Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vasomotor Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17950-nonallergic-rhinitis

  Vasomotor (nonallergic) rhinitis is inflammation of nasal tissues that results in sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose or postnasal drip. Unlike allergic rhinitis (or hay fever), the symptoms are of an unknown cause. Likely, they result from triggers that irritate your nose. […] However, unlike allergies (allergic rhinitis), vasomotor rhinitis doesn’t result from exposure to allergens, like pollen, mold, pet dander, etc. It’s not caused by viruses or bacteria either. Instead, you may experience symptoms because of weather changes, certain smells, eating, exercise, medications or other triggers that irritate your nose. […] Vasomotor rhinitis, unlike allergic rhinitis, doesn’t happen because you’re sensitive to a specific allergen, like tree pollen, dust mites or mold. Instead, various triggers may cause symptoms. It’s likely people with vasomotor rhinitis have heightened sensitivity to various substances and environmental changes that would trigger a response in most people just in higher amounts. […] Nonallergic rhinitis may also result from using nonprescription drugs, like cocaine.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include: […] Irritants in the air. These include dust, smog and cigarette smoke. Strong odors such as perfumes also can cause the symptoms to start. So can chemical fumes, including fumes some workers might get exposed to at their jobs. […] Changes in temperature or humidity can trigger swelling in the lining of the nose. This can cause a runny or stuffy nose.

• #1 Vasomotor Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547704/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) describes a syndrome of chronic symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, unrelated to a specific allergen. […] Although the etiology of vasomotor rhinitis is not well understood, it is thought to be associated with the dysregulation of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and nociceptive nerves innervating the nasal mucosa. […] The imbalance among mediators results in increased vascular permeability and mucus secretion from the submucosal nasal glands. […] Mucous secretion is regulated primarily by the parasympathetic nervous system, whereas the sympathetic nervous system controls vascular tone. […] Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter that regulates mucus secretion and rhinorrhea. […] Sensory neuropeptides and nociceptive type C fibers of the trigeminal nerve contribute to mast cell degranulation as well as the itching/sneezing reflexes.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis is rhinitis inflammation of the inner part of the nose not caused by an allergy. Nonallergic rhinitis displays symptoms including chronic sneezing or having a congested, drippy nose, without an identified allergic reaction with allergy testing being normal. […] Common triggers for non-allergic rhinitis include irritants such as tobacco smoke, cleaning agents, or abrupt changes in ambient temperature. […] Nonallergic rhinitis cases may subsequently develop polyps, turbinate hypertrophy and sinusitis. […] Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction and shrinkage of mucosa, which leads to decongestion of the nose. Parasympathetic stimulation causes not only excessive secretion from the nasal gland but also vasodilatation and engorgement, which lead to rhinorrhoea and congestion of the nose. […] The avoidance of inciting factors such as sudden changes in temperature, humidity, or blasts of air or dust is helpful where possible.

• #1 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #1 Non-allergic rhinitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Non-allergic rhinitis happens when the inside of your nose becomes irritated, causing a blocked or runny nose. […] Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: having a cold, changes in the weather, such as temperature or humidity, exercising, smoke, perfume and paint fumes, alcohol and spicy food, hormone changes in pregnancy or puberty, or from taking medicines such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the contraceptive pill, conditions such as an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), medicines such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aspirin and anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen, using decongestant nasal sprays too often. […] Non-allergic rhinitis is different from allergic rhinitis, which is caused by allergies such as hay fever.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinopathy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001648.htm

  Rhinitis is a condition that includes a runny nose, sneezing, and nasal stuffiness. When environmental allergies (such as hayfever) or a cold are not causing these symptoms, the condition is called nonallergic rhinitis. One type of nonallergic rhinitis is called nonallergic rhinopathy. This condition used to be known as vasomotor rhinitis. […] Nonallergic rhinopathy is not caused by an infection or allergy. The exact cause is unknown. Symptoms are triggered by something that irritates the nose, such as: A dry atmosphere, Air pollution, Alcohol, Certain medicines, Spicy foods, and in some cases, while eating in general, Strong emotions, Strong odors, such as perfumes, cleaning products (especially bleach) among others.

• #1 What Causes Chronic Rhinitis & Can It Be Cured? | OneWelbeck

  https://onewelbeck.com/news/chronic-rhinitis-causes-and-treatment/

  Chronic rhinitis is usually brought on by specific triggers such as allergies, environmental factors or hormonal changes. […] Non-allergic rhinitis, on the other hand, is brought on when your body develops the same symptoms, but without being caused by an allergic response. […] Non-allergic rhinitis can be caused by irritants such as: Detergent, Perfumes, Strong odours, Pollution, Smoke, Dry weather conditions, Upper respiratory infections like the common cold, Certain medications such as beta blockers, Hormonal changes, Stress, Structural abnormalities, Other medical conditions such as asthma or chronic sinusitis. […] Non-allergic rhinitis doesn’t involve your immune system and is thought to develop when the blood vessels inside your nose begin to expand. This leads to congestion and swelling, as well as other rhinitis symptoms.

• #1 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  NONALLERGIC RHINITIS TRIGGERS […] The cause of nonallergic rhinitis is not known. However, many triggers of symptoms are known. These include irritants, such as tobacco smoke, traffic fumes, strong odors, and perfumes, as well as weather conditions (such as the arrival of a weather front). People with nonallergic rhinitis are not bothered by pollen or furred animals (the common triggers in allergic rhinitis), unless they also happen to have allergic rhinitis. About one-half of all patients with longstanding nasal symptoms have both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. […] NONALLERGIC RHINITIS TREATMENT […] Treatment of nonallergic rhinitis includes trigger avoidance, medications, and/or nasal rinsing or irrigation. […] Trigger avoidance—Exposure to tobacco smoke can be reduced if household members stop smoking or smoke only outside of the home. It is also important to avoid smoke exposure in the workplace.

• #1 What is Rhinitis? | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | BENADRYL® UK

  https://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-types/rhinitis

  In non-allergic rhinitis, the response may be caused by a variety of other factors, including hormone changes, environmental factors, or a viral infection such as a cold. […] The specific causes of non-allergic rhinitis can be hard to identify. This condition is most often diagnosed once other conditions, such as infection or allergic rhinitis, have been ruled out. […] Non-allergic rhinitis can be triggered by environmental or occupational irritants, weather changes, infections, foods and beverages, such as spicy food and alcohol, certain odours or irritants in the air, such as paint fumes or perfumes, hormonal changes, such as those in puberty or pregnancy, or from taking oral contraception or HRT medications, tobacco smoke, frequent use of decongestant nasal sprays, certain medications, including aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and anti-inflammatories, exercise, and conditions such as an underactive thyroid.

• #1

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/vasomotor-rhinitis?srsltid=AfmBOop2Ya95hxvzZyoifFy4e0FpKw0bo5igTj-y_aVZkM-xpvrGDofm

  Vasomotor rhinitis isn’t attributable to a single cause. Unlike traditional allergies, which may be triggered by recognizable things like pollen, dust, pet dander, or mold, this condition is not as easily pinpointed. It can be caused by environmental irritants, or even fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. […] The trouble with vasomotor rhinitis is that it doesn’t really have a definite cause. The condition is considered a type of non-allergic rhinitis, which means that, unlike conventional pollen, pet dander, or dust allergies, there’s no specific allergen responsible for its occurrence. […] Instead, a variety of factors can go into triggering its symptoms, ranging from environmental irritants to changes in weather and even certain medications. The most common causes of vasomotor rhinitis are listed below.

• #1 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Rhinitis medicamentosa is treated by discontinuing the drug that is causing the condition. Steroid nasal sprays can speed the recovery from this condition. […] OTHER TYPES OF NONALLERGIC RHINITIS […] Gustatory rhinitis—”Gustatory rhinitis” is the term used to describe the sudden onset of watery nasal discharge with eating, especially foods that are spicy or heated (such as soup). […] Cold air rhinitis—Cold air rhinitis, which is also called „Skier’s nose,” is the term applied to patients whose nose runs, producing a watery discharge in cold temperatures. […] Senile rhinitis—Senile rhinitis, which is also called „dry nose syndrome” or „atrophic rhinitis,” occurs when the nasal glands that produce moisture fail to function adequately. This most often occurs with aging but can also be due to certain types of nasal surgery.

• #1 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). […] Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. […] In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. […] Individuals with vasomotor rhinitis typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. […] An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor rhinitis. […] Drinking alcohol may cause rhinitis as well as worsen asthma.

• #1 Nonallergic Rhinitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-paranasal-sinus-disorders/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, with resultant nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and variable associated symptoms depending on etiology (eg, itching, sneezing, watery or purulent rhinorrhea, anosmia). […] The cause of nonallergic rhinitis is usually viral, although irritants can cause it. […] Etiology is uncertain, and no allergy can be identified. […] Both low humidity and airborne irritants can result in chronic rhinitis. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, bacterial infection frequently plays a role. […] Vasomotor rhinitis, also called nonallergic rhinitis, is a chronic condition in which intermittent vascular engorgement of the nasal mucous membrane leads to watery rhinorrhea and sneezing. […] The different forms of rhinitis are diagnosed clinically. […] Vasomotor rhinitis is differentiated from specific viral and bacterial infections of the nose by the lack of purulent exudate and crusting. It is differentiated from allergic rhinitis by the absence of an identifiable allergen.

• #1 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  Allergic rhinitis, the most common type of rhinitis, generally can be differentiated from the numerous types of nonallergic rhinitis through a thorough history and physical examination. […] The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is acute viral infection. […] Other types of nonallergic rhinitis include vasomotor, hormonal, drug-induced, structural, and occupational (irritant) rhinitis, as well as rhinitis medicamentosa and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome. […] The diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis is made after eliminating allergic or IgE-mediated causes. The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is an acute viral infection. Less common chronic causes include vasomotor rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, occupational rhinitis (irritant subtype), gustatory rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, and drug-induced rhinitis.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Weather changes. Temperature or humidity changes can trigger the membranes inside your nose to swell and cause a runny or stuffy nose. […] Viral infections such as a cold or the flu commonly cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can occur when you eat, especially when eating hot or spicy foods. Drinking alcoholic beverages also can cause the membranes inside your nose to swell, leading to nasal congestion. […] Certain medications. Medications that can cause nonallergic rhinitis include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers. […] Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menstruation, oral contraceptive use or other hormonal conditions such as hypothyroidism may cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Lying on your back at night while you sleep can cause nonallergic rhinitis, as can obstructive sleep apnea or acid reflux.

• #1 Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794679/

  Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. […] The noninflammatory causes include idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis (formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis or colloquially as an „overreactive nose”); rhinitis medicamentosa, which is medication-induced rhinitis; hormone related (pregnancy); systemic disease related (severe hypothyroidism); and structural defect related (deviated septum, head trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea). […] The classic symptoms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis are nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and sneezing triggered by irritant odors, perfumes, wine, and weather changes.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Gustatory rhinitis is episodic rhinitis with diffuse watery rhinorrhea caused by consumption of certain foods and beverages. […] Atrophic rhinitis is a chronic condition in which nasal crusting and dry mucosa are associated with atrophy of the nasal mucosa. […] Vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) is caused by an increase in blood flow to the nasal mucosa usually in response to triggers.

• #1 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  In certain populations, particularly those of East Asian countries such as Japan, these reactions have a nonallergic basis. […] In other populations, particularly those of European descent, a genetic variant in the gene that metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde, ADH1B, is associated with alcohol-induced rhinitis. […] It is suggested that this variant metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde too quickly for further processing by ALDH2 and thereby leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde and rhinitis symptoms. […] In these cases, alcohol-induced rhinitis may be of the mixed rhinitis type and, it seems likely, most cases of alcohol-induced rhinitis in non-Asian populations reflect true allergic response to the non-ethanol and/or contaminants in alcoholic beverages, particularly when these beverages are wines or beers.

• #1 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Medications that worsen symptoms—Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms (especially congestion). These include birth control pills, some drugs for high blood pressure (eg, alpha-blockers and beta-blockers), antidepressants, medications for erectile dysfunction, and some medications for prostatic enlargement. If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used, ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition. […] Some patients with nonallergic rhinitis resort to using over-the-counter nasal sprays containing a nasal decongestant (eg, oxymetazoline or phenylephrine). Although these sprays can give rapid relief of congestion when used occasionally, the effects lessen if they are used regularly. Over time, many patients become tolerant to their effects. When this occurs, decongestant sprays actually worsen symptoms, causing the nose to swell unless the spray is used. In such instances it may be difficult to discontinue the spray, and to do so, a medical professional may be needed.

• #1 Vasomotor Rhinitis (VMR)

  https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/your-health/other-respiratory-conditions/vasomotor-rhinitis-vmr

  Hormonal rhinitis is caused by hormonal imbalances such as pregnancy, hypothyroid states, puberty, and oral contraceptive use, conjugated estrogen use. […] Drug-induced rhinitis is caused by several medications including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, reserpine, guanethidine, phentolamine, methyldopa, beta-blockers, chlorpromazine, gabapentin, penicillamine, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled cocaine, exogenous estrogens, and oral contraceptives. […] Rhinitis medicamentosa is considered a drug-induced rhinitis and results from prolonged use (ie, longer than 5-10 days) of over-the-counter topical nasal decongestants. Typically, these patients present with extensive nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, resulting from loss of sympathetic nerve tone, rather than from the original cause of rhinitis. Normal nasal function should resume within 7-21 days following cessation of decongestants. Symptoms usually improve with nasal steroids.

• #1 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  Alcohol-exacerbated rhinitis is more frequent in individuals with a history of rhinitis exacerbated by aspirin. […] Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly those that inhibit cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), can worsen rhinitis and asthma symptoms in individuals with a history of either one of these diseases. […] These exacerbations most often appear due to NSAID hypersensitivity reactions rather than NSAID-induced allergic reactions. […] The antihistamine azelastine, applied as a nasal spray, may be effective for vasomotor rhinitis. […] Fluticasone propionate or budesonide (both are steroids) in nostril spray form may also be used for symptomatic treatment. […] A systematic review on non-allergic rhinitis reports improvement of overall function after treatment with capsaicin (the active component of chili peppers).

• #1 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Decongestants—Oral decongestant medications (like pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine) help to relieve symptoms of congestion (stuffiness) in some people. However, this treatment is not usually recommended unless nasal antihistamines and nasal glucocorticoids (steroids) do not improve symptoms. […] Several decongestant nasal sprays also are available. Examples include oxymetazoline (Afrin) and phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine). Nasal decongestants should not be used for more than two to three days at a time, because they may cause a type of rhinitis called rhinitis medicamentosa. […] Rhinitis medicamentosa is a type of rhinitis that develops as a result of overuse of over-the-counter decongestant nasal sprays or from snorting cocaine (this does not happen with use of nasal glucocorticoid [steroid] sprays). Oral medications can also cause rhinitis medicamentosa.

• #1 Allergic & Nonallergic Rhinitis NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/ent/services/nasal-sinus-allergy/conditions/rhinitis

  Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia: thought to be in patients that have no evidence of allergy sensitivities on skin and blood work, this type could possibly generate local reaction at the nasal level. […] Occupational: induced by environmental or work environments, this category is typically triggered by dust, factory byproducts, and chemicals. […] Sicca: dryness of the mucous membrane is the primary indication of this category. […] Hormone Induced: pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and hypothyroidism can trigger this category, which typically occurs at first trimester of pregnancy and resolves after delivery of child. […] Gustatory: this may be brought on by spicy, hot food or liquid intake. […] Atrophic: this is considered to be secondary change of the normal sinus mucosa to more squamous and is characterized by loss of mucosal glands and sensory nerves. Some forms include “empty nose syndrome,” chronic infection, nutritional deficiency, or irritant exposures.

• #1 Non-Allergic Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.allervie.com/condition/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Thyroid irregularities and hormonal shifts, such as those occurring during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, often lie at the heart of some instances of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and certain inflammatory diseases like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis) may also play a silent yet significant role in the development of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Heightened discomfort or intensified symptoms, such as unrelenting nasal congestion that resists typical remedies or treatments, can be a red flag that non-allergic rhinitis is progressing.

• #1 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Hormonal rhinitis refers to the onset of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea associated with endogenous female hormones. […] Occupational rhinitis is a result of occupational exposures, ranging from latex and flour to chemicals and particles. […] Diagnosing chronic nonallergic rhinitis can be challenging because nasal congestion and rhinorrhea can also occur with allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. […] It was diagnosed if a patient with suspected allergic rhinitis tested negative for allergies on skin prick testing or antigen-specific immunoglobulin E testing. […] However, it is now recognized that patients who experience characteristic nasal symptoms in response to defined triggers have a nonallergic component either as the sole diagnosis or as part of a mixed rhinitis. […] Treatment is symptom-driven, and patients should be advised to avoid any identifiable triggers when possible.

• #1 Nonallergic (Vasomotor) Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis describes a set of symptoms that are similar to those of nasal allergies and hay fever but happen without a known cause. […] Unlike allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system. […] Often, what causes nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] Environmental irritants are common triggers of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Some medications can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. […] These environmental triggers often cause asthma, too: […] Several things can make you more likely to have nonallergic rhinitis: […] Nonallergic rhinitis often happens during periods of hormonal imbalance. […] The most common causes of nonallergic rhinitis are environmental triggers that don’t involve allergies, such as changes in weather, perfume, cigarette and tobacco smoke, auto emissions, and strong scents like chlorine.

• #1 Vasomotor Rhinitis (VMR)

  https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/your-health/other-respiratory-conditions/vasomotor-rhinitis-vmr

  Non-allergic, non-infectious eg Vasomotor Rhinitis (or Irritant rhinitis). „Vaso” means blood vessels and „motor” refers to the nerves, which innervates nasal tissue and the blood vessels. This is sometimes referred to as idiopathic non-allergic rhinitis. It is estimated that up to 10% of the population suffers from non-allergic rhinitis. […] Vasomotor rhinitis can have a variable presentation. […] Other causes of non-allergic rhinitis are: Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES). Eosinophilic rhinitis (ie, perennial intrinsic rhinitis) accounts for up to 20% of rhinitis diagnoses. Some researchers believe that this may be a precursor to the aspirin triad of intrinsic asthma, nasal polyposis, and aspirin intolerance. Abnormal prostaglandin metabolism also has been implicated as a cause of NARES. Elevated eosinophil counts are present in approximately 20% of the general population’s nasal smears. However, not everyone with eosinophilia has symptoms of rhinitis. A distinguishing feature of NARES is the presence of eosinophils, usually between 10-20%, on nasal smear. Generally, patients with NARES present with nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, and hyposmia.

• #1 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  Controversy surrounds nonallergic rhinitis because the epidemiology and diagnostic criteria are confusing. […] The main controversy is how to differentiate allergic rhinitis from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Research shows that the prevalence of pure allergic rhinitis in the adult population with symptoms is 43 percent, combination allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis is 34 percent, and pure nonallergic rhinitis is 23 percent. […] Management of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is slightly different; therefore, as more clinical data become available, determining the difference between the two types will become more important. […] Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome presents as congestion and nasal eosinophilia with no obvious allergic source detected on skin testing or RAST. The cause of eosinophilia is unclear; however, the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia in adults may be 15 to 33 percent.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis: Common problem, chronic symptoms | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/nonallergic-rhinitis-common-problem-chronic-symptoms

  Drug-induced rhinitis has been divided into different types based on the mechanism involved. […] The local inflammatory type occurs in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, which is characterized by nasal polyposis with chronic rhinosinusitis, hyposmia, and moderate to severe persistent asthma. […] The neurogenic type of drug-induced rhinitis can occur with sympatholytic drugs such as alpha receptor agonists and antagonists. […] Many other medications can lead to rhinitis by unknown mechanisms, usually with normal findings on physical examination. […] Chronic rhinosinusitis is a syndrome with sinus mucosal inflammation with multiple causes. […] Patients with nonallergic rhinitis eosinophilic syndrome (NARES) are typically middle-aged and have perennial symptoms of sneezing, itching, and rhinorrhea with intermittent exacerbations.

• #1 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis

  https://fpnotebook.com/ENT/Nose/ChrncNnlrgcRhnts.htm

  Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis is defined as Chronic Rhinitis (3 months) without allergic or infectious cause. […] It is associated with autonomic and Nociceptor nerve dysregulation. […] Nonallergic Rhinopathy is characterized by nasal symptoms triggered by non-allergic environmental exposures. […] Nonallergic Rhinitis with Eosinophilia Syndrome involves inflammatory rhinitis with nasal secretion eosinophilia and mast cell degranulation, without allergy. […] Hormonal Rhinitis is induced by endogenous female hormones causing nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. […] Occupational Rhinitis is triggered by occupational exposure, worsening during work periods and improving after a reprieve.

• #1 Nonallergic rhinitis: Types, symptoms, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177085

  Loss of turbinate tissue happens with age. It can also result from complications of nose surgery or an infection. […] Rhinitis medicamentosa is caused by the use of drugs. This can be the overuse of nasal decongestants, beta blockers, aspirin or cocaine. […] A number of factors can increase the chance of having nonallergic rhinitis. […] Certain health conditions, including lupus, cystic fibrosis, some hormonal disorders, and asthma increase the chance of developing nonallergic rhinitis. […] In the case of rhinitis medicamentosa, the doctor will ask the patient about the use of nasal decongestants and other medications. […] A patient with rhinitis medicamentosa needs to stop using the nasal spray. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is not preventable, but patients who are diagnosed with it are advised to avoid the things that trigger symptoms, if they are known.

• #1 What Is Gustatory Rhinitis? What Causes It and How It’s Treated

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-to-know-gustatory-rhinitis

  There are several factors that increase your risk of nonallergic rhinitis including: Being more than 20 years old, Being exposed to irritants, Being female, Having hypothyroidism where your thyroid gland is underactive, Having chronic fatigue syndrome, Having diabetes, Excessive use of over-the-counter decongestant nasal sprays, Being exposed to fumes at work.

• #1 What Is Gustatory Rhinitis? What Causes It and How It’s Treated

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-to-know-gustatory-rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis is when you sneeze or have a runny or congested nose with no obvious cause. The symptoms are similar to those of allergies such as hay fever also called allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis doesn’t usually cause itching eyes, nose, or throat the way that allergic rhinitis does. Nonallergic rhinitis is diagnosed after several allergies are ruled out. […] The symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis can be triggered by a variety of different irritants, including: Tobacco smoke, Traffic fumes, Perfumes, Strong odors, Weather changes, Dust, Smog, Alcohol, Hot or spicy foods, Over-the-counter medicines like aspirin or ibuprofen, Prescription medicines like high blood pressure medicines, antidepressants, or oral contraceptives, Decongestant nasal spray overuse, Hormonal changes with pregnancy, menstruation, or hypothyroidism, Sleeping on your back, Sleep apnea a condition where you briefly stop breathing during sleep, Acid reflux also called heartburn.

• #1 Non-allergic rhinitis: a case report and review | Clinical and Molecular Allergy | Full Text

  https://clinicalmolecularallergy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-7961-8-1

  Rhinitis is characterized by rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itch and/or postnasal drip. […] Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) comprises multiple distinct conditions that may even co-exist with allergic rhinitis (AR). […] The pathogenesis of NAR is not clearly elucidated and likely varied. […] There are many conditions that can have similar presentations to NAR or AR, including nasal polyps, anatomical/mechanical factors, autoimmune diseases, metabolic conditions, genetic conditions and immunodeficiency. […] NAR is a condition primarily seen in adulthood with 70% of cases developing after the age of 20. […] The overall prevalence of NAR in industrialized countries has ranged from 20-40%. […] NAR consists of multiple entities, some of which share components of both AR and NAR.

• #1 Rhinitis – In-Depth Review – Sullivan A, Kushnir NM (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/rhinitis-in-depth-review-sullivan-a-kushnir-nm-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Though rhinitis is commonly thought of as a response to the deposition of allergens on the nasal mucosa, a significant percentage of patients suffering with rhinitis are not allergic. From 44-87% of people with rhinitis have mixed allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Non-allergic rhinitis is not one uniform syndrome but instead a collection of disorders that lead to the classic symptoms of rhinitis including rhinorrhea and/or nasal congestion. […] The underlying mechanisms leading to non-allergic rhinitis are quite variable and less well understood. The most common form of NAR has been known as vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) and is a common syndrome where middle-aged women develop rhinorrhea and nasal congestion in response to changing environmental conditions. Nasal symptoms can be triggered by environmental irritants such as smells and particulate materials, as well as changes in weather and barometric pressure. Some patients respond to emotional stress, hormonal changes and other unidentified stimuli. VMR is also known as nonallergic rhinopathy and idiopathic rhinitis.

• #1 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  In vasomotor rhinitis, certain nonspecific stimuli, including changes in environment (temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, or weather), airborne irritants (odors, fumes), dietary factors (spicy food, alcohol), sexual arousal, exercise, and emotional factors trigger rhinitis. […] There is still much to be learned about this, but it is thought that these non-allergic triggers cause dilation of the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which results in swelling and drainage. […] Non-allergic rhinitis can co-exist with allergic rhinitis, and is referred to as „mixed rhinitis”. […] The pathology of vasomotor rhinitis appears to involve neurogenic inflammation and is as yet not very well understood. […] The role of transient receptor potential ion channels on the non-neuronal nasal epithelial cells has also been suggested.

• #2 Nonallergic (Vasomotor) Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis describes a set of symptoms that are similar to those of nasal allergies and hay fever but happen without a known cause. […] Unlike allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system. […] Often, what causes nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] Environmental irritants are common triggers of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Some medications can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. […] These environmental triggers often cause asthma, too: […] Several things can make you more likely to have nonallergic rhinitis: […] Nonallergic rhinitis often happens during periods of hormonal imbalance. […] The most common causes of nonallergic rhinitis are environmental triggers that don’t involve allergies, such as changes in weather, perfume, cigarette and tobacco smoke, auto emissions, and strong scents like chlorine.

• #2 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves chronic sneezing or a congested, drippy nose with no apparent cause. Nonallergic rhinitis symptoms are similar to those of hay fever (allergic rhinitis), but with none of the usual evidence of an allergic reaction. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis symptoms vary and can include certain odors or irritants in the air, weather changes, some medications, certain foods, and chronic health conditions. […] The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. Experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis occurs when blood vessels in your nose expand and fill the nasal lining with blood and fluid. There are many possible causes, including the nerve endings in the nose being overly responsive, similar to the way the lungs react in asthma. […] There are many triggers of nonallergic rhinitis, including environmental or occupational irritants. Dust, smog, secondhand smoke or strong odors, such as perfumes, can trigger nonallergic rhinitis.

• #2 Vasomotor Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547704/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) describes a syndrome of chronic symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, unrelated to a specific allergen. […] Although the etiology of vasomotor rhinitis is not well understood, it is thought to be associated with the dysregulation of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and nociceptive nerves innervating the nasal mucosa. […] The imbalance among mediators results in increased vascular permeability and mucus secretion from the submucosal nasal glands. […] Mucous secretion is regulated primarily by the parasympathetic nervous system, whereas the sympathetic nervous system controls vascular tone. […] Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter that regulates mucus secretion and rhinorrhea. […] Sensory neuropeptides and nociceptive type C fibers of the trigeminal nerve contribute to mast cell degranulation as well as the itching/sneezing reflexes.

• #2 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include: […] Irritants in the air. These include dust, smog and cigarette smoke. Strong odors such as perfumes also can cause the symptoms to start. So can chemical fumes, including fumes some workers might get exposed to at their jobs. […] Changes in temperature or humidity can trigger swelling in the lining of the nose. This can cause a runny or stuffy nose.

• #2 Vasomotor Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17950-nonallergic-rhinitis

  Vasomotor (nonallergic) rhinitis is inflammation of nasal tissues that results in sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose or postnasal drip. Unlike allergic rhinitis (or hay fever), the symptoms are of an unknown cause. Likely, they result from triggers that irritate your nose. […] However, unlike allergies (allergic rhinitis), vasomotor rhinitis doesn’t result from exposure to allergens, like pollen, mold, pet dander, etc. It’s not caused by viruses or bacteria either. Instead, you may experience symptoms because of weather changes, certain smells, eating, exercise, medications or other triggers that irritate your nose. […] Vasomotor rhinitis, unlike allergic rhinitis, doesn’t happen because you’re sensitive to a specific allergen, like tree pollen, dust mites or mold. Instead, various triggers may cause symptoms. It’s likely people with vasomotor rhinitis have heightened sensitivity to various substances and environmental changes that would trigger a response in most people just in higher amounts. […] Nonallergic rhinitis may also result from using nonprescription drugs, like cocaine.

• #2 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #2 Non-allergic rhinitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Non-allergic rhinitis happens when the inside of your nose becomes irritated, causing a blocked or runny nose. […] Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: having a cold, changes in the weather, such as temperature or humidity, exercising, smoke, perfume and paint fumes, alcohol and spicy food, hormone changes in pregnancy or puberty, or from taking medicines such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the contraceptive pill, conditions such as an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), medicines such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aspirin and anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen, using decongestant nasal sprays too often. […] Non-allergic rhinitis is different from allergic rhinitis, which is caused by allergies such as hay fever.

• #2 Nonallergic Rhinitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-paranasal-sinus-disorders/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, with resultant nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and variable associated symptoms depending on etiology (eg, itching, sneezing, watery or purulent rhinorrhea, anosmia). […] The cause of nonallergic rhinitis is usually viral, although irritants can cause it. […] Etiology is uncertain, and no allergy can be identified. […] Both low humidity and airborne irritants can result in chronic rhinitis. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, bacterial infection frequently plays a role. […] Vasomotor rhinitis, also called nonallergic rhinitis, is a chronic condition in which intermittent vascular engorgement of the nasal mucous membrane leads to watery rhinorrhea and sneezing. […] The different forms of rhinitis are diagnosed clinically. […] Vasomotor rhinitis is differentiated from specific viral and bacterial infections of the nose by the lack of purulent exudate and crusting. It is differentiated from allergic rhinitis by the absence of an identifiable allergen.

• #2 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #2 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Weather changes. Temperature or humidity changes can trigger the membranes inside your nose to swell and cause a runny or stuffy nose. […] Viral infections such as a cold or the flu commonly cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can occur when you eat, especially when eating hot or spicy foods. Drinking alcoholic beverages also can cause the membranes inside your nose to swell, leading to nasal congestion. […] Certain medications. Medications that can cause nonallergic rhinitis include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers. […] Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menstruation, oral contraceptive use or other hormonal conditions such as hypothyroidism may cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Lying on your back at night while you sleep can cause nonallergic rhinitis, as can obstructive sleep apnea or acid reflux.

• #2 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Rhinitis medicamentosa is treated by discontinuing the drug that is causing the condition. Steroid nasal sprays can speed the recovery from this condition. […] OTHER TYPES OF NONALLERGIC RHINITIS […] Gustatory rhinitis—”Gustatory rhinitis” is the term used to describe the sudden onset of watery nasal discharge with eating, especially foods that are spicy or heated (such as soup). […] Cold air rhinitis—Cold air rhinitis, which is also called „Skier’s nose,” is the term applied to patients whose nose runs, producing a watery discharge in cold temperatures. […] Senile rhinitis—Senile rhinitis, which is also called „dry nose syndrome” or „atrophic rhinitis,” occurs when the nasal glands that produce moisture fail to function adequately. This most often occurs with aging but can also be due to certain types of nasal surgery.

• #2 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Medications that worsen symptoms—Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms (especially congestion). These include birth control pills, some drugs for high blood pressure (eg, alpha-blockers and beta-blockers), antidepressants, medications for erectile dysfunction, and some medications for prostatic enlargement. If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used, ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition. […] Some patients with nonallergic rhinitis resort to using over-the-counter nasal sprays containing a nasal decongestant (eg, oxymetazoline or phenylephrine). Although these sprays can give rapid relief of congestion when used occasionally, the effects lessen if they are used regularly. Over time, many patients become tolerant to their effects. When this occurs, decongestant sprays actually worsen symptoms, causing the nose to swell unless the spray is used. In such instances it may be difficult to discontinue the spray, and to do so, a medical professional may be needed.

• #2 What is Rhinitis? | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | BENADRYL® UK

  https://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-types/rhinitis

  In non-allergic rhinitis, the response may be caused by a variety of other factors, including hormone changes, environmental factors, or a viral infection such as a cold. […] The specific causes of non-allergic rhinitis can be hard to identify. This condition is most often diagnosed once other conditions, such as infection or allergic rhinitis, have been ruled out. […] Non-allergic rhinitis can be triggered by environmental or occupational irritants, weather changes, infections, foods and beverages, such as spicy food and alcohol, certain odours or irritants in the air, such as paint fumes or perfumes, hormonal changes, such as those in puberty or pregnancy, or from taking oral contraception or HRT medications, tobacco smoke, frequent use of decongestant nasal sprays, certain medications, including aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and anti-inflammatories, exercise, and conditions such as an underactive thyroid.

• #2 Non-Allergic Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.allervie.com/condition/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Thyroid irregularities and hormonal shifts, such as those occurring during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, often lie at the heart of some instances of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and certain inflammatory diseases like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis) may also play a silent yet significant role in the development of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Heightened discomfort or intensified symptoms, such as unrelenting nasal congestion that resists typical remedies or treatments, can be a red flag that non-allergic rhinitis is progressing.

• #2 Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794679/

  Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. […] The noninflammatory causes include idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis (formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis or colloquially as an „overreactive nose”); rhinitis medicamentosa, which is medication-induced rhinitis; hormone related (pregnancy); systemic disease related (severe hypothyroidism); and structural defect related (deviated septum, head trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea). […] The classic symptoms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis are nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and sneezing triggered by irritant odors, perfumes, wine, and weather changes.

• #2 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Hormonal rhinitis refers to the onset of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea associated with endogenous female hormones. […] Occupational rhinitis is a result of occupational exposures, ranging from latex and flour to chemicals and particles. […] Diagnosing chronic nonallergic rhinitis can be challenging because nasal congestion and rhinorrhea can also occur with allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. […] It was diagnosed if a patient with suspected allergic rhinitis tested negative for allergies on skin prick testing or antigen-specific immunoglobulin E testing. […] However, it is now recognized that patients who experience characteristic nasal symptoms in response to defined triggers have a nonallergic component either as the sole diagnosis or as part of a mixed rhinitis. […] Treatment is symptom-driven, and patients should be advised to avoid any identifiable triggers when possible.

• #2 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis is grouped into eight subtypes or clinical entities based on a 2008 consensus panel classification. […] Nonallergic rhinitis with nasal eosinophilia syndrome is an inflammatory type of rhinitis with increased eosinophils in the secretions and on nasal biopsy, with increased mast cells and evidence of mast cell degranulation but without positive findings on allergy testing. […] Atrophic rhinitis involves atrophy of the nasal mucosa that can lead to nasal crusting and drying. […] Senile or geriatric rhinitis is distinguished by its late onset, occurring primarily in older patients. […] Gustatory rhinitis represents a nasal response to consuming specific foods (e.g., spicy foods) or liquids (e.g., alcohol). […] Drug-induced rhinitis can occur with use of various medications and illicit drugs, including antihypertensives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and cocaine.

• #2 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). […] Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. […] In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. […] Individuals with vasomotor rhinitis typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. […] An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor rhinitis. […] Drinking alcohol may cause rhinitis as well as worsen asthma.

• #2 Nonallergic rhinitis: Types, symptoms, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177085

  Loss of turbinate tissue happens with age. It can also result from complications of nose surgery or an infection. […] Rhinitis medicamentosa is caused by the use of drugs. This can be the overuse of nasal decongestants, beta blockers, aspirin or cocaine. […] A number of factors can increase the chance of having nonallergic rhinitis. […] Certain health conditions, including lupus, cystic fibrosis, some hormonal disorders, and asthma increase the chance of developing nonallergic rhinitis. […] In the case of rhinitis medicamentosa, the doctor will ask the patient about the use of nasal decongestants and other medications. […] A patient with rhinitis medicamentosa needs to stop using the nasal spray. […] Nonallergic rhinitis is not preventable, but patients who are diagnosed with it are advised to avoid the things that trigger symptoms, if they are known.

• #2 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  Controversy surrounds nonallergic rhinitis because the epidemiology and diagnostic criteria are confusing. […] The main controversy is how to differentiate allergic rhinitis from nonallergic rhinitis. […] Research shows that the prevalence of pure allergic rhinitis in the adult population with symptoms is 43 percent, combination allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis is 34 percent, and pure nonallergic rhinitis is 23 percent. […] Management of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is slightly different; therefore, as more clinical data become available, determining the difference between the two types will become more important. […] Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome presents as congestion and nasal eosinophilia with no obvious allergic source detected on skin testing or RAST. The cause of eosinophilia is unclear; however, the prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia in adults may be 15 to 33 percent.

• #2 Nonallergic rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis

  Nonallergic rhinitis is rhinitis inflammation of the inner part of the nose not caused by an allergy. Nonallergic rhinitis displays symptoms including chronic sneezing or having a congested, drippy nose, without an identified allergic reaction with allergy testing being normal. […] Common triggers for non-allergic rhinitis include irritants such as tobacco smoke, cleaning agents, or abrupt changes in ambient temperature. […] Nonallergic rhinitis cases may subsequently develop polyps, turbinate hypertrophy and sinusitis. […] Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction and shrinkage of mucosa, which leads to decongestion of the nose. Parasympathetic stimulation causes not only excessive secretion from the nasal gland but also vasodilatation and engorgement, which lead to rhinorrhoea and congestion of the nose. […] The avoidance of inciting factors such as sudden changes in temperature, humidity, or blasts of air or dust is helpful where possible.

• #2 Diagnosing Rhinitis: Allergic vs. Nonallergic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0501/p1583.html

  Allergic rhinitis, the most common type of rhinitis, generally can be differentiated from the numerous types of nonallergic rhinitis through a thorough history and physical examination. […] The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is acute viral infection. […] Other types of nonallergic rhinitis include vasomotor, hormonal, drug-induced, structural, and occupational (irritant) rhinitis, as well as rhinitis medicamentosa and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome. […] The diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis is made after eliminating allergic or IgE-mediated causes. The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is an acute viral infection. Less common chronic causes include vasomotor rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, occupational rhinitis (irritant subtype), gustatory rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, and drug-induced rhinitis.

• #3 Nonallergic rhinopathy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/nonallergic-rhinopathy

  Nonallergic rhinopathy is not caused by an infection or allergy. The exact cause is unknown. Symptoms are triggered by something that irritates the nose, such as: […] A dry atmosphere […] Air pollution […] Alcohol […] Certain medicines […] Spicy foods, and in some cases, while eating in general […] Strong emotions […] Strong odors, such as perfumes, cleaning products (especially bleach) among others.

• #3 Vasomotor Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547704/

  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) describes a syndrome of chronic symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, unrelated to a specific allergen. […] Although the etiology of vasomotor rhinitis is not well understood, it is thought to be associated with the dysregulation of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and nociceptive nerves innervating the nasal mucosa. […] The imbalance among mediators results in increased vascular permeability and mucus secretion from the submucosal nasal glands. […] Mucous secretion is regulated primarily by the parasympathetic nervous system, whereas the sympathetic nervous system controls vascular tone. […] Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter that regulates mucus secretion and rhinorrhea. […] Sensory neuropeptides and nociceptive type C fibers of the trigeminal nerve contribute to mast cell degranulation as well as the itching/sneezing reflexes.

• #3 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include: […] Irritants in the air. These include dust, smog and cigarette smoke. Strong odors such as perfumes also can cause the symptoms to start. So can chemical fumes, including fumes some workers might get exposed to at their jobs. […] Changes in temperature or humidity can trigger swelling in the lining of the nose. This can cause a runny or stuffy nose.

• #3 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #3 Non-allergic rhinitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Non-allergic rhinitis happens when the inside of your nose becomes irritated, causing a blocked or runny nose. […] Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: having a cold, changes in the weather, such as temperature or humidity, exercising, smoke, perfume and paint fumes, alcohol and spicy food, hormone changes in pregnancy or puberty, or from taking medicines such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the contraceptive pill, conditions such as an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), medicines such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aspirin and anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen, using decongestant nasal sprays too often. […] Non-allergic rhinitis is different from allergic rhinitis, which is caused by allergies such as hay fever.

• #3 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Weather changes. Temperature or humidity changes can trigger the membranes inside your nose to swell and cause a runny or stuffy nose. […] Viral infections such as a cold or the flu commonly cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can occur when you eat, especially when eating hot or spicy foods. Drinking alcoholic beverages also can cause the membranes inside your nose to swell, leading to nasal congestion. […] Certain medications. Medications that can cause nonallergic rhinitis include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers. […] Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menstruation, oral contraceptive use or other hormonal conditions such as hypothyroidism may cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Lying on your back at night while you sleep can cause nonallergic rhinitis, as can obstructive sleep apnea or acid reflux.

• #3 Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794679/

  Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. […] The noninflammatory causes include idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis (formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis or colloquially as an „overreactive nose”); rhinitis medicamentosa, which is medication-induced rhinitis; hormone related (pregnancy); systemic disease related (severe hypothyroidism); and structural defect related (deviated septum, head trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea). […] The classic symptoms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis are nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and sneezing triggered by irritant odors, perfumes, wine, and weather changes.

• #3 Nonallergic Rhinitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-paranasal-sinus-disorders/nonallergic-rhinitis

  Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, with resultant nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and variable associated symptoms depending on etiology (eg, itching, sneezing, watery or purulent rhinorrhea, anosmia). […] The cause of nonallergic rhinitis is usually viral, although irritants can cause it. […] Etiology is uncertain, and no allergy can be identified. […] Both low humidity and airborne irritants can result in chronic rhinitis. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, bacterial infection frequently plays a role. […] Vasomotor rhinitis, also called nonallergic rhinitis, is a chronic condition in which intermittent vascular engorgement of the nasal mucous membrane leads to watery rhinorrhea and sneezing. […] The different forms of rhinitis are diagnosed clinically. […] Vasomotor rhinitis is differentiated from specific viral and bacterial infections of the nose by the lack of purulent exudate and crusting. It is differentiated from allergic rhinitis by the absence of an identifiable allergen.

• #3 Patient education: Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics

  Rhinitis medicamentosa is treated by discontinuing the drug that is causing the condition. Steroid nasal sprays can speed the recovery from this condition. […] OTHER TYPES OF NONALLERGIC RHINITIS […] Gustatory rhinitis—”Gustatory rhinitis” is the term used to describe the sudden onset of watery nasal discharge with eating, especially foods that are spicy or heated (such as soup). […] Cold air rhinitis—Cold air rhinitis, which is also called „Skier’s nose,” is the term applied to patients whose nose runs, producing a watery discharge in cold temperatures. […] Senile rhinitis—Senile rhinitis, which is also called „dry nose syndrome” or „atrophic rhinitis,” occurs when the nasal glands that produce moisture fail to function adequately. This most often occurs with aging but can also be due to certain types of nasal surgery.

• #3 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis is grouped into eight subtypes or clinical entities based on a 2008 consensus panel classification. […] Nonallergic rhinitis with nasal eosinophilia syndrome is an inflammatory type of rhinitis with increased eosinophils in the secretions and on nasal biopsy, with increased mast cells and evidence of mast cell degranulation but without positive findings on allergy testing. […] Atrophic rhinitis involves atrophy of the nasal mucosa that can lead to nasal crusting and drying. […] Senile or geriatric rhinitis is distinguished by its late onset, occurring primarily in older patients. […] Gustatory rhinitis represents a nasal response to consuming specific foods (e.g., spicy foods) or liquids (e.g., alcohol). […] Drug-induced rhinitis can occur with use of various medications and illicit drugs, including antihypertensives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and cocaine.

• #3 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). […] Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. […] In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. […] Individuals with vasomotor rhinitis typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. […] An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor rhinitis. […] Drinking alcohol may cause rhinitis as well as worsen asthma.

• #3 Non-Allergic Rhinitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.allervie.com/condition/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Thyroid irregularities and hormonal shifts, such as those occurring during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, often lie at the heart of some instances of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and certain inflammatory diseases like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis) may also play a silent yet significant role in the development of nonallergic rhinitis. […] Heightened discomfort or intensified symptoms, such as unrelenting nasal congestion that resists typical remedies or treatments, can be a red flag that non-allergic rhinitis is progressing.

• #3 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #4 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include: […] Irritants in the air. These include dust, smog and cigarette smoke. Strong odors such as perfumes also can cause the symptoms to start. So can chemical fumes, including fumes some workers might get exposed to at their jobs. […] Changes in temperature or humidity can trigger swelling in the lining of the nose. This can cause a runny or stuffy nose.

• #4 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #4 Non-allergic rhinitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-allergic-rhinitis/

  Non-allergic rhinitis happens when the inside of your nose becomes irritated, causing a blocked or runny nose. […] Common causes of non-allergic rhinitis include: having a cold, changes in the weather, such as temperature or humidity, exercising, smoke, perfume and paint fumes, alcohol and spicy food, hormone changes in pregnancy or puberty, or from taking medicines such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the contraceptive pill, conditions such as an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), medicines such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aspirin and anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen, using decongestant nasal sprays too often. […] Non-allergic rhinitis is different from allergic rhinitis, which is caused by allergies such as hay fever.

• #4 Nonallergic rhinitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/n/nonallergic-rhinitis/

  Weather changes. Temperature or humidity changes can trigger the membranes inside your nose to swell and cause a runny or stuffy nose. […] Viral infections such as a cold or the flu commonly cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can occur when you eat, especially when eating hot or spicy foods. Drinking alcoholic beverages also can cause the membranes inside your nose to swell, leading to nasal congestion. […] Certain medications. Medications that can cause nonallergic rhinitis include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers. […] Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menstruation, oral contraceptive use or other hormonal conditions such as hypothyroidism may cause nonallergic rhinitis. […] Lying on your back at night while you sleep can cause nonallergic rhinitis, as can obstructive sleep apnea or acid reflux.

• #4 Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794679/

  Nonallergic rhinitis represents a non-IgE-mediated group of disorders that share the symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or postnasal discharge but not pruritus that characterizes allergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis may be divided into two broad categories, inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies. The inflammatory causes include postinfectious (viral and bacterial), rhinitis associated with nasal polyps, and nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia, where eosinophils are present in nasal smears but skin testing for aeroallergens is negative. […] The noninflammatory causes include idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis (formerly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis or colloquially as an „overreactive nose”); rhinitis medicamentosa, which is medication-induced rhinitis; hormone related (pregnancy); systemic disease related (severe hypothyroidism); and structural defect related (deviated septum, head trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea). […] The classic symptoms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis are nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and sneezing triggered by irritant odors, perfumes, wine, and weather changes.

• #4 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #4 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). […] Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. […] In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. […] Individuals with vasomotor rhinitis typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. […] An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor rhinitis. […] Drinking alcohol may cause rhinitis as well as worsen asthma.

• #5 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. […] But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily. […] Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include: […] Irritants in the air. These include dust, smog and cigarette smoke. Strong odors such as perfumes also can cause the symptoms to start. So can chemical fumes, including fumes some workers might get exposed to at their jobs. […] Changes in temperature or humidity can trigger swelling in the lining of the nose. This can cause a runny or stuffy nose.

• #5 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #5 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #5 Rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis

  Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). […] Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. […] In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. […] Individuals with vasomotor rhinitis typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. […] An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor rhinitis. […] Drinking alcohol may cause rhinitis as well as worsen asthma.

• #6 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

• #6 Chronic Nonallergic Rhinitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0801/p171.html

  Chronic nonallergic rhinitis encompasses a group of rhinitis subtypes without allergic or infectious etiologies. […] Although chronic nonallergic rhinitis represents at least 23% of rhinitis cases in the United States and impacts an estimated 20 to 30 million patients, its pathophysiology is unclear. […] The best current evidence supports nociceptor and autonomic nerve dysregulation as components in all forms of nonallergic rhinitis. […] A negative result on allergy testing is one unifying characteristic of the chronic nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. […] Clinically, chronic nonallergic rhinitis is characterized by its nonallergic triggers, including weather changes, tobacco smoke, automotive emission fumes, and irritants such as chemicals with strong odors (e.g., perfumes, chlorine).

• #7 Nonallergic rhinitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229

  Illnesses caused by a virus often cause nonallergic rhinitis. These include a cold or the flu. […] Nonallergic rhinitis can happen when you eat. Hot or spicy foods are the main triggers. Drinking alcohol also can cause the tissue that lines the inside of the nose to swell. This can lead to a stuffy nose. […] Some medicines. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms. […] Hormone changes. These can be due to pregnancy, periods or birth control use. Hormone problems that may trigger nonallergic rhinitis include a condition that happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. […] Lying on your back while you sleep can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Acid reflux that happens overnight also can be a trigger.

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