Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors in women. […] UFs occur in about 2550% of women with approximately $34 billion direct and indirect annual costs in the United States. […] UF accounts for a significant degree of health burden across the globe, affecting an estimated 70% of women worldwide, a significant proportion of which is underreported. […] The true extent of disease burden varies considerably between studies, as a majority of studies investigating incidence are based on hospital discharge coding, nationally representative studies, and large prospective cohorts. […] There is disease regression following menopause, although risk factors of obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been cited as risk factors for disease in post-menopausal women. […] The most consistently identified risk factors include ethnicity, genetic predisposition, age, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and nulliparity.

• #2 Uterine fibroids: current perspectives | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/uterine-fibroids-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  The majority of women with uterine fibroids are asymptomatic, and consequently get less clinical attention; fibroid tumors often remain undiagnosed. […] Precise uterine fibroid mapping (localization, measurement, and characterization) is essential for research into clarifying the natural history of these tumors and for evaluating therapeutic responses to investigational agents. […] The optimal selection of patients for medical therapy, noninvasive procedures, or surgery depends on an accurate assessment of the size, number, and position of myomas. […] The procedure, which is usually performed under local anesthetic or intravenous conscious sedation, generally requires 1 hour to complete. […] A recently published Cochrane review has looked at the benefits and risks of UAE versus other medical or surgical interventions for symptomatic uterine fibroids.

• #3 Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10696973/

  Globally, the age-standardized incidence of uterine fibroids has been increasing in recent years. In contrast, age-standardized DALY rates have exhibited a decreasing trend. Eastern Europe, Tropical Latin America, Brazil and India experience the greatest uterine fibroid burden. Globally, women aged 35-39 years and older have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, as reflected in the higher incidence rates among these age groups. […] Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, occurring in 20-30% of females, most often in women aged 30-50. […] Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019, this study used the reported incidence rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to analyze the global distribution of uterine fibroids from 1990 to 2019 at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).

• #4 Epidemiology and management of uterine fibroids – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31960950/

  Uterine leiomyomas are one of the most common and yet understudied diseases in women. […] These tumors, commonly known as fibroids, affect women mainly during their reproductive years and are diagnosed in up to 70% of white women and more than 80% of women of African ancestry during their lifetime. […] This disease has a profound impact on health care delivery and costs worldwide. […] The current options for symptomatic fibroid treatment include expectant, medical, and surgical management, and interventional radiology procedures. […] This article reviews the recent progress and available management strategies for uterine fibroids and highlights areas where further research is needed to find new therapeutic targets and better personalize treatments.

• #5 Uterine fibroid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid

  About 20% to 80% of women develop fibroids by the age of 50. […] Globally in 2013 it was estimated that 171 million women were affected. […] They are typically found during the middle and later reproductive years. […] After menopause they usually decrease in size. […] Surgery to remove uterine fibroids occurs more frequently in women in „higher social classes”. […] Adolescents develop uterine fibroids much less frequently than older women. […] Up to 50% of people with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. […] The prevalence of uterine fibroids among teenagers is 0.4%. […] The incidence of uterine fibroids in Europe is thought to be lower than the incidence in the US. […] Eighty percent of African American women will develop benign uterine fibroid tumors by their late 40s, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

• #6 Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10696973/

  The aim of the study was to examine the burden of uterine fibroids at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). […] Data were extracted from the GBD 2019 dataset. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the incidence of uterine fibroids, and trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were examined. All measures examined were stratified by region, country, age and SDI to assess the effects of these variables on the incidence of uterine fibroids. […] The global age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24 to 0.27). In contrast, the global age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.23). High and low-middle SDI regions experienced significantly higher age-standardized incidence rates. Moreover, in 2019, low and low-middle SDI regions had significantly higher age-standardized DALY rates due to uterine fibroids than other SDI regions.

• #7

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids […] The aim of the study was to examine the burden of uterine fibroids at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). […] The global age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24 to 0.27). In contrast, the global age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.23). […] High and low-middle SDI regions experienced significantly higher age-standardized incidence rates. Moreover, in 2019, low and low-middle SDI regions had significantly higher age-standardized DALY rates due to uterine fibroids than other SDI regions. […] Regionally, Eastern Europe had the highest age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids in 2019, and Tropical Latin America experienced the greatest increase in age-standardized incidence rates from 1990 to 2019.

• #8 Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10696973/

  The aim of the study was to examine the burden of uterine fibroids at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). […] Data were extracted from the GBD 2019 dataset. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the incidence of uterine fibroids, and trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were examined. All measures examined were stratified by region, country, age and SDI to assess the effects of these variables on the incidence of uterine fibroids. […] The global age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24 to 0.27). In contrast, the global age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.23). High and low-middle SDI regions experienced significantly higher age-standardized incidence rates. Moreover, in 2019, low and low-middle SDI regions had significantly higher age-standardized DALY rates due to uterine fibroids than other SDI regions.

• #9

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2024/11050/global_and_regional_trends_in_the_incidence_and.10.aspx

  Uterine fibroids (UFs), the most common tumors in women worldwide, may reduce quality of life and daily activities and even lead to adverse fertility and general health events in patients, causing significant societal health and financial burdens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the global burden through epidemiological trends and examine the potential risk factors for UFs at the national level. […] The worldwide incidence and prevalence of UFs have been increasing in the past decade, with AAPCs of 0.27% in the incidence rate and 0.078% in the prevalence rate. […] During 2010-2019, significant increasing trends in UF ASIR were observed in 52 of 88 countries. […] Ecological analysis demonstrated no relationship between the incidence of UFs and the HDI but an inverse association with fertility. The incidence of UFs was positively correlated with alcohol intake, hypertension, overweight, and obesity and negatively correlated with smoking.

• #10 Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability for uterine fibroids, 1990–2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of disease 2019 study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15765-x

  Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm of the uterus and a major source of morbidity for women. We report an overview of trends in uterine fibroids of incidence rate, prevalence rate, years lived with disability (YLDs) rate in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years and associations with age, period, and birth cohort. […] Globally, the incident cases, prevalent cases, and the number of YLDs of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019 with the growth of 67.07%, 78.82% and 77.34%, respectively. […] There were 186 countries and territories that showed an increasing trend in incidence rate, 183 showed an increasing trend in prevalence rate and 174 showed an increasing trend in YLDs rate. […] The global burden of uterine fibroids is becoming more serious in middle SDI, low-middle SDI and low SDI quintiles.

• #11 Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0115/p100.html

  Uterine fibroids are common benign neoplasms, with a higher prevalence in older women and in those of African descent. […] Their prevalence is age dependent; they can be detected in up to 80% of women by 50 years of age. […] Fibroids are the leading indication for hysterectomy, accounting for 39% of all hysterectomies performed annually in the United States. […] The major risk factors for fibroid development are increasing age (until menopause) and African descent. […] Compared with white women, black women have a higher lifetime prevalence of fibroids and more severe symptoms, which can affect their quality of life. […] The evaluation of fibroids is based mainly on the patient’s presenting symptoms: abnormal menstrual bleeding, bulk symptoms, pelvic pain, or findings suggestive of anemia.

• #12 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  UF were found in 60% of black women by 3549 years of age, and 80% over the age of 50 years. […] Based on an early pregnancy screening ultrasound study, onset of disease was 10 years earlier for black women. […] Risk increases linearly with increasing weight likely related to aromatase metabolism of adrenal androgens to estrogen. […] UF remains the primary indication for hysterectomy, and is the underlying diagnosis in nearly 40% of hysterectomies performed. […] Despite recent developments in alternative drug therapies and minimally invasive options, 27% of hysterectomies are performed for UF disease. […] UAE is a treatment option for UFs. […] Appropriate patient selection strategies can be achieved by a close collaboration between obstetrician and gynecologists and interventional radiologists and would result in effective fibroid treatment while preserving the uterus.

• #13 Uterine fibroid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid

  African American women are two to three times more likely to get fibroids than Caucasian women. […] In African American women fibroids seem to occur at a younger age, grow more quickly, and are more likely to cause symptoms. […] This leads to higher rates of surgery for African Americans, both myomectomy, and hysterectomy. […] Increased risk of fibroids in African Americans causes them to fare worse in in-vitro fertility treatments and raises their risk of premature births and delivery by Caesarean section. […] It is unclear why fibroids are more common in African American women. […] Some studies suggest that black women who are obese and who have high blood pressure are more likely to have fibroids. […] Other suggested causes include the tendency of African American women to consume food with less than the daily requirements for vitamin D.

• #14 Uterine leiomyoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/uterine-leiomyoma?lang=us

  They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of reproductive age and over 70% of women by menopause. […] Fibroids are responsive to hormones (e.g. stimulated by estrogens). Being rare in prepubertal females, they commonly accelerate in growth during pregnancy and involute with menopause. […] 2-3x increased incidence in Black women than in White women. […] increasing incidence with age: 10x more common between 41-60 years of age compared to 21-30 years of age, reaching a peak at 50-60 years. […] 3x increased incidence with a family history of uterine fibroids.

• #15 Uterine fibroid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid

  African American women are two to three times more likely to get fibroids than Caucasian women. […] In African American women fibroids seem to occur at a younger age, grow more quickly, and are more likely to cause symptoms. […] This leads to higher rates of surgery for African Americans, both myomectomy, and hysterectomy. […] Increased risk of fibroids in African Americans causes them to fare worse in in-vitro fertility treatments and raises their risk of premature births and delivery by Caesarean section. […] It is unclear why fibroids are more common in African American women. […] Some studies suggest that black women who are obese and who have high blood pressure are more likely to have fibroids. […] Other suggested causes include the tendency of African American women to consume food with less than the daily requirements for vitamin D.

• #16 Uterine Fibroids

  https://www.health.ny.gov/community/adults/women/uterine_fibroids/

  Uterine Fibroids are common non-cancerous (benign) tumors of the uterus and are the most frequent reason for recommending a hysterectomy. […] According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), 20-25% of women of reproductive age have fibroids. By the age of 50, up to 80% of black women and up to 70% of white women have fibroids. […] At least 25% of women have uterine fibroids which can cause problems. […] Age, race, lifestyle and genetics may play a part in the development of fibroids. […] African-Americans are 2-3 times more likely to present with symptomatic (problems such as pain or bleeding) uterine fibroids and will often develop fibroids at a younger age than the rest of the population of women with uterine fibroids. […] For most women fibroids do not cause symptoms. At least 25% of women who have uterine fibroids do have symptoms which may include: Heavy bleeding or painful periods, Bleeding between periods, Cramping, Bloating of the lower belly (abdomen or pelvic area), Feeling of fullness in the pelvic area, Pain during sex, Low back pain, Frequent urination.

• #17

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids […] The aim of the study was to examine the burden of uterine fibroids at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). […] The global age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24 to 0.27). In contrast, the global age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.23). […] High and low-middle SDI regions experienced significantly higher age-standardized incidence rates. Moreover, in 2019, low and low-middle SDI regions had significantly higher age-standardized DALY rates due to uterine fibroids than other SDI regions. […] Regionally, Eastern Europe had the highest age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids in 2019, and Tropical Latin America experienced the greatest increase in age-standardized incidence rates from 1990 to 2019.

• #18

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Nationally, Brazil (EAPC = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.351.57) and India (EAPC = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.941.25) experienced the most significant increases in age-standardized uterine fibroid incidence. […] Globally, the age-standardized incidence of uterine fibroids has been increasing in recent years. In contrast, age-standardized DALY rates have exhibited a decreasing trend. […] Globally, women aged 3539 years and older have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, as reflected in the higher incidence rates among these age groups. […] Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, occurring in 2030% of females, most often in women aged 3050. […] In females aged 1554 years, uterine fibroids account for an average of 29% of hospitalizations for gynecological disease.

• #19 Uterine leiomyoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/uterine-leiomyoma?lang=us

  They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of reproductive age and over 70% of women by menopause. […] Fibroids are responsive to hormones (e.g. stimulated by estrogens). Being rare in prepubertal females, they commonly accelerate in growth during pregnancy and involute with menopause. […] 2-3x increased incidence in Black women than in White women. […] increasing incidence with age: 10x more common between 41-60 years of age compared to 21-30 years of age, reaching a peak at 50-60 years. […] 3x increased incidence with a family history of uterine fibroids.

• #20 Uterine fibroid – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid

  About 20% to 80% of women develop fibroids by the age of 50. […] Globally in 2013 it was estimated that 171 million women were affected. […] They are typically found during the middle and later reproductive years. […] After menopause they usually decrease in size. […] Surgery to remove uterine fibroids occurs more frequently in women in „higher social classes”. […] Adolescents develop uterine fibroids much less frequently than older women. […] Up to 50% of people with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. […] The prevalence of uterine fibroids among teenagers is 0.4%. […] The incidence of uterine fibroids in Europe is thought to be lower than the incidence in the US. […] Eighty percent of African American women will develop benign uterine fibroid tumors by their late 40s, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

• #21 Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0115/p100.html

  Uterine fibroids are common benign neoplasms, with a higher prevalence in older women and in those of African descent. […] Their prevalence is age dependent; they can be detected in up to 80% of women by 50 years of age. […] Fibroids are the leading indication for hysterectomy, accounting for 39% of all hysterectomies performed annually in the United States. […] The major risk factors for fibroid development are increasing age (until menopause) and African descent. […] Compared with white women, black women have a higher lifetime prevalence of fibroids and more severe symptoms, which can affect their quality of life. […] The evaluation of fibroids is based mainly on the patient’s presenting symptoms: abnormal menstrual bleeding, bulk symptoms, pelvic pain, or findings suggestive of anemia.

• #22 Uterine leiomyoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/uterine-leiomyoma?lang=us

  They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of reproductive age and over 70% of women by menopause. […] Fibroids are responsive to hormones (e.g. stimulated by estrogens). Being rare in prepubertal females, they commonly accelerate in growth during pregnancy and involute with menopause. […] 2-3x increased incidence in Black women than in White women. […] increasing incidence with age: 10x more common between 41-60 years of age compared to 21-30 years of age, reaching a peak at 50-60 years. […] 3x increased incidence with a family history of uterine fibroids.

• #23

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/12003

  Uterine fibroids or myomas or leiomyoma of uterus are the most common type of benign tumour of uterus and also most common pelvic tumour in women. Risk factors for developing fibroids are age, early age at menarche, reduced fertility, frequent alcohol and caffeine consumption, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and previous pelvic inflammatory disease. Objective of the research was to study the epidemiological factors associated with uterine fibroids. […] Incidence of fibroids is most common in 31-40 years of age i.e. 34.9%. Prevalence of submucosal fibroids was 38.6%, intramural fibroids 19.3%, submucosal polyp 14.5%, seedling fibroid 13.9% and subserosal fibroid 10.2%.

• #24 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors in women. […] UFs occur in about 2550% of women with approximately $34 billion direct and indirect annual costs in the United States. […] UF accounts for a significant degree of health burden across the globe, affecting an estimated 70% of women worldwide, a significant proportion of which is underreported. […] The true extent of disease burden varies considerably between studies, as a majority of studies investigating incidence are based on hospital discharge coding, nationally representative studies, and large prospective cohorts. […] There is disease regression following menopause, although risk factors of obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been cited as risk factors for disease in post-menopausal women. […] The most consistently identified risk factors include ethnicity, genetic predisposition, age, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and nulliparity.

• #25 A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF UTERINE FIBROIDS: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://www.jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3385

  Fibroid, myoma, and leiomyoma are interchangeable terms used to describe the most common gynecological tumors, which are benign neoplasms originating in the smooth muscles of the uterus. The prevalence of fibroids varies between studies and countries, ranging from 4.5% to 68.6%, with their occurrence increasing with age, peaking in one’s early 40s. Age and race are the primary risk factors for uterine fibroids, with African American women experiencing higher incidence rates compared to Caucasian women. A family history of uterine fibroids also increases the risk of developing them. […] Lifestyle factors such as obesity, dietary choices, sedentary living, and smoking have been linked to fibroid occurrence, possibly due to their influence on estrogen production. Stress may also be a contributing risk factor for fibroids, as it is associated with a higher body mass index. A diet rich in red meat has been connected to a 70% increased risk of fibroids.

• #26 Uterine fibroids: current perspectives | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/uterine-fibroids-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  Most of the older studies (reviewed by Schwartz) had reported an increased risk of fibroids with earlier age of menarche and the newer data confirm these findings. […] Parity has been inversely associated with a risk of fibroid development in the earlier studies, and the newer studies confirm these findings. […] There has been recent evidence suggesting a relationship between alcohol and caffeine intake with a risk of developing fibroids, especially with evidence gathered from the Black Womens Health Study. […] There is contemporary interest in the influence of dynamics encompassing the likes of uterine infection, hormonal, metabolic, dietary, stress, and environmental factors. […] Uterine fibroids are the cause for some of the most common gynecological problems among women presenting to gynecology emergency and outpatient departments in the UK.

• #27 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors in women. […] UFs occur in about 2550% of women with approximately $34 billion direct and indirect annual costs in the United States. […] UF accounts for a significant degree of health burden across the globe, affecting an estimated 70% of women worldwide, a significant proportion of which is underreported. […] The true extent of disease burden varies considerably between studies, as a majority of studies investigating incidence are based on hospital discharge coding, nationally representative studies, and large prospective cohorts. […] There is disease regression following menopause, although risk factors of obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been cited as risk factors for disease in post-menopausal women. […] The most consistently identified risk factors include ethnicity, genetic predisposition, age, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and nulliparity.

• #28 The Intersection of Nutrition Surveillance and Uterine Fibroids

  https://reachmd.com/news/the-intersection-of-nutrition-surveillance-and-uterine-fibroids/2471180/

  Recent studies highlight the intersection between nutritional data from NHANES and the prevalence of uterine fibroids, emphasizing the impact of heavy metal exposure. […] A recent analysis leveraging NHANES data has uncovered a significant relationship between blood heavy metals and uterine fibroid prevalence among American women. By examining the blood samples of over 4,500 women, research demonstrated a direct correlation between elevated heavy metals like mercury and the occurrence of uterine fibroids. […] Exposure to blood heavy metals, particularly Hg, is significantly associated with an elevated risk of uterine fibroids. […] As the prevalence of uterine fibroids is significant with estimates suggesting that 70-80% of women will develop them by age 50 a multi-faceted strategy incorporating broader assessments is paramount.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2024/11050/global_and_regional_trends_in_the_incidence_and.10.aspx

  Furthermore, ecological analysis showed that UFs were associated with several exposure factors: the incidence was positively correlated with alcohol overconsumption, hypertension, overweight, and obesity and negatively correlated with smoking. […] The increasing trend in the incidence of UFs occurred mostly in Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. […] The effect of tobacco smoking on UFs was controversial in previous studies. […] We also observed a negative association between the fertility rate and the incidence rate of UFs, which suggests that parity has a protective effect.

• #30 Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10696973/

  Globally, the age-standardized incidence of uterine fibroids has been increasing in recent years. In contrast, age-standardized DALY rates have exhibited a decreasing trend. Eastern Europe, Tropical Latin America, Brazil and India experience the greatest uterine fibroid burden. Globally, women aged 35-39 years and older have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, as reflected in the higher incidence rates among these age groups. […] Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, occurring in 20-30% of females, most often in women aged 30-50. […] Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019, this study used the reported incidence rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to analyze the global distribution of uterine fibroids from 1990 to 2019 at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).

• #31

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Nationally, Brazil (EAPC = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.351.57) and India (EAPC = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.941.25) experienced the most significant increases in age-standardized uterine fibroid incidence. […] Globally, the age-standardized incidence of uterine fibroids has been increasing in recent years. In contrast, age-standardized DALY rates have exhibited a decreasing trend. […] Globally, women aged 3539 years and older have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, as reflected in the higher incidence rates among these age groups. […] Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, occurring in 2030% of females, most often in women aged 3050. […] In females aged 1554 years, uterine fibroids account for an average of 29% of hospitalizations for gynecological disease.

• #32 Age of first diagnosis and incidence rate of uterine fibroids in Ghana. A retrospective cohort study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0283201

  Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that grow in or on the uterus of women. Globally, they occur in more than 80% of women of African ancestry and 70% in white women. Uterine fibroid requires much attention because of its high incidence rate among women of all races and ages. This study sought to document the age of first diagnosis and incidence rates of uterine fibroids in our urban setting. […] The overall average age was 36.298.08 years, with age range 1761 years and the age groups with the highest frequencies were 3539 years (n = 642, 26.00%), 3034 years (n = 563, 22.80%) and 4044 years (n = 381, 15.43%). […] The incidence rate of uterine fibroids increased as the years progressed and it is mostly high in 3539 years age category, with a decreasing annual mean age trend indicative of early diagnosis.

• #33 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors in women. […] UFs occur in about 2550% of women with approximately $34 billion direct and indirect annual costs in the United States. […] UF accounts for a significant degree of health burden across the globe, affecting an estimated 70% of women worldwide, a significant proportion of which is underreported. […] The true extent of disease burden varies considerably between studies, as a majority of studies investigating incidence are based on hospital discharge coding, nationally representative studies, and large prospective cohorts. […] There is disease regression following menopause, although risk factors of obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been cited as risk factors for disease in post-menopausal women. […] The most consistently identified risk factors include ethnicity, genetic predisposition, age, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and nulliparity.

• #34

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Moreover, hysterectomies due to uterine fibroids account for 4060% of all hysterectomies, and 1844% of hysterectomies in young women. […] The annual economic loss caused by uterine fibroids in the United States was higher than the total treatment cost of breast, colon or ovarian cancers. […] This study explored the global, regional and national disease burden and age distribution of uterine fibroids from 1990 to 2019, and analyzed the impact of SDI on these characteristics. […] In conclusion, the global age-standardized DALY rates of uterine fibroids decreased from 1990 to 2019. However, the global age-standardized incidence was consistently increasing over the same time period. Worldwide, Tropical Latin America experiences the greatest burden of disease. Globally, women aged 3539 years or older have a higher incidence of uterine fibroids than younger women.

• #35 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors in women. […] UFs occur in about 2550% of women with approximately $34 billion direct and indirect annual costs in the United States. […] UF accounts for a significant degree of health burden across the globe, affecting an estimated 70% of women worldwide, a significant proportion of which is underreported. […] The true extent of disease burden varies considerably between studies, as a majority of studies investigating incidence are based on hospital discharge coding, nationally representative studies, and large prospective cohorts. […] There is disease regression following menopause, although risk factors of obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been cited as risk factors for disease in post-menopausal women. […] The most consistently identified risk factors include ethnicity, genetic predisposition, age, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and nulliparity.

• #36 Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0115/p100.html

  Uterine fibroids are common benign neoplasms, with a higher prevalence in older women and in those of African descent. […] Their prevalence is age dependent; they can be detected in up to 80% of women by 50 years of age. […] Fibroids are the leading indication for hysterectomy, accounting for 39% of all hysterectomies performed annually in the United States. […] The major risk factors for fibroid development are increasing age (until menopause) and African descent. […] Compared with white women, black women have a higher lifetime prevalence of fibroids and more severe symptoms, which can affect their quality of life. […] The evaluation of fibroids is based mainly on the patient’s presenting symptoms: abnormal menstrual bleeding, bulk symptoms, pelvic pain, or findings suggestive of anemia.

• #37

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Moreover, hysterectomies due to uterine fibroids account for 4060% of all hysterectomies, and 1844% of hysterectomies in young women. […] The annual economic loss caused by uterine fibroids in the United States was higher than the total treatment cost of breast, colon or ovarian cancers. […] This study explored the global, regional and national disease burden and age distribution of uterine fibroids from 1990 to 2019, and analyzed the impact of SDI on these characteristics. […] In conclusion, the global age-standardized DALY rates of uterine fibroids decreased from 1990 to 2019. However, the global age-standardized incidence was consistently increasing over the same time period. Worldwide, Tropical Latin America experiences the greatest burden of disease. Globally, women aged 3539 years or older have a higher incidence of uterine fibroids than younger women.

• #38

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Nationally, Brazil (EAPC = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.351.57) and India (EAPC = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.941.25) experienced the most significant increases in age-standardized uterine fibroid incidence. […] Globally, the age-standardized incidence of uterine fibroids has been increasing in recent years. In contrast, age-standardized DALY rates have exhibited a decreasing trend. […] Globally, women aged 3539 years and older have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, as reflected in the higher incidence rates among these age groups. […] Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, occurring in 2030% of females, most often in women aged 3050. […] In females aged 1554 years, uterine fibroids account for an average of 29% of hospitalizations for gynecological disease.

• #39 Incidence and Health Care Burden of Uterine Fibroids Among Female Service Members in the Active Component of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2011–2022 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2024/02/01/MSMR-Uterine-Fibroids

  This decrease in bed days could be attributed to the early detection of uterine fibroid cases and increased accessibility of non- or less invasive treatments. […] With the growth of medical encounters and individuals affected over time, the decline in uterine fibroid-related hospital bed days shows that early diagnoses and minimally-invasive treatments can effectively reduce uterine fibroid-related health care burdens and minimize impacts on military readiness. […] This report aims to confirm whether similar trends to those discerned in 2011 persisted from 2011 to 2022 among female service members. […] This report also assesses possible procedural delays due to the coronavirus disease pandemic related to new gynecological ultrasound guidance published by the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

• #40 Risk Factors Associated With Fibroids

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/886395

  Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors of the uterine smooth muscles. Wide ranges of incidence are reported in the literature. […] A wide incidence range of 845-3745 cases per 100,000 women-years is reported in the literature. The incidence is likely to be affected by the population studied or the method of diagnosis. Similarly to the incidence, prevalence varies significantly among the studies, from 4.5% to 68.6%. The reasons for this wide range are likely to be similar. […] The prevalence and incidence of fibroids are affected by the method of diagnosis. Self-report and pelvic exam are the least specific and are associated with the lowest rates, while imaging studies or surgical findings are likely to result in higher figures due to the identification of small or asymptomatic lesions. […] This study has identified important risk factors; these findings can be used well in clinical and research settings.

• #41 Uterine Fibroids: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0115/p100.html

  In the United States, ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging modality for fibroids. […] There are no reliable means to differentiate benign from malignant tumors without pathologic evaluation. […] The risk of malignancy for uterine fibroids is very low; the prevalence of leiomyosarcoma is estimated at about one in 400 (0.25%) women undergoing surgery for fibroids. […] Because there is minimal concern for malignancy in women with asymptomatic fibroids, watchful waiting is preferred for management. […] There are no studies that support surveillance with imaging or repeat imaging in asymptomatic women with fibroids.

• #42 Epidemiology of Uterine Myomas: A Review

  https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45333.html

  Myomas are the most common benign tumors of the genital organs in women of childbearing age, causing significant morbidity and impairing their quality of life. […] Many epidemiologic factors are linked to the development of myomas; however, many are not yet fully understood. These factors include age, race, heritage, reproductive factors, sex hormones, obesity, lifestyle (diet, caffeine and alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and stress), environmental and other influences, such as hypertension and infection. […] Literature data has shown that between 5.4 to 77% of women have myomas, depending on either the study population or the diagnostic techniques applied. […] Studies conducted using the ultrasound have confirmed that myoma prevalence is lower in Europe than in the United States, and this is probably due to racial differences.

• #43 Uterine fibroids: epidemiology and an overview (Chapter 1) – Uterine Fibroids

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/uterine-fibroids/uterine-fibroids-epidemiology-and-an-overview/6E0870F95BBCE098D48FE1D5AA8C8238

  Leiomyomata, commonly referred to as fibroids, are the most common tumors of the female genital tract. Their prevalence is impossible to fully assess as many do not come to clinical attention. However, rates are frequently stated to be over 40% in women 40 years or older. With more systematic evaluation, higher rates have been noted. Sixty-nine percent of women who underwent a hysterectomy for noncancerous conditions in Maryland, USA, were found to have fibroids, approximately half of which were not suspected prior to surgery. […] In 1998, a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of occult fibroids in a random sample of premenopausal women using vaginal ultrasonography. A high percentage (62%) of these women were found to have sonographic evidence of fibroids. However, only 5.4% of 335 Swedish women were found to have fibroids on ultrasonographic examination. Additionally, the occurrence was only 10.1% in 11258 Japanese women. It is clear that though fibroids are a very common pathology, the exact prevalence rate may be impossible to ascertain and may have some significant ethnic and/or environmental associations.

• #44 Uterine fibroids: current perspectives | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/uterine-fibroids-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  The majority of women with uterine fibroids are asymptomatic, and consequently get less clinical attention; fibroid tumors often remain undiagnosed. […] Precise uterine fibroid mapping (localization, measurement, and characterization) is essential for research into clarifying the natural history of these tumors and for evaluating therapeutic responses to investigational agents. […] The optimal selection of patients for medical therapy, noninvasive procedures, or surgery depends on an accurate assessment of the size, number, and position of myomas. […] The procedure, which is usually performed under local anesthetic or intravenous conscious sedation, generally requires 1 hour to complete. […] A recently published Cochrane review has looked at the benefits and risks of UAE versus other medical or surgical interventions for symptomatic uterine fibroids.

• #45 Uterine fibroids: Investigation and current management trends

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/october/uterine-fibroids-investigation-and-current-managem

  UAE is considered to be safe and minimally invasive, with demonstrable improvement in menstrual bleeding, pressure and urinary symptoms, as well as dysmenorrhea for most patients. […] The overall failure rate is estimated to be around 32% within the first two years, compared with 7% of patients after hysterectomy or myomectomy. […] Effects of UAE on premature ovarian failure, overall fertility and pregnancy outcomes are not well established. […] MRI has a prominent evolving role in assessing uteropelvic masses. […] Myomectomy is a uterine-sparing procedure involving surgical removal of fibroids from the uterine wall. […] Women with symptomatic fibroids who do not desire future fertility may be candidates for a hysterectomy.

• #46 Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas): Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and natural history – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uterine-fibroids-leiomyomas-epidemiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-natural-history/print

  Uterine leiomyomas (also referred to as fibroids or myomas) are the most common pelvic neoplasm in females. They arise in reproductive-age females and, when symptomatic, typically present with symptoms of abnormal uterine bleeding and/or pelvic pain/pressure. The epidemiology, diagnosis, and natural history of uterine leiomyomas are reviewed here. […] Uterine fibroids are described according to their location in the uterus although many fibroids have more than one location designation. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification system for fibroid location is as follows: Intramural myomas (FIGO type 3, 4, 5) – These leiomyomas are located within the uterine wall. […] Submucosal myomas (FIGO type 0, 1, 2) – These leiomyomas derive from myometrial cells just below the endometrium (lining of the uterine cavity).

• #47 Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas): Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and natural history – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uterine-fibroids-leiomyomas-epidemiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-natural-history/print

  Uterine leiomyomas (also referred to as fibroids or myomas) are the most common pelvic neoplasm in females. They arise in reproductive-age females and, when symptomatic, typically present with symptoms of abnormal uterine bleeding and/or pelvic pain/pressure. The epidemiology, diagnosis, and natural history of uterine leiomyomas are reviewed here. […] Uterine fibroids are described according to their location in the uterus although many fibroids have more than one location designation. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification system for fibroid location is as follows: Intramural myomas (FIGO type 3, 4, 5) – These leiomyomas are located within the uterine wall. […] Submucosal myomas (FIGO type 0, 1, 2) – These leiomyomas derive from myometrial cells just below the endometrium (lining of the uterine cavity).

• #48

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/12003

  Uterine fibroids or myomas or leiomyoma of uterus are the most common type of benign tumour of uterus and also most common pelvic tumour in women. Risk factors for developing fibroids are age, early age at menarche, reduced fertility, frequent alcohol and caffeine consumption, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and previous pelvic inflammatory disease. Objective of the research was to study the epidemiological factors associated with uterine fibroids. […] Incidence of fibroids is most common in 31-40 years of age i.e. 34.9%. Prevalence of submucosal fibroids was 38.6%, intramural fibroids 19.3%, submucosal polyp 14.5%, seedling fibroid 13.9% and subserosal fibroid 10.2%.

• #49 Uterine Fibroid Information | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/maternal-child-health/uterine-fibroid-information

  In 2021, legislators added uterine fibroid education and research to Health and Safety Code Chapter 100A, It directs the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) to maintain an informational database related to uterine fibroid diagnoses and treatment. […] Fibroids are most common in women in their 30s, 40s, and through menopause. They are more common in Black women than in White, Hispanic, or Asian women. Black women are also more likely than women of other races and ethnicities to experience severe uterine fibroid symptoms. […] Some factors that may be associated with a higher risk of being diagnosed with uterine fibroids include: Age – older women are at higher risk than younger women; Family history of uterine fibroids; African American ethnicity; Early age at menarche (before age 10); Diets heavy in red meat; and Obesity. […] If you are interested in researching available data regarding uterine fibroids in Texas, send your request to the DSHS Center for Health Statistics to access a compiled research report and/or an associated research dataset. Email the request(s) to [email protected].

• #50 Incidence and Health Care Burden of Uterine Fibroids Among Female Service Members in the Active Component of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2011–2022 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2024/02/01/MSMR-Uterine-Fibroids

  Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the uterus among women in reproductive age, disproportionally affecting non-Hispanic Black women compared to other races and ethnicities. […] Incident uterine fibroids were identified for this report from inpatient and outpatient medical encounter data from 2011 to 2022. […] A total of 16,046 new uterine fibroid cases were identified, with an incidence rate of 63.5 cases per 10,000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 62.5-64.5). […] The highest incidence rates were observed among service women 40 years and older, non-Hispanic Black women, and those who served in the Army. […] Uterine fibroid-related medical encounters and individuals affected increased over time from 2011 to 2022, but the number of hospital bed days decreased from 699 days in 2011 to 625 days in 2022.

• #51 Epidemiology of uterine fibroid in black African women: a systematic scoping review | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/8/e052053

  Variations in the incidence and prevalence of UF by race and ethnic groups have been widely reported. Studies show that the incidence and prevalence of UF in women of African ancestry is higher than that in other races. […] There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. Studies from high-income countries have shown that only 20.0%-40.0% of women with symptomatic UF seek medical treatment, suggesting that a significant number of women with UF are not captured by facilities-based studies. […] We found several gaps in the epidemiology of UF in SSA. There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. There are many epidemiological risk factors of UF that are yet to be investigated in SSA. […] Our results show that there is limited information on the epidemiology of UF and identified gaps in knowledge of UF among women in SSA despite its high prevalence, morbidity and economic costs. We recommend urgent implementation of well-designed and adequately powered studies to address this gap.

• #52 Epidemiology of uterine fibroid in black African women: a systematic scoping review | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/8/e052053

  Variations in the incidence and prevalence of UF by race and ethnic groups have been widely reported. Studies show that the incidence and prevalence of UF in women of African ancestry is higher than that in other races. […] There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. Studies from high-income countries have shown that only 20.0%-40.0% of women with symptomatic UF seek medical treatment, suggesting that a significant number of women with UF are not captured by facilities-based studies. […] We found several gaps in the epidemiology of UF in SSA. There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. There are many epidemiological risk factors of UF that are yet to be investigated in SSA. […] Our results show that there is limited information on the epidemiology of UF and identified gaps in knowledge of UF among women in SSA despite its high prevalence, morbidity and economic costs. We recommend urgent implementation of well-designed and adequately powered studies to address this gap.

• #53 Uterine fibroids: a narrative review of epidemiology and management, with a focus on uterine artery embolization – Behairy – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine

  https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10206/html

  Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors in women. […] UFs occur in about 2550% of women with approximately $34 billion direct and indirect annual costs in the United States. […] UF accounts for a significant degree of health burden across the globe, affecting an estimated 70% of women worldwide, a significant proportion of which is underreported. […] The true extent of disease burden varies considerably between studies, as a majority of studies investigating incidence are based on hospital discharge coding, nationally representative studies, and large prospective cohorts. […] There is disease regression following menopause, although risk factors of obesity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been cited as risk factors for disease in post-menopausal women. […] The most consistently identified risk factors include ethnicity, genetic predisposition, age, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and nulliparity.

• #54 Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability for uterine fibroids, 1990–2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of disease 2019 study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15765-x

  High prevalence of uterine fibroids has a profound effect on healthcare costs globally. […] However, there are several challenges in understanding the epidemiology of uterine fibroids globally. […] Given the considerable impact on physical, social and public health, understanding global variations in the burden of uterine fibroids is pivotal. […] This study aims to investigate the long-term epidemiologic trends of uterine fibroids globally from 1990 to 2019 by utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) and the age-period-cohort (APC) framework to examine independent effects of age, period, birth cohort. […] The modeling framework and a detailed flowchart including specific codes for uterine fibroids estimation in the GBD are available at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019/code/nonfatal-13.

• #55 Knowledge and perceptions of uterine fibroids: A descriptive cross-sectional survey among women of childbearing age in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.24304504v1.full-text

  The findings suggest that women of 18-40 years of age in this study lack knowledge of uterine fibroids, hence they live chronically with symptoms, without seeking help. […] The findings imply that further studies to investigate individualised and community-based education interventions related to uterine fibroids are necessary to promote self-preventive interventions, as well as health-seeking behaviours among women.

• #56 Epidemiology of uterine fibroid in black African women: a systematic scoping review | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/8/e052053

  Variations in the incidence and prevalence of UF by race and ethnic groups have been widely reported. Studies show that the incidence and prevalence of UF in women of African ancestry is higher than that in other races. […] There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. Studies from high-income countries have shown that only 20.0%-40.0% of women with symptomatic UF seek medical treatment, suggesting that a significant number of women with UF are not captured by facilities-based studies. […] We found several gaps in the epidemiology of UF in SSA. There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. There are many epidemiological risk factors of UF that are yet to be investigated in SSA. […] Our results show that there is limited information on the epidemiology of UF and identified gaps in knowledge of UF among women in SSA despite its high prevalence, morbidity and economic costs. We recommend urgent implementation of well-designed and adequately powered studies to address this gap.

• #57 Etiology of Uterine Fibroids Still Largely a Mystery | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2016/epidemiology-of-uterine-fibroids-still-largely-a-mystery/

  Past studies have indicated that fibroid risk increases with earlier onset of menarche and decreases among women who have given birth (particularly a recent birth). […] Wise and Laughlin-Tommaso say that while estrogen and progesterone are almost certainly involved in fibroid growth, the mechanisms through which they act are not well understood. […] They call for more research into nutritional and psychosocial factors, reproductive tract infections, and environmental toxicants that can mimic the effects of sex steroid hormones or bind to their receptors (e.g. phthalates). […] Preliminary studies examining vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor have yielded consistent positive associations. If confirmed in prospective cohort studies, vitamin D deficiency which is more common among black women than white women could explain a large fraction of the black-white disparity in rates, Wise and Laughlin-Tommaso say.

• #58 Etiology of Uterine Fibroids Still Largely a Mystery | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2016/epidemiology-of-uterine-fibroids-still-largely-a-mystery/

  Past studies have indicated that fibroid risk increases with earlier onset of menarche and decreases among women who have given birth (particularly a recent birth). […] Wise and Laughlin-Tommaso say that while estrogen and progesterone are almost certainly involved in fibroid growth, the mechanisms through which they act are not well understood. […] They call for more research into nutritional and psychosocial factors, reproductive tract infections, and environmental toxicants that can mimic the effects of sex steroid hormones or bind to their receptors (e.g. phthalates). […] Preliminary studies examining vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor have yielded consistent positive associations. If confirmed in prospective cohort studies, vitamin D deficiency which is more common among black women than white women could explain a large fraction of the black-white disparity in rates, Wise and Laughlin-Tommaso say.

• #59 Molecular and Cellular Insights into the Development of Uterine Fibroids

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/8483

  Given the relevance of molecular processes in the development of uterine leiomyomas, there is a broad spectrum of molecular tools and resources that could be employed to develop better detection, classification, and treatment methods. […] Clinically, tumor biomarkers could be useful for the identification of women at higher risk of developing fast growing leiomyomas as well as to distinguish this benign condition from other pathological conditions. […] Although classification of uLM is based mainly on their localization and histopathological features, efforts are focused on developing a more precise new classification system that may aid diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. […] Recent omic approaches have generated large amounts of information about the ethiopathology of uLM. This opens a new field that may allow clinicians to choose better treatments based on the specific molecular pathways that are altered in each uLM.

• #60 Molecular and Cellular Insights into the Development of Uterine Fibroids

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/8483

  Given the relevance of molecular processes in the development of uterine leiomyomas, there is a broad spectrum of molecular tools and resources that could be employed to develop better detection, classification, and treatment methods. […] Clinically, tumor biomarkers could be useful for the identification of women at higher risk of developing fast growing leiomyomas as well as to distinguish this benign condition from other pathological conditions. […] Although classification of uLM is based mainly on their localization and histopathological features, efforts are focused on developing a more precise new classification system that may aid diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. […] Recent omic approaches have generated large amounts of information about the ethiopathology of uLM. This opens a new field that may allow clinicians to choose better treatments based on the specific molecular pathways that are altered in each uLM.

• #61 Etiology of Uterine Fibroids Still Largely a Mystery | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2016/epidemiology-of-uterine-fibroids-still-largely-a-mystery/

  The authors also urge future studies that look at the factors influencing treatment choices, such as hysterectomy. […] Studies should attempt to determine the extent to which patient characteristics, ultrasonographic features and physiological measures are related to fibroid progression from clinical diagnosis (to surgery), they write.

• #62 Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10696973/

  This study systematically analyzed the global incidence and DALY rates of uterine fibroids and the changing trends in these characteristics from 1990 to 2019. We found that the global age-standardized incidence was consistently increasing over this time period. However, age-standardized DALYs were decreasing. Globally, women aged 35-39 years or older had a higher incidence of uterine fibroids than younger women. […] In conclusion, the global age-standardized DALY rates of uterine fibroids decreased from 1990 to 2019. However, the global age-standardized incidence was consistently increasing over the same time period. Worldwide, Tropical Latin America experiences the greatest burden of disease. Globally, women aged 35-39 years or older have a higher incidence of uterine fibroids than younger women. Together, our findings suggest that uterine fibroids remain an important health challenge, both globally and locally.

• #63 Global epidemiological characteristics of uterine fibroids

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10696973/

  The aim of the study was to examine the burden of uterine fibroids at global, regional and national levels in terms of age and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). […] Data were extracted from the GBD 2019 dataset. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the incidence of uterine fibroids, and trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were examined. All measures examined were stratified by region, country, age and SDI to assess the effects of these variables on the incidence of uterine fibroids. […] The global age-standardized incidence rate of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24 to 0.27). In contrast, the global age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.23). High and low-middle SDI regions experienced significantly higher age-standardized incidence rates. Moreover, in 2019, low and low-middle SDI regions had significantly higher age-standardized DALY rates due to uterine fibroids than other SDI regions.

• #64 Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability for uterine fibroids, 1990–2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of disease 2019 study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15765-x

  Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm of the uterus and a major source of morbidity for women. We report an overview of trends in uterine fibroids of incidence rate, prevalence rate, years lived with disability (YLDs) rate in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years and associations with age, period, and birth cohort. […] Globally, the incident cases, prevalent cases, and the number of YLDs of uterine fibroids increased from 1990 to 2019 with the growth of 67.07%, 78.82% and 77.34%, respectively. […] There were 186 countries and territories that showed an increasing trend in incidence rate, 183 showed an increasing trend in prevalence rate and 174 showed an increasing trend in YLDs rate. […] The global burden of uterine fibroids is becoming more serious in middle SDI, low-middle SDI and low SDI quintiles.

• #65

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Global-epidemiological-characteristics-of-uterine-fibroids,171786,0,2.html

  Nationally, Brazil (EAPC = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.351.57) and India (EAPC = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.941.25) experienced the most significant increases in age-standardized uterine fibroid incidence. […] Globally, the age-standardized incidence of uterine fibroids has been increasing in recent years. In contrast, age-standardized DALY rates have exhibited a decreasing trend. […] Globally, women aged 3539 years and older have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, as reflected in the higher incidence rates among these age groups. […] Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, occurring in 2030% of females, most often in women aged 3050. […] In females aged 1554 years, uterine fibroids account for an average of 29% of hospitalizations for gynecological disease.

• #66 Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability for uterine fibroids, 1990–2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of disease 2019 study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15765-x

  High prevalence of uterine fibroids has a profound effect on healthcare costs globally. […] However, there are several challenges in understanding the epidemiology of uterine fibroids globally. […] Given the considerable impact on physical, social and public health, understanding global variations in the burden of uterine fibroids is pivotal. […] This study aims to investigate the long-term epidemiologic trends of uterine fibroids globally from 1990 to 2019 by utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) and the age-period-cohort (APC) framework to examine independent effects of age, period, birth cohort. […] The modeling framework and a detailed flowchart including specific codes for uterine fibroids estimation in the GBD are available at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019/code/nonfatal-13.

• #67 Molecular and Cellular Insights into the Development of Uterine Fibroids

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/8483

  Uterine leiomyomas represent the most common benign gynecologic tumor. These hormone-dependent smooth-muscle formations occur with an estimated prevalence of ~70% among women of reproductive age and cause symptoms including pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and recurrent abortion. […] Uterine leiomyomas (uLM), also known as fibroids or uterine myomas, are the most important benign neoplastic threat to women’s health, with an estimated lifetime incidence of up to 70%. Clinically, they are the most common cause of hysterectomy and a major source of infertility and abnormal uterine bleeding; thus, this condition significantly affects patients’ quality of life, as well as exerting significant economic impacts on healthcare systems worldwide. […] Recent advances related to the identification of biomarkers for early and differential diagnosis of uLM that support current histology-based classification will be discussed, as well as the detection of targetable pathways to develop novel and improved options for clinical management of these benign tumors.

• #68 Epidemiology of uterine fibroid in black African women: a systematic scoping review | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/8/e052053

  Variations in the incidence and prevalence of UF by race and ethnic groups have been widely reported. Studies show that the incidence and prevalence of UF in women of African ancestry is higher than that in other races. […] There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. Studies from high-income countries have shown that only 20.0%-40.0% of women with symptomatic UF seek medical treatment, suggesting that a significant number of women with UF are not captured by facilities-based studies. […] We found several gaps in the epidemiology of UF in SSA. There was no genomic epidemiology study of UF in SSA. There are many epidemiological risk factors of UF that are yet to be investigated in SSA. […] Our results show that there is limited information on the epidemiology of UF and identified gaps in knowledge of UF among women in SSA despite its high prevalence, morbidity and economic costs. We recommend urgent implementation of well-designed and adequately powered studies to address this gap.

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