Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Learn About Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/warning-signs-of-lung-disease/cough/learn-about-cough

  A cough is an important reflex that helps protect the airways and lungs. Anything from fumes, dust, smoke, pollen, medication, or having a lung disease like asthma or COPD, may activate this reflex. […] A cough is a spontaneous reflex. When things such as mucus, germs or dust irritate your throat and airways, your body automatically responds by coughing. Similar to other reflexes such as sneezing or blinking, coughing helps protect your body. […] Coughing is an important reflex that helps protect your airway and lungs against irritants. […] A cough that doesn’t go away or comes with other symptoms like shortness of breath, mucus production or bloody phlegm could be the sign of a more serious medical problem. […] These are common causes of acute cough – lasting less than two months: Upper respiratory tract infections: Infections of the nose and throat are the most common cause of coughing related to illness.

• #2 Why are you coughing so much? – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/why-are-you-coughing-so-much

  Coughs are most notably known as a sign of a problem in your body. However, a cough can be a more straightforward issue. […] A cough usually indicates an irritation in the lungs or the airway. The irritation triggers the nerves that connect to our brain to tell our body to try to expel it. A cough is your body’s reflex of trying to get something out that’s not supposed to be there.

• #3 Why are you coughing so much? – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/why-are-you-coughing-so-much

  Hearing a chorus of coughs is typical at this time of year. A cough is your body’s response when something irritates your throat or airways. An irritant stimulates nerves that send a message to your brain. The brain then tells muscles in your chest and abdomen to push air out of your lungs to force out the irritant. […] While an occasional cough is expected, a cough that persists may be a sign of a medical problem. […] A cough is considered „acute” if it lasts less than three weeks. Some of the causes of an acute cough include: Common cold, Influenza, Inhaling an irritant, such as smoke, dust, chemicals or a foreign body, Pneumonia, which is an infection in one or both lungs, Whooping cough. […] Some common causes for a „chronic” cough include: Allergies, Asthma, Bronchitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), COVID-19, Croup, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Heart failure, Lung cancer, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

• #4 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Coughing is associated with a wide assortment of clinical associations and etiologies. […] The etiology of a cough is an arbitrary classification based largely on the duration of a cough. If a cough is presently less than three weeks, it is designated as acute. If a cough is present for three to eight weeks, it is designated as subacute. If a cough is presently greater than eight weeks, it is designated as chronic. […] The most common causes of acute cough in adults are acute viral upper respiratory infection, also known as the common cold, and acute bronchitis. […] Additional common causes of an acute cough include acute rhinosinusitis, pertussis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, allergic rhinitis, asthma, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, aspiration syndromes, and pulmonary embolism.

• #5 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Coughing is associated with a wide assortment of clinical associations and etiologies. […] The etiology of a cough is an arbitrary classification based largely on the duration of a cough. If a cough is presently less than three weeks, it is designated as acute. If a cough is present for three to eight weeks, it is designated as subacute. If a cough is presently greater than eight weeks, it is designated as chronic. […] The most common causes of acute cough in adults are acute viral upper respiratory infection, also known as the common cold, and acute bronchitis. […] Additional common causes of an acute cough include acute rhinosinusitis, pertussis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, allergic rhinitis, asthma, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, aspiration syndromes, and pulmonary embolism.

• #6 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Coughing is associated with a wide assortment of clinical associations and etiologies. […] The etiology of a cough is an arbitrary classification based largely on the duration of a cough. If a cough is presently less than three weeks, it is designated as acute. If a cough is present for three to eight weeks, it is designated as subacute. If a cough is presently greater than eight weeks, it is designated as chronic. […] The most common causes of acute cough in adults are acute viral upper respiratory infection, also known as the common cold, and acute bronchitis. […] Additional common causes of an acute cough include acute rhinosinusitis, pertussis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, allergic rhinitis, asthma, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, aspiration syndromes, and pulmonary embolism.

• #7 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough can be divided into 3 types based on the duration of symptoms: acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Chronic cough is a persistent cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer in adults, while subacute cough usually lasts 3 to 8 weeks, and acute cough typically lasts for less than 3 weeks. Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] This article will also discuss the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, evaluation, and management associated with chronic cough. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. This form of asthma may not present with classic symptoms like wheezing or shortness of breath. Instead, cough may be the predominant or sole manifestation of asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. However, it lacks the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking and remains a significant cause of chronic cough. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms are related to the effects of stomach acid and lead to chronic cough. […] Formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome, UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. […] Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal, irreversible dilation of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #8 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  The vast majority of chronic cough in children is due to protracted bacterial bronchitis, a prolonged infection in the bronchial tubes that supply oxygen to the lungs. Protracted bacterial bronchitis occurs when bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia colonize the airways. This condition increases mucus production, which can cause a persistent, phlegmy cough for more than four weeks with no other symptoms. […] In recent years, doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone have begun to diagnose more people with pertussis, or whooping cough, an infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. […] Some children have a type of asthma that causes a dry, chronic cough, which is known as cough-variant asthma.

• #9 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Coughing is associated with a wide assortment of clinical associations and etiologies. […] The etiology of a cough is an arbitrary classification based largely on the duration of a cough. If a cough is presently less than three weeks, it is designated as acute. If a cough is present for three to eight weeks, it is designated as subacute. If a cough is presently greater than eight weeks, it is designated as chronic. […] The most common causes of acute cough in adults are acute viral upper respiratory infection, also known as the common cold, and acute bronchitis. […] Additional common causes of an acute cough include acute rhinosinusitis, pertussis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, allergic rhinitis, asthma, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, aspiration syndromes, and pulmonary embolism.

• #10 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #11 Cough: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Conditions

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17755-cough

  A cough is a reflex reaction designed to keep your airways clear. […] A cough is a natural reflex that is your bodys way of removing irritants from your upper (throat) and lower (lungs) airways. A cough helps your body heal and protect itself. […] There are many things that can make you cough. Some of them include: […] Medical conditions that can cause acute and subacute cough include Cold, Flu, Acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis, Sinusitis, Pneumonia, Whooping cough (also called pertussis), Asthma, Allergies, Acute second- or third-hand smoke exposure. […] Medical conditions that can cause chronic cough include Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Allergies, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung conditions, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Throat disorders, including vocal cord disorders, Postnasal drip, Heart failure and other cardiac conditions. […] Cough is a symptom of COVID-19. It can also be part of a post-COVID syndrome (or long COVID). […] As part of long COVID, a cough can continue for weeks or months after you’ve been infected.

• #12 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #13 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #14 Acute Cough Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Lung/Sx/ActCghCs.htm

  Acute Cough Causes […] Acute Bronchitis (most common) […] Asthma […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) […] Pneumonia […] Post-infectious cough (or post-Bronchitic cough) […] Allergic Rhinitis […] Sinusitis or post-nasal drainage […] Common Cold […] Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) […] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) […] Malignancy

• #15 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #16 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #17 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #18 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #19 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  While a cough once in a while is common, a cough that lasts for several weeks or one that brings up discolored or bloody mucus may be a sign of a medical condition. […] Infections or flares of chronic lung conditions cause most acute coughs. Most chronic coughs are related to underlying lung, heart or sinus conditions. […] Common infectious causes of acute cough include: Acute sinusitis, Bronchiolitis (especially in young children), Bronchitis, Common cold, Croup (especially in young children), Influenza (flu), Laryngitis, Pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Whooping cough. […] Common lung causes of chronic cough include: Asthma (most common in children), Bronchiectasis, which leads to a buildup of mucus that can be streaked with blood and raise the risk of infection, Chronic bronchitis, COPD a long-term lung disease that causes trouble with breathing, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema a lung condition that causes shortness of breath, Lung cancer, Pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis.

• #20 Table: Some Causes of Cough-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-cough

  Some Causes of Cough […] Acute Cough […] Foreign body* […] Sudden onset in a toddler who has no URI or constitutional symptoms […] Heart failure* […] Dyspnea […] Pneumonia (viral, bacterial, aspiration, rarely fungal) […] Fever […] Productive cough […] Dyspnea […] Pleuritic chest pain […] Postnasal drip (allergic, viral, or bacterial origin) […] Headache […] Sore throat […] Nausea […] Pulmonary embolism* […] Pleuritic chest pain […] Dyspnea […] Tachycardia […] Upper respiratory infection (URI), including acute bronchitis […] Rhinorrhea […] Red, swollen nasal mucosa […] Sore throat […] Chronic Cough […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors […] Dry, persistent cough that may occur within days or months after initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy

• #21 Table: Some Causes of Cough-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-cough

  Some Causes of Cough […] Acute Cough […] Foreign body* […] Sudden onset in a toddler who has no URI or constitutional symptoms […] Heart failure* […] Dyspnea […] Pneumonia (viral, bacterial, aspiration, rarely fungal) […] Fever […] Productive cough […] Dyspnea […] Pleuritic chest pain […] Postnasal drip (allergic, viral, or bacterial origin) […] Headache […] Sore throat […] Nausea […] Pulmonary embolism* […] Pleuritic chest pain […] Dyspnea […] Tachycardia […] Upper respiratory infection (URI), including acute bronchitis […] Rhinorrhea […] Red, swollen nasal mucosa […] Sore throat […] Chronic Cough […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors […] Dry, persistent cough that may occur within days or months after initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy

• #22 Cough

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/causes/sym-20050846

  Other causes of cough include: Allergies, Injury, such as from a blunt trauma or burn, Choking: First aid (especially in children), Chronic sinusitis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Heart failure a condition in which the heart doesn’t pump blood as well as it should, Inhaling an irritant, such as smoke, dust, chemicals or a foreign body, Medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, also known as ACE inhibitors, Neuromuscular diseases that weaken the coordination of upper airway and swallowing muscles, Postnasal drip, which means fluid from the nose runs down the back of the throat. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #23 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #24 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #25 Cough: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet

  Common causes of subacute cough (lasting three to eight weeks) include airways that are slow to settle down after an infection, whooping cough, and other infections which may cause a longer-lasting cough, such as tuberculosis (TB). […] Common causes of chronic cough (lasting more than eight weeks) include postnasal drip, acid reflux, undiagnosed or under-treated asthma, side-effects of medication, lung disease caused by smoking, and irritants such as cigarette smoke. […] Less common causes of cough include a foreign body, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, and a blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolus).

• #26 Cough: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet

  Common causes of subacute cough (lasting three to eight weeks) include airways that are slow to settle down after an infection, whooping cough, and other infections which may cause a longer-lasting cough, such as tuberculosis (TB). […] Common causes of chronic cough (lasting more than eight weeks) include postnasal drip, acid reflux, undiagnosed or under-treated asthma, side-effects of medication, lung disease caused by smoking, and irritants such as cigarette smoke. […] Less common causes of cough include a foreign body, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, and a blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolus).

• #27 Cough: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet

  Common causes of subacute cough (lasting three to eight weeks) include airways that are slow to settle down after an infection, whooping cough, and other infections which may cause a longer-lasting cough, such as tuberculosis (TB). […] Common causes of chronic cough (lasting more than eight weeks) include postnasal drip, acid reflux, undiagnosed or under-treated asthma, side-effects of medication, lung disease caused by smoking, and irritants such as cigarette smoke. […] Less common causes of cough include a foreign body, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, and a blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolus).

• #28 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  The etiologies of chronic cough are numerous and may include pathology from the nose and nasopharynx to the distal bronchial tree. Obvious causes such as smoking and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use can be easily ascertained from the history. After this, the challenge for the clinician lies in how to efficiently and systematically evaluate the patient without an overly exhaustive workup. Further compounding this is the fact that oftentimes more than one condition is simultaneously present. […] Prospective studies have shown that 3 conditions account for the etiologic cause of chronic cough in 92-100% of immunocompetent, nonsmoking patients with normal chest radiograph findings. In order of frequency, they are as follows: Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS); Asthma; Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These 3 conditions make up what is called the pathogenic triad of chronic cough.

• #29 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Coughing from time to time helps clear particles and secretions from the lungs and helps to prevent infection. However, sometimes a cough can become a chronic condition. A chronic cough is usually defined as a cough that lasts for eight weeks or longer. […] This article discusses the possible causes and treatments of chronic cough in adults. […] The most common causes of chronic cough are postnasal drip, asthma, and acid reflux from the stomach. These three causes account for up to 90 percent of all cases of chronic cough. Less common causes include infections, medications, and a variety of lung diseases. […] Postnasal drip occurs when secretions from the nose drip or flow into the back of the throat from the nose. These secretions can irritate the throat and trigger a cough. […] Asthma is the second most frequent cause of chronic cough in adults and is the leading cause in children.

• #30 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough can be divided into 3 types based on the duration of symptoms: acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Chronic cough is a persistent cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer in adults, while subacute cough usually lasts 3 to 8 weeks, and acute cough typically lasts for less than 3 weeks. Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] This article will also discuss the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, evaluation, and management associated with chronic cough. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. This form of asthma may not present with classic symptoms like wheezing or shortness of breath. Instead, cough may be the predominant or sole manifestation of asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. However, it lacks the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking and remains a significant cause of chronic cough. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms are related to the effects of stomach acid and lead to chronic cough. […] Formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome, UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. […] Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal, irreversible dilation of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #31 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  The etiologies of chronic cough are numerous and may include pathology from the nose and nasopharynx to the distal bronchial tree. Obvious causes such as smoking and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use can be easily ascertained from the history. After this, the challenge for the clinician lies in how to efficiently and systematically evaluate the patient without an overly exhaustive workup. Further compounding this is the fact that oftentimes more than one condition is simultaneously present. […] Prospective studies have shown that 3 conditions account for the etiologic cause of chronic cough in 92-100% of immunocompetent, nonsmoking patients with normal chest radiograph findings. In order of frequency, they are as follows: Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS); Asthma; Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These 3 conditions make up what is called the pathogenic triad of chronic cough.

• #32 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough can be divided into 3 types based on the duration of symptoms: acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Chronic cough is a persistent cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer in adults, while subacute cough usually lasts 3 to 8 weeks, and acute cough typically lasts for less than 3 weeks. Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] This article will also discuss the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, evaluation, and management associated with chronic cough. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. This form of asthma may not present with classic symptoms like wheezing or shortness of breath. Instead, cough may be the predominant or sole manifestation of asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. However, it lacks the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking and remains a significant cause of chronic cough. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms are related to the effects of stomach acid and lead to chronic cough. […] Formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome, UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. […] Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal, irreversible dilation of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #33 Asthma Cough | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/symptoms/asthma-cough/

  It’s easy to think that coughing means you have a cold or bronchitis – but if that cough keeps coming back, it may be a sign of asthma. […] Coughing is the body’s way of trying to remove whatever is irritating the lungs. […] While people with asthma often experience a whistling or wheezing sound in the chest in addition to coughing, there is a form of asthma in which the only symptom is a chronic cough. This is known as cough-variant asthma. […] If coughing or other asthma symptoms are severe or unpredictable, or if they flare up more than twice a week, seeing an allergist can help determine their cause and provide long-term treatment that controls or eliminates them. […] Coughing from asthma can occur after exercise, after exposure to specific triggers, after laughing, and often at night. Common triggers include: Outdoor allergens, such as pollens from grass, trees and weeds; Indoor allergens, such as pet dander, dust mites and mold; Certain drugs or food additives; Irritants in the air, such as smoke, air pollution and chemical fumes, or strong odors, such as perfume; Colds, the flu or other illnesses; Exercise (although people with asthma benefit from exercise; if asthma prevents you from exercising then you should talk to your doctor); Stress; Weather conditions, such as cold air, heat and humidity, or rapidly changing weather patterns.

• #34 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough can be divided into 3 types based on the duration of symptoms: acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Chronic cough is a persistent cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer in adults, while subacute cough usually lasts 3 to 8 weeks, and acute cough typically lasts for less than 3 weeks. Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] This article will also discuss the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, evaluation, and management associated with chronic cough. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. This form of asthma may not present with classic symptoms like wheezing or shortness of breath. Instead, cough may be the predominant or sole manifestation of asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. However, it lacks the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking and remains a significant cause of chronic cough. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms are related to the effects of stomach acid and lead to chronic cough. […] Formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome, UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. […] Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal, irreversible dilation of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #35 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: Postnasal drip. When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome. Asthma. An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you’re exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can make GERD worse, creating a vicious cycle. Infections. A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults but one that often isn’t recognized is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM. NTM is found in soil, water and dust. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people with COPD are current or former smokers.

• #36 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough can be divided into 3 types based on the duration of symptoms: acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Chronic cough is a persistent cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer in adults, while subacute cough usually lasts 3 to 8 weeks, and acute cough typically lasts for less than 3 weeks. Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] This article will also discuss the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, evaluation, and management associated with chronic cough. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. This form of asthma may not present with classic symptoms like wheezing or shortness of breath. Instead, cough may be the predominant or sole manifestation of asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. However, it lacks the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking and remains a significant cause of chronic cough. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms are related to the effects of stomach acid and lead to chronic cough. […] Formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome, UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. […] Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal, irreversible dilation of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #37 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  A fourth etiology that deserves mention is nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), which is relatively common, easy to diagnose and treat, and should be considered early on in the diagnostic evaluation. […] Another way to categorize the etiologies is to draw a distinction between cough due to eosinophilic airway diseases (asthma and NAEB) and noneosinophilic chronic cough. Eosinophilic airway diseases have airway inflammation due to eosinophils, which can be diagnosed by raised induced sputum eosinophil counts and increased exhaled nitric oxide levels. They are also associated with good steroid responsiveness. […] The physician who focuses on diagnosing and treating these conditions can be very successful at treating chronic cough. […] NAEB has been implicated as an etiology of chronic cough in 13-33% of patients. It is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the bronchial tree as well as the absence of variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. This disease is highly responsive to inhaled corticosteroids.

• #38 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #39 Cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough

  In adults with a chronic cough, i.e. a cough longer than 8 weeks, more than 90% of cases are due to post-nasal drip, asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] A cough can be the result of a respiratory tract infection such as the common cold, COVID-19, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pertussis, or tuberculosis. […] In people with unexplained cough, gastroesophageal reflux disease should be considered. […] Coughing may be caused by air pollution including tobacco smoke, particulate matter, irritant gases, and dampness in a home. […] Drugs used for treatments other than coughs, such as ACE inhibitors which are often used to treat high blood pressure, can sometimes cause cough as a side effect, and stopping their use will stop the cough. […] Chronic bronchitis is often the cause of „smoker’s cough”.

• #40 That Nagging Cough – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/that-nagging-cough

  What’s that nagging cough, and what can you do to cure it? […] But is cancer really a common cause of a cough that lingers? […] Chronic coughing is common, so frequent that it rates as one of the most common reasons for seeing a doctor. […] Smoking is a leading cause. […] A lingering cough is also a worry for nonsmokers. […] Dozens of conditions can cause a recurrent, lingering cough, but the lion’s share are caused by just five: postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic bronchitis, and treatment with ACE inhibitors, used for high blood pressure and heart failure. […] Postnasal drip is the leading cause of the lingering cough. But it’s far from the only cause. […] Asthma results from bronchospasm, the temporary, reversible narrowing of the medium-sized tubes that carry air into the lungs.

• #41 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: Postnasal drip. When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome. Asthma. An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you’re exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can make GERD worse, creating a vicious cycle. Infections. A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults but one that often isn’t recognized is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM. NTM is found in soil, water and dust. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people with COPD are current or former smokers.

• #42 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by: Aspiration when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs. Bronchiectasis widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus. Bronchiolitis an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung. Cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn’t known. Lung cancer cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause. Sarcoidosis groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.

• #43 Chronic Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430791/

  Cough can be divided into 3 types based on the duration of symptoms: acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Chronic cough is a persistent cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer in adults, while subacute cough usually lasts 3 to 8 weeks, and acute cough typically lasts for less than 3 weeks. Chronic cough is a widespread yet underappreciated condition that imposes substantial illness on affected individuals. […] This article will also discuss the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, evaluation, and management associated with chronic cough. […] The most common etiologies of chronic cough involve a range of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. […] In asthma, cough can be the sole symptom, especially in patients with cough-variant asthma. This form of asthma may not present with classic symptoms like wheezing or shortness of breath. Instead, cough may be the predominant or sole manifestation of asthma. […] NAEB is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, similar to asthma. However, it lacks the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. […] Chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent cough due to increased mucus production in the airways. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking and remains a significant cause of chronic cough. […] Reflux-induced cough can occur through direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms are related to the effects of stomach acid and lead to chronic cough. […] Formerly known as postnasal drip syndrome, UACS is a significant contributor to chronic cough, comparable to other major causes, such as asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. […] Cough is an adverse effect of some medications, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. […] Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnormal, irreversible dilation of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). […] Respiratory tract pathogens are a common cause of cough. […] Tumors in the respiratory system can irritate airways and lead to a persistent cough. […] Cough is a common symptom associated with ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). […] A chronic cough with an unknown cause that does not respond to empirical treatment and is refractory can be considered idiopathic.

• #44 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when acid from the stomach flows back (refluxes) into the esophagus, the tube connecting the stomach and the throat. […] A number of other conditions can lead to chronic cough. These include: Respiratory tract infection, Use of ACE inhibitors, Chronic bronchitis, Lung cancer, Eosinophilic bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Laryngeal hypersensitivity. […] Chronic bronchitis is a condition in which the airways are irritated, causing you to cough, sometimes raising phlegm. […] Although lung cancer can cause coughing, very few people with a chronic cough have lung cancer. […] A special type of inflammation in the airways called eosinophilic bronchitis can cause a chronic cough. […] Sometimes one or more severe or recurrent respiratory infections can damage airway walls, leading to widening of the affected airways, decreased ability to clear secretions, and chronic infection of those airways. […] Acute irritation of the larynx leads to reflexive cough to protect the lower airway and the lungs from entry of food or other foreign material.

• #45 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #46 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: Postnasal drip. When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome. Asthma. An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you’re exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can make GERD worse, creating a vicious cycle. Infections. A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults but one that often isn’t recognized is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM. NTM is found in soil, water and dust. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people with COPD are current or former smokers.

• #47 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #48 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #49 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #50 Learn About Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/warning-signs-of-lung-disease/cough/learn-about-cough

  Hay fever (or allergic rhinitis): A common allergic condition that mimics the symptoms of a common cold. […] Inhalation of irritants: Acute exposure to some fumes and vapors can cause inflammation of the throat and airway and cause cough. […] Lower respiratory tract infections: These are more serious viral and bacterial infections that usually cause a deep, lingering cough and fever. […] Pulmonary embolism: This is a potentially life-threatening condition where a blood clot travels, usually from the legs, to the lungs causing sudden shortness of breath and sometimes a dry cough. […] Lung collapse (or pneumothorax): This is caused by the deflation of the lung. […] Heart failure: A weak or diseased heart can cause buildup of fluid in the lung, causing cough and worsening shortness of breath.

• #51 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by: Aspiration when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs. Bronchiectasis widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus. Bronchiolitis an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung. Cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn’t known. Lung cancer cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause. Sarcoidosis groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.

• #52 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by: Aspiration when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs. Bronchiectasis widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus. Bronchiolitis an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung. Cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn’t known. Lung cancer cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause. Sarcoidosis groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.

• #53 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by: Aspiration when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs. Bronchiectasis widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus. Bronchiolitis an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung. Cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn’t known. Lung cancer cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause. Sarcoidosis groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.

• #54 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  GERD is the third leading cause of chronic cough in adults. […] ACE inhibitors cause a nonproductive cough in 5 to 20 percent of patients, affecting women more often than men. […] Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis has been increasingly identified in patients presenting to pulmonary medicine clinics. […] Chronic bronchitis caused by exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants is an important cause of chronic cough. […] In children, the most common causes of chronic cough are asthma, respiratory tract infections, and GERD.

• #55 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  The vast majority of chronic cough in children is due to protracted bacterial bronchitis, a prolonged infection in the bronchial tubes that supply oxygen to the lungs. Protracted bacterial bronchitis occurs when bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia colonize the airways. This condition increases mucus production, which can cause a persistent, phlegmy cough for more than four weeks with no other symptoms. […] In recent years, doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone have begun to diagnose more people with pertussis, or whooping cough, an infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. […] Some children have a type of asthma that causes a dry, chronic cough, which is known as cough-variant asthma.

• #56 Cough | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cough/

  Causes of coughs that are more common in children than adults include: bronchiolitis a mild respiratory tract infection that usually causes cold-like symptoms; croup causes a distinctive barking cough and a harsh sound known as stridor when the child breathes in; whooping cough causes symptoms such as intense, hacking bouts of coughing, vomiting, and a whoop sound with each sharp intake of breath after coughing. […] Occasionally, a persistent cough in a child can be a sign of a serious long-term condition, such as cystic fibrosis.

• #57 Cough | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cough/

  Causes of coughs that are more common in children than adults include: bronchiolitis a mild respiratory tract infection that usually causes cold-like symptoms; croup causes a distinctive barking cough and a harsh sound known as stridor when the child breathes in; whooping cough causes symptoms such as intense, hacking bouts of coughing, vomiting, and a whoop sound with each sharp intake of breath after coughing. […] Occasionally, a persistent cough in a child can be a sign of a serious long-term condition, such as cystic fibrosis.

• #58 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  The vast majority of chronic cough in children is due to protracted bacterial bronchitis, a prolonged infection in the bronchial tubes that supply oxygen to the lungs. Protracted bacterial bronchitis occurs when bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia colonize the airways. This condition increases mucus production, which can cause a persistent, phlegmy cough for more than four weeks with no other symptoms. […] In recent years, doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone have begun to diagnose more people with pertussis, or whooping cough, an infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. […] Some children have a type of asthma that causes a dry, chronic cough, which is known as cough-variant asthma.

• #59 Cough Causes & Treatment | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/cough/

  Most coughs are part of a cold that includes the lower airway. The medical name is viral bronchitis. The bronchi are the lower part of the airway that go to the lungs. Bronchitis in children is always caused by a virus. This includes cold viruses, influenza and croup. Bacteria do not cause bronchitis in healthy children. […] The exact mechanism of the cough is unknown. It may be that post-nasal drip irritates the lower throat. Or pressure within the sinus may trigger the cough reflex. […] Some children get a cough from breathing in an allergic substance. Examples are pollens or cats. Allergic coughs can be controlled with allergy medicines, such as Benadryl. […] Asthma with wheezing is the most common cause of chronic coughs in children. In adults, it’s smoking. […] 25% of children with asthma only cough and never wheeze. The coughing spells have the same triggers as asthma attacks.

• #60 Cough | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/cough/

  Causes of coughs that are more common in children than adults include: bronchiolitis a mild respiratory tract infection that usually causes cold-like symptoms; croup causes a distinctive barking cough and a harsh sound known as stridor when the child breathes in; whooping cough causes symptoms such as intense, hacking bouts of coughing, vomiting, and a whoop sound with each sharp intake of breath after coughing. […] Occasionally, a persistent cough in a child can be a sign of a serious long-term condition, such as cystic fibrosis.

• #61 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  Other causes of a chronic cough in children include: Postnasal drip and sinusitis, which sometimes occur in children with allergies, Exposure to second-hand smoke, Tuberculosis, a bacterial lung infection, Serious lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, Congenital airway and gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, which affect the structure of the lungs or airways and can cause breathing problems. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common cause of chronic cough in adults. However, research shows that although this condition can make a cough worse, it is not among the leading causes of chronic cough in children.

• #62 What Causes Coughing? Allergy, Reflux, Mucus, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-coughing-7498075

  Some heart conditions can cause fluid and pressure buildup in your chest, leading to a persistent cough often accompanied by white or blood-tinged mucus. […] Various chronic respiratory conditions can cause a persistent cough, including allergies, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Air pollution, toxins, allergens, cigarette smoke, and other airborne particles can lead to coughing. […] While some medications can treat a cough, certain other medications can cause a cough. […] Coughing caused by illness, allergies, or infection usually comes in quickly and lasts between a few days and several weeks, landing it in the acute or subacute categories. […] Coughing that continues for eight weeks or more (chronic) often indicates long-term health conditions like GERD, COPD, or heart disease. […] A cough can develop for various reasons. Colds, allergies, the flu, and other infections are the most common causes, but you can also develop a cough from long-term medical problems involving your heart, lungs, and digestive system.

• #63 Cough Causes & Treatment | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/cough/

  Fumes of any kind can irritate the airway and cause a cough. Tobacco smoke is the most common example. Others are auto exhaust, smog and paint fumes. […] Running will make most coughs worse. If the air is cold or polluted, coughing is even more likely. […] Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, whooping cough and airway foreign object. […] Yellow or green phlegm is a normal part of the healing of viral bronchitis. […] Bacteria do not cause bronchitis in healthy children. Antibiotics are not helpful for the yellow or green phlegm seen with colds. […] Most coughs are a normal part of a cold. […] Coughing up mucus is very important. It helps protect the lungs from pneumonia. […] A cough can be a good thing. We don’t want to fully turn off your child’s ability to cough. […] Antibiotics are not helpful.

• #64 Chronic Cough: 8 Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.health.com/condition/copd/8-causes-of-chronic-cough-and-what-to-do-about-it

  People who smoke often develop a cough. Your body’s natural response to get rid of chemicals that enter the airways and lungs from tobacco use causes coughing. […] Coughing is one of the most common symptoms of colds, flu, and other respiratory tract infections. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors treat heart failure and high blood pressure. These medications often cause a persistent dry cough. […] Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious respiratory illness. Bacteria called Bordetella pertussis cause whooping cough. Common symptoms include a slight fever, runny nose, and violent cough that can make breathing hard. […] Chronic coughing can be due to allergies or air pollutants. Coughing a lot for long periods can also be a symptom of a condition, such as COPD and GERD, or a respiratory tract infection.

• #65 Asthma Cough | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/symptoms/asthma-cough/

  It’s easy to think that coughing means you have a cold or bronchitis – but if that cough keeps coming back, it may be a sign of asthma. […] Coughing is the body’s way of trying to remove whatever is irritating the lungs. […] While people with asthma often experience a whistling or wheezing sound in the chest in addition to coughing, there is a form of asthma in which the only symptom is a chronic cough. This is known as cough-variant asthma. […] If coughing or other asthma symptoms are severe or unpredictable, or if they flare up more than twice a week, seeing an allergist can help determine their cause and provide long-term treatment that controls or eliminates them. […] Coughing from asthma can occur after exercise, after exposure to specific triggers, after laughing, and often at night. Common triggers include: Outdoor allergens, such as pollens from grass, trees and weeds; Indoor allergens, such as pet dander, dust mites and mold; Certain drugs or food additives; Irritants in the air, such as smoke, air pollution and chemical fumes, or strong odors, such as perfume; Colds, the flu or other illnesses; Exercise (although people with asthma benefit from exercise; if asthma prevents you from exercising then you should talk to your doctor); Stress; Weather conditions, such as cold air, heat and humidity, or rapidly changing weather patterns.

• #66 Coughing: Treatment, Symptoms, and Different Types of Cough

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/overview

  Dry coughs are usually caused by something that irritates your airways or throat. […] Irritants. Even if you don’t have allergies, things such as cigarette smoke or strong perfumes can set off a hacking spell. […] Allergies and asthma. If you have allergies or asthma, you may have triggers such as mold or dust. […] Acid reflux. When you have heartburn, stomach acids back up into your throat, especially when you’re lying down. […] Many other problems, such as lung inflammation, sleep apnea, drug side effects, and breathing in cold, dry air, can be triggers. […] If your cough is caused by a medical problem, such as asthma, acid reflux, COPD, or heart failure, you may need to change your treatment plan for the illness before your cough will improve. […] A cough can also be a sign of something serious, so if your cough continues or gets worse, contact your health care provider.

• #67 Cough Causes & Treatment | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/cough/

  Fumes of any kind can irritate the airway and cause a cough. Tobacco smoke is the most common example. Others are auto exhaust, smog and paint fumes. […] Running will make most coughs worse. If the air is cold or polluted, coughing is even more likely. […] Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, whooping cough and airway foreign object. […] Yellow or green phlegm is a normal part of the healing of viral bronchitis. […] Bacteria do not cause bronchitis in healthy children. Antibiotics are not helpful for the yellow or green phlegm seen with colds. […] Most coughs are a normal part of a cold. […] Coughing up mucus is very important. It helps protect the lungs from pneumonia. […] A cough can be a good thing. We don’t want to fully turn off your child’s ability to cough. […] Antibiotics are not helpful.

• #68 Coughing: Treatment, Symptoms, and Different Types of Cough

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/overview

  Dry coughs are usually caused by something that irritates your airways or throat. […] Irritants. Even if you don’t have allergies, things such as cigarette smoke or strong perfumes can set off a hacking spell. […] Allergies and asthma. If you have allergies or asthma, you may have triggers such as mold or dust. […] Acid reflux. When you have heartburn, stomach acids back up into your throat, especially when you’re lying down. […] Many other problems, such as lung inflammation, sleep apnea, drug side effects, and breathing in cold, dry air, can be triggers. […] If your cough is caused by a medical problem, such as asthma, acid reflux, COPD, or heart failure, you may need to change your treatment plan for the illness before your cough will improve. […] A cough can also be a sign of something serious, so if your cough continues or gets worse, contact your health care provider.

• #69

  https://www.premierhealth.com/your-health/articles/women-wisdom-wellness-/what-s-behind-that-cough-

  Blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism). […] Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Collapsed lung (pneumothorax). […] Chronic, or long-term, coughs last for more than three to eight weeks, sometimes for months. […] Chronic cough causes include: […] Smoking. Chemical irritation from cigarette smoking is the leading cause of chronic cough. […] Chronic lung diseases: These include asthma, bronchiectasis (enlarged airways) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Chronic lung infections. For instance, tuberculosis, which can cause fever, night sweats and cough, sometimes with blood. […] Lung cancer. Cancer can start in the lungs or spread from other organs. […] Medications. (ACE inhibitors), a type of medication prescribed to control high blood pressure, can cause dry cough. […] Prolonged exposure to irritants. Youre at risk of chronic cough if you work around dust, sprays, chemical and other irritants and dont use appropriate protection.

• #70 Cough – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.16.

  Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical attention. It is a protective reflex that clears the airways of excess secretions, foreign bodies, and noxious and harmful environmental irritants. […] In most cases acute and subacute coughing can last up to 8 weeks, but in ~12% of the general population chronic cough can become a persistent troublesome symptom lasting 8 weeks. […] Coughing can be triggered by trivial exposure to irritants such as perfumes, aerosols, or changes in temperature, but also by talking, laughing, or singing. This clinical presentation has been recently termed cough hypersensitivity syndrome and reflects an underlying hypersensitivity of the peripheral airway nerves or central nervous system (or both). […] 1) Acute cough: Persists for 3 weeks. The causes are most frequently infection (usually viral upper respiratory tract infection) and bronchitis, or less frequently aspiration, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia. Acute cough may be a physiologic response to a foreign body in the airways as well as to irritant dust or noxious chemicals.

• #71 Cough – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.16.

  Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical attention. It is a protective reflex that clears the airways of excess secretions, foreign bodies, and noxious and harmful environmental irritants. […] In most cases acute and subacute coughing can last up to 8 weeks, but in ~12% of the general population chronic cough can become a persistent troublesome symptom lasting 8 weeks. […] Coughing can be triggered by trivial exposure to irritants such as perfumes, aerosols, or changes in temperature, but also by talking, laughing, or singing. This clinical presentation has been recently termed cough hypersensitivity syndrome and reflects an underlying hypersensitivity of the peripheral airway nerves or central nervous system (or both). […] 1) Acute cough: Persists for 3 weeks. The causes are most frequently infection (usually viral upper respiratory tract infection) and bronchitis, or less frequently aspiration, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia. Acute cough may be a physiologic response to a foreign body in the airways as well as to irritant dust or noxious chemicals.

• #72 Cough Causes & Treatment | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/cough/

  Most coughs are part of a cold that includes the lower airway. The medical name is viral bronchitis. The bronchi are the lower part of the airway that go to the lungs. Bronchitis in children is always caused by a virus. This includes cold viruses, influenza and croup. Bacteria do not cause bronchitis in healthy children. […] The exact mechanism of the cough is unknown. It may be that post-nasal drip irritates the lower throat. Or pressure within the sinus may trigger the cough reflex. […] Some children get a cough from breathing in an allergic substance. Examples are pollens or cats. Allergic coughs can be controlled with allergy medicines, such as Benadryl. […] Asthma with wheezing is the most common cause of chronic coughs in children. In adults, it’s smoking. […] 25% of children with asthma only cough and never wheeze. The coughing spells have the same triggers as asthma attacks.

• #73 Learn About Cough | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/warning-signs-of-lung-disease/cough/learn-about-cough

  Post-nasal drip: This condition shows up as a dry cough caused by the chronic dripping of mucus from the back of the nose to the throat. […] Gastro-esophageal reflux (GERD): This digestive disorder occurs when stomach acid frequently backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn. When the acid rises into the throat it can also cause a dry cough.

• #74 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when acid from the stomach flows back (refluxes) into the esophagus, the tube connecting the stomach and the throat. […] A number of other conditions can lead to chronic cough. […] An upper respiratory infection such as a cold can cause a cough that lasts more than eight weeks. […] Medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, cause a chronic cough in up to 20 percent of patients. […] Chronic bronchitis is a condition in which the airways are irritated, causing you to cough, sometimes raising phlegm. […] Although lung cancer can cause coughing, very few people with a chronic cough have lung cancer. […] A special type of inflammation in the airways called eosinophilic bronchitis can cause a chronic cough.

• #75 That Nagging Cough – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/that-nagging-cough

  What’s that nagging cough, and what can you do to cure it? […] But is cancer really a common cause of a cough that lingers? […] Chronic coughing is common, so frequent that it rates as one of the most common reasons for seeing a doctor. […] Smoking is a leading cause. […] A lingering cough is also a worry for nonsmokers. […] Dozens of conditions can cause a recurrent, lingering cough, but the lion’s share are caused by just five: postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic bronchitis, and treatment with ACE inhibitors, used for high blood pressure and heart failure. […] Postnasal drip is the leading cause of the lingering cough. But it’s far from the only cause. […] Asthma results from bronchospasm, the temporary, reversible narrowing of the medium-sized tubes that carry air into the lungs.

• #76 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #77 Types of coughs: Causes and how to treat them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327142

  Most people experience a cough at some point in their lives. […] The simplest way to determine what is causing them and the best treatment is to pay attention to how they sound and how they affect the body. […] This article identifies the different types of coughs, what causes them, how to treat them, and when to see a doctor. […] Some causes of chronic cough include: […] Chronic cough is a cough that lasts longer than a typical illness, usually 8 weeks or more. These coughs sometimes signal an underlying condition. […] Some potential causes of a long-term cough include: […] There are various causes of a cough. Some may not require medical treatment. If a person has a cough lasting more than a couple of weeks, they should contact a healthcare professional. […] Also, if a cough sounds as if it is getting worse or is very painful people should speak with a healthcare professional.

• #78 Cough – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.16.

  2) Subacute cough: Persists for 3 to 8 weeks. Most frequently caused by viral infections and occasionally by whooping cough. […] 3) Chronic cough: Persists for 8 weeks, peaks in patients in their 50s and 60s, and is twice as common in women compared with men. Causes: Table 1. […] 1) Nonproductive (so-called dry) cough may be caused by viral infections, asthma, interstitial lung disease, and smoking. It may occur with use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (cough affects up to 14% of patients treated with this class of drugs; mechanism is currently unclear; cough can often occur after a long latency and can continue for many months after drug discontinuation). […] 2) Productive cough leading to expectoration of sputum. […] 3) Causes of ineffective cough: Weakness of the respiratory or abdominal muscles secondary to neurologic impairment (peripheral and central causes) or muscle weakness (Pompe disease), impaired chest mobility, increased mucus viscosity, ciliary dysfunction.

• #79 Types of Coughs & What They Mean – Physician Alliance of CT

  https://physiciansallianceofconnecticut.com/blog/6-types-of-cough-and-what-they-mean/

  A cough is your bodys way of releasing air to clean some type of irritation in the throat or airways, such as dust. […] However, if a cough persists for weeks and produces discolored or bloody mucus, it can be a symptom of an underlying illness or condition. […] Knowing the type of cough you are exhibiting and for how long youve been experiencing it can give you a clue into its cause. […] A non-productive, dry cough is your bodys response to some type of irritation in your airways or it can even be the result of breathing in very dry, heated air. However, there are many illnesses that can produce or result in a non-productive cough, including allergies, asthma, bronchitis, the flu or a typical common cold. […] Coughing is a very common sign of GERD. It is reported that 40% of all people diagnosed with GERD experience a chronic cough.

• #80 Productive Cough: What Can Cause It?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/productive-cough-causes

  A cough is your bodys way of protecting your lungs. Sometimes when you cough, you can bring up mucus, also called phlegm or sputum. When that happens, it’s called a wet or „productive” cough. […] This kind of cough may happen because of an infection or another health condition. […] There are ways to treat the things that cause productive coughs. […] Viruses cause colds. You cough because your body is trying to get rid of mucus that’s full of germs. […] A cough coupled with body aches could be a sign of a more serious illness. The flu, caused by the influenza virus, can have symptoms similar to those of a cold. […] This chest cold usually lasts about 3 weeks. It makes you cough because the airways in your lungs swell and make a lot of mucus. […] A lung infection which is what pneumonia is can make your air sacs fill up with fluid or pus.

• #81

  https://www.allinahealth.org/healthysetgo/heal/4-types-of-coughs-and-when-to-seek-treatment

  Coughing is your bodys way to clear an irritant from your throat, airway and lungs. […] Coughing can protect you from smoke, mucus, dust and pollen. But a cough can also signal an illness or severe health condition. […] A wet cough is a normal symptom of: a cold or flu, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia. […] A dry cough can be a symptom of: a cold or flu, allergies, asthma, COVID-19, croup, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritants such as air pollution, dust or smoke, laryngitis, medicines such as ACE inhibitors, sinusitis, sore throat, tonsillitis. […] A paroxysmal cough is violent and uncontrolled coughing that is exhausting and painful. You may struggle to breathe and may even vomit. Pertussis or whooping cough is the most common cause of a paroxysmal cough. Other causes include: asthma, choking, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis. […] Croup is a viral infection that causes irritation and swelling in the upper airway, making it difficult to breathe. A croup cough has a distinctive barking sound and can cause a raspy voice and squeaky breathing. Croup usually affects children 5 and younger.

• #82

  https://www.allinahealth.org/healthysetgo/heal/4-types-of-coughs-and-when-to-seek-treatment

  Coughing is your bodys way to clear an irritant from your throat, airway and lungs. […] Coughing can protect you from smoke, mucus, dust and pollen. But a cough can also signal an illness or severe health condition. […] A wet cough is a normal symptom of: a cold or flu, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia. […] A dry cough can be a symptom of: a cold or flu, allergies, asthma, COVID-19, croup, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritants such as air pollution, dust or smoke, laryngitis, medicines such as ACE inhibitors, sinusitis, sore throat, tonsillitis. […] A paroxysmal cough is violent and uncontrolled coughing that is exhausting and painful. You may struggle to breathe and may even vomit. Pertussis or whooping cough is the most common cause of a paroxysmal cough. Other causes include: asthma, choking, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis. […] Croup is a viral infection that causes irritation and swelling in the upper airway, making it difficult to breathe. A croup cough has a distinctive barking sound and can cause a raspy voice and squeaky breathing. Croup usually affects children 5 and younger.

• #83 Differential features of chronic cough according to etiology and the simple decision tree for predicting causes | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89741-z

  Finding etiology of chronic cough is an essential part of treatment. […] Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), asthma including cough variant asthma (CVA), eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), and gastroesophageal reflux syndrome (GERD) have been emphasized as the primary causes of chronic cough in non-smokers with normal chest radiographs. […] Voice hoarseness was an independent feature of upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), whereas female sex, tiredness, and hypersensitivity to irritants were predictors of asthma/CVA; less hoarseness was a significant feature of EB, and feeling fed-up and hoarseness were less common characteristics of GERD. […] The degree of tiredness, hypersensitivity to irritants, feeling fed-up, voice hoarseness, and sex are important features in determining etiologies of chronic cough.

• #84 Asthma Cough | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/symptoms/asthma-cough/

  It’s easy to think that coughing means you have a cold or bronchitis – but if that cough keeps coming back, it may be a sign of asthma. […] Coughing is the body’s way of trying to remove whatever is irritating the lungs. […] While people with asthma often experience a whistling or wheezing sound in the chest in addition to coughing, there is a form of asthma in which the only symptom is a chronic cough. This is known as cough-variant asthma. […] If coughing or other asthma symptoms are severe or unpredictable, or if they flare up more than twice a week, seeing an allergist can help determine their cause and provide long-term treatment that controls or eliminates them. […] Coughing from asthma can occur after exercise, after exposure to specific triggers, after laughing, and often at night. Common triggers include: Outdoor allergens, such as pollens from grass, trees and weeds; Indoor allergens, such as pet dander, dust mites and mold; Certain drugs or food additives; Irritants in the air, such as smoke, air pollution and chemical fumes, or strong odors, such as perfume; Colds, the flu or other illnesses; Exercise (although people with asthma benefit from exercise; if asthma prevents you from exercising then you should talk to your doctor); Stress; Weather conditions, such as cold air, heat and humidity, or rapidly changing weather patterns.

• #85 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: Postnasal drip. When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome. Asthma. An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you’re exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can make GERD worse, creating a vicious cycle. Infections. A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults but one that often isn’t recognized is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM. NTM is found in soil, water and dust. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people with COPD are current or former smokers.

• #86 Patient education: Chronic cough in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-cough-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when acid from the stomach flows back (refluxes) into the esophagus, the tube connecting the stomach and the throat. […] A number of other conditions can lead to chronic cough. […] An upper respiratory infection such as a cold can cause a cough that lasts more than eight weeks. […] Medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, cause a chronic cough in up to 20 percent of patients. […] Chronic bronchitis is a condition in which the airways are irritated, causing you to cough, sometimes raising phlegm. […] Although lung cancer can cause coughing, very few people with a chronic cough have lung cancer. […] A special type of inflammation in the airways called eosinophilic bronchitis can cause a chronic cough.

• #87 Different Types of Coughs: Causes, Sounds, and Treatments

  https://truecare.org/blog/the-meaning-behind-different-types-of-coughs/

  What causes coughing can vary from person to person and situation to situation, but it comes down to the body automatically trying to clear the airway for you. […] Allergens Irritants Sometimes a cough begins just because your throat or sinuses are irritated. […] A dry cough ending with a wheeze or rattle, most commonly due to inflamed airways, is common among people who have asthma. […] Acid from the stomach can sometimes come back up through the esophagus, resulting in a dry, spasmodic cough. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by a chronic, hacking cough. […] Certain medications can cause a chronic cough. […] This cough usually starts off dry and then transitions to being wet. […] This type of cough sounds particularly severe, with a hacking sound that ends with a whooping sound as you breathe in.

• #88 What can cause a persistent dry cough? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/what-can-cause-a-persistent-dry-cough

  My first question is whether you had cold symptoms or COVID before the cough began. If so, it’s common to still have a cough for weeks after an upper respiratory infection. […] A virus causes most upper respiratory infections. After the infection is long gone, inflamed tissues and hypersensitive nerves remain in the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), or bronchi (airways). […] Coughing also can be a side effect of medications, particularly ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril, others) or enalapril (Vasotec), that are used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease. The other common causes of a persistent cough in a nonsmoker with clear lungs and a normal chest x-ray are postnasal drip, acid reflux, and undiagnosed asthma. […] Acid reflux can cause a cough without heart-burn. And sometimes people with asthma don’t notice wheezing. […] If these approaches don’t help, additional diagnostic tests may be needed. These could include breathing tests to detect undiagnosed asthma or checking for acid in the upper esophagus.

• #89 Table: Some Causes of Cough-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-cough

  Interstitial lung disease […] Dry cough […] Pertussis […] Repeated bouts of 5 rapidly consecutive, forceful coughs during a single expiration, followed by a hurried and deep inspiration (whoop) or posttussive emesis […] Tuberculosis (TB) or fungal infections* […] Atypical symptoms (eg, weight loss, fever, hemoptysis, night sweats) […] Tumor* […] Atypical symptoms (eg, weight loss, fever, hemoptysis, night sweats) […] Change in chronic cough.

• #90 Chronic cough – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575

  A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. […] Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together: Postnasal drip. When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome. Asthma. An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you’re exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can make GERD worse, creating a vicious cycle. Infections. A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults but one that often isn’t recognized is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM. NTM is found in soil, water and dust. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also called COPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people with COPD are current or former smokers.

• #91 Cough – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough

  Cough may also be caused by conditions affecting the lung tissue such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung diseases and sarcoidosis. […] Coughing can also be triggered by benign or malignant lung tumors or mediastinal masses. […] Nocturnal cough is associated with heart failure, as the left ventricle doesn’t effectively pump blood forward, resulting in blood being backed up in the pulmonary veins, which in turn causing pulmonary edema and resultant cough.

• #92 Dry Cough a Symptom of Lung Cancer | Causes & Treatment

  https://www.lungcancercenter.com/lung-cancer/symptoms/dry-cough/

  Dry cough symptoms first occur in the early stages of lung cancer, pneumonia, and mesothelioma. […] Dry cough is often considered to be a sign of an underlying health condition. […] In the early stages of lung cancer or malignant mesothelioma, doctors may mistake a recurring dry cough as bronchitis or pneumonia. […] At least 50 percent of lung cancer patients experience a cough. The percentage increases as the disease spread to other parts of the body. Dry cough symptoms may worsen in later stages of lung cancer. […] Various reasons, including cigarette smoke, allergies, environmental irritants, asthma, or a common cold can cause a dry cough. […] Certain lung-related diseases like asbestosis or mesothelioma can cause dry cough when the lining of the lungs, called the pleura, begins to thicken and put pressure on the lungs.

• #93 Table: Some Causes of Cough-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-cough

  Some Causes of Cough […] Acute Cough […] Foreign body* […] Sudden onset in a toddler who has no URI or constitutional symptoms […] Heart failure* […] Dyspnea […] Pneumonia (viral, bacterial, aspiration, rarely fungal) […] Fever […] Productive cough […] Dyspnea […] Pleuritic chest pain […] Postnasal drip (allergic, viral, or bacterial origin) […] Headache […] Sore throat […] Nausea […] Pulmonary embolism* […] Pleuritic chest pain […] Dyspnea […] Tachycardia […] Upper respiratory infection (URI), including acute bronchitis […] Rhinorrhea […] Red, swollen nasal mucosa […] Sore throat […] Chronic Cough […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors […] Dry, persistent cough that may occur within days or months after initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy

• #94 Coughing (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/childs-cough.html

  Coughs are one of the most common symptoms of childhood illness. A cough can sound awful, but usually isn’t a sign of a serious condition. In fact, coughing is a healthy and important reflex that helps protect the airways in the throat and chest. […] Barky coughs are usually caused by swelling in the upper airway. Most of the time, a barky cough comes from croup, a swelling of the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe). […] Whooping cough (pertussis) is an infection of the airways caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. […] If your child makes a wheezing (whistling) sound when breathing out (exhaling), this could mean that the lower airways in the lungs are swollen. […] A child who has a cough, mild fever, and runny nose probably has a common cold. But coughs with a fever of 102F (39C) or higher can sometimes be due to pneumonia, especially if a child is weak and breathing fast.

• #95 Assessment of chronic cough – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/69

  Cough is one of the most common presenting symptom in primary practice. […] Sub-acute cough is defined as cough persisting for 3-8 weeks, and chronic cough as that persisting for more than 8 weeks in adults. […] Chronic cough in children has been defined as the presence of cough every day for 4 weeks or more. […] The difficulty is in determining the cause of cough, because some 'aetiologies’ are syndromes without accurate diagnostic tests. […] However, for children aged 14 years, common causes of chronic cough may be different to those in adults; the child’s age, cough characteristics, clinical history, and geographical setting should be taken into account. […] Non-targeted cough suppressant therapy is rarely effective for chronic cough.

• #96 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Initial evaluation of the patient with chronic cough (i.e., of more than eight weeks’ duration) should include a focused history and physical examination, and in most patients, chest radiography. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in adults are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, alone or in combination. […] In children, a cough lasting longer than four weeks is considered chronic. The most common causes in children are respiratory tract infections, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Most episodes of chronic cough in adults are caused by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS, also known as postnasal drip syndrome), asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), alone or in combination. […] Chronic cough has two or more causes in 18 to 62 percent of patients, and three causes in up to 42 percent of patients.

• #97 Chronic Cough | Risk Factors, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/chronic-cough

  Prolonged non-productive cough, even when it is not a sign of serious underlying disease, may become an exhausting and debilitating process that aggravates the patient’s condition and can lead to social isolation. Therefore, a cough lasting longer than 6 weeks should be approached aggressively. […] Post-nasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) – all manageable conditions – account for most of the cases of chronic cough. Unfortunately, many patients with chronic cough have experienced repeated treatment failure and have come to regard their condition as permanent and incurable. In most cases, this perception is incorrect. However, control of the cough in these patients requires experience, patience, and an interdisciplinary approach. […] Evaluation may include an examination of the vocal cords, chest and sinus X-rays, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge, and esophageal pH monitoring. These procedures identify the cause of cough in nearly all cases. Treatment of underlying conditions and breathing exercises generally result in therapeutic success.

• #98 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Initial evaluation of the patient with chronic cough (i.e., of more than eight weeks’ duration) should include a focused history and physical examination, and in most patients, chest radiography. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in adults are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, alone or in combination. […] In children, a cough lasting longer than four weeks is considered chronic. The most common causes in children are respiratory tract infections, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Most episodes of chronic cough in adults are caused by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS, also known as postnasal drip syndrome), asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), alone or in combination. […] Chronic cough has two or more causes in 18 to 62 percent of patients, and three causes in up to 42 percent of patients.

• #99 What is Chronic Cough Syndrome?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/what-is-chronic-cough-syndrome

  Cough is a very common symptom, with multiple causes, that most people have experienced at some time in their life. Common causes of coughing include viral upper respiratory infections, lung disease, heart failure, reflux, choking on food or other foreign bodies in your throat, side effects of certain medications, exposure to airway irritants, such as tobacco smoke, pollutants or perfumes and habit. Less common causes include more serious problems such as pneumonia, cancer and rare lung conditions. […] Chronic cough syndrome refers to a cough that persists for a longer period of time, usually defined as 6 weeks or longer. Often more than one cause can be present in individuals with chronic coughing. […] Allergy testing can determine if you are allergic to any inhalant allergens (such as tree, grass or weed pollens, mold, pets or dust mites), as allergic rhinitis and associated post-nasal drip is an important cause of chronic cough.

• #100 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  A fourth etiology that deserves mention is nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), which is relatively common, easy to diagnose and treat, and should be considered early on in the diagnostic evaluation. […] Another way to categorize the etiologies is to draw a distinction between cough due to eosinophilic airway diseases (asthma and NAEB) and noneosinophilic chronic cough. Eosinophilic airway diseases have airway inflammation due to eosinophils, which can be diagnosed by raised induced sputum eosinophil counts and increased exhaled nitric oxide levels. They are also associated with good steroid responsiveness. […] The physician who focuses on diagnosing and treating these conditions can be very successful at treating chronic cough. […] NAEB has been implicated as an etiology of chronic cough in 13-33% of patients. It is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the bronchial tree as well as the absence of variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. This disease is highly responsive to inhaled corticosteroids.

• #101 Chronic Cough | Risk Factors, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/chronic-cough

  Prolonged non-productive cough, even when it is not a sign of serious underlying disease, may become an exhausting and debilitating process that aggravates the patient’s condition and can lead to social isolation. Therefore, a cough lasting longer than 6 weeks should be approached aggressively. […] Post-nasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) – all manageable conditions – account for most of the cases of chronic cough. Unfortunately, many patients with chronic cough have experienced repeated treatment failure and have come to regard their condition as permanent and incurable. In most cases, this perception is incorrect. However, control of the cough in these patients requires experience, patience, and an interdisciplinary approach. […] Evaluation may include an examination of the vocal cords, chest and sinus X-rays, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge, and esophageal pH monitoring. These procedures identify the cause of cough in nearly all cases. Treatment of underlying conditions and breathing exercises generally result in therapeutic success.

• #102 Chronic Cough | Risk Factors, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/chronic-cough

  Prolonged non-productive cough, even when it is not a sign of serious underlying disease, may become an exhausting and debilitating process that aggravates the patient’s condition and can lead to social isolation. Therefore, a cough lasting longer than 6 weeks should be approached aggressively. […] Post-nasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) – all manageable conditions – account for most of the cases of chronic cough. Unfortunately, many patients with chronic cough have experienced repeated treatment failure and have come to regard their condition as permanent and incurable. In most cases, this perception is incorrect. However, control of the cough in these patients requires experience, patience, and an interdisciplinary approach. […] Evaluation may include an examination of the vocal cords, chest and sinus X-rays, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge, and esophageal pH monitoring. These procedures identify the cause of cough in nearly all cases. Treatment of underlying conditions and breathing exercises generally result in therapeutic success.

• #103 Chronic Cough | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/chronic-cough/

  UT Southwestern Medical Center provides expert care for people who have a chronic cough and other conditions affecting the airways, larynx (voice box), throat, and lungs. Using the latest technology, we work to evaluate, diagnose, and treat the underlying causes of chronic cough. […] The most common causes of chronic cough are: […] Some less common causes of a chronic cough include: […] Treatment for chronic cough involves remedying the underlying cause, and options include:

• #104 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  Initial evaluation of the patient with chronic cough (i.e., of more than eight weeks’ duration) should include a focused history and physical examination, and in most patients, chest radiography. […] The most common causes of chronic cough in adults are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, alone or in combination. […] In children, a cough lasting longer than four weeks is considered chronic. The most common causes in children are respiratory tract infections, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Most episodes of chronic cough in adults are caused by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS, also known as postnasal drip syndrome), asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), alone or in combination. […] Chronic cough has two or more causes in 18 to 62 percent of patients, and three causes in up to 42 percent of patients.

• #105 Chronic Cough | Canadian Lung Association

  https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-diseases/chronic-cough

  People who smoke may have a „smoker’s cough”. […] COPD is a lung disease associated with smoking. Symptoms of COPD include breathlessness and chronic cough. […] GERD, sometimes called heartburn or acid reflux, can cause stomach acid to back up into the throat, which can cause you to cough. […] ACE inhibitors prescribed for high blood pressure or heart failure can cause coughing for some people. […] Cough hypersensitivity syndrome (CHS) describes various cough-related conditions or unexplained cough.

• #106 Cough – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.16.

  Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical attention. It is a protective reflex that clears the airways of excess secretions, foreign bodies, and noxious and harmful environmental irritants. […] In most cases acute and subacute coughing can last up to 8 weeks, but in ~12% of the general population chronic cough can become a persistent troublesome symptom lasting 8 weeks. […] Coughing can be triggered by trivial exposure to irritants such as perfumes, aerosols, or changes in temperature, but also by talking, laughing, or singing. This clinical presentation has been recently termed cough hypersensitivity syndrome and reflects an underlying hypersensitivity of the peripheral airway nerves or central nervous system (or both). […] 1) Acute cough: Persists for 3 weeks. The causes are most frequently infection (usually viral upper respiratory tract infection) and bronchitis, or less frequently aspiration, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia. Acute cough may be a physiologic response to a foreign body in the airways as well as to irritant dust or noxious chemicals.

• #107 Cough – Signs and Symptoms – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.16.

  Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical attention. It is a protective reflex that clears the airways of excess secretions, foreign bodies, and noxious and harmful environmental irritants. […] In most cases acute and subacute coughing can last up to 8 weeks, but in ~12% of the general population chronic cough can become a persistent troublesome symptom lasting 8 weeks. […] Coughing can be triggered by trivial exposure to irritants such as perfumes, aerosols, or changes in temperature, but also by talking, laughing, or singing. This clinical presentation has been recently termed cough hypersensitivity syndrome and reflects an underlying hypersensitivity of the peripheral airway nerves or central nervous system (or both). […] 1) Acute cough: Persists for 3 weeks. The causes are most frequently infection (usually viral upper respiratory tract infection) and bronchitis, or less frequently aspiration, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia. Acute cough may be a physiologic response to a foreign body in the airways as well as to irritant dust or noxious chemicals.

• #108 Cough: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Conditions

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17755-cough

  A cough is a reflex reaction designed to keep your airways clear. […] A cough is a natural reflex that is your bodys way of removing irritants from your upper (throat) and lower (lungs) airways. A cough helps your body heal and protect itself. […] There are many things that can make you cough. Some of them include: […] Medical conditions that can cause acute and subacute cough include Cold, Flu, Acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis, Sinusitis, Pneumonia, Whooping cough (also called pertussis), Asthma, Allergies, Acute second- or third-hand smoke exposure. […] Medical conditions that can cause chronic cough include Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Allergies, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung conditions, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Throat disorders, including vocal cord disorders, Postnasal drip, Heart failure and other cardiac conditions. […] Cough is a symptom of COVID-19. It can also be part of a post-COVID syndrome (or long COVID). […] As part of long COVID, a cough can continue for weeks or months after you’ve been infected.

• #109 Cough: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Conditions

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17755-cough

  A cough is a reflex reaction designed to keep your airways clear. […] A cough is a natural reflex that is your bodys way of removing irritants from your upper (throat) and lower (lungs) airways. A cough helps your body heal and protect itself. […] There are many things that can make you cough. Some of them include: […] Medical conditions that can cause acute and subacute cough include Cold, Flu, Acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis, Sinusitis, Pneumonia, Whooping cough (also called pertussis), Asthma, Allergies, Acute second- or third-hand smoke exposure. […] Medical conditions that can cause chronic cough include Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Allergies, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung conditions, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Throat disorders, including vocal cord disorders, Postnasal drip, Heart failure and other cardiac conditions. […] Cough is a symptom of COVID-19. It can also be part of a post-COVID syndrome (or long COVID). […] As part of long COVID, a cough can continue for weeks or months after you’ve been infected.

• #110 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  GERD is the third leading cause of chronic cough in adults. […] ACE inhibitors cause a nonproductive cough in 5 to 20 percent of patients, affecting women more often than men. […] Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis has been increasingly identified in patients presenting to pulmonary medicine clinics. […] Chronic bronchitis caused by exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants is an important cause of chronic cough. […] In children, the most common causes of chronic cough are asthma, respiratory tract infections, and GERD.

• #111 Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Cough | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1015/p887.html

  GERD is the third leading cause of chronic cough in adults. […] ACE inhibitors cause a nonproductive cough in 5 to 20 percent of patients, affecting women more often than men. […] Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis has been increasingly identified in patients presenting to pulmonary medicine clinics. […] Chronic bronchitis caused by exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants is an important cause of chronic cough. […] In children, the most common causes of chronic cough are asthma, respiratory tract infections, and GERD.

• #112 Diagnosing Chronic Cough | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-cough-in-children/diagnosis

  The vast majority of chronic cough in children is due to protracted bacterial bronchitis, a prolonged infection in the bronchial tubes that supply oxygen to the lungs. Protracted bacterial bronchitis occurs when bacteria such as Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia colonize the airways. This condition increases mucus production, which can cause a persistent, phlegmy cough for more than four weeks with no other symptoms. […] In recent years, doctors at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone have begun to diagnose more people with pertussis, or whooping cough, an infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. […] Some children have a type of asthma that causes a dry, chronic cough, which is known as cough-variant asthma.

• #113 Cough (0-12 Months)

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/cough-0-12-months/

  Most coughs are part of a cold that includes the lower airway. The medical name is viral bronchitis. The bronchi are the lower part of the airway that go to the lungs. Bronchitis in children is always caused by a virus. This includes cold viruses, influenza and croup. Bacteria do not cause bronchitis in healthy children. […] Fumes of any kind can irritate the airway and cause a cough. Tobacco smoke is the most common example. Others are auto exhaust, smog and paint fumes. […] Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, whooping cough and airway foreign object. […] Most coughs are a normal part of a cold. […] Coughing helps protect the lungs from pneumonia. […] A cough can be a good thing. We don’t want to fully turn off your child’s ability to cough. […] Don’t give any drugstore cold or cough medicines to young children. They are not approved by the FDA under 6 years. Reasons: not safe and can cause serious side effects. Also, they are not helpful. Reason: they can’t remove the tickle in the throat. They also can’t remove dried mucus from the nose. Nasal saline works best. […] Antibiotics are not helpful for coughs. Antibiotics may be used if your child gets an ear or sinus infection. […] Tobacco smoke makes coughs much worse. […] Viral coughs last for 2 to 3 weeks. […] Cough lasts more than 3 weeks.

• #114 Cough – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493221/

  Chronic bronchitis is, by definition, a cough that has been present for longer than three months consecutively over two years. […] A post-infectious cough occurs due to increased cough receptor sensitivity and temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the recovery from a worse pulmonary infection. […] Malignancy may cause a mass effect with physical obstruction or collapse of the airways, thus inducing mucus accumulation and secondary infections in addition to irritation of the cough receptors directly. […] Interstitial lung diseases are a large group of disorders that cause progressive scarring and hardening of lung tissue. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the airway transiently during sleep. […] Chronic sinusitis-induced cough chronically as a result of prolonged inflammation and irritation of the sinus and nasal mucosa with purulent discharge secondary to a bacterial pathogen. […] A psychosomatic cough is rarely diagnosed and, as an etiology, should be avoided unless no other explanation can be elucidated.

• #115 Chronic Cough in Adults (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-persistent-cough-in-adults-pro

  Chronic cough may be a presentation of a complex involuntary tic (eg, as sometimes seen in Tourettes syndrome). […] One small study suggested that vitamin B12 deficiency contributes to chronic cough (perhaps due to sensory neuropathy). […] Despite thorough investigation and empirical management, a considerable proportion of people with subacute and chronic cough have unexplained cough, for which treatment options are limited.

• #116 Cough causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cough_causes

  A persistent cough can be debilitating, socially distressing, and adversely impair quality of life(Qol). One of the more common presentations to a medical practitioner is a dry cough. The common causes of chronic dry coughing include post-nasal drip, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, post viral cough and certain drugs such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and aspirin. If a cough lasts for more than three weeks, multiple causes are likely and symptoms will abate only when all the causes are treated will the patient be symptom-free. Individuals who smoke often have a smoker’s cough, a loud, hacking cough which often results in the expiration of phlegm. […] Coughing may also be used for psychological or social reasons, such as the coughing before giving a speech. This is known as psychogenic, habit or tic coughing, and may increase in frequency in social situations featuring conflict.

• #117 Chronic Cough: Practice Essentials, Mechanism of Cough, Causes of Chronic Cough

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

  The etiologies of chronic cough are numerous and may include pathology from the nose and nasopharynx to the distal bronchial tree. Obvious causes such as smoking and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use can be easily ascertained from the history. After this, the challenge for the clinician lies in how to efficiently and systematically evaluate the patient without an overly exhaustive workup. Further compounding this is the fact that oftentimes more than one condition is simultaneously present. […] Prospective studies have shown that 3 conditions account for the etiologic cause of chronic cough in 92-100% of immunocompetent, nonsmoking patients with normal chest radiograph findings. In order of frequency, they are as follows: Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS); Asthma; Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These 3 conditions make up what is called the pathogenic triad of chronic cough.

• #118 Chronic Cough | Risk Factors, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/chronic-cough

  Prolonged non-productive cough, even when it is not a sign of serious underlying disease, may become an exhausting and debilitating process that aggravates the patient’s condition and can lead to social isolation. Therefore, a cough lasting longer than 6 weeks should be approached aggressively. […] Post-nasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) – all manageable conditions – account for most of the cases of chronic cough. Unfortunately, many patients with chronic cough have experienced repeated treatment failure and have come to regard their condition as permanent and incurable. In most cases, this perception is incorrect. However, control of the cough in these patients requires experience, patience, and an interdisciplinary approach. […] Evaluation may include an examination of the vocal cords, chest and sinus X-rays, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge, and esophageal pH monitoring. These procedures identify the cause of cough in nearly all cases. Treatment of underlying conditions and breathing exercises generally result in therapeutic success.

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