Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #2 Sexually Transmitted Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560808/

  According to the WHO, global epidemiological data for STIs indicates the following: Worldwide, over 1 million new potentially curable STIs are acquired daily, most of which are asymptomatic. There is an estimation that 376 million new infections occur annually, with one of the four curable STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis). The US incidence of STIs is rising; there was close to a 30% increase in reportable STIs between 2015 and 2019. […] Ideally, physicians, public health officials, political leaders, international and regional healthcare organizations, and other healthcare professionals should have a centralized data collection system to analyze and fully assess the incidence, distribution, progression, and treatment of all STIs. […] Undiagnosed STIs are responsible for an estimated 20,000 cases of infertility in women annually in the US.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #7 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #8 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #9 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #10 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #11 2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infectionslogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na58149/2024/11/26/2023-update-us-surveillance-sexually-transmitted

  2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections […] Although rates of bacterial STIs have largely stabilized, case counts remain high. […] The incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) climbed sharply during the last decade, with especially high numbers for syphilis (including congenital syphilis). […] Now, a 2023 CDC surveillance report of case numbers for syphilis (209,253), gonorrhea (601,319), and chlamydia (1,648,568) suggests that the trend may be abating. […] Syphilis rates were 1% higher in 2023 than 2022, but cases of primary and secondary syphilis declined by 10%, especially among men who have sex with men. […] Cases of congenital syphilis continued to rise in number (3882 cases). […] Gonorrhea rates fell by 8% for the second year in a row, with the largest reduction among women.

• #12 Syphilis cases surge in the U.S., CDC says : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2024/01/31/1228195107/syphilis-cases-soar-in-us-cdc-says

  The number of syphilis cases in the U.S. are on the rise. According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cases increased by nearly 80% to more than 207,000 between 2018 and 2022. […] Rates increased among all age groups, including newborns, and in all regions of the country. In 2022, 3,755 cases of babies born with syphilis in the U.S. were reported, which reflects an alarming 937% increase in the past decade, the CDC said. […] Experts point to various reasons for the increase, including increases in substance abuse tied to risky sexual behavior, decrease in condom use, ongoing social and economic conditions and reduction in sexually transmitted infections (STI) services at the state and local level. […] „Because STIs often do not show symptoms, and screening is necessary for timely diagnosis and treatment, changes in access to sexual health care can affect the number of infections diagnosed and reported,” the CDC said.

• #13 Syphilis cases surge in the U.S., CDC says : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2024/01/31/1228195107/syphilis-cases-soar-in-us-cdc-says

  The number of syphilis cases in the U.S. are on the rise. According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cases increased by nearly 80% to more than 207,000 between 2018 and 2022. […] Rates increased among all age groups, including newborns, and in all regions of the country. In 2022, 3,755 cases of babies born with syphilis in the U.S. were reported, which reflects an alarming 937% increase in the past decade, the CDC said. […] Experts point to various reasons for the increase, including increases in substance abuse tied to risky sexual behavior, decrease in condom use, ongoing social and economic conditions and reduction in sexually transmitted infections (STI) services at the state and local level. […] „Because STIs often do not show symptoms, and screening is necessary for timely diagnosis and treatment, changes in access to sexual health care can affect the number of infections diagnosed and reported,” the CDC said.

• #14 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #15 How common are STDs in the US? | USAFacts

  https://usafacts.org/articles/how-common-are-stds-in-the-us/

  The CDC estimates that one in five Americans has an STD. Young adults from ages 20 to 34 have the highest rates of infection. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) 2021 STD Surveillance Report indicates cases of sexually transmitted diseases decreased during the early months of the pandemic, but most resurged by the end of the year and into 2021. […] The CDC report also highlighted how STD rates (number of infections per 100,000 people) vary by state, age, and sex. […] STDs are also commonly referred to as STIs (sexually transmitted infections). […] The CDC tracks reported cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and congenital syphilis. […] Of the STDs tracked by the CDC, chlamydia makes up the largest proportion of cases in the US, with over 1.6 million cases (496 cases per 100,000 people) reported to the CDC in 2021.

• #16 2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infectionslogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na58149/2024/11/26/2023-update-us-surveillance-sexually-transmitted

  2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections […] Although rates of bacterial STIs have largely stabilized, case counts remain high. […] The incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) climbed sharply during the last decade, with especially high numbers for syphilis (including congenital syphilis). […] Now, a 2023 CDC surveillance report of case numbers for syphilis (209,253), gonorrhea (601,319), and chlamydia (1,648,568) suggests that the trend may be abating. […] Syphilis rates were 1% higher in 2023 than 2022, but cases of primary and secondary syphilis declined by 10%, especially among men who have sex with men. […] Cases of congenital syphilis continued to rise in number (3882 cases). […] Gonorrhea rates fell by 8% for the second year in a row, with the largest reduction among women.

• #17 2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infectionslogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na58149/2024/11/26/2023-update-us-surveillance-sexually-transmitted

  Chlamydia rates remained flat. […] In general, however, these STI rates mask stark ethnic and racial disparities. […] Syphilis incidence (including congenital syphilis) was highest among American Indian and Alaskan Native peoples. […] Rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia were highest among African Americans. […] These encouraging overall trends probably reflect the investment made by the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) of 2021 when it provided $600 million over 3 years to bolster the workforce comprising disease-intervention specialists for STIs (offsetting the public health efforts that were redirected toward COVID-19). […] Additionally, the rollout of doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (DoxyPEP) for persons at high risk is likely having an impact on STI rates. […] Even so, I remain concerned that these rates may rise again if the investment into public health infrastructure is not maintained over the long term.

• #18 How common are STDs in the US? | USAFacts

  https://usafacts.org/articles/how-common-are-stds-in-the-us/

  In 2021, the five states with the highest combined rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis cases per 100,000 people were Mississippi, Louisiana, Alaska, South Carolina, and South Dakota. […] Younger adults are more likely to be affected by STDs, but differences in infection rates between men and women vary by type of STD. […] Infection rates peaked between the ages of 20-34, and nearly half (46%) of all new STDs occur among people between the ages of 15-24. […] This data was gathered from the CDC’s 2021 STD Surveillance Report.

• #19 2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infectionslogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na58149/2024/11/26/2023-update-us-surveillance-sexually-transmitted

  Chlamydia rates remained flat. […] In general, however, these STI rates mask stark ethnic and racial disparities. […] Syphilis incidence (including congenital syphilis) was highest among American Indian and Alaskan Native peoples. […] Rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia were highest among African Americans. […] These encouraging overall trends probably reflect the investment made by the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) of 2021 when it provided $600 million over 3 years to bolster the workforce comprising disease-intervention specialists for STIs (offsetting the public health efforts that were redirected toward COVID-19). […] Additionally, the rollout of doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (DoxyPEP) for persons at high risk is likely having an impact on STI rates. […] Even so, I remain concerned that these rates may rise again if the investment into public health infrastructure is not maintained over the long term.

• #20 How common are STDs in the US? | USAFacts

  https://usafacts.org/articles/how-common-are-stds-in-the-us/

  In 2021, the five states with the highest combined rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis cases per 100,000 people were Mississippi, Louisiana, Alaska, South Carolina, and South Dakota. […] Younger adults are more likely to be affected by STDs, but differences in infection rates between men and women vary by type of STD. […] Infection rates peaked between the ages of 20-34, and nearly half (46%) of all new STDs occur among people between the ages of 15-24. […] This data was gathered from the CDC’s 2021 STD Surveillance Report.

• #21 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  WHO has developed frameworks, targets and priority actions for STI surveillance at national and global levels. Global strategic information systems like the UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitoring system have helped to align national-level reporting of key STI indicators related to syphilis and gonorrhoea alongside those of HIV, but reported data are incomplete and many countries are challenged to collect verifiable data. WHO has supported the development of freely available modelling tools such as Spectrum STI and the WHO congenital syphilis estimation tool to allow the use of country-reported data to conduct national-level analysis of incidence and prevalence trends. WHO conducts global surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhoea, which captures proportions of resistant organisms from nearly 60 countries.

• #22 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  WHO recommends 4 components of sexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillance at the country level: (1) clinical case reporting, (2) infection prevalence surveys, (3) assessment of the etiologies of STI syndromes, and (4) monitoring of antimicrobial resistance. […] The WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on STI includes the following targets for achievement by 2030: (1) a 90% reduction of syphilis incidence, (2) a 90% reduction in gonorrhoea incidence, and (3) 50 or fewer cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. […] WHO’s global STI reporting and estimation currently utilizes 3 systems: (1) Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting System (GARPR) (recently renamed Global AIDS Monitoring), (2) the Spectrum-STI estimation tool, and (3) Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP).

• #23 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  WHO recommends 4 components of sexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillance at the country level: (1) clinical case reporting, (2) infection prevalence surveys, (3) assessment of the etiologies of STI syndromes, and (4) monitoring of antimicrobial resistance. […] The WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on STI includes the following targets for achievement by 2030: (1) a 90% reduction of syphilis incidence, (2) a 90% reduction in gonorrhoea incidence, and (3) 50 or fewer cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. […] WHO’s global STI reporting and estimation currently utilizes 3 systems: (1) Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting System (GARPR) (recently renamed Global AIDS Monitoring), (2) the Spectrum-STI estimation tool, and (3) Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP).

• #24 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Surveillance data reported through these systems can be used to monitor and enhance prevention interventions and guide resources to improve STI services and reduce STI morbidity. […] WHO offers technical support to countries interested in the following: (1) improving STI data collection and reporting through GARPR, (2) expanding laboratory capacity through GASP, and (3) generating national estimations using the Spectrum-STI tool. […] Enhancing STI surveillance through expanded use of these systems is needed within the context of reducing global STI burden and monitoring goals and indicators within the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections (2016-2021). […] Surveillance of STIs remains a critical component of global monitoring and response. […] Monitoring of progress toward the global targets requires improved monitoring systems at national, regional, and global levels, which routinely include timely, consistent, and accurate incidence or prevalence data.

• #25 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  WHO recommends 4 components of sexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillance at the country level: (1) clinical case reporting, (2) infection prevalence surveys, (3) assessment of the etiologies of STI syndromes, and (4) monitoring of antimicrobial resistance. […] The WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on STI includes the following targets for achievement by 2030: (1) a 90% reduction of syphilis incidence, (2) a 90% reduction in gonorrhoea incidence, and (3) 50 or fewer cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. […] WHO’s global STI reporting and estimation currently utilizes 3 systems: (1) Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting System (GARPR) (recently renamed Global AIDS Monitoring), (2) the Spectrum-STI estimation tool, and (3) Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP).

• #26 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  The WHO strategy on STIs (2016 to 2021) identified four targets for 2030. 90% reduction in Treponema pallidum incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 90% reduction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 50 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. Sustain 90% national coverage and at least 80% in every district (or equivalent administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme. […] Robust national-level strategic information systems that incorporate STI case reporting, prevalence surveys, assessment of the aetiology of STI syndromes, and monitoring for antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea are needed to guide programming and clinical service delivery. As reported in this issue by Wi et al., most countries lack the basic capacity to diagnose and treat STIs let alone implement surveillance. Yet potential stakeholders must first recognize the prevalence and impact of these infections from reliable surveillance data. A vicious cycle of limited STI surveillance and narrow STI program response continues in most resource limited settings. Countries need strong strategic information systems that incorporate STIs to inform and help target prevention and treatment efforts, to rally political commitment, and build a strong national investment case. It is essential for countries to know their STI epidemics and to know the recommended responses in order that up to date, accurate information can guide national programming.

• #27 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  WHO has developed frameworks, targets and priority actions for STI surveillance at national and global levels. Global strategic information systems like the UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitoring system have helped to align national-level reporting of key STI indicators related to syphilis and gonorrhoea alongside those of HIV, but reported data are incomplete and many countries are challenged to collect verifiable data. WHO has supported the development of freely available modelling tools such as Spectrum STI and the WHO congenital syphilis estimation tool to allow the use of country-reported data to conduct national-level analysis of incidence and prevalence trends. WHO conducts global surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhoea, which captures proportions of resistant organisms from nearly 60 countries.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  Drug resistance is a major threat to reducing the burden of STIs worldwide. […] STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide. […] STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. […] STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition. […] Mother-to-child transmission of STIs can result in stillbirth, neonatal death, low-birth weight and prematurity, sepsis, neonatal conjunctivitis and congenital deformities. […] HPV infection causes cervical and other cancers. […] Hepatitis B resulted in just over 1 million deaths in 2022, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia are major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women.

• #29 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Surveillance data reported through these systems can be used to monitor and enhance prevention interventions and guide resources to improve STI services and reduce STI morbidity. […] WHO offers technical support to countries interested in the following: (1) improving STI data collection and reporting through GARPR, (2) expanding laboratory capacity through GASP, and (3) generating national estimations using the Spectrum-STI tool. […] Enhancing STI surveillance through expanded use of these systems is needed within the context of reducing global STI burden and monitoring goals and indicators within the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections (2016-2021). […] Surveillance of STIs remains a critical component of global monitoring and response. […] Monitoring of progress toward the global targets requires improved monitoring systems at national, regional, and global levels, which routinely include timely, consistent, and accurate incidence or prevalence data.

• #30 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Reliable surveillance information also sets the foundation for program evaluation and optimization or course adjustment in prevention and treatment strategies and for advocacy, strategic planning, and resource mobilization. […] WHO recommends standard indicators and methodologies by which countries can gather surveillance data to produce reliable STI data to guide program activities. […] Currently, most country-level STI surveillance is based on monitoring of clinical cases of common STI syndromes, such as urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease. […] It is recommended that national case reporting should include syphilis, gonorrhoea, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer disease, ideally with data disaggregated by gender and age. […] WHO offers assistance to countries to improve STI surveillance using these key components.

• #31 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Reliable surveillance information also sets the foundation for program evaluation and optimization or course adjustment in prevention and treatment strategies and for advocacy, strategic planning, and resource mobilization. […] WHO recommends standard indicators and methodologies by which countries can gather surveillance data to produce reliable STI data to guide program activities. […] Currently, most country-level STI surveillance is based on monitoring of clinical cases of common STI syndromes, such as urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease. […] It is recommended that national case reporting should include syphilis, gonorrhoea, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer disease, ideally with data disaggregated by gender and age. […] WHO offers assistance to countries to improve STI surveillance using these key components.

• #32 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  The WHO STI surveillance report summarizes trends in STIs globally based on GARPR-reported data. […] International support to standardize STI reporting through GARPR and GASP and use of the Spectrum estimation tool have improved STI surveillance in countries and at a global level. […] Challenges in enhancing STI surveillance are numerous. […] Improvements in STI surveillance depend on opportunities to secure funding, implement new technologies and tools, and link with other systems. […] In summary, STI surveillance merits further strengthening, building on enhanced global guidance from WHO and the GARPR and GASP systems as well as the Spectrum-STI estimation tool.

• #33 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  The WHO STI surveillance report summarizes trends in STIs globally based on GARPR-reported data. […] International support to standardize STI reporting through GARPR and GASP and use of the Spectrum estimation tool have improved STI surveillance in countries and at a global level. […] Challenges in enhancing STI surveillance are numerous. […] Improvements in STI surveillance depend on opportunities to secure funding, implement new technologies and tools, and link with other systems. […] In summary, STI surveillance merits further strengthening, building on enhanced global guidance from WHO and the GARPR and GASP systems as well as the Spectrum-STI estimation tool.

• #34 STI Statistics – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/stds/stats/index.html

  STI Statistics – 2023 […] CDC’s National STD Surveillance System is the primary source for monitoring STD trends in the United States. […] The NCHHSTP Atlas gives you the power to access data reported to CDC’s National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP). Use HIV, STD, hepatitis, and TB data to create maps, charts, and detailed reports, and analyze trends and patterns.

• #35 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #36

  https://digitallibrary.utah.gov/aw-server/rest/product/purl/USL/i/ee7b48bc-52f5-45f0-b677-079fe02e7a93

  „Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004” presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2004. […] This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. […] Subject (LCSH): Sexually transmitted diseases — United States — Statistics; […] Sexually transmitted diseases — Epidemiology — United States; […] Gonorrhea — Epidemiology — United States; […] Syphilis — Epidemiology — United States.

• #37 Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/prevention-and-control-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-in-the-united-states

  current public health strategies and programs to prevent and control STIs (including STI diagnostics, STI vaccines, STI monitoring and surveillance, treatment); […] The committee will provide direction for future public health programs, policy, and research in STI prevention and control and make recommendations as appropriate. […] Modernized STI surveillance can strengthen timely monitoring of STIs—including automated reporting and the exploration of new data sources.

• #38 Surveillance and epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and Hepatitis B and C – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/surveillance-epidemiology-sexually-transmitted-infections-hep-b-c.html

  Enhanced surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea (ESAG) in Canada – infographic […] Report on sexually transmitted infection surveillance in Canada, 2019 […] Report on Sexually Transmitted Infections in Canada: 2013-2014.

• #39 Surveillance and epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and Hepatitis B and C – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/surveillance-epidemiology-sexually-transmitted-infections-hep-b-c.html

  Enhanced surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea (ESAG) in Canada – infographic […] Report on sexually transmitted infection surveillance in Canada, 2019 […] Report on Sexually Transmitted Infections in Canada: 2013-2014.

• #40 Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Infections (STBBI) prevention guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/stbbi-prevention-guide.html

  Sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) are a significant public health concern in Canada. Consequences of STBBI include pain and discomfort, infertility, adverse birth outcomes such as miscarriage and stillbirth, congenital conditions, some cancers, immunodeficiency, and psychological distress. Certain STBBI can also enhance the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With treatment, most STBBI are curable or manageable. […] Chlamydia, gonorrhea and infectious syphilis rates have been trending upward in Canada. In 2021, 104,426 cases of chlamydia were reported for a rate of 273.2 cases per 100,000 people. Chlamydia is the most common reportable sexually transmitted infection in Canada. In 2021, 32,192 cases of gonorrhea were reported for a rate of 84.2 cases per 100,000 people. The reported rate of gonorrhea doubled between 2012 and 2021. In 2021, 11,540 cases of infectious syphilis were reported, for a rate of 30.2 cases per 100,000 people. The rate of infectious syphilis reported in 2021 was five times higher than the rate reported in 2012.

• #41 Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Infections (STBBI) prevention guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/stbbi-prevention-guide.html

  At the end of 2020, approximately 62,790 people (0.17% of the population) in Canada were living with HIV. Since 2012, yearly cases and rates of HIV diagnoses in Canada have been stable. In 2021, 1,472 new diagnoses of HIV were reported in Canada for a rate of 3.8 per 100,000 people. […] Reported rates of acute hepatitis B in Canada have been persistently low since 2012, with further reductions in 2019 and 2020. In 2020, 123 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported for a rate of 0.34 cases per 100,000 people. Nearly half of people with chronic hepatitis B in Canada may be unaware of their status. […] Cases and rates of hepatitis C have been trending downward since peaking in 2018 at 12,560 cases or 34.0 cases per 100,000 people. In 2020, 6,736 cases of hepatitis C were reported for a rate of 18.4 new hepatitis C diagnoses per 100,000 people. Rates varied significantly between jurisdictions.

• #42 Epidemiology and current control of sexually transmitted infections. The role of STI clinics | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-epidemiology-current-control-sexually-transmitted-S2529993X18302612

  The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has been coordinating the epidemiological surveillance of STIs in the European Union since 2009. In Spain, the epidemiological data for the general population pertaining to these infections is provided by the Sistema de Enfermedades de Declaracin Obligatoria [Notifiable Diseases System] (EDO) and the Sistema de Informacion Microbiolgica [Microbiological Information System] (SIM), that form part of the Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiolgica [National Epidemiological Surveillance Network] (RENAVE). […] In conclusion, of all the STIs reported to the various surveillance systems, C. trachomatis infection is the most prevalent throughout Europe and Spain, with a higher incidence among women and among 20-24-year-olds. Incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis is increasing in most of the European Union countries, primarily among men who have sex with men.

• #43 STI cases continue to rise across Europe

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/sti-cases-continue-rise-across-europe

  The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has released its latest Annual Epidemiological Reports on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), revealing continued increases across the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) in 2023. […] The trends for all STIs that ECDC provides surveillance data on underscore the need for immediate action to prevent further transmission and mitigate the impact of STIs on public health. […] In 2023, nearly 100 000 confirmed cases of gonorrhoea were reported in EU/EEA countries, showing a 31% increase compared to 2022 and a striking increase of more than 300% compared to 2014. […] Syphilis cases also continue to rise. In 2023, 41 051 confirmed cases were reported in 29 EU/EEA countries, representing a 13% increase compared to 2022, and a doubling compared to 2014.

• #44 STI cases continue to rise across Europe

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/sti-cases-continue-rise-across-europe

  The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has released its latest Annual Epidemiological Reports on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), revealing continued increases across the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) in 2023. […] The trends for all STIs that ECDC provides surveillance data on underscore the need for immediate action to prevent further transmission and mitigate the impact of STIs on public health. […] In 2023, nearly 100 000 confirmed cases of gonorrhoea were reported in EU/EEA countries, showing a 31% increase compared to 2022 and a striking increase of more than 300% compared to 2014. […] Syphilis cases also continue to rise. In 2023, 41 051 confirmed cases were reported in 29 EU/EEA countries, representing a 13% increase compared to 2022, and a doubling compared to 2014.

• #45 STI cases continue to rise across Europe

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/sti-cases-continue-rise-across-europe

  Despite a slowdown in the increase of chlamydia notifications in 2023, it remains the most frequently reported bacterial STI in Europe. […] ECDC actively monitors AMR trends in Neisseria gonorrhoea and works with countries to strengthen surveillance and implement strategies to combat resistance. […] ECDC emphasises the importance of proactive measures to address the rising STI rates. […] Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent further transmission and potential complications.

• #46

  https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis-annual-data-tables

  UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) collects data on all sexual transmitted infection (STI) diagnoses made at sexual health services in England. This page includes information on trends in STI diagnoses, as well as the numbers and rates of diagnoses by demographic characteristics and UKHSA public health region. […] Data at lower and upper tier local authority is available from the Sexual and Reproductive Health Profiles. […] Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). The OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of Official Statistics should adhere to.

• #47

  https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis-annual-data-tables

  UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) collects data on all sexual transmitted infection (STI) diagnoses made at sexual health services in England. This page includes information on trends in STI diagnoses, as well as the numbers and rates of diagnoses by demographic characteristics and UKHSA public health region. […] Data at lower and upper tier local authority is available from the Sexual and Reproductive Health Profiles. […] Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). The OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of Official Statistics should adhere to.

• #48 STI Statistics | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/index.html

  The most recent national data for reportable STIs: chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea. […] Trends for STI data collected during the pandemic should be interpreted cautiously. […] GISP was established to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae strains. […] Trends in surveillance data on selected behaviors reported among PS syphilis cases. […] CDC can be contacted for information concerning STI surveillance. […] Older surveillance reports from the Division of STD Prevention.

• #49 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Sexually Transmitted Infections surveillance data: incidence drop or artefact? | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11630-x

  Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were increasing in Europe, and Spain and Catalonia were not an exception. The objective of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the decline, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in the number of STI confirmed cases in Catalonia during the lockdown and de-escalation phases. […] We found that since the start of COVID-19 pandemic the number of STI reported cases was 51% less than expected, reaching an average of 56% during lockdown (50% and 45% during de-escalation and new normality) with a maximum decrease of 72% for chlamydia and minimum of 22% for syphilis. Our results indicate that fewer STIs were reported in females, people living in more deprived areas, people with no previous STI episodes during the last three years, and in the HIV negative.

• #50 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Sexually Transmitted Infections surveillance data: incidence drop or artefact? | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11630-x

  Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were increasing in Europe, and Spain and Catalonia were not an exception. The objective of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the decline, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in the number of STI confirmed cases in Catalonia during the lockdown and de-escalation phases. […] We found that since the start of COVID-19 pandemic the number of STI reported cases was 51% less than expected, reaching an average of 56% during lockdown (50% and 45% during de-escalation and new normality) with a maximum decrease of 72% for chlamydia and minimum of 22% for syphilis. Our results indicate that fewer STIs were reported in females, people living in more deprived areas, people with no previous STI episodes during the last three years, and in the HIV negative.

• #51 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Sexually Transmitted Infections surveillance data: incidence drop or artefact? | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11630-x

  The STI notification sharp decline was maintained almost five months after lockdown started, well into the new normality. This fact can hardly be explained without significant underdiagnosis and underreporting. There is an urgent need to strengthen STI/HIV diagnostic programs and services, as well as surveillance, as the pandemic could be concealing the real size of the already described re-emergence of STIs in most of the European countries. […] We found that since the start of COVID-19 pandemic the number of STI reported cases was 51% less than expected, reaching an average of 56% during lockdown (50 and 45% during de-escalation and new normality) with a maximum decrease of 72% for chlamydia and minimum of 22% for syphilis. Our results indicate that STIs were less reported in females, people living in more deprived areas, people with no previous STI episodes during the last three years, and without HIV infection.

• #52 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Sexually Transmitted Infections surveillance data: incidence drop or artefact? | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11630-x

  Our results showed that the STI notification sharp decline was maintained almost five months since lockdown, well into the new normality. This can hardly be explained without significant underdiagnoses and underreporting. The gradual increase in the number of STI reported cases that we observed after lockdown may be pointing out the possibility that lockdowns did not completely disrupt STI transmission. As discussed in the present article, with the available current scientific evidence, it seems that the observed decrease in the number of STI reported cases during the current COVID-19 pandemic is probably due to a combination of factors. More research is needed in order to disentangle the specific role and relevance that has had underdiagnosis, underreporting, and the decrease in sexual risk activities and other potential factors in this decline. Finally, we truly believe that there is an urgent need to strengthen STI/HIV diagnostic programs and services, as well as surveillance, as the pandemic could be concealing the real size of the already described re-emergence of STIs.

• #53 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Sexually Transmitted Infections surveillance data: incidence drop or artefact? | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11630-x

  The STI notification sharp decline was maintained almost five months after lockdown started, well into the new normality. This fact can hardly be explained without significant underdiagnosis and underreporting. There is an urgent need to strengthen STI/HIV diagnostic programs and services, as well as surveillance, as the pandemic could be concealing the real size of the already described re-emergence of STIs in most of the European countries. […] We found that since the start of COVID-19 pandemic the number of STI reported cases was 51% less than expected, reaching an average of 56% during lockdown (50 and 45% during de-escalation and new normality) with a maximum decrease of 72% for chlamydia and minimum of 22% for syphilis. Our results indicate that STIs were less reported in females, people living in more deprived areas, people with no previous STI episodes during the last three years, and without HIV infection.

• #54 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Sexually Transmitted Infections surveillance data: incidence drop or artefact? | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11630-x

  Our results showed that the STI notification sharp decline was maintained almost five months since lockdown, well into the new normality. This can hardly be explained without significant underdiagnoses and underreporting. The gradual increase in the number of STI reported cases that we observed after lockdown may be pointing out the possibility that lockdowns did not completely disrupt STI transmission. As discussed in the present article, with the available current scientific evidence, it seems that the observed decrease in the number of STI reported cases during the current COVID-19 pandemic is probably due to a combination of factors. More research is needed in order to disentangle the specific role and relevance that has had underdiagnosis, underreporting, and the decrease in sexual risk activities and other potential factors in this decline. Finally, we truly believe that there is an urgent need to strengthen STI/HIV diagnostic programs and services, as well as surveillance, as the pandemic could be concealing the real size of the already described re-emergence of STIs.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  WHO estimated the economic burden of STIs and the strengthening of STI surveillance. […] WHO globally monitors AMR to gonorrhoea. […] WHO leads the setting of the global research agenda on STIs, including the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and additional drugs for gonorrhoea and syphilis.

• #56 STI Statistics | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/index.html

  The most recent national data for reportable STIs: chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea. […] Trends for STI data collected during the pandemic should be interpreted cautiously. […] GISP was established to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae strains. […] Trends in surveillance data on selected behaviors reported among PS syphilis cases. […] CDC can be contacted for information concerning STI surveillance. […] Older surveillance reports from the Division of STD Prevention.

• #57 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  WHO has developed frameworks, targets and priority actions for STI surveillance at national and global levels. Global strategic information systems like the UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitoring system have helped to align national-level reporting of key STI indicators related to syphilis and gonorrhoea alongside those of HIV, but reported data are incomplete and many countries are challenged to collect verifiable data. WHO has supported the development of freely available modelling tools such as Spectrum STI and the WHO congenital syphilis estimation tool to allow the use of country-reported data to conduct national-level analysis of incidence and prevalence trends. WHO conducts global surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhoea, which captures proportions of resistant organisms from nearly 60 countries.

• #58 STI cases continue to rise across Europe

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/sti-cases-continue-rise-across-europe

  Despite a slowdown in the increase of chlamydia notifications in 2023, it remains the most frequently reported bacterial STI in Europe. […] ECDC actively monitors AMR trends in Neisseria gonorrhoea and works with countries to strengthen surveillance and implement strategies to combat resistance. […] ECDC emphasises the importance of proactive measures to address the rising STI rates. […] Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent further transmission and potential complications.

• #59 Sexually transmitted infections

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Sexually transmitted infections is a group of infections that are transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual intercourse. […] Every day, one million people around the world catch a sexually transmitted infection – an STI, and these numbers are rising. […] Surveillance and monitoring […] Making the next five years count: Europe not on track to reach 2030 Sustainable Development Goal targets on HIV, TB, viral hepatitis B and C and STIs. […] Antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Europe in 2020 compared with in 2013 and 2018: a retrospective genomic surveillance study. […] Sharp increase in gonorrhoea notifications among young people, EU/EEA, July 2022 to June 2023. […] European Network for STIs.

• #60 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  High-income and low-middle income countries with STI surveillance systems frequently rely on case reporting of STI cases or STI syndromes to estimate national incidence. Case reporting drastically underestimates the burden of STIs due to the asymptomatic nature of infection, limited access to care for those with symptoms, and limited provider reporting. For these reasons, case reporting alone would not be a reliable measure of national STI burden. National, regional and global incidence and prevalence can be derived from longitudinal STI prevalence surveys using standard methods. STI prevalence surveys among general and high-risk population groups of men and women can be conducted as part of population-based health surveys such as those done for HIV, or in association with other health surveys or health services such as HIV screening and prevention (PrEP), maternal, reproductive, adolescent and child health services and military, work-related or school-based health screening. As STIs are not equally distributed among sexually active populations and a disproportionally higher burden of the STI/HIV epidemic occurs among certain key population subgroups, such as men who have sex with men and sex workers, specialized surveillance and culturally tailored programmes to address STIs among these populations are warranted. Routine STI prevalence assessments can identify key populations that can benefit from the implementation of effective STI interventions and further provide evidence of their impact. Global, regional and national estimates of STIs suffer from limited prevalence surveys among general populations, particularly among men.

• #61 Sexually Transmitted Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560808/

  According to the WHO, global epidemiological data for STIs indicates the following: Worldwide, over 1 million new potentially curable STIs are acquired daily, most of which are asymptomatic. There is an estimation that 376 million new infections occur annually, with one of the four curable STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis). The US incidence of STIs is rising; there was close to a 30% increase in reportable STIs between 2015 and 2019. […] Ideally, physicians, public health officials, political leaders, international and regional healthcare organizations, and other healthcare professionals should have a centralized data collection system to analyze and fully assess the incidence, distribution, progression, and treatment of all STIs. […] Undiagnosed STIs are responsible for an estimated 20,000 cases of infertility in women annually in the US.

• #62 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  High-income and low-middle income countries with STI surveillance systems frequently rely on case reporting of STI cases or STI syndromes to estimate national incidence. Case reporting drastically underestimates the burden of STIs due to the asymptomatic nature of infection, limited access to care for those with symptoms, and limited provider reporting. For these reasons, case reporting alone would not be a reliable measure of national STI burden. National, regional and global incidence and prevalence can be derived from longitudinal STI prevalence surveys using standard methods. STI prevalence surveys among general and high-risk population groups of men and women can be conducted as part of population-based health surveys such as those done for HIV, or in association with other health surveys or health services such as HIV screening and prevention (PrEP), maternal, reproductive, adolescent and child health services and military, work-related or school-based health screening. As STIs are not equally distributed among sexually active populations and a disproportionally higher burden of the STI/HIV epidemic occurs among certain key population subgroups, such as men who have sex with men and sex workers, specialized surveillance and culturally tailored programmes to address STIs among these populations are warranted. Routine STI prevalence assessments can identify key populations that can benefit from the implementation of effective STI interventions and further provide evidence of their impact. Global, regional and national estimates of STIs suffer from limited prevalence surveys among general populations, particularly among men.

• #63 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  High-income and low-middle income countries with STI surveillance systems frequently rely on case reporting of STI cases or STI syndromes to estimate national incidence. Case reporting drastically underestimates the burden of STIs due to the asymptomatic nature of infection, limited access to care for those with symptoms, and limited provider reporting. For these reasons, case reporting alone would not be a reliable measure of national STI burden. National, regional and global incidence and prevalence can be derived from longitudinal STI prevalence surveys using standard methods. STI prevalence surveys among general and high-risk population groups of men and women can be conducted as part of population-based health surveys such as those done for HIV, or in association with other health surveys or health services such as HIV screening and prevention (PrEP), maternal, reproductive, adolescent and child health services and military, work-related or school-based health screening. As STIs are not equally distributed among sexually active populations and a disproportionally higher burden of the STI/HIV epidemic occurs among certain key population subgroups, such as men who have sex with men and sex workers, specialized surveillance and culturally tailored programmes to address STIs among these populations are warranted. Routine STI prevalence assessments can identify key populations that can benefit from the implementation of effective STI interventions and further provide evidence of their impact. Global, regional and national estimates of STIs suffer from limited prevalence surveys among general populations, particularly among men.

• #64 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  High-income and low-middle income countries with STI surveillance systems frequently rely on case reporting of STI cases or STI syndromes to estimate national incidence. Case reporting drastically underestimates the burden of STIs due to the asymptomatic nature of infection, limited access to care for those with symptoms, and limited provider reporting. For these reasons, case reporting alone would not be a reliable measure of national STI burden. National, regional and global incidence and prevalence can be derived from longitudinal STI prevalence surveys using standard methods. STI prevalence surveys among general and high-risk population groups of men and women can be conducted as part of population-based health surveys such as those done for HIV, or in association with other health surveys or health services such as HIV screening and prevention (PrEP), maternal, reproductive, adolescent and child health services and military, work-related or school-based health screening. As STIs are not equally distributed among sexually active populations and a disproportionally higher burden of the STI/HIV epidemic occurs among certain key population subgroups, such as men who have sex with men and sex workers, specialized surveillance and culturally tailored programmes to address STIs among these populations are warranted. Routine STI prevalence assessments can identify key populations that can benefit from the implementation of effective STI interventions and further provide evidence of their impact. Global, regional and national estimates of STIs suffer from limited prevalence surveys among general populations, particularly among men.

• #65 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  It is evident from recent global and regional estimates of STIs that the necessary stakeholder support, advocacy and investment both national and international to support STI programme and surveillance efforts has not been realized. While the burden of prevalent and incident STI cases increases, advocacy for control of these infections has waned. Transforming and strengthening STI surveillance and clinical services can serve as a cornerstone for advocacy and investment in STI prevention and control. Alignment of STI control programmes alongside HIV and hepatitis prevention through linked WHO strategies has offered frameworks for integration yet clinical services and surveillance of STIs continue to lag behind.

• #66 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  It is evident from recent global and regional estimates of STIs that the necessary stakeholder support, advocacy and investment both national and international to support STI programme and surveillance efforts has not been realized. While the burden of prevalent and incident STI cases increases, advocacy for control of these infections has waned. Transforming and strengthening STI surveillance and clinical services can serve as a cornerstone for advocacy and investment in STI prevention and control. Alignment of STI control programmes alongside HIV and hepatitis prevention through linked WHO strategies has offered frameworks for integration yet clinical services and surveillance of STIs continue to lag behind.

• #67 STI cases continue to rise across Europe

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/sti-cases-continue-rise-across-europe

  Despite a slowdown in the increase of chlamydia notifications in 2023, it remains the most frequently reported bacterial STI in Europe. […] ECDC actively monitors AMR trends in Neisseria gonorrhoea and works with countries to strengthen surveillance and implement strategies to combat resistance. […] ECDC emphasises the importance of proactive measures to address the rising STI rates. […] Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent further transmission and potential complications.

• #68

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  Drug resistance is a major threat to reducing the burden of STIs worldwide. […] STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide. […] STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. […] STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition. […] Mother-to-child transmission of STIs can result in stillbirth, neonatal death, low-birth weight and prematurity, sepsis, neonatal conjunctivitis and congenital deformities. […] HPV infection causes cervical and other cancers. […] Hepatitis B resulted in just over 1 million deaths in 2022, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia are major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women.

• #70 Sexually Transmitted Infections – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Others STIs like herpes and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition three-fold or more. […] WHO develops global norms and standards for STI treatment and prevention, strengthens systems for surveillance and monitoring, including those for drug-resistant gonorrhoea, and leads the setting of the global research agenda on STIs. […] Our work is currently guided by the Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, 2016 -2021, adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2016 and the 2015 United Nations Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents Health, which highlight the need for a comprehensive, integrated package of essential interventions, including information and services for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. […] Regionally, the Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections 2016-2021 supports an accelerated, focused, more effective, innovative and sustainable response by countries in the Americas, paving the way towards the goal of ending the epidemics of AIDS and STIs as public health problems by 2030.

• #71 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  STI have been associated with increased HIV transmission. Yet while remarkable progress has been made in reducing HIV transmission and improving lives of patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART), STI incidence is high and increasing in many regions. Although antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is associated with reduced HIV transmission, STI incidence tends to be high among PrEP patients, as well among persons living with HIV and other vulnerable populations. The biological and behavioural links between HIV and STIs suggest opportunities for improving STI control and surveillance through existing HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services. […] In 2016, three linked WHO strategies for HIV, hepatitis and STIs were endorsed by the World Health Assembly. Each of these strategies called for integration across fields of surveillance and service delivery for these three infection groups.

• #72 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  STI have been associated with increased HIV transmission. Yet while remarkable progress has been made in reducing HIV transmission and improving lives of patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART), STI incidence is high and increasing in many regions. Although antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is associated with reduced HIV transmission, STI incidence tends to be high among PrEP patients, as well among persons living with HIV and other vulnerable populations. The biological and behavioural links between HIV and STIs suggest opportunities for improving STI control and surveillance through existing HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services. […] In 2016, three linked WHO strategies for HIV, hepatitis and STIs were endorsed by the World Health Assembly. Each of these strategies called for integration across fields of surveillance and service delivery for these three infection groups.

• #73 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  STI have been associated with increased HIV transmission. Yet while remarkable progress has been made in reducing HIV transmission and improving lives of patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART), STI incidence is high and increasing in many regions. Although antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is associated with reduced HIV transmission, STI incidence tends to be high among PrEP patients, as well among persons living with HIV and other vulnerable populations. The biological and behavioural links between HIV and STIs suggest opportunities for improving STI control and surveillance through existing HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services. […] In 2016, three linked WHO strategies for HIV, hepatitis and STIs were endorsed by the World Health Assembly. Each of these strategies called for integration across fields of surveillance and service delivery for these three infection groups.

• #74 Sexually Transmitted Infections Data and Statistics

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/diseases/communicable/std/

  Syphilis is surging in New York State: Overview through 2023 (PDF) […] […] […] Communicable Disease Annual Reports – STI and communicable disease case counts and rates by county and age groups […] […] […] STI Dashboard New York New York’s Sexual Health Dashboard is a web-based, public-facing interactive dashboard that features data visualizations of key trends of three major reportable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in New York State, which include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. […] […] […] New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene STI Surveillance Reports […] […] […] National STD Surveillance Data Reports – cdc.gov […] NY State Profile – HIV, STD, Viral Hepatitis and Tuberculosis

• #75 STI Statistics – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/stds/stats/index.html

  STI Statistics – 2023 […] CDC’s National STD Surveillance System is the primary source for monitoring STD trends in the United States. […] The NCHHSTP Atlas gives you the power to access data reported to CDC’s National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP). Use HIV, STD, hepatitis, and TB data to create maps, charts, and detailed reports, and analyze trends and patterns.

• #76 HIV/STI Surveillance and Monitoring – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/hivsti-surveillance-and-monitoring

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] HIV surveillance, monitoring and evaluation are essential for program managers to assess the impact and effectiveness of interventions and linkages between services along the cascade of prevention, treatment and care for HIV and associated conditions. […] PAHO is working with countries to improve strategic information regarding services for key populations and HIV surveillance, supporting countries to calculate the HIV cascade of care and HIV prevention cascade. Also improving data on STI with modeling exercises on STI including congenital syphilis. […] HIV and sexually transmitted infections are some of the diseases that the Elimination Initiative has proposed to eliminate in the Region of the Americas by the year 2030. […] Plan of Action for the prevention and control of HIV and sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021.

• #77 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  STI have been associated with increased HIV transmission. Yet while remarkable progress has been made in reducing HIV transmission and improving lives of patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART), STI incidence is high and increasing in many regions. Although antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is associated with reduced HIV transmission, STI incidence tends to be high among PrEP patients, as well among persons living with HIV and other vulnerable populations. The biological and behavioural links between HIV and STIs suggest opportunities for improving STI control and surveillance through existing HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services. […] In 2016, three linked WHO strategies for HIV, hepatitis and STIs were endorsed by the World Health Assembly. Each of these strategies called for integration across fields of surveillance and service delivery for these three infection groups.

• #78 SHIP – Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/ship-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis

  This page, SHIP – Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), is offered by Department of Public Health. An integrated infectious disease response that includes HIV, STIs, and tuberculosis (TB) is included as one of four priority areas of the SHIP. STIs include diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea and infectious syphilis. […] The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences (BIDLS) takes an integrated approach to addressing HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs, TB, and other related infections of public health importance such as Mpox. This involves integrated policy approaches; centralized specimen collection; co-testing (for HIV, HCV, and syphilis); HIV, viral hepatitis, and STI disease surveillance and case management in a single data system; and an integrated infectious disease drug assistance program. For purposes of the SHIP, DPH is focusing on HIV, STIs and TB.

• #79 Strategic information

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/stis/strategic-information

  Data helps to focus and guide public health interventions, both globally and in countries, to improve the delivery of health services to all people. Strong STI surveillance systems are required to: monitor epidemic trends, identify server or emerging outbreaks, strategically direct resources for prevention, treatment and control efforts, and assess the effectiveness of these efforts. […] WHO provides global reports; collects and validates data with partners through the Global AIDS Monitoring mechanism; and develops guidelines for strategic information, case surveillance, patient monitoring, digital health and data use. The strategic information team works with regions and countries to strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems, which are a key building block in country health systems. […] This publication has been developed to provide a national framework for monitoring the health sectors response to sexually transmitted infections. […] Globally, more than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) occur each day. According to WHO global estimates for 2016, there were roughly…

• #80 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Data | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/data-and-statistical-reports/washington-tracking-network-wtn/sexually-transmitted-infections-data

  The Department of Health (DOH) collects information on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Washington State. This data comes from electronic laboratory and case reporting systems, as well as disease investigation services. […] DOH saw over 40,000 cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis in 2022. STIs are curable and treatment options are available. STI data provide information that helps guide programs to reduce and treat infections. It can show which areas and populations are most affected, so they can be focused on. […] 88% of gonorrhea cases in Washington received correct treatment in 2022. Chlamydia is the most commonly reported STI in Washington. Syphilis cases in Washington doubled between 2019 and 2022. […] Under DOHs small numbers guidance, case counts less than 10 are suppressed, as well as rates associated with case counts less than 16. This protects Washington residents privacy by making sure they cant be identified through the data we publish. […] For information or questions related to STI surveillance, email [email protected].

• #81 Sexually Transmitted Infections – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Although many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are preventable, there are more than 20 million estimated new cases in the United States each year and rates are increasing. […] Healthy People 2030 focuses on preventing and treating STIs, including HIV, and on improving the health and well-being of people who have them. […] Strategies to increase screening and testing for STIs can assess peoples risk of getting an STI and help people with STIs get treatment, improving their health and making it less likely that STIs will spread to others. […] Getting treated for an STI other than HIV can help prevent complications from the STI but doesnt prevent HIV from spreading.

• #82 HIV/STI Surveillance and Monitoring – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/hivsti-surveillance-and-monitoring

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] HIV surveillance, monitoring and evaluation are essential for program managers to assess the impact and effectiveness of interventions and linkages between services along the cascade of prevention, treatment and care for HIV and associated conditions. […] PAHO is working with countries to improve strategic information regarding services for key populations and HIV surveillance, supporting countries to calculate the HIV cascade of care and HIV prevention cascade. Also improving data on STI with modeling exercises on STI including congenital syphilis. […] HIV and sexually transmitted infections are some of the diseases that the Elimination Initiative has proposed to eliminate in the Region of the Americas by the year 2030. […] Plan of Action for the prevention and control of HIV and sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021.

• #83 HIV/STI Surveillance and Monitoring – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/hivsti-surveillance-and-monitoring

  Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. […] HIV surveillance, monitoring and evaluation are essential for program managers to assess the impact and effectiveness of interventions and linkages between services along the cascade of prevention, treatment and care for HIV and associated conditions. […] PAHO is working with countries to improve strategic information regarding services for key populations and HIV surveillance, supporting countries to calculate the HIV cascade of care and HIV prevention cascade. Also improving data on STI with modeling exercises on STI including congenital syphilis. […] HIV and sexually transmitted infections are some of the diseases that the Elimination Initiative has proposed to eliminate in the Region of the Americas by the year 2030. […] Plan of Action for the prevention and control of HIV and sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021.

• #84 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  The WHO strategy on STIs (2016 to 2021) identified four targets for 2030. 90% reduction in Treponema pallidum incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 90% reduction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 50 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. Sustain 90% national coverage and at least 80% in every district (or equivalent administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme. […] Robust national-level strategic information systems that incorporate STI case reporting, prevalence surveys, assessment of the aetiology of STI syndromes, and monitoring for antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea are needed to guide programming and clinical service delivery. As reported in this issue by Wi et al., most countries lack the basic capacity to diagnose and treat STIs let alone implement surveillance. Yet potential stakeholders must first recognize the prevalence and impact of these infections from reliable surveillance data. A vicious cycle of limited STI surveillance and narrow STI program response continues in most resource limited settings. Countries need strong strategic information systems that incorporate STIs to inform and help target prevention and treatment efforts, to rally political commitment, and build a strong national investment case. It is essential for countries to know their STI epidemics and to know the recommended responses in order that up to date, accurate information can guide national programming.

• #85 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  The WHO strategy on STIs (2016 to 2021) identified four targets for 2030. 90% reduction in Treponema pallidum incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 90% reduction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 50 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. Sustain 90% national coverage and at least 80% in every district (or equivalent administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme. […] Robust national-level strategic information systems that incorporate STI case reporting, prevalence surveys, assessment of the aetiology of STI syndromes, and monitoring for antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea are needed to guide programming and clinical service delivery. As reported in this issue by Wi et al., most countries lack the basic capacity to diagnose and treat STIs let alone implement surveillance. Yet potential stakeholders must first recognize the prevalence and impact of these infections from reliable surveillance data. A vicious cycle of limited STI surveillance and narrow STI program response continues in most resource limited settings. Countries need strong strategic information systems that incorporate STIs to inform and help target prevention and treatment efforts, to rally political commitment, and build a strong national investment case. It is essential for countries to know their STI epidemics and to know the recommended responses in order that up to date, accurate information can guide national programming.

• #86 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  The WHO strategy on STIs (2016 to 2021) identified four targets for 2030. 90% reduction in Treponema pallidum incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 90% reduction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae incidence globally (based on the 2018 global baseline). 50 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births in 80% of countries. Sustain 90% national coverage and at least 80% in every district (or equivalent administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme. […] Robust national-level strategic information systems that incorporate STI case reporting, prevalence surveys, assessment of the aetiology of STI syndromes, and monitoring for antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea are needed to guide programming and clinical service delivery. As reported in this issue by Wi et al., most countries lack the basic capacity to diagnose and treat STIs let alone implement surveillance. Yet potential stakeholders must first recognize the prevalence and impact of these infections from reliable surveillance data. A vicious cycle of limited STI surveillance and narrow STI program response continues in most resource limited settings. Countries need strong strategic information systems that incorporate STIs to inform and help target prevention and treatment efforts, to rally political commitment, and build a strong national investment case. It is essential for countries to know their STI epidemics and to know the recommended responses in order that up to date, accurate information can guide national programming.

• #87 Transforming and integrating STI surveillance to enhance global advocacy and investment in STI control

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6804639/

  Sexually transmitted infections (STI) exact an astounding yet preventable toll on the health and lives of men and women worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 376 million new curable STI occurred in 2016, including chlamydia (127 million), gonorrhoea (87 million), syphilis (6.3 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). More than 500 million people were estimated to have genital infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV1 or HSV2) in 2012. Approximately 290 million women were estimated to have a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in 2007. These infections have predictably serious complications for the men and women infected and their newborn infants. More than 500,000 incident cervical cancer cases, caused by HPV occurred in 2018, with a greater than 50% mortality rate. For 2016, WHO estimated 988,000 pregnant women were infected with syphilis resulting in 660,000 congenital syphilis cases of which 350,000 were adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth and neonatal death. Additional STIs such as viral hepatitis, Mycoplasma genitalium infection, and lymphogranuloma venereum add further weight to these estimates. Newly emerging viral pathogens Ebola and Zika have gained prominent attention as they are each sexually transmitted.

• #88

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022. […] More than 500 million people aged 15-49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311,000 cervical cancer deaths each year. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

• #89 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/index.html

  Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2023 provides the most current and complete data for three nationally notifiable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, including congenital syphilis. […] There were more than 2.4 million STIs reported in the United States in 2023; however, there are promising signs the epidemic may be slowing: […] Gonorrhea dropped for a second year declining 7% from 2022 and falling below pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. […] Overall, syphilis increased by only 1% after years of double-digit increases. […] Primary and secondary syphilis declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% since 2022. […] Increases in congenital syphilis cases appear to be slowing in some areas with a 3% increase over 2022 nationally, compared to 30% annual increases in prior years. […] While these data are encouraging, reportable STIs remain unacceptably high and disparities persist.

• #90 2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infectionslogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na58149/2024/11/26/2023-update-us-surveillance-sexually-transmitted

  2023 Update: U.S. Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections […] Although rates of bacterial STIs have largely stabilized, case counts remain high. […] The incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) climbed sharply during the last decade, with especially high numbers for syphilis (including congenital syphilis). […] Now, a 2023 CDC surveillance report of case numbers for syphilis (209,253), gonorrhea (601,319), and chlamydia (1,648,568) suggests that the trend may be abating. […] Syphilis rates were 1% higher in 2023 than 2022, but cases of primary and secondary syphilis declined by 10%, especially among men who have sex with men. […] Cases of congenital syphilis continued to rise in number (3882 cases). […] Gonorrhea rates fell by 8% for the second year in a row, with the largest reduction among women.

• #91 STI cases continue to rise across Europe

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/sti-cases-continue-rise-across-europe

  The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has released its latest Annual Epidemiological Reports on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), revealing continued increases across the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) in 2023. […] The trends for all STIs that ECDC provides surveillance data on underscore the need for immediate action to prevent further transmission and mitigate the impact of STIs on public health. […] In 2023, nearly 100 000 confirmed cases of gonorrhoea were reported in EU/EEA countries, showing a 31% increase compared to 2022 and a striking increase of more than 300% compared to 2014. […] Syphilis cases also continue to rise. In 2023, 41 051 confirmed cases were reported in 29 EU/EEA countries, representing a 13% increase compared to 2022, and a doubling compared to 2014.

• #92 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Surveillance data reported through these systems can be used to monitor and enhance prevention interventions and guide resources to improve STI services and reduce STI morbidity. […] WHO offers technical support to countries interested in the following: (1) improving STI data collection and reporting through GARPR, (2) expanding laboratory capacity through GASP, and (3) generating national estimations using the Spectrum-STI tool. […] Enhancing STI surveillance through expanded use of these systems is needed within the context of reducing global STI burden and monitoring goals and indicators within the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections (2016-2021). […] Surveillance of STIs remains a critical component of global monitoring and response. […] Monitoring of progress toward the global targets requires improved monitoring systems at national, regional, and global levels, which routinely include timely, consistent, and accurate incidence or prevalence data.

• #93 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Reliable surveillance information also sets the foundation for program evaluation and optimization or course adjustment in prevention and treatment strategies and for advocacy, strategic planning, and resource mobilization. […] WHO recommends standard indicators and methodologies by which countries can gather surveillance data to produce reliable STI data to guide program activities. […] Currently, most country-level STI surveillance is based on monitoring of clinical cases of common STI syndromes, such as urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease. […] It is recommended that national case reporting should include syphilis, gonorrhoea, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer disease, ideally with data disaggregated by gender and age. […] WHO offers assistance to countries to improve STI surveillance using these key components.

• #94 Pathways and progress to enhanced global sexually transmitted infection surveillance | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002328

  Reliable surveillance information also sets the foundation for program evaluation and optimization or course adjustment in prevention and treatment strategies and for advocacy, strategic planning, and resource mobilization. […] WHO recommends standard indicators and methodologies by which countries can gather surveillance data to produce reliable STI data to guide program activities. […] Currently, most country-level STI surveillance is based on monitoring of clinical cases of common STI syndromes, such as urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease. […] It is recommended that national case reporting should include syphilis, gonorrhoea, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer disease, ideally with data disaggregated by gender and age. […] WHO offers assistance to countries to improve STI surveillance using these key components.

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