bardziej narażone na rozwój podobnych problemów12. Badania na bliźniętach dostarczyły mocnych dowodów na genetyczne podłoże tych zaburzeń – zaburzenia czytania są zgłaszane częściej wśród bliźniąt jednojajowych niż wśród bliźniąt dwujajowych3.

W przypadku konkretnych zaburzeń, takich jak dysleksja, dowiedziono, że genetyka odgrywa kluczową rolę. Dziecko, którego rodzic ma dysleksję, ma 30-50% szans na jej odziedziczenie4. Szczególnie interesujące są wyniki badań wskazujące, że występowanie dyskalkulii jest dziesięć razy częstsze w rodzinach osób z tym zaburzeniem niż można by oczekiwać w populacji ogólnej5.

Określone zespoły genetyczne również mogą zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia trudności w uczeniu się. Wśród nich wymienia się zespół Downa, zespół kruchego chromosomu X oraz zespół Turnera67. Badania wykazały, że dziewczynki z zespołem Turnera i zespołem kruchego chromosomu X oraz chłopcy z zespołem Klinefeltera mają tendencję do rozwoju trudności w uczeniu się związanych z percepcją wzrokową8.

Czynniki neurologiczne

Zaburzenia uczenia się są często związane z różnicami w strukturze i funkcjonowaniu mózgu. Badania neurologiczne wykazały, że osoby z trudnościami w uczeniu się mogą mieć odmienną organizację mózgu, szczególnie w obszarach odpowiedzialnych za przetwarzanie języka910.

U osób z dysleksją zaobserwowano mniejszy planum temporale (część płata skroniowego mózgu) w porównaniu do osób bez dysleksji11. Ponadto, badacze odkryli dowody wskazujące na odmienne wzorce szlaków istoty białej, które są zaburzone w przypadku trudności w matematyce i czytaniu12.

Badania nad funkcjonalnymi i strukturalnymi różnicami w mózgach osób z trudnościami w uczeniu się i bez nich potwierdzają istnienie neurologicznych czynników ryzyka rozwoju tych zaburzeń13. Zaburzenia uczenia się są uznawane za wynik nieprawidłowości w podstawowych procesach zaangażowanych w rozumienie lub używanie języka mówionego lub pisanego, bądź rozumowanie numeryczne i przestrzenne14.

Czynniki prenatalne i okołoporodowe

Okres prenatalny i okołoporodowy to krytyczny czas dla rozwoju mózgu, a czynniki działające w tym okresie mogą istotnie wpływać na ryzyko wystąpienia trudności w uczeniu się. Do głównych czynników ryzyka w tym okresie należą:

  • Używanie przez matkę alkoholu, narkotyków lub tytoniu podczas ciąży1516
  • Niedożywienie matki podczas ciąży17
  • Choroby matki w czasie ciąży, takie jak cukrzyca lub choroby tarczycy18
  • Przedwczesny poród i niska masa urodzeniowa1920
  • Komplikacje podczas porodu, takie jak skręcenie pępowiny, które może prowadzić do anoksji (braku tlenu)21
  • Stan przedrzucawkowy lub przedłużający się poród22

Narażenie płodu na substancje toksyczne, takie jak ołów czy pestycydy, również może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju trudności w uczeniu się23. Badania wykazują, że dzieci matek palących w czasie ciąży są bardziej narażone na przedwczesny poród, co z kolei zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju trudności w uczeniu się24.

Czynniki poporodowe i środowiskowe

Po urodzeniu dziecko nadal jest narażone na różne czynniki, które mogą wpłynąć na rozwój trudności w uczeniu się. Do najważniejszych czynników poporodowych należą:

Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak jakość wczesnej edukacji, również mogą wpływać na rozwój trudności w uczeniu się. Dzieci, które nie otrzymują odpowiedniego wsparcia intelektualnego we wczesnym dzieciństwie, mogą wykazywać oznaki trudności w uczeniu się po rozpoczęciu nauki szkolnej33. Jakość instrukcji, którą otrzymują dzieci, jest istotnym czynnikiem – nieodpowiednie metody nauczania lub brak odpowiednich zasobów edukacyjnych mogą przyczyniać się do problemów w nauce34.

Negatywne doświadczenia i urazy psychiczne

Coraz więcej badań wskazuje na związek między negatywnymi doświadczeniami w dzieciństwie a trudnościami w uczeniu się. Traumatyczne wydarzenia, takie jak zaniedbanie, przemoc fizyczna lub emocjonalna, mogą wpływać na rozwój mózgu i zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia trudności w uczeniu się3536.

Przewlekły stres w dzieciństwie może zakłócać normalne procesy rozwojowe mózgu, wpływając na funkcje wykonawcze, które są kluczowe dla uczenia się. Badania wykazały, że niekorzystne doświadczenia w dzieciństwie (ACEs) są szczególnie powiązane z problemami z funkcjami wykonawczymi, takimi jak planowanie, organizowanie i rozwiązywanie problemów37.

Izolacja społeczna i brak stymulacji poznawczej we wczesnym dzieciństwie również mogą przyczyniać się do trudności w uczeniu się38. Dzieci, które doświadczają rzadkich wymian komunikacyjnych z rodzicami, są bardziej narażone na deficyty w słownictwie, używaniu języka i rozwoju intelektualnym przed rozpoczęciem nauki szkolnej39.

Współistniejące zaburzenia i choroby

Trudności w uczeniu się często nie występują w izolacji, ale współistnieją z innymi zaburzeniami i chorobami. Badania wskazują, że 20-70% dzieci z zaburzeniami psychicznymi ma również trudności w uczeniu się40. Najczęściej współwystępujące zaburzenia to:

Zaburzenia te mogą wzajemnie na siebie wpływać, pogłębiając trudności w uczeniu się. Na przykład, do 25% dzieci z zaburzeniami czytania ma również ADHD, a z kolei szacuje się, że między 15 a 30% dzieci z diagnozą ADHD ma trudności w uczeniu się46.

Niektóre schorzenia, takie jak mózgowe porażenie dziecięce czy zespół Downa, często wiążą się z różnym stopniem trudności w uczeniu się47. Również choroby przewlekłe mogą wpływać na zdolności poznawcze – badania wskazują na potwierdzoną zależność między zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu, ADHD a problemami żołądkowo-jelitowymi, co może dodatkowo utrudniać naukę i koncentrację48.

Wieloczynnikowość zaburzeń uczenia się

Ważnym aspektem etiologii trudności w uczeniu się jest ich wieloczynnikowa natura. Rzadko można wskazać pojedynczą przyczynę – zazwyczaj mamy do czynienia z interakcją wielu czynników genetycznych, neurologicznych i środowiskowych4950.

Ta wieloczynnikowość sprawia, że trudności w uczeniu się mogą znacznie różnić się między osobami, zarówno pod względem nasilenia, jak i manifestacji objawów. Jak trafnie ujął to dr Jack Fletcher, profesor psychologii na Uniwersytecie w Houston: „mówimy o dolnym końcu normalnego rozkładu umiejętności, gdzie nie ma wyraźnej linii, która oddziela lub odgranicza niepełnosprawność”51.

Zrozumienie złożonej interakcji różnych czynników jest kluczowe dla opracowania kompleksowych strategii wspierania osób z trudnościami w uczeniu się52. Co ważne, chociaż trudności w uczeniu się są często uwarunkowane biologicznie, odpowiednia interwencja, szczególnie we wczesnym etapie rozwoju, może znacząco poprawić funkcjonowanie poznawcze i edukacyjne53.

Neuroplastyczność i perspektywy terapeutyczne

Nauka poczyniła znaczące postępy w zrozumieniu wewnętrznego funkcjonowania mózgu, a jednym z najważniejszych odkryć, które przynosi nową nadzieję w kontekście trudności w uczeniu się, jest neuroplastyczność. Odnosi się ona do naturalnej, trwającej przez całe życie zdolności mózgu do zmiany i reorganizacji54.

Odkrycia dotyczące neuroplastyczności sugerują, że mimo iż trudności w uczeniu się często mają podłoże neurologiczne, mózg może się reorganizować pod wpływem odpowiednich interwencji. Jak zauważył dr Fletcher, „jeśli [dzieci] otrzymają intensywną, wyraźną instrukcję, mózg może się zreorganizować – a opóźnienie w nauce może zniknąć”55.

W przypadku dysleksji, chociaż jest to stan trwający całe życie, interwencje edukacyjne mogą nauczyć nowych sposobów nauki czytania i pisania, często wykorzystując te umiejętności do zmiany okablowania obwodów czytania w mózgu56. Ta zdolność mózgu do adaptacji i reorganizacji stanowi podstawę wielu skutecznych terapii i interwencji edukacyjnych.

Dalsze badania nad neuroplastycznością mogą prowadzić do dodatkowych nowych metod leczenia, które będą ukierunkowane na rzeczywiste przyczyny trudności w uczeniu się, a nie tylko oferować strategie radzenia sobie z nimi57.

Wnioski

Etiologia niepełnosprawności intelektualnej i specyficznych trudności w nauce jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa. Badania wskazują na istotną rolę czynników genetycznych, neurologicznych, prenatalnych, okołoporodowych, poporodowych i środowiskowych. Zrozumienie tych czynników ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wczesnego rozpoznawania, profilaktyki i opracowywania skutecznych interwencji.

Warto podkreślić, że trudności w uczeniu się nie są związane z inteligencją czy motywacją – osoby z tymi trudnościami mają często przeciętny lub ponadprzeciętny iloraz inteligencji, a ich mózgi są po prostu „zaprogramowane” inaczej5859. Aktualne podejście coraz częściej odchodzi od postrzegania tych stanów jako „niepełnosprawności”, a raczej jako „różnic” w sposobie przetwarzania informacji przez mózg.

Postęp w zrozumieniu przyczyn trudności w uczeniu się przyczynia się do lepszego rozpoznawania, diagnostyki i opracowywania skuteczniejszych metod wsparcia. Wczesna identyfikacja i interwencja są kluczowe dla minimalizowania długoterminowych skutków i umożliwienia osobom z trudnościami w uczeniu się pełnej realizacji swojego potencjału.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 What causes learning disabilities? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/causes
    Researchers do not know all of the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have found a range of risk factors during their work to find potential causes. […] In fact, children who have a parent with a learning disability are more likely to develop a learning disability themselves. […] Factors that affect a fetus developing in the womb, such as alcohol or drug use, can put a child at higher risk for a learning problem or disability. […] Young children who do not receive the support they need for their intellectual development may show signs of learning disabilities once they start school. […] Sometimes a person may develop a learning disability later in life due to injury. Possible causes in such a case include dementia or a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • #2 National Association of Special Education Teachers: Causes of Learning Disabilities
    http://www.naset.org/professional-resources/exceptional-students-and-disability-information/specific-learning-disabilities/causes-of-learning-disabilities
    What causes learning disabilities? Are they preventable? If I have one, will my child inherit it? Hear what experts have to say about causality and learning disabilities. […] As of now, no one is certain what causes learning disabilities. It is thought that learning disabilities may be caused by hereditary, teratogenic factors (for instance, alcohol or cocaine use during pregnancy), medical factors (premature birth, diabetes, meningitis of mother or offspring), and/or environmental factors (malnutrition, poor prenatal healthcare). A leading theory among scientists is that learning disabilities stem from subtle disturbances in the way brain structures are formed. Researchers are also studying genetic links. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes learning disabilities. Some possibilities include:
  • #2 What Causes Learning Disabilities? | HealthyPlace
    https://www.healthyplace.com/parenting/learning-disabilities/what-causes-learning-disabilities
    What causes learning disabilities? Its a question with only tentative answers. Researchers have identified possible causes. […] Learning disability causes remain largely unknown. Researchers continue to study the issue to determine why someone develops a learning disorder. […] In their quest to uncover a cause, researchers have identified several possibilities. Some of the possible causes of learning disabilities include: Individual differences in the brain, Genetics (heredity), Environmental factors, Medical reasons, Problems during the mothers pregnancy. […] A persons genetics, or heredity, can contribute to their learning disability. These disorders tend to run in families, so a child with a parent or sibling who has a learning disorder has a higher likelihood of having one of their own compared to children with no family history of such learning problems.
  • #3 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    There is also evidence of genetics as a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Much of this evidence is based on twin studies (Galaburda, 2005). For example, reading disabilities are reported more frequently between identical twins than between fraternal twins (Wadsworth et al., 2000). There is also research that indicates the prevalence of dyscalculia is ten times higher in families of individuals with the disability than would be expected from the general population (Shalev et al., 2001), and genetics is also a risk factor for the development of word recognition problems (Harlaar et al., 2005; Smiley et al., 2022). […] Environmental factors may also cause learning disabilities. Environmental factors are grouped by those that occur prenatally, perinatally, and postnatally. Prenatal risk factors that cause harm to a fetus include maternal drug use, alcohol consumption, and smoking during pregnancy. For example, mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have premature babies who are subsequently at risk for developing a learning disability (Dooley, 2009).
  • #4 Dyslexia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6005-dyslexia
    Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes reading and language-related tasks harder. It happens because of disruptions in how your brain processes writing so you can understand it. […] The exact cause of dyslexia isnt clear. However, several clues hint at how and why most cases happen. […] Dyslexia is highly genetic and runs in families. A child with one parent with dyslexia has a 30% to 50% chance of inheriting it. Genetic conditions like Down syndrome can also make dyslexia more likely to happen. […] If you have dyslexia, youre neurodivergent. That means your brain formed or works differently than expected. Research shows people with dyslexia have differences in brain structure, function and chemistry. […] Infections, toxic exposures and other events can disrupt fetal development and increase the odds of later development of dyslexia.
  • #5 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    There is also evidence of genetics as a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Much of this evidence is based on twin studies (Galaburda, 2005). For example, reading disabilities are reported more frequently between identical twins than between fraternal twins (Wadsworth et al., 2000). There is also research that indicates the prevalence of dyscalculia is ten times higher in families of individuals with the disability than would be expected from the general population (Shalev et al., 2001), and genetics is also a risk factor for the development of word recognition problems (Harlaar et al., 2005; Smiley et al., 2022). […] Environmental factors may also cause learning disabilities. Environmental factors are grouped by those that occur prenatally, perinatally, and postnatally. Prenatal risk factors that cause harm to a fetus include maternal drug use, alcohol consumption, and smoking during pregnancy. For example, mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have premature babies who are subsequently at risk for developing a learning disability (Dooley, 2009).
  • #6
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
    We do not always know why a person has a learning disability. Sometimes it is because a person’s brain development is affected, either before they are born, during their birth or in early childhood. […] This can be caused by things such as: the mother becoming ill in pregnancy, problems during the birth that stop enough oxygen getting to the brain, the unborn baby having some genes passed on from its parents that make having a learning disability more likely, illness, such as meningitis, or injury in early childhood. […] There are some health conditions where you may be more likely to have a learning disability. For example, everyone with Down’s syndrome has some level of learning disability, and so do many people with cerebral palsy. Some people with epilepsy also have a learning disability and so do many autistic people.
  • #7 Etiology and issue related to Learning disability | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/UsmanKhan225/etiology-and-issue-related-to-learning-disability
    The actual structure of the brain of some children with reading disabilities is slightly different from that of children without disabilities. Heredity: Individuals with certain genetic syndromes may have an increased risk of manifesting a particular type of learning disability. […] Research into these syndromes has revealed that girls with Turner syndrome and fragile X syndrome and boys with Klinefelter syndrome tend to have visual-perceptual learning disabilities. There is growing evidence that genetics may account for at least some family links with dyslexia. […] Biochemical disturbances within a child’s body may also be a cause of learning disabilities. It is also suggested that learning disabilities can be caused by the inability of a child’s bloodstream to synthesize a normal amount of vitamins.
  • #8 Etiology and issue related to Learning disability | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/UsmanKhan225/etiology-and-issue-related-to-learning-disability
    The actual structure of the brain of some children with reading disabilities is slightly different from that of children without disabilities. Heredity: Individuals with certain genetic syndromes may have an increased risk of manifesting a particular type of learning disability. […] Research into these syndromes has revealed that girls with Turner syndrome and fragile X syndrome and boys with Klinefelter syndrome tend to have visual-perceptual learning disabilities. There is growing evidence that genetics may account for at least some family links with dyslexia. […] Biochemical disturbances within a child’s body may also be a cause of learning disabilities. It is also suggested that learning disabilities can be caused by the inability of a child’s bloodstream to synthesize a normal amount of vitamins.
  • #9 What Are the Causes of Learning Disabilities? – The Brain Clinic
    https://thebrainclinic.com/articles-3/what-are-the-causes-of-learning-disabilities/
    There are a number of theories as to the etiology of learning disabilities, and to some extent, all of them might be true for different people. […] As in some other kinds of brain disorders, learning disabilities tend to run in families. […] About 80 percent of those who are slow readers have a problem with phonological processing. […] There is also evidence that the brain in individuals with dyslexia functions differently than in those who are good readers. […] Their work has illuminated the fact that individuals with dyslexia have a different brain organization, particularly in terms of some aspects of language processing. […] But is this always the case? Probably not, since dyslexia is determined by multiple factors. […] It could have to do with visual processing, or phonological processing, attentional problems, or a number of other underlying cognitive difficulties.
  • #10 Dyslexia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6005-dyslexia
    Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes reading and language-related tasks harder. It happens because of disruptions in how your brain processes writing so you can understand it. […] The exact cause of dyslexia isnt clear. However, several clues hint at how and why most cases happen. […] Dyslexia is highly genetic and runs in families. A child with one parent with dyslexia has a 30% to 50% chance of inheriting it. Genetic conditions like Down syndrome can also make dyslexia more likely to happen. […] If you have dyslexia, youre neurodivergent. That means your brain formed or works differently than expected. Research shows people with dyslexia have differences in brain structure, function and chemistry. […] Infections, toxic exposures and other events can disrupt fetal development and increase the odds of later development of dyslexia.
  • #11 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    Researchers do not know all the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have identified risk factors for developing a learning disability. These risk factors are grouped into neurological, genetic, and environmental risk factors and may not apply to all categories of learning disabilities (Smiley et al., 2022). […] Neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability could include deficits related to brain injury, brain development, or brain structure. For example, there is evidence that individuals with dyslexia have a smaller planum temporale, a section of the temporal lobe of the brain, than individuals without dyslexia (Miller et al., 2003). In addition, researchers have found evidence that indicates distinct patterns of white matter pathways, which are disrupted in math and reading disabilities (Ashkenazi et al., 2013). Research on functional and structural differences in the brains of those with and without learning disabilities indicates support for the existence of neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability (Peterson Pennington, 2015; Smiley et al., 2022).
  • #12 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    Researchers do not know all the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have identified risk factors for developing a learning disability. These risk factors are grouped into neurological, genetic, and environmental risk factors and may not apply to all categories of learning disabilities (Smiley et al., 2022). […] Neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability could include deficits related to brain injury, brain development, or brain structure. For example, there is evidence that individuals with dyslexia have a smaller planum temporale, a section of the temporal lobe of the brain, than individuals without dyslexia (Miller et al., 2003). In addition, researchers have found evidence that indicates distinct patterns of white matter pathways, which are disrupted in math and reading disabilities (Ashkenazi et al., 2013). Research on functional and structural differences in the brains of those with and without learning disabilities indicates support for the existence of neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability (Peterson Pennington, 2015; Smiley et al., 2022).
  • #13 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    Researchers do not know all the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have identified risk factors for developing a learning disability. These risk factors are grouped into neurological, genetic, and environmental risk factors and may not apply to all categories of learning disabilities (Smiley et al., 2022). […] Neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability could include deficits related to brain injury, brain development, or brain structure. For example, there is evidence that individuals with dyslexia have a smaller planum temporale, a section of the temporal lobe of the brain, than individuals without dyslexia (Miller et al., 2003). In addition, researchers have found evidence that indicates distinct patterns of white matter pathways, which are disrupted in math and reading disabilities (Ashkenazi et al., 2013). Research on functional and structural differences in the brains of those with and without learning disabilities indicates support for the existence of neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability (Peterson Pennington, 2015; Smiley et al., 2022).
  • #14 Learning Disorders – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/learning-disorders
    Learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although the causes of learning disorders are not fully understood, they include abnormalities in the basic processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language or numerical and spatial reasoning. Possible causes include illness in the mother or the mother’s use of toxic drugs during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy or delivery (for example, preeclampsia or prolonged labor), and problems with the newborn at the time of delivery (for example, preterm birth (prematurity), low birth weight, severe jaundice, or postmaturity). […] After birth, possible factors include exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or emotional neglect or abuse. […] Traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as child abuse and maltreatment, also can contribute to the development of learning disorders.
  • #15 What causes learning disabilities? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/causes
    Researchers do not know all of the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have found a range of risk factors during their work to find potential causes. […] In fact, children who have a parent with a learning disability are more likely to develop a learning disability themselves. […] Factors that affect a fetus developing in the womb, such as alcohol or drug use, can put a child at higher risk for a learning problem or disability. […] Young children who do not receive the support they need for their intellectual development may show signs of learning disabilities once they start school. […] Sometimes a person may develop a learning disability later in life due to injury. Possible causes in such a case include dementia or a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • #16 Children’s health
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105
    Learning disorders can make it hard for a child to read, write or do simple math. […] A learning disorder is present when the brain takes in and works with information in a way that is not typical. It keeps a person from learning a skill and using it well. […] What causes learning disorders? […] Things that might play roles in learning disorders include: Family history and genes. Having a blood relative, such as a parent, with a learning disorder raises the risk of a child having a disorder. […] Risks before birth and shortly after. Learning disorders have been linked with poor growth in the uterus and exposure to alcohol or drugs before being born. Learning disorders also have been tied to being born too early and having a very low weight at birth. […] Emotional trauma. This could involve a deeply stressful experience or emotional abuse. If either happens in early childhood, it may affect how the brain develops and raise the risk of learning disorders. […] Physical trauma. Head injuries or nervous system illnesses might play a role in the development of learning disorders. […] Poisonous substances. Exposure to high levels of toxins, such as lead, has been linked to a larger risk of learning disorders.
  • #17 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    There is also evidence of genetics as a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Much of this evidence is based on twin studies (Galaburda, 2005). For example, reading disabilities are reported more frequently between identical twins than between fraternal twins (Wadsworth et al., 2000). There is also research that indicates the prevalence of dyscalculia is ten times higher in families of individuals with the disability than would be expected from the general population (Shalev et al., 2001), and genetics is also a risk factor for the development of word recognition problems (Harlaar et al., 2005; Smiley et al., 2022). […] Environmental factors may also cause learning disabilities. Environmental factors are grouped by those that occur prenatally, perinatally, and postnatally. Prenatal risk factors that cause harm to a fetus include maternal drug use, alcohol consumption, and smoking during pregnancy. For example, mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have premature babies who are subsequently at risk for developing a learning disability (Dooley, 2009).
  • #18 National Association of Special Education Teachers: Causes of Learning Disabilities
    http://www.naset.org/professional-resources/exceptional-students-and-disability-information/specific-learning-disabilities/causes-of-learning-disabilities
    More generally, there are multiple factors that cause learning disabilities, including atypical brain organization. Specifically, there may be differences in cells or in the basic hard-wiring of the brain. One patient explained that his brain was wired by a non-union electrician. There also may be differences in brain development due to metabolic disorders such as maternal diabetes or thyroid disease. Parental alcohol abuse and maternal smoking are well-known agents contributing to childhood learning problems. In addition, there may be stress to the baby during birth when there is sudden lack of oxygen to the babys brain (anoxic events).
  • #19 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know
    Learning disabilities (LDs) affect how your brain processes information. […] Researchers still have a lot to learn about learning disabilities and their causes. Currently, they think LDs result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Studies show that risk factors for LDs include: biological family history of LDs, premature birth, fetal exposure to alcohol or other substances, a history of a speech and language developmental delay, malnutrition, exposure to environmental toxins, like lead, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] Some studies show that LDs affect 20% to 70% of children with psychiatric conditions.
  • #20 Learning Disorders – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/learning-disorders
    Learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although the causes of learning disorders are not fully understood, they include abnormalities in the basic processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language or numerical and spatial reasoning. Possible causes include illness in the mother or the mother’s use of toxic drugs during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy or delivery (for example, preeclampsia or prolonged labor), and problems with the newborn at the time of delivery (for example, preterm birth (prematurity), low birth weight, severe jaundice, or postmaturity). […] After birth, possible factors include exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or emotional neglect or abuse. […] Traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as child abuse and maltreatment, also can contribute to the development of learning disorders.
  • #21 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    Perinatal factors that cause learning disabilities occur at birth or very shortly thereafter. Complications during birth, such as the umbilical cord becoming twisted, could lead to anoxia, the loss of oxygen, a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Brain injuries that occur at birth may also lead to the development of learning disabilities (Zhang, 2007). […] Postnatal factors that cause learning disabilities occur after the child is born. For example, medical conditions such as meningitis may contribute to learning disabilities. The ingestion of certain substances, such as lead-based paint, which is known to cause brain injury, may result in the development of a learning disability. […] Although cultural and economic factors are excluded as causes from the IDEA definition of learning disabilities, environmental factors such as poor nutrition and adverse childhood experiences are associated with learning disability development (Arends, 2007; Cortiella Horowitz, 2015; Lacour Tissington, 2011; Smiley et al., 2022).
  • #22 Learning Disorders – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/learning-disorders
    Learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although the causes of learning disorders are not fully understood, they include abnormalities in the basic processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language or numerical and spatial reasoning. Possible causes include illness in the mother or the mother’s use of toxic drugs during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy or delivery (for example, preeclampsia or prolonged labor), and problems with the newborn at the time of delivery (for example, preterm birth (prematurity), low birth weight, severe jaundice, or postmaturity). […] After birth, possible factors include exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or emotional neglect or abuse. […] Traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as child abuse and maltreatment, also can contribute to the development of learning disorders.
  • #23
    https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/learning-disorder/
    Learning disorders are neurological conditions that affect the brain’s ability to receive, process, store, and respond to information. […] Causes of Learning Disorder: Genetic Factors: Inherited traits that affect brain development and processing abilities. […] Brain Development Issues: Abnormalities or delays in the development of neurological structures involved in learning. […] Environmental Influences: Prenatal exposure to toxins, maternal illness, or trauma that disrupts brain development. […] Neurological Factors: Conditions like epilepsy or traumatic brain injury affecting cognitive functions. […] Learning Environment: Inadequate educational methods or resources, mismatched teaching styles, or lack of support. […] Cognitive Processing Differences: Difficulty with specific skills like reading (dyslexia), math (dyscalculia), or writing (dysgraphia).
  • #24 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    There is also evidence of genetics as a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Much of this evidence is based on twin studies (Galaburda, 2005). For example, reading disabilities are reported more frequently between identical twins than between fraternal twins (Wadsworth et al., 2000). There is also research that indicates the prevalence of dyscalculia is ten times higher in families of individuals with the disability than would be expected from the general population (Shalev et al., 2001), and genetics is also a risk factor for the development of word recognition problems (Harlaar et al., 2005; Smiley et al., 2022). […] Environmental factors may also cause learning disabilities. Environmental factors are grouped by those that occur prenatally, perinatally, and postnatally. Prenatal risk factors that cause harm to a fetus include maternal drug use, alcohol consumption, and smoking during pregnancy. For example, mothers who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have premature babies who are subsequently at risk for developing a learning disability (Dooley, 2009).
  • #25 What causes learning disabilities? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/causes
    Researchers do not know all of the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have found a range of risk factors during their work to find potential causes. […] In fact, children who have a parent with a learning disability are more likely to develop a learning disability themselves. […] Factors that affect a fetus developing in the womb, such as alcohol or drug use, can put a child at higher risk for a learning problem or disability. […] Young children who do not receive the support they need for their intellectual development may show signs of learning disabilities once they start school. […] Sometimes a person may develop a learning disability later in life due to injury. Possible causes in such a case include dementia or a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • #26 Children’s health
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105
    Learning disorders can make it hard for a child to read, write or do simple math. […] A learning disorder is present when the brain takes in and works with information in a way that is not typical. It keeps a person from learning a skill and using it well. […] What causes learning disorders? […] Things that might play roles in learning disorders include: Family history and genes. Having a blood relative, such as a parent, with a learning disorder raises the risk of a child having a disorder. […] Risks before birth and shortly after. Learning disorders have been linked with poor growth in the uterus and exposure to alcohol or drugs before being born. Learning disorders also have been tied to being born too early and having a very low weight at birth. […] Emotional trauma. This could involve a deeply stressful experience or emotional abuse. If either happens in early childhood, it may affect how the brain develops and raise the risk of learning disorders. […] Physical trauma. Head injuries or nervous system illnesses might play a role in the development of learning disorders. […] Poisonous substances. Exposure to high levels of toxins, such as lead, has been linked to a larger risk of learning disorders.
  • #27 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    Perinatal factors that cause learning disabilities occur at birth or very shortly thereafter. Complications during birth, such as the umbilical cord becoming twisted, could lead to anoxia, the loss of oxygen, a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Brain injuries that occur at birth may also lead to the development of learning disabilities (Zhang, 2007). […] Postnatal factors that cause learning disabilities occur after the child is born. For example, medical conditions such as meningitis may contribute to learning disabilities. The ingestion of certain substances, such as lead-based paint, which is known to cause brain injury, may result in the development of a learning disability. […] Although cultural and economic factors are excluded as causes from the IDEA definition of learning disabilities, environmental factors such as poor nutrition and adverse childhood experiences are associated with learning disability development (Arends, 2007; Cortiella Horowitz, 2015; Lacour Tissington, 2011; Smiley et al., 2022).
  • #28 Causes | Eddie’s
    https://eddies.org.uk/about-us/what-is-a-learning-disability/causes/
    A learning disability is caused by the way the brain develops before, during or soon after birth. […] Before birth, things can happen to the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) that can cause a learning disability. A child can be born with a learning disability if the mother has an accident or illness while she is pregnant, or if the unborn baby develops certain genes. […] A person can be born with a learning disability if he or she does not get enough oxygen during child birth or is born too early. […] After birth, a learning disability can be caused by early childhood illnesses. […] A child can also be born with a learning disability if certain genes are passed on by a parent. This is called inherited learning disability. The two most common causes of inherited learning disability are Fragile X syndrome and Downs syndrome.
  • #29 3.6: Causes of Learning Disabilities – Social Sci LibreTexts
    https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Developmental_Psychology/The_Psychology_of_Exceptional_Children_(Zaleski)/03%3A_Students_with_Learning_Disabilities/3.06%3A_Causes_of_Learning_Disabilities
    Perinatal factors that cause learning disabilities occur at birth or very shortly thereafter. Complications during birth, such as the umbilical cord becoming twisted, could lead to anoxia, the loss of oxygen, a risk factor for developing a learning disability. Brain injuries that occur at birth may also lead to the development of learning disabilities (Zhang, 2007). […] Postnatal factors that cause learning disabilities occur after the child is born. For example, medical conditions such as meningitis may contribute to learning disabilities. The ingestion of certain substances, such as lead-based paint, which is known to cause brain injury, may result in the development of a learning disability. […] Although cultural and economic factors are excluded as causes from the IDEA definition of learning disabilities, environmental factors such as poor nutrition and adverse childhood experiences are associated with learning disability development (Arends, 2007; Cortiella Horowitz, 2015; Lacour Tissington, 2011; Smiley et al., 2022).
  • #30 Learning Disabilities: MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/learningdisabilities.html
    Learning disabilities don’t have anything to do with how smart your child is. They are caused by differences in the brain, and they affect the way the brain takes in and uses information. These differences are usually present at birth. But there are certain factors that can play a role in the development of a learning disability, including: […] Genetics […] Environmental exposures, such as lead […] Using substances while pregnant.
  • #31 Learning Disorders – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/learning-disorders
    Learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although the causes of learning disorders are not fully understood, they include abnormalities in the basic processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language or numerical and spatial reasoning. Possible causes include illness in the mother or the mother’s use of toxic drugs during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy or delivery (for example, preeclampsia or prolonged labor), and problems with the newborn at the time of delivery (for example, preterm birth (prematurity), low birth weight, severe jaundice, or postmaturity). […] After birth, possible factors include exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or emotional neglect or abuse. […] Traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as child abuse and maltreatment, also can contribute to the development of learning disorders.
  • #32 Overview of Learning Disorders – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/overview-of-learning-disorders
    Learning disorders may be congenital or acquired. No single cause has been defined, but neurologic deficits are presumed to be involved whether or not other neurologic manifestations (ie, apart from the learning disorder) are present. Genetic influences are often implicated. Other possible causes include […] Potential postnatal factors include exposure to environmental toxins (eg, lead), central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, trauma, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or deprivation. Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse and maltreatment have been particularly associated with executive function problems (2).
  • #33 What causes learning disabilities? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo/causes
    Researchers do not know all of the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have found a range of risk factors during their work to find potential causes. […] In fact, children who have a parent with a learning disability are more likely to develop a learning disability themselves. […] Factors that affect a fetus developing in the womb, such as alcohol or drug use, can put a child at higher risk for a learning problem or disability. […] Young children who do not receive the support they need for their intellectual development may show signs of learning disabilities once they start school. […] Sometimes a person may develop a learning disability later in life due to injury. Possible causes in such a case include dementia or a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • #34 Etiology and issue related to Learning disability | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/UsmanKhan225/etiology-and-issue-related-to-learning-disability
    Today, most professionals in learning disabilities give little credence to biochemical imbalance as a significant cause of children’s learning problems. Environmental factors: Impoverished living conditions early in a child’s life can contribute to LDs (Malnutrition). […] Another environmental variable that is likely to contribute to children’s learning problems is the quality of instruction they receive. Infants and toddlers who received infrequent communication exchanges with their parents were more likely to show deficits in vocabulary, language use, and intellectual development before entering school. […] Students with learning disabilities may suffer from emotional problems/depression, and/or low self-esteem. This may cause students to withdraw from social interaction. These same students may turn to drugs or alcohol for relief from feelings of low self-worth.
  • #35 Children’s health
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105
    Learning disorders can make it hard for a child to read, write or do simple math. […] A learning disorder is present when the brain takes in and works with information in a way that is not typical. It keeps a person from learning a skill and using it well. […] What causes learning disorders? […] Things that might play roles in learning disorders include: Family history and genes. Having a blood relative, such as a parent, with a learning disorder raises the risk of a child having a disorder. […] Risks before birth and shortly after. Learning disorders have been linked with poor growth in the uterus and exposure to alcohol or drugs before being born. Learning disorders also have been tied to being born too early and having a very low weight at birth. […] Emotional trauma. This could involve a deeply stressful experience or emotional abuse. If either happens in early childhood, it may affect how the brain develops and raise the risk of learning disorders. […] Physical trauma. Head injuries or nervous system illnesses might play a role in the development of learning disorders. […] Poisonous substances. Exposure to high levels of toxins, such as lead, has been linked to a larger risk of learning disorders.
  • #36 Learning Disorders – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/learning-disorders
    Learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although the causes of learning disorders are not fully understood, they include abnormalities in the basic processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language or numerical and spatial reasoning. Possible causes include illness in the mother or the mother’s use of toxic drugs during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy or delivery (for example, preeclampsia or prolonged labor), and problems with the newborn at the time of delivery (for example, preterm birth (prematurity), low birth weight, severe jaundice, or postmaturity). […] After birth, possible factors include exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or emotional neglect or abuse. […] Traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as child abuse and maltreatment, also can contribute to the development of learning disorders.
  • #37 Overview of Learning Disorders – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/overview-of-learning-disorders
    Learning disorders may be congenital or acquired. No single cause has been defined, but neurologic deficits are presumed to be involved whether or not other neurologic manifestations (ie, apart from the learning disorder) are present. Genetic influences are often implicated. Other possible causes include […] Potential postnatal factors include exposure to environmental toxins (eg, lead), central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, trauma, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or deprivation. Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse and maltreatment have been particularly associated with executive function problems (2).
  • #38 Learning Disorders – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/learning-disorders
    Learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Although the causes of learning disorders are not fully understood, they include abnormalities in the basic processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language or numerical and spatial reasoning. Possible causes include illness in the mother or the mother’s use of toxic drugs during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy or delivery (for example, preeclampsia or prolonged labor), and problems with the newborn at the time of delivery (for example, preterm birth (prematurity), low birth weight, severe jaundice, or postmaturity). […] After birth, possible factors include exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, central nervous system infections, cancers and their treatments, undernutrition, and severe social isolation or emotional neglect or abuse. […] Traumatic events that occur during childhood, such as child abuse and maltreatment, also can contribute to the development of learning disorders.
  • #39 Etiology and issue related to Learning disability | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/UsmanKhan225/etiology-and-issue-related-to-learning-disability
    Today, most professionals in learning disabilities give little credence to biochemical imbalance as a significant cause of children’s learning problems. Environmental factors: Impoverished living conditions early in a child’s life can contribute to LDs (Malnutrition). […] Another environmental variable that is likely to contribute to children’s learning problems is the quality of instruction they receive. Infants and toddlers who received infrequent communication exchanges with their parents were more likely to show deficits in vocabulary, language use, and intellectual development before entering school. […] Students with learning disabilities may suffer from emotional problems/depression, and/or low self-esteem. This may cause students to withdraw from social interaction. These same students may turn to drugs or alcohol for relief from feelings of low self-worth.
  • #40 Learning Disabilities & Disorders: What To Know
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4865-learning-disabilities-what-you-need-to-know
    Learning disabilities (LDs) affect how your brain processes information. […] Researchers still have a lot to learn about learning disabilities and their causes. Currently, they think LDs result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Studies show that risk factors for LDs include: biological family history of LDs, premature birth, fetal exposure to alcohol or other substances, a history of a speech and language developmental delay, malnutrition, exposure to environmental toxins, like lead, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] Some studies show that LDs affect 20% to 70% of children with psychiatric conditions.
  • #41 Learning Disability – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554371/
    Learning disabilities refer to several disorders that may affect the acquisition, organization, retention, comprehension, or application of verbal and/or nonverbal information. […] Leading theorists suggest the etiology of learning disabilities is influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors. […] They do not precipitate due to a deficit in sensorimotor functioning, such as poor eyesight or hearing (eg, corrective lenses and hearing aids do not resolve learning disabilities). Unfortunately, the precise etiology still eludes experts. […] Risk factors include a family history of learning disabilities, poverty, premature delivery, prenatal alcohol exposure, TBI, and in the setting of other neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Individual factors (intrinsic) and environmental factors influence the clinical presentation. Intrinsic factors include comorbid psychiatric conditions and personality traits. […] Environmental factors encompass home, school, programs, etc. Learning disabilities do not often exist in isolation; rather, they present comorbidly with other learning disabilities and psychiatric conditions.
  • #42
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
    We do not always know why a person has a learning disability. Sometimes it is because a person’s brain development is affected, either before they are born, during their birth or in early childhood. […] This can be caused by things such as: the mother becoming ill in pregnancy, problems during the birth that stop enough oxygen getting to the brain, the unborn baby having some genes passed on from its parents that make having a learning disability more likely, illness, such as meningitis, or injury in early childhood. […] There are some health conditions where you may be more likely to have a learning disability. For example, everyone with Down’s syndrome has some level of learning disability, and so do many people with cerebral palsy. Some people with epilepsy also have a learning disability and so do many autistic people.
  • #43 Learning Disabilities and Learning Disorders in Children
    https://www.helpguide.org/family/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders
    Learning disabilities in math vary greatly depending on the child’s other strengths and weaknesses. A child’s ability to do math will be affected differently by a language learning disability, a visual disorder, or a difficulty with sequencing, memory, or organization. […] Learning disabilities in writing can involve the physical act of writing or the mental activity of comprehending information. Basic writing disorder refers to physical difficulty forming words and letters. Expressive writing disability indicates a struggle to organize thoughts on paper. […] Other types of learning disabilities involve difficulties with motor skills (movement and coordination), understanding spoken language, distinguishing between sounds, and interpreting visual information. […] Difficulty in school doesn’t always stem from a learning disability. Anxiety, depression, stressful events, emotional trauma, and other conditions affecting concentration make learning more of a challenge. In addition, ADHD and autism sometimes co-occur or are confused with learning disabilities.
  • #44 Learning Disabilities and Learning Disorders in Children
    https://www.helpguide.org/family/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders
    Learning disabilities in math vary greatly depending on the child’s other strengths and weaknesses. A child’s ability to do math will be affected differently by a language learning disability, a visual disorder, or a difficulty with sequencing, memory, or organization. […] Learning disabilities in writing can involve the physical act of writing or the mental activity of comprehending information. Basic writing disorder refers to physical difficulty forming words and letters. Expressive writing disability indicates a struggle to organize thoughts on paper. […] Other types of learning disabilities involve difficulties with motor skills (movement and coordination), understanding spoken language, distinguishing between sounds, and interpreting visual information. […] Difficulty in school doesn’t always stem from a learning disability. Anxiety, depression, stressful events, emotional trauma, and other conditions affecting concentration make learning more of a challenge. In addition, ADHD and autism sometimes co-occur or are confused with learning disabilities.
  • #45
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
    We do not always know why a person has a learning disability. Sometimes it is because a person’s brain development is affected, either before they are born, during their birth or in early childhood. […] This can be caused by things such as: the mother becoming ill in pregnancy, problems during the birth that stop enough oxygen getting to the brain, the unborn baby having some genes passed on from its parents that make having a learning disability more likely, illness, such as meningitis, or injury in early childhood. […] There are some health conditions where you may be more likely to have a learning disability. For example, everyone with Down’s syndrome has some level of learning disability, and so do many people with cerebral palsy. Some people with epilepsy also have a learning disability and so do many autistic people.
  • #46 Learning Disability In Children: Causes, Signs & Treatment | White Swan Foundation
    https://www.whiteswanfoundation.org/disorders/neurodevelopmental-disorders/learning-disability
    Environment: Increased exposure to toxins such as lead (in paint, ceramics, toys, etc.). […] Comorbidity: Children with learning disabilities are at a higher-than-average risk for attention problems or disruptive behavior disorders. Up to 25 percent of children with reading disorder also have ADHD. Conversely, it is estimated that between 15 and 30 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD have a learning disorder.
  • #47 Learning Disabilities: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.verywellmind.com/learning-disabilities-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-6386232
    Learning disabilities are caused by differences in the neurological functioning of the persons brain. These differences can occur before the person is born, during their birth, or in early childhood, and may be caused by factors such as: […] Certain genes that can make the person more genetically predisposed to developing a learning disability. […] Health conditions such as cerebral palsy and Downs syndrome often involve some extent of learning disability.
  • #48 Causes and Treatment for Learning Disabilities – Catch Up Kids
    https://www.catchupkids.co.za/causes-and-treatment-for-learning-disabilities/
    Dyslexia may also get worse as the person ages. […] Although dyslexia is a lifelong condition, there are educational interventions that manage to teach new ways of learning how to read and write, often by using said skills to change the wiring of the brains reading circuitry. […] These are not the only causes, and research is consistently being conducted to explore the complexity that is dyslexia (and other learning difficulties). […] There is no medication for learning disabilities and neurological conditions, but there are medications that can assist with the causes and treatment for learning disabilities and relieve some of the symptoms. […] There is a proven link between ASD, ADHD, and gastrointestinal problems. […] The discomfort this causes can impede on the ability to learn and concentrate, and for children with communication deficits, the inability to communicate their discomfort leads to behavioural problems and distress.
  • #49 (PDF) Learning Disabilities: Etiology and Types
    https://www.academia.edu/77800167/Learning_Disabilities_Etiology_and_Types
    This paper deals with the Etiology and Types of Learning disabilities. Learning disabilities are actually a failure on the part of the child who lacks adequate intelligence, maturation level, cultural background and educational experience to learn a scholastic skill. […] The presentation discusses the five models, which act as etiological factors in learning difficulty. All these models are interlinked; hence, learning disability is multifactorial. […] The deficit model: This model postulates learning difficulties that are associated with organic conditions that interfere with learning. […] It is a product of the interaction between genetic and environmental contributing factors, with environmental factors being determining by sociocultural conditions. […] Dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia denote the problem related to reading, writing and mathematics. […] Perinatal problems are certain neurological conditions, known to be associated with LD; however, genetic predisposition seems to be the most probable etiological factors.
  • #50 2.2. Give examples of causes of learning disabilities – Care Learning
    https://carelearning.org.uk/qualifications/level-2-ld/unit-01-context-ld/2-2-give-examples-of-causes-of-learning-disabilities/
    Medical Conditions: Certain illnesses and brain injuries can lead to learning disabilities, making timely medical intervention essential for minimising long-term effects. […] Certain medical conditions are associated with learning disabilities. These conditions can impact cognitive development directly. […] Social and Emotional Factors: Neglect, abuse, and social inequality can worsen existing learning disabilities, highlighting the need for supportive environments to foster better outcomes for individuals. […] An under-discussed area relating to learning disabilities is the impact of social and emotional factors. While these may not cause learning disabilities outright, they can exacerbate existing conditions or hinder progress. […] Multifactorial Influences: In many cases, learning disabilities result from a complex interaction of many factors. This multifactorial aspect means that several elements, whether genetic, environmental, or social, may overlap to influence the development of a learning disability. […] Understanding the causes of learning disabilities is essential for those working in health and social care. By recognising the origins of these disabilities, care workers can better support individuals and tailor their approaches.
  • #51 Common learning disabilities and what causes them – BrainWise MediaAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset
    https://brainwisemedia.com/common-learning-disabilities-and-what-causes-them/
    Learning disabilities, regularly deemed learning disorders, are the most common disability seen in children. […] Typically associated with school-aged learners, the causes of learning disabilities are still being understood, and how we address them is still evolving. […] The critical thing to understand about learning disabilities, said Dr. Jack Fletcher, professor of psychology at the University of Houston, is that “we’re talking about the lower end of a normal distribution of achievement skills, where there’s no clear line that separates or demarcates the disability.” […] There is a genetic basis to dyslexia and other learning disabilities—twin studies show higher rates in monozygotic versus dizygotic (identical versus fraternal) twins, for example. […] While there are no single genes that determine whether a child has a learning disability, there are organizations of genes—called quantitative trait loci—that are essentially genetic factors that put kids at risk, said Dr. Fletcher.
  • #52 What Causes Learning Disabilities in Children? – Kutest Kids
    https://www.kutestkids.com/blog/what-causes-learning-disabilities
    Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of learning disabilities. Research indicates that genetic influences contribute substantially to individual differences in early academic performance. […] In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences can also contribute to the development of learning disabilities. Maternal behaviors during pregnancy, such as drug use, alcohol consumption, and smoking, can pose risks to fetal development and increase the likelihood of a child developing a learning disability. […] Understanding the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the onset of learning disabilities is essential for developing comprehensive strategies to support individuals with SLD. […] Neurological risk factors for developing a learning disability can stem from deficits related to brain injury, brain development, or brain structure. […] Postnatal factors can also play a significant role in the development of learning disabilities. Medical conditions such as meningitis or exposure to substances like lead-based paint, which is known to cause brain injury, can contribute to the manifestation of learning disabilities.
  • #53 Common learning disabilities and what causes them – BrainWise MediaAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset
    https://brainwisemedia.com/common-learning-disabilities-and-what-causes-them/
    Regardless of a disability’s causes, a better way to think about a child having a learning disability is that they simply have genes that make it more difficult for the brain to reorganize, so they need more intensive, more explicit instruction. […] “If they don’t get it, the brain won’t organize the way it needs to; if they don’t get it early, they’ll lag behind in traditional learning environments,” Dr. Fletcher said. […] But if they do receive that intensive, explicit instruction, the brain can reorganize—and the academic lag can disappear.
  • #54 Learning Disabilities and Learning Disorders in Children
    https://www.helpguide.org/family/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders
    Science has made great strides in understanding the inner workings of the brain, and one important discovery that brings new hope for learning disabilities and disorders is called neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s natural, lifelong ability to change. […] These discoveries about neuroplasticity provide hope to all students with learning disorders, and further research may lead to additional new treatments that target the actual causes of learning disabilities, rather than simply offering coping strategies to compensate for weaknesses.
  • #55 Common learning disabilities and what causes them – BrainWise MediaAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset
    https://brainwisemedia.com/common-learning-disabilities-and-what-causes-them/
    Regardless of a disability’s causes, a better way to think about a child having a learning disability is that they simply have genes that make it more difficult for the brain to reorganize, so they need more intensive, more explicit instruction. […] “If they don’t get it, the brain won’t organize the way it needs to; if they don’t get it early, they’ll lag behind in traditional learning environments,” Dr. Fletcher said. […] But if they do receive that intensive, explicit instruction, the brain can reorganize—and the academic lag can disappear.
  • #56 Causes and Treatment for Learning Disabilities – Catch Up Kids
    https://www.catchupkids.co.za/causes-and-treatment-for-learning-disabilities/
    Dyslexia may also get worse as the person ages. […] Although dyslexia is a lifelong condition, there are educational interventions that manage to teach new ways of learning how to read and write, often by using said skills to change the wiring of the brains reading circuitry. […] These are not the only causes, and research is consistently being conducted to explore the complexity that is dyslexia (and other learning difficulties). […] There is no medication for learning disabilities and neurological conditions, but there are medications that can assist with the causes and treatment for learning disabilities and relieve some of the symptoms. […] There is a proven link between ASD, ADHD, and gastrointestinal problems. […] The discomfort this causes can impede on the ability to learn and concentrate, and for children with communication deficits, the inability to communicate their discomfort leads to behavioural problems and distress.
  • #57 Learning Disabilities and Learning Disorders in Children
    https://www.helpguide.org/family/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders
    Science has made great strides in understanding the inner workings of the brain, and one important discovery that brings new hope for learning disabilities and disorders is called neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s natural, lifelong ability to change. […] These discoveries about neuroplasticity provide hope to all students with learning disorders, and further research may lead to additional new treatments that target the actual causes of learning disabilities, rather than simply offering coping strategies to compensate for weaknesses.
  • #58 Learning Disabilities and Learning Disorders in Children
    https://www.helpguide.org/family/learning-disabilities/learning-disabilities-and-disorders
    Learning disabilities or learning disorders are umbrella terms for a wide variety of learning problems. A learning disability is not a problem with intelligence or motivation and kids with learning disabilities aren’t lazy or dumb. In fact, most are just as smart as everyone else. Their brains are simply wired differently and this difference affects how they receive and process information. […] Simply put, children and adults with learning disabilities see, hear, and understand things differently. This can lead to trouble with learning new information and skills, and putting them to use. The most common types of learning disabilities involve problems with reading, writing, math, reasoning, listening, and speaking. […] Learning disabilities are often grouped by school-area skill set. If your child is in school, the types of learning disorders that are most conspicuous usually revolve around reading, writing, or math.
  • #59 When learning disabilities in adults go undiagnosed
    https://www.readandspell.com/learning-disabilities-in-adults
    Learning disabilities are neurological differences in the way the human brain processes, stores and communicates information. Some estimates suggest that over 10% of the worlds population is affected by a learning disability such as dyslexia, dysgraphia and/or dyscalculia. […] To complicate the situation further, social stigmas about learning disabilities and attention difficulties can falsely equate conditions like dyslexia and ADHD with low intelligence. This can make it harder for an adult to accept a diagnosis and seek out treatment. […] Dyslexia is still called a learning disability in some countries, but in the UK it is increasingly referred to as a specific learning difference. The reason for this is dyslexia does not make you less able than your peers, it is simply a different way of processing language in the brain. […] Moreover, getting low grades at school or losing a job because of literacy skills can limit career options for adults, and may affect an individuals confidence and self-esteem for years to come.