Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] Accurate diagnostic tests for STIs (using molecular technology) are widely used in high-income countries. […] However, they are largely unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. […] Even in countries where testing is available, it is often expensive and not widely accessible.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/stis/testing-diagnostics

  Global Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme The Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes leads the development and implementation of the global health sector strategy on the elimination of sexually transmitted infections as a public health threats. […] Appropriate sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent transmission, decrease deaths related to such infections (including still births and cervical cancer), while improving individual health, mens and womens sexual health, and the well-being of all people. […] The accurate identification of asymptomatic and symptomatic STIs depends on the availability of quality diagnostic tests and a validated screening strategy. […] In its normative and standard-setting work, WHO is an evidence-based organisation with a focus on public health. Ongoing reviews of studies and evidence in hepatitis, syphilis and HIV testing and diagnostics has resulted in recent guidelines.

• #3 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Diagnosis of an STD starts with your sexual history and current symptoms. If these suggest that you have an STD, your health care professional may do a physical or pelvic exam to look for signs of infection. Some signs of infection are a rash, warts or discharge. […] Lab tests can find the cause of STD symptoms. They can also find sexually transmitted infections without symptoms. […] Testing for an STD or sexually transmitted infection in someone who doesn’t have symptoms is called screening. Most of the time, STI screening is not a routine part of health care. […] But when a person’s risk for getting an STD changes, a health care professional may suggest screening. The risk level may change when a person is in a new setting with a higher risk, such as a prison or jail. Or it can be based on factors such as if a person has a history of sexually transmitted infections.

• #4 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Diagnosis of an STD starts with your sexual history and current symptoms. If these suggest that you have an STD, your health care professional may do a physical or pelvic exam to look for signs of infection. Some signs of infection are a rash, warts or discharge. […] Lab tests can find the cause of STD symptoms. They can also find sexually transmitted infections without symptoms. […] Testing for an STD or sexually transmitted infection in someone who doesn’t have symptoms is called screening. Most of the time, STI screening is not a routine part of health care. […] But when a person’s risk for getting an STD changes, a health care professional may suggest screening. The risk level may change when a person is in a new setting with a higher risk, such as a prison or jail. Or it can be based on factors such as if a person has a history of sexually transmitted infections.

• #5 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Diagnosis of an STD starts with your sexual history and current symptoms. If these suggest that you have an STD, your health care professional may do a physical or pelvic exam to look for signs of infection. Some signs of infection are a rash, warts or discharge. […] Lab tests can find the cause of STD symptoms. They can also find sexually transmitted infections without symptoms. […] Testing for an STD or sexually transmitted infection in someone who doesn’t have symptoms is called screening. Most of the time, STI screening is not a routine part of health care. […] But when a person’s risk for getting an STD changes, a health care professional may suggest screening. The risk level may change when a person is in a new setting with a higher risk, such as a prison or jail. Or it can be based on factors such as if a person has a history of sexually transmitted infections.

• #6 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Experts recommend STI screening for: Almost everyone at least once. Guidelines suggest screening with a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, for everyone ages 15 to 65. Experts recommend that people at high risk have an HIV test every year. […] Guidelines also recommend hepatitis C screening for all adults. […] All pregnant women will generally be screened for HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis early in the pregnancy. […] Experts recommend that women have a Pap test every three years starting at age 21. […] Experts also recommend screening for gonorrhea in sexually active women under age 25. […] Compared with other groups, men who have sex with men run a higher risk of getting sexually transmitted infections. […] Having HIV raises your risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases.

• #7 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Experts recommend STI screening for: Almost everyone at least once. Guidelines suggest screening with a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, for everyone ages 15 to 65. Experts recommend that people at high risk have an HIV test every year. […] Guidelines also recommend hepatitis C screening for all adults. […] All pregnant women will generally be screened for HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis early in the pregnancy. […] Experts recommend that women have a Pap test every three years starting at age 21. […] Experts also recommend screening for gonorrhea in sexually active women under age 25. […] Compared with other groups, men who have sex with men run a higher risk of getting sexually transmitted infections. […] Having HIV raises your risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases.

• #8 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Experts recommend STI screening for: Almost everyone at least once. Guidelines suggest screening with a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, for everyone ages 15 to 65. Experts recommend that people at high risk have an HIV test every year. […] Guidelines also recommend hepatitis C screening for all adults. […] All pregnant women will generally be screened for HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis early in the pregnancy. […] Experts recommend that women have a Pap test every three years starting at age 21. […] Experts also recommend screening for gonorrhea in sexually active women under age 25. […] Compared with other groups, men who have sex with men run a higher risk of getting sexually transmitted infections. […] Having HIV raises your risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases.

• #9 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Experts recommend STI screening for: Almost everyone at least once. Guidelines suggest screening with a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, for everyone ages 15 to 65. Experts recommend that people at high risk have an HIV test every year. […] Guidelines also recommend hepatitis C screening for all adults. […] All pregnant women will generally be screened for HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis early in the pregnancy. […] Experts recommend that women have a Pap test every three years starting at age 21. […] Experts also recommend screening for gonorrhea in sexually active women under age 25. […] Compared with other groups, men who have sex with men run a higher risk of getting sexually transmitted infections. […] Having HIV raises your risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases.

• #10 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Experts recommend STI screening for: Almost everyone at least once. Guidelines suggest screening with a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, for everyone ages 15 to 65. Experts recommend that people at high risk have an HIV test every year. […] Guidelines also recommend hepatitis C screening for all adults. […] All pregnant women will generally be screened for HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis early in the pregnancy. […] Experts recommend that women have a Pap test every three years starting at age 21. […] Experts also recommend screening for gonorrhea in sexually active women under age 25. […] Compared with other groups, men who have sex with men run a higher risk of getting sexually transmitted infections. […] Having HIV raises your risk of getting other sexually transmitted diseases.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/stis/testing-diagnostics

  Global Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme The Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes leads the development and implementation of the global health sector strategy on the elimination of sexually transmitted infections as a public health threats. […] Appropriate sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent transmission, decrease deaths related to such infections (including still births and cervical cancer), while improving individual health, mens and womens sexual health, and the well-being of all people. […] The accurate identification of asymptomatic and symptomatic STIs depends on the availability of quality diagnostic tests and a validated screening strategy. […] In its normative and standard-setting work, WHO is an evidence-based organisation with a focus on public health. Ongoing reviews of studies and evidence in hepatitis, syphilis and HIV testing and diagnostics has resulted in recent guidelines.

• #12 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  STI tests are used to find out if you have been infected with an STI. Testing can help you get the treatment you need and may help prevent the spread of infection. […] That’s why STI screening tests are important. They look for diseases before you have symptoms. […] Anyone who is sexually active could get an STI. So talk to your health care provider about your risk for HIV and other STIs and whether you need to be tested. […] Some STIs may be diagnosed during a physical exam, blood tests, or a microscopic examination of a sore or fluid swabbed from the vagina, penis, or anus. […] Blood tests are used to diagnose syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B, and sometimes herpes. […] Urine tests are used to diagnose trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and sometimes gonorrhea. […] Swab tests are used to diagnose HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes.

• #13 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  STI tests are used to find out if you have been infected with an STI. Testing can help you get the treatment you need and may help prevent the spread of infection. […] That’s why STI screening tests are important. They look for diseases before you have symptoms. […] Anyone who is sexually active could get an STI. So talk to your health care provider about your risk for HIV and other STIs and whether you need to be tested. […] Some STIs may be diagnosed during a physical exam, blood tests, or a microscopic examination of a sore or fluid swabbed from the vagina, penis, or anus. […] Blood tests are used to diagnose syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B, and sometimes herpes. […] Urine tests are used to diagnose trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and sometimes gonorrhea. […] Swab tests are used to diagnose HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes.

• #14 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  STI tests are used to find out if you have been infected with an STI. Testing can help you get the treatment you need and may help prevent the spread of infection. […] That’s why STI screening tests are important. They look for diseases before you have symptoms. […] Anyone who is sexually active could get an STI. So talk to your health care provider about your risk for HIV and other STIs and whether you need to be tested. […] Some STIs may be diagnosed during a physical exam, blood tests, or a microscopic examination of a sore or fluid swabbed from the vagina, penis, or anus. […] Blood tests are used to diagnose syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B, and sometimes herpes. […] Urine tests are used to diagnose trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and sometimes gonorrhea. […] Swab tests are used to diagnose HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes.

• #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/STD-Diagnosis.aspx

  Diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is of vital importance, not only so that treatment can be started early in order to prevent long-term complications but also to prevent transmission and protect communities. There is a wide array of tests available to check for the various organisms that cause STDs including trichomonas, Chlamydia, hepatitis, herpes, HIV and gonorrhoea, amongst others. […] Diagnosis and routine screening to rule out STDs should be carried out under the following circumstances: […] High risk groups such as drug abusers or commercial sex workers need monitoring for infection. […] Blood tests for the detection of microbes […] Urine samples for the presence of microbes […] Discharge from genital sores, ulcers or from the vagina and penis are examined under the microscope for the presence of microbes. […] The Pap test is performed to screen all women for the abnormal structure of cervical cells. These can arise as a result of infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Starting from the age of 21, all women should receive a Pap smear every three years.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/STD-Diagnosis.aspx

  Diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is of vital importance, not only so that treatment can be started early in order to prevent long-term complications but also to prevent transmission and protect communities. There is a wide array of tests available to check for the various organisms that cause STDs including trichomonas, Chlamydia, hepatitis, herpes, HIV and gonorrhoea, amongst others. […] Diagnosis and routine screening to rule out STDs should be carried out under the following circumstances: […] High risk groups such as drug abusers or commercial sex workers need monitoring for infection. […] Blood tests for the detection of microbes […] Urine samples for the presence of microbes […] Discharge from genital sores, ulcers or from the vagina and penis are examined under the microscope for the presence of microbes. […] The Pap test is performed to screen all women for the abnormal structure of cervical cells. These can arise as a result of infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Starting from the age of 21, all women should receive a Pap smear every three years.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] Accurate diagnostic tests for STIs (using molecular technology) are widely used in high-income countries. […] However, they are largely unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. […] Even in countries where testing is available, it is often expensive and not widely accessible.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] Accurate diagnostic tests for STIs (using molecular technology) are widely used in high-income countries. […] However, they are largely unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. […] Even in countries where testing is available, it is often expensive and not widely accessible.

• #19 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  Due to the limitations of a syndromic approach, the laboratory diagnosis of STIs is essential to ensure timely and appropriate patient treatment. Furthermore, the actual burden and spread of these infections can only be quantified by including the asymptomatic carriers. Tools based on antigen and DNA/RNA detection have revolutionized the field, allowing for a more rapid and sensitive diagnosis compared to traditional microscopy or culture, and highlighting the possibility of STI screening in at-risk groups. […] Significant advances have been made in POC testing for STIs, and more tests are in the pipeline. However, the need remains for better integration of STI POC testing into healthcare systems.

• #20 Testing for sexually transmitted infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/55243599/testing-for-sexually-transmitted-infections

  Testing for STIs is always high in demand and a broad array of tests are available for detection of STIs. […] Detection of STIs using nucleic-acid (DNA or RNA) amplification technique is now considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of many STIs. […] Serological tests are useful for diagnosis, monitoring therapy, or surveillance purpose. […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose far-reaching implications with respect to social, economic, and public health globally, including in the United States. […] To prevent and control STIs, a multi-pronged approach needs to be taken that includes education, early disease diagnosis, and treatment. […] STI testing is available in various settings including clinical laboratories, point-of-care tests in doctors offices and hospitals, and home-based tests.

• #21 Molecular Diagnostic Clinical Solutions for Sexual Health Testing | Thermo Fisher Scientific – PL

  https://www.thermofisher.com/mg/en/home/clinical/clinical-genomics/pathogen-detection-solutions/clinical-sexually-transmitted-infections.html.html

  Prompt and early diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important to enable appropriate treatment and help prevent further transmission. […] The TaqPath Menu STI portfolio supports sexual health testing with CE-marked sexually transmitted infection (STI) assays, designed to provide accurate, reliable results with excellent sensitivity and specificity across a wide variety of bacteria (such as Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and mycoplasma genitalium), parasites (such as Trichomonas vaginalis), or viruses (such as human papillomavirus (HPV) or Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2)). […] High sensitivity and specificity. […] Contamination reduction. […] Compatible with a wide range of real-time PCR devices CE-IVD certified diagnostic test. […] Supports compliance with guidelines for HPV screening.

• #22 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Reimbursement for nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for chlamydia is allowed in the following situations: Once a year assessment for any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category, For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a chlamydial infection, For the diagnosis of any person with suspected lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), At least three months after initial chlamydial diagnosis as a TOC. […] Reimbursement for NAAT for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) for individuals with active genital ulcers or mucocutaneous lesions is allowed. […] The standard protocol for diagnosing a syphilis infection is to use a two-tiered serological testing algorithm of treponemal testing and nontreponemal testing. […] NAAT has not been FDA-approved at this time and is not typically performed for genital syphilis. […] The CDC states that signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis can include severe headache, trouble with muscle movements, muscle weakness or paralysis, numbness, and changes in mental status.

• #23 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Reimbursement for nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for chlamydia is allowed in the following situations: Once a year assessment for any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category, For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a chlamydial infection, For the diagnosis of any person with suspected lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), At least three months after initial chlamydial diagnosis as a TOC. […] Reimbursement for NAAT for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) for individuals with active genital ulcers or mucocutaneous lesions is allowed. […] The standard protocol for diagnosing a syphilis infection is to use a two-tiered serological testing algorithm of treponemal testing and nontreponemal testing. […] NAAT has not been FDA-approved at this time and is not typically performed for genital syphilis. […] The CDC states that signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis can include severe headache, trouble with muscle movements, muscle weakness or paralysis, numbness, and changes in mental status.

• #24 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) is the common cause of most of genital herpes simplex infections worldwide. […] Diagnosis of genital herpes infection can be performed by viral culture, NAAT, and serological testing. “Cell culture and PCR-based testing are the preferred tests for a patient presenting with active lesions, although PCR-based testing has the greatest overall sensitivity and specificity.” […] Anogenital HPV infection is the most common STI worldwide with an estimation that “almost all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lifetime.” […] HPV can be detected from swab samples and can be included in many routine cervical exams. High-risk oncogenic HPV testing is commercially available. […] The CDC recommends annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years, as well as older women and men if they fall in a high-risk category. [...] NAAT testing of first-catch urine or swab specimens is recommended. [...] The CDC recommendation concerning gonococcal screening is similar to that of chlamydia—sexually active women aged <25 years and older women and men in high-risk categories.

• #25 Diagnostic Testing of Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/diagnostic-testing-of-most-common-sexually-transmitted-infections/

  Diagnostic Testing of Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infections – CAM 209 […] Description: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), often referred to as sexually transmitted diseases or STDs, include a variety of pathogenic bacteria, virus, and other microorganisms that are spread through sexual contact and can cause a multitude of complications if left untreated. […] This policy is limited to testing for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidum, T. vaginalis, HSV, and HPV. […] For STI screening in pregnant individuals, please see CAM 119-Prenatal Screening (Nongenetic). […] Application of coverage criteria is dependent upon an individuals benefit coverage at the time of the request. […] Antibody testing for syphilis infection is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: […] For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a syphilis infection. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for syphilis is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] NAAT for chlamydia is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: […] For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a chlamydial infection. […] NAAT for gonorrhea is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: […] For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a gonorrheal infection. […] For asymptomatic individuals NOT belonging to a high-risk category, screening for gonorrhea is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY only in the following situations: […] NAATs or PCR-based testing for T. vaginalis is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: […] For symptomatic individuals, testing for Mycoplasma genitalium using NAAT is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] For asymptomatic individuals, screening for M. genitalium using NAAT is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] For individuals with active genital ulcers or mucocutaneous lesions, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] In the diagnosis and/or assessment of cancer or cancer therapy (immunohistochemistry testing for p16 or NAAT testing for high-risk human papillomavirus [HR-HPV]), testing for HR-HPV is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] Testing for HPV is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: […] Prior to beginning a preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimen, the following screens/tests is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY: […] While an individual is undergoing a preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimen for HIV prevention, the following screens/tests is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY: […] The following does not meet coverage criteria due to a lack of available published scientific literature confirming that the test(s) is/are required and beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of an individuals illness. […] Nucleic acid testing to determine antimicrobial susceptibility in N. gonorrhoeae or macrolide resistance in M. genitalium is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] Using nucleic acid testing to quantify the following microorganisms is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY: […] The standard protocol for diagnosing a syphilis infection is to use a two-tiered serological testing algorithm of treponemal testing and nontreponemal testing. […] NAAT has not been FDA-approved at this time and is not typically performed for genital syphilis. […] The CDC states that the signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis can include severe headache, trouble with muscle movements, muscle weakness or paralysis, numbness, and changes in mental status. […] The CDC states that signs and symptoms of ocular syphilis can include eye pain or redness, floating spots in the field of vision, sensitivity to light, and changes in vision. […] The CDC also recommends that, prior to donating, prospective hematopoietic stem cell transplant donors should be tested for syphilis. […] Annual screening of all sexually active women aged 25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. […] NAAT testing of first-catch urine or swab specimens is recommended. […] The CDC recommendation concerning gonococcal screening is similar to that of chlamydia sexually active women aged 25 years and older women and men in high-risk categories. […] The CDC recommends that men with recurrent nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) should be tested for M. genitalium using an FDA-cleared NAAT. […] The CDC recommends that women with recurrent cervicitis should be tested for M. genitalium, while testing should be considered in women with PID. […]

• #26 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Reimbursement for nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for chlamydia is allowed in the following situations: Once a year assessment for any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category, For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a chlamydial infection, For the diagnosis of any person with suspected lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), At least three months after initial chlamydial diagnosis as a TOC. […] Reimbursement for NAAT for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) for individuals with active genital ulcers or mucocutaneous lesions is allowed. […] The standard protocol for diagnosing a syphilis infection is to use a two-tiered serological testing algorithm of treponemal testing and nontreponemal testing. […] NAAT has not been FDA-approved at this time and is not typically performed for genital syphilis. […] The CDC states that signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis can include severe headache, trouble with muscle movements, muscle weakness or paralysis, numbness, and changes in mental status.

• #27 Testing for sexually transmitted infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/55243599/testing-for-sexually-transmitted-infections

  Testing for STIs is always high in demand and a broad array of tests are available for detection of STIs. […] Detection of STIs using nucleic-acid (DNA or RNA) amplification technique is now considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of many STIs. […] Serological tests are useful for diagnosis, monitoring therapy, or surveillance purpose. […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose far-reaching implications with respect to social, economic, and public health globally, including in the United States. […] To prevent and control STIs, a multi-pronged approach needs to be taken that includes education, early disease diagnosis, and treatment. […] STI testing is available in various settings including clinical laboratories, point-of-care tests in doctors offices and hospitals, and home-based tests.

• #28 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Reimbursement for nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for chlamydia is allowed in the following situations: Once a year assessment for any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category, For diagnosis of any person presenting with signs and/or symptoms of a chlamydial infection, For the diagnosis of any person with suspected lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), At least three months after initial chlamydial diagnosis as a TOC. […] Reimbursement for NAAT for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) for individuals with active genital ulcers or mucocutaneous lesions is allowed. […] The standard protocol for diagnosing a syphilis infection is to use a two-tiered serological testing algorithm of treponemal testing and nontreponemal testing. […] NAAT has not been FDA-approved at this time and is not typically performed for genital syphilis. […] The CDC states that signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis can include severe headache, trouble with muscle movements, muscle weakness or paralysis, numbness, and changes in mental status.

• #29 Sexually transmitted infections – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/sexually-transmitted-infections/

  Collect appropriate swabs or first-void urine samples for microscopy and/or nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). […] Routinely offer HIV testing and syphilis testing to all individuals with a suspected STI. […] Provider-collected or self-collected swabs should be obtained from all sites of exposure (e.g., rectum, oropharynx, vagina, urethra) as needed. […] In patients with anogenital warts, testing for HPV infection is not recommended, as results are not specific and do not alter management. […] Syphilis serology interpretation is complex. Follow syphilis testing algorithms to reduce the risk of false-positive and false-negative results. […] All cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, chancroid, hepatitis, mpox, and HIV must be reported to the state health department for surveillance. Reporting of other STIs varies by state.

• #30 What STIs Can Be Detected by Blood Tests?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/can-i-get-an-std-blood-test-3132740

  Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be detected by a blood test, including genital herpes, HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. Not only do these tests give accurate results, but they may provide a more convenient way for some people to get tested. […] The herpes blood test looks at antibodies and proteins that are produced by the body in response to the virus. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is commonly diagnosed through a blood test. The preferred tests not only detect antibodies but also proteins on the surface of the virus called antigens. […] There are several different blood tests used to detect syphilis, an STI caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. […] As with syphilis, there are multiple blood tests for hepatitis B. These can be used to determine your history of infection. They can also determine whether you’re currently infected. […] Some people avoid STI screening due to the discomfort or embarrassment of having a genital swab. But, today many STIs can be diagnosed with blood tests, including genital herpes, HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B.

• #31 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  The clinical presentation per se does not always allow a specific STI to be identified. In these cases, etiological diagnosis via laboratory confirmation of the underlying organisms is essential. Other than supporting a more rational use of antimicrobials, laboratory confirmation is pivotal in surveillance (to determine the true scale of the spread of STIs in communities) and in screening (i.e., testing of at-risk people without recognized signs or symptoms). […] By identifying infected people regardless of their symptoms, both the complications and further transmission of STIs can be reduced. […] Point-of-care (POC) tests represent an answer to the problem of needing to reach a diagnosis quickly outside of a standard laboratory. […] The development and implementation of POCs for STI management is considered a priority by WHO, and target product profiles (TPPs) for POCs have been developed. Recent systematic reviews have shown that, in many instances, the use of POCs can result in a substantial reduction in both missed treatments and overtreatment. Treatment uptake is also improved, and patients show appreciation for receiving a quick and specific diagnosis, which also facilitates the treatment of the partners of patients.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  In addition, the time it takes for results to be received is often long. […] As a result, follow-up can be impeded and care or treatment can be incomplete. […] On the other hand, inexpensive, rapid tests are available for syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV. […] Several other rapid tests are under development and have the potential to improve STI diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] Syndromic management often relies on clinical algorithms and allows health workers to diagnose a specific infection based on observed syndromes (e.g., vaginal/urethral discharge, anogenital ulcers, etc). […] However, this approach results in overtreatment and missed treatment as the majority of STIs are asymptomatic. […] Thus, WHO recommends countries to enhance syndromic management by gradually incorporating laboratory testing to support diagnosis.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  In addition, the time it takes for results to be received is often long. […] As a result, follow-up can be impeded and care or treatment can be incomplete. […] On the other hand, inexpensive, rapid tests are available for syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV. […] Several other rapid tests are under development and have the potential to improve STI diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] Syndromic management often relies on clinical algorithms and allows health workers to diagnose a specific infection based on observed syndromes (e.g., vaginal/urethral discharge, anogenital ulcers, etc). […] However, this approach results in overtreatment and missed treatment as the majority of STIs are asymptomatic. […] Thus, WHO recommends countries to enhance syndromic management by gradually incorporating laboratory testing to support diagnosis.

• #34 Rapid diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-rapid-diagnosis-sexually-transmitted-infections-S2529993X17301892

  Rapid tests in STIs can be considered as such, or as point-of-care tests (POCTs). […] POCTs must also comply with quality controls included in the tests and be environmentally safe and low cost. […] Rapid tests/POCTs aimed at STI diagnosis must meet the following requirements established by the WHO: Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free, Deliverable to end-users. […] The future of rapid diagnosis lies in the development and implementation of POCTs that allow the diagnosis of as many pathogens as possible and that meet most of, if not all, the ASSURED criteria proposed by the WHO.

• #35 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  The clinical presentation per se does not always allow a specific STI to be identified. In these cases, etiological diagnosis via laboratory confirmation of the underlying organisms is essential. Other than supporting a more rational use of antimicrobials, laboratory confirmation is pivotal in surveillance (to determine the true scale of the spread of STIs in communities) and in screening (i.e., testing of at-risk people without recognized signs or symptoms). […] By identifying infected people regardless of their symptoms, both the complications and further transmission of STIs can be reduced. […] Point-of-care (POC) tests represent an answer to the problem of needing to reach a diagnosis quickly outside of a standard laboratory. […] The development and implementation of POCs for STI management is considered a priority by WHO, and target product profiles (TPPs) for POCs have been developed. Recent systematic reviews have shown that, in many instances, the use of POCs can result in a substantial reduction in both missed treatments and overtreatment. Treatment uptake is also improved, and patients show appreciation for receiving a quick and specific diagnosis, which also facilitates the treatment of the partners of patients.

• #36 STI Screening Recommendations

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/screening-recommendations.htm

  Sexually active women under 25 years of age should be screened for STIs. […] Sexually active women 25 years of age and older should be screened if at increased risk. […] Retesting for STIs should occur approximately 3 months after treatment. […] Rectal chlamydial testing can be considered in females based on reported sexual behaviors and exposure. […] All pregnant women under 25 years of age should be screened for STIs. […] Pregnant women 25 years of age and older should be screened if at increased risk. […] Pregnant women with chlamydial infection should have a test of cure 4 weeks after treatment and be retested within 3 months. […] There is insufficient evidence for screening among heterosexual men who are at low risk for infection. […] Screening young men can be considered in high prevalence clinical settings.

• #37 STI Screening Recommendations

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/screening-recommendations.htm

  Sexually active women under 25 years of age should be screened for STIs. […] Sexually active women 25 years of age and older should be screened if at increased risk. […] Retesting for STIs should occur approximately 3 months after treatment. […] Rectal chlamydial testing can be considered in females based on reported sexual behaviors and exposure. […] All pregnant women under 25 years of age should be screened for STIs. […] Pregnant women 25 years of age and older should be screened if at increased risk. […] Pregnant women with chlamydial infection should have a test of cure 4 weeks after treatment and be retested within 3 months. […] There is insufficient evidence for screening among heterosexual men who are at low risk for infection. […] Screening young men can be considered in high prevalence clinical settings.

• #38 STI Screening Recommendations

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/screening-recommendations.htm

  Sexually active women under 25 years of age should be screened for STIs. […] Sexually active women 25 years of age and older should be screened if at increased risk. […] Retesting for STIs should occur approximately 3 months after treatment. […] Rectal chlamydial testing can be considered in females based on reported sexual behaviors and exposure. […] All pregnant women under 25 years of age should be screened for STIs. […] Pregnant women 25 years of age and older should be screened if at increased risk. […] Pregnant women with chlamydial infection should have a test of cure 4 weeks after treatment and be retested within 3 months. […] There is insufficient evidence for screening among heterosexual men who are at low risk for infection. […] Screening young men can be considered in high prevalence clinical settings.

• #39 STI Screening Recommendations

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/screening-recommendations.htm

  At least annually for sexually active MSM at sites of contact regardless of condom use. […] Every 3 to 6 months if at increased risk. […] Screening recommendations for transgender and gender diverse persons should be adapted based on anatomy. […] For sexually active individuals with HIV, screening should occur at first HIV evaluation and at least annually thereafter. […] More frequent screening might be appropriate depending on individual risk behaviors and local epidemiology. […] Type-specific HSV serologic testing can be considered for individuals presenting for an STI evaluation. […] Routine HSV-2 serologic screening among asymptomatic pregnant women is not recommended. […] Consider screening for women receiving care in high-prevalence settings and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. […] All adults over age 18 years should be screened for hepatitis C except in settings where the hepatitis C infection positivity is 0.1%.

• #40 STI Screening Recommendations

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/screening-recommendations.htm

  At least annually for sexually active MSM at sites of contact regardless of condom use. […] Every 3 to 6 months if at increased risk. […] Screening recommendations for transgender and gender diverse persons should be adapted based on anatomy. […] For sexually active individuals with HIV, screening should occur at first HIV evaluation and at least annually thereafter. […] More frequent screening might be appropriate depending on individual risk behaviors and local epidemiology. […] Type-specific HSV serologic testing can be considered for individuals presenting for an STI evaluation. […] Routine HSV-2 serologic screening among asymptomatic pregnant women is not recommended. […] Consider screening for women receiving care in high-prevalence settings and for asymptomatic women at high risk for infection. […] All adults over age 18 years should be screened for hepatitis C except in settings where the hepatitis C infection positivity is 0.1%.

• #41 Screening for sexually transmitted infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-for-sexually-transmitted-infections/print

  There is little direct evidence supporting the efficacy of screening programs. Screening for chlamydia has been the most extensively studied. […] The major rationale for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening among males is to reduce infection or reinfection of existing partners and transmission to new partners. […] The incidence of syphilis has been increasing dramatically. In the United States, rates of primary and secondary syphilis have increased more than 150 percent among males and more than 850 percent among females since 2012; the rate of congenital syphilis has also increased by more than 900 percent. […] Routine STI screening of patients with HIV in order to reduce the spread of STIs is warranted, particularly because STIs, in turn, can increase HIV transmission.

• #42 Screening for sexually transmitted infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-for-sexually-transmitted-infections/print

  Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem in both resource-rich and limited settings. STIs are frequently asymptomatic and can lead to various complications. The immediate goal of screening for STIs is to identify and treat infected persons before they develop complications and to identify, test, and treat their sex partners to prevent transmission and reinfections. […] Information on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of specific STIs is reviewed in detail separately. […] Complications of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include upper genital tract infections, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, cervical cancer, and chronic infection with hepatitis viruses and HIV. The approach to STI diagnosis and management is based upon disease or symptom-specific syndromes, including vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, ulcerative genital disease, nonulcerative genital disease, and pelvic pain. However, many patients have asymptomatic disease, which increases the risk of complications and sustained transmission in the community. Thus, screening is an important approach to identify and treat infected individuals, who would otherwise go undetected.

• #43 Sexually-Transmitted Infections (STIs) Increased Risk Panel | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/36963/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis-increased-risk-panel?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Sexually-Transmitted Infections (STIs) Increased Risk Panel – If someone is at an increased risk for STIs, they should be tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium. A panel will help the clinician identify and treat the appropriate pathogen if present. […] Includes Chlamydia/Neisseria gonorrhoeae RNA, TMA, Urogenital Trichomonas vaginalis RNA, Qualitative, TMA Mycoplasma genitalium, rRNA, TMA […] Patient should not have urinated within one hour prior to collection. Female patients should not cleanse the labial area prior to providing the specimen. […] Methodology Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA) […] Reference Range(s) Not detected […] Alternative Name(s) Trichomoniasis, Vaginitis, CT/GC APTIMA®, Urine Trichomonas, CT/NG APTIMA®, CT/NG TMA, STI Increased Risk Panel, STD Panel, Hologic, Mycoplasma genitalium TMA […] Preferred Specimen(s) Female Vaginal or endocervical swab collected in an Aptima® transport tube or 2 mL urine collected in an Aptima transport tube Male Urethral swab collected in an Aptima transport tube or 2 mL urine collected in an Aptima transport tube.

• #44 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) is the common cause of most of genital herpes simplex infections worldwide. […] Diagnosis of genital herpes infection can be performed by viral culture, NAAT, and serological testing. “Cell culture and PCR-based testing are the preferred tests for a patient presenting with active lesions, although PCR-based testing has the greatest overall sensitivity and specificity.” […] Anogenital HPV infection is the most common STI worldwide with an estimation that “almost all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lifetime.” […] HPV can be detected from swab samples and can be included in many routine cervical exams. High-risk oncogenic HPV testing is commercially available. […] The CDC recommends annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years, as well as older women and men if they fall in a high-risk category. [...] NAAT testing of first-catch urine or swab specimens is recommended. [...] The CDC recommendation concerning gonococcal screening is similar to that of chlamydia—sexually active women aged <25 years and older women and men in high-risk categories.

• #45 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) is the common cause of most of genital herpes simplex infections worldwide. […] Diagnosis of genital herpes infection can be performed by viral culture, NAAT, and serological testing. “Cell culture and PCR-based testing are the preferred tests for a patient presenting with active lesions, although PCR-based testing has the greatest overall sensitivity and specificity.” […] Anogenital HPV infection is the most common STI worldwide with an estimation that “almost all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lifetime.” […] HPV can be detected from swab samples and can be included in many routine cervical exams. High-risk oncogenic HPV testing is commercially available. […] The CDC recommends annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years, as well as older women and men if they fall in a high-risk category. [...] NAAT testing of first-catch urine or swab specimens is recommended. [...] The CDC recommendation concerning gonococcal screening is similar to that of chlamydia—sexually active women aged <25 years and older women and men in high-risk categories.

• #46 Screening for sexually transmitted infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-for-sexually-transmitted-infections/print

  There is little direct evidence supporting the efficacy of screening programs. Screening for chlamydia has been the most extensively studied. […] The major rationale for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening among males is to reduce infection or reinfection of existing partners and transmission to new partners. […] The incidence of syphilis has been increasing dramatically. In the United States, rates of primary and secondary syphilis have increased more than 150 percent among males and more than 850 percent among females since 2012; the rate of congenital syphilis has also increased by more than 900 percent. […] Routine STI screening of patients with HIV in order to reduce the spread of STIs is warranted, particularly because STIs, in turn, can increase HIV transmission.

• #47 STD testing: What’s right for you?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-testing/art-20046019

  The U.S. Preventive Services Taskforce encourages HIV testing, at least once, as a routine part of health care if you’re between the ages of 15 and 65. […] If you have any of the following risk factors, talk to your health care provider about testing for HIV, syphilis or hepatitis: Symptoms of infection, Positive test for another STI, which puts you at greater risk of other STIs. […] Your health care provider tests you for syphilis by taking either a blood sample or a swab from any genital sores you might have. […] Providers generally only recommend testing for genital herpes for people who have symptoms or other risk factors. […] Regular HPV testing isn’t recommended for men. Instead, health care providers may choose to test men who have symptoms, such as genital warts. […] At-home test kits for certain STIs, such as HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea, have become more common and popular.

• #48 Sexually Transmitted Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560808/

  The diagnosis involves using a blood sample or saliva for antibodies as a preliminary test, followed by more specific tests, including PCR or specific immunoassays. […] Diagnosis is made using NAAT of a first-catch urine or urethral sample. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by a positive finding on serological tests, which include at least one nontreponemal and one treponemal assay. […] A diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is unlikely if the cervical discharge is normal and no white blood cells are seen on a wet prep of the vaginal fluid. […] For further details on treatment, see the companion StatPearls references on „Syphilis,” „Neurosyphilis,” and „Maternal and Congenital Syphilis.”

• #49 Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections—How It Works

  https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/get-tested/

  Most people who are sexually active should get screened for STIs even if they don’t have symptoms. […] The best thing to do is ask your health care provider. […] Figuring out exactly which tests to get and how often can be a little confusing. […] Get tested when: you have symptoms, you are about to have sex with a new partner (you can get tested together!), have multiple sexual partners at the same time, a current or former sexual partner is diagnosed with an STI. […] What should you get tested for? When? How often? […] CDC recommends yearly chlamydia testing of all sexually active women younger than 25 years, as well as older women with certain risk factors (those who have a new sex partner or multiple sex partners), and all pregnant women. […] Gonorrhea CDC recommends yearly gonorrhea screening for all sexually active women younger than 25 years, as well as older women with risk factors such as new or multiple sex partners, or a sex partner who has an STI.

• #50 STD testing: What’s right for you?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-testing/art-20046019

  The U.S. Preventive Services Taskforce encourages HIV testing, at least once, as a routine part of health care if you’re between the ages of 15 and 65. […] If you have any of the following risk factors, talk to your health care provider about testing for HIV, syphilis or hepatitis: Symptoms of infection, Positive test for another STI, which puts you at greater risk of other STIs. […] Your health care provider tests you for syphilis by taking either a blood sample or a swab from any genital sores you might have. […] Providers generally only recommend testing for genital herpes for people who have symptoms or other risk factors. […] Regular HPV testing isn’t recommended for men. Instead, health care providers may choose to test men who have symptoms, such as genital warts. […] At-home test kits for certain STIs, such as HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea, have become more common and popular.

• #51 STD symptoms: How long to manifest and when to test

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-it-take-an-std-to-show-up

  In most cases, a person can get an STI test within a few weeks of exposure. […] People at high risk of certain STIs should ask for a retest, even after a negative result. […] Additionally, it may also be advisable for pregnant people to test and retest for certain STIs. […] The testing window for common STIs is as follows: […] A nucleic acid test analyzes a blood sample for HIV. It can indicate a positive result 10-33 days after exposure. […] A doctor can test for chlamydia by swabbing the vagina, cervix, rectum, or throat, or by taking a urine sample. If symptoms appear, they usually present within 7-21 days of exposure. A test can normally detect chlamydia within 12 weeks of exposure. […] Most tests can detect the infection within 5 days to 2 weeks of exposure. […] Herpes symptoms usually appear quickly. On average, they present 4 days after exposure, and the typical range is 2-12 days.

• #52 Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections—How It Works

  https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/get-tested/

  The CDC recommends that everyone aged 13 to 64 should be tested for HIV at least once. […] Most HIV is transmitted by the 25% of infected people who do not realize they are infected. […] Most regular health care providers and gynecologists offer STI testing. […] If you don’t have a regular healthcare provider, you can search for a clinic that offers testing near you. […] You can also test for STIs at home. […] Wherever you get tested, it should be quick and easy. […] If you get tested by a health care provider in a clinic or office setting, they may start with a visual exam of your genitals. […] The CDC recommends all pregnant women be tested for syphilis. […] Most health insurance plans will cover in-office STI testing, often with no co-pay, though there may be some exceptions. […] Not really. Public health experts use the term screening when they’re talking about preventative care for certain populations. […] STIs screening is the same thing. In contrast, STI testing is for people with symptoms.

• #53 STD testing: What’s right for you?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-testing/art-20046019

  The U.S. Preventive Services Taskforce encourages HIV testing, at least once, as a routine part of health care if you’re between the ages of 15 and 65. […] If you have any of the following risk factors, talk to your health care provider about testing for HIV, syphilis or hepatitis: Symptoms of infection, Positive test for another STI, which puts you at greater risk of other STIs. […] Your health care provider tests you for syphilis by taking either a blood sample or a swab from any genital sores you might have. […] Providers generally only recommend testing for genital herpes for people who have symptoms or other risk factors. […] Regular HPV testing isn’t recommended for men. Instead, health care providers may choose to test men who have symptoms, such as genital warts. […] At-home test kits for certain STIs, such as HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea, have become more common and popular.

• #54 Diagnostic Testing of Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.myhealthtoolkit.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/diagnostic-testing-of-most-common-sexually-transmitted-infections/

  Diagnostic Testing of Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infections – CAM 209 […] Description Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), often referred to as sexually transmitted diseases or STDs, include a variety of pathogenic bacteria, virus, and other microorganisms that are spread through sexual contact and can cause a multitude of complications if left untreated. […] This policy is limited to testing for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidum, T. vaginalis, HSV, and HPV. […] Application of coverage criteria is dependent upon an individuals benefit coverage at the time of the request. […] Antibody testing for syphilis infection is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: For any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category, once a year assessment using either a standard or reverse algorithm that includes initial and confirmatory tests for any initial positive test. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for syphilis is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] NAAT for chlamydia is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: Once a year assessment for any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category. […] NAAT for gonorrhea is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: Once a year assessment for any asymptomatic person in a high-risk category. […] For asymptomatic individuals NOT belonging to a high-risk category, screening for gonorrhea is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY only in the following situations: As part of newborn screening. […] NAATs or PCR-based testing for T. vaginalis is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: Symptomatic individuals. […] For symptomatic individuals, testing for Mycoplasma genitalium using NAAT is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] For asymptomatic individuals, screening for M. genitalium using NAAT is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] For individuals with active genital ulcers or mucocutaneous lesions, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] In the diagnosis and/or assessment of cancer or cancer therapy, testing for HR-HPV is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] Testing for HPV is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY in the following situations: To screen for oncogenic high-risk types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, as part of a general sexually transmitted disease (STD) or sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening process or panel for asymptomatic individuals. […] The standard protocol for diagnosing a syphilis infection is to use a two-tiered serological testing algorithm of treponemal testing and nontreponemal testing. […] NAAT has not been FDA-approved at this time and is not typically performed for genital syphilis. […] Rapid serological testing using darkfield microscopy is not as universally used due to complexity and cost. […]

• #55 STD symptoms: How long to manifest and when to test

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-it-take-an-std-to-show-up

  In most cases, a person can get an STI test within a few weeks of exposure. […] People at high risk of certain STIs should ask for a retest, even after a negative result. […] Additionally, it may also be advisable for pregnant people to test and retest for certain STIs. […] The testing window for common STIs is as follows: […] A nucleic acid test analyzes a blood sample for HIV. It can indicate a positive result 10-33 days after exposure. […] A doctor can test for chlamydia by swabbing the vagina, cervix, rectum, or throat, or by taking a urine sample. If symptoms appear, they usually present within 7-21 days of exposure. A test can normally detect chlamydia within 12 weeks of exposure. […] Most tests can detect the infection within 5 days to 2 weeks of exposure. […] Herpes symptoms usually appear quickly. On average, they present 4 days after exposure, and the typical range is 2-12 days.

• #56 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) is the common cause of most of genital herpes simplex infections worldwide. […] Diagnosis of genital herpes infection can be performed by viral culture, NAAT, and serological testing. “Cell culture and PCR-based testing are the preferred tests for a patient presenting with active lesions, although PCR-based testing has the greatest overall sensitivity and specificity.” […] Anogenital HPV infection is the most common STI worldwide with an estimation that “almost all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lifetime.” […] HPV can be detected from swab samples and can be included in many routine cervical exams. High-risk oncogenic HPV testing is commercially available. […] The CDC recommends annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years, as well as older women and men if they fall in a high-risk category. [...] NAAT testing of first-catch urine or swab specimens is recommended. [...] The CDC recommendation concerning gonococcal screening is similar to that of chlamydia—sexually active women aged <25 years and older women and men in high-risk categories.

• #57 Diagnostic Testing of Sexually Transmitted Infections AHS – G2157 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/diagnostic-testing-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-notification-12-17-2024

  Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) is the common cause of most of genital herpes simplex infections worldwide. […] Diagnosis of genital herpes infection can be performed by viral culture, NAAT, and serological testing. “Cell culture and PCR-based testing are the preferred tests for a patient presenting with active lesions, although PCR-based testing has the greatest overall sensitivity and specificity.” […] Anogenital HPV infection is the most common STI worldwide with an estimation that “almost all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lifetime.” […] HPV can be detected from swab samples and can be included in many routine cervical exams. High-risk oncogenic HPV testing is commercially available. […] The CDC recommends annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years, as well as older women and men if they fall in a high-risk category. [...] NAAT testing of first-catch urine or swab specimens is recommended. [...] The CDC recommendation concerning gonococcal screening is similar to that of chlamydia—sexually active women aged <25 years and older women and men in high-risk categories.

• #58 STD symptoms: How long to manifest and when to test

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-it-take-an-std-to-show-up

  In females, HPV rarely causes symptoms. If there are indications, they could appear months or years later. […] In some cases, hepatitis B and C may not cause any obvious symptoms for years. […] Some STIs live in the body for many years without triggering any symptoms. […] The CDC recommend that all sexually-active adults with new or multiple partners seek testing for most STIs at least once per year. […] STI testing, even for incurable infections, can save lives. It also slows the spread of STIs. […] Some untreated STIs can cause serious health issues, such as cancer and pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Symptoms such as genital pain, unusual bleeding or discharge, and skin changes around the genitals may indicate an STI. However, not everyone with an STI has symptoms. […] It is important for people to regularly test for STIs, particularly if they have sex with multiple partners. […] Early detection can make treatment easier and possibly prevent serious health issues.

• #59 SciELO Brazil – Sexually transmitted infections – laboratory diagnosis Sexually transmitted infections – laboratory diagnosis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/FfcYqpW5Fy5ZVxFFm53bG6b/

  The diagnosis of the infection is made based on the clinical characteristics of the lesion, more specifically by identifying the vesicles characteristic of this infection, paired with laboratory confirmation. […] The laboratory diagnosis of a T. pallidum infection is based on clinical evaluation, detection, and identification of the etiologic agent. […] The cervical cancer screening strategy includes the Pap smear, HPV-DNA test, and different combinations of pap smear and HPV-DNA. The HPV-DNA test presents high sensitivity in comparison to the Pap smear for high-grade intraepithelial lesions.

• #60 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  You may also be able to check for STIs with an at-home test. Home test kits are available for several STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and hepatitis C. […] The test result will show whether you have an STI. […] If you have an STI, be sure to take the medicine as prescribed by your provider. It’s also very important that you tell your partner so they can get tested and treated if necessary. Some types of STIs can cause serious health problems if they are not treated. […] You can take steps to help protect yourself from STIs. The only way to completely prevent them is by not having sex. But if you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex.

• #61 STD/STI Testing: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing

  Think of STI testing just like any other test youd get at a doctors office or clinic. Its a routine part of healthcare, and its important for your health. […] Similarly, STI screenings can detect STIs youd otherwise be unaware of. And they allow you to start treatment as soon as possible to prevent complications and transmission to others. […] You can buy at-home STI testing kits through local health clinics and pharmacies. […] At-home STI tests are convenient, private and safe. They also provide accurate results. […] Your healthcare provider can test for STIs in their office. […] Tests are often stressful no matter what theyre for. When theyre to find out if you have STIs, you might worry: What will the results be? […] STIs are very common, and when caught early, theyre often very treatable.

• #62 STD testing: What’s right for you?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-testing/art-20046019

  However, tests done on samples you collect yourself may not always be accurate. If you test positive for an STI on a home test, contact your health care provider or a public health clinic to confirm the test results. […] If you test positive for an STI, consider additional testing. Then get treatment from your health care provider if needed.

• #63 Full Panel STD Test | Full STI Panel Test (7) | Quest®

  https://www.questhealth.com/product/std-screening-panel-expanded-37328M.html?srsltid=AfmBOooeB3oQQEZtWE9FEVCdaqhGtXsejxbHdou273fSA9ghJmBEA2GE

  If your results indicate possible infection, you will receive an alert call from an independent healthcare coordinator. […] Independent physicians are available to discuss questions or concerns you may have regarding your results. […] If your syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C test result is abnormal or positive, the lab will perform an additional confirmation test on the sample you have already provided at no extra cost to you. […] According to the CDC, by following step-by-step collection instructions, patients can collect their own samples correctly, and the results of the tests are as accurate as when they are collected by a doctor. […] It is possible to pass an STD to your unborn child. […] If you are pregnant, it is important to get tested for STDs as soon as possible and contact your OBGYN right away.

• #64 STD testing: What’s right for you?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-testing/art-20046019

  However, tests done on samples you collect yourself may not always be accurate. If you test positive for an STI on a home test, contact your health care provider or a public health clinic to confirm the test results. […] If you test positive for an STI, consider additional testing. Then get treatment from your health care provider if needed.

• #65 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  You may also be able to check for STIs with an at-home test. Home test kits are available for several STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and hepatitis C. […] The test result will show whether you have an STI. […] If you have an STI, be sure to take the medicine as prescribed by your provider. It’s also very important that you tell your partner so they can get tested and treated if necessary. Some types of STIs can cause serious health problems if they are not treated. […] You can take steps to help protect yourself from STIs. The only way to completely prevent them is by not having sex. But if you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex.

• #66 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  You may also be able to check for STIs with an at-home test. Home test kits are available for several STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and hepatitis C. […] The test result will show whether you have an STI. […] If you have an STI, be sure to take the medicine as prescribed by your provider. It’s also very important that you tell your partner so they can get tested and treated if necessary. Some types of STIs can cause serious health problems if they are not treated. […] You can take steps to help protect yourself from STIs. The only way to completely prevent them is by not having sex. But if you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex.

• #67 STD/STI Testing: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing

  STI testing involves taking a sample of bodily fluid to check it for signs of infection. STI testing isnt a single test. Instead, its a group of tests that check for different STIs. […] Your provider will tell you when you can expect results and schedule any follow-up appointments as needed. […] STI test results will tell you whether or not you have certain STIs. A positive result means you have the STI in question. A negative result means you dont have the STI. […] If you test positive for an STI, your provider will tell you the next steps. […] Its important to complete your course of treatment exactly as prescribed. Treatment cures STIs in some cases. But even if it cant cure the STI, treatment can help manage your symptoms and lower the chances of spreading the infection to others.

• #68 STD/STI Testing: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing

  STI testing involves taking a sample of bodily fluid to check it for signs of infection. STI testing isnt a single test. Instead, its a group of tests that check for different STIs. […] Your provider will tell you when you can expect results and schedule any follow-up appointments as needed. […] STI test results will tell you whether or not you have certain STIs. A positive result means you have the STI in question. A negative result means you dont have the STI. […] If you test positive for an STI, your provider will tell you the next steps. […] Its important to complete your course of treatment exactly as prescribed. Treatment cures STIs in some cases. But even if it cant cure the STI, treatment can help manage your symptoms and lower the chances of spreading the infection to others.

• #69 STD/STI Testing: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing

  STI testing involves taking a sample of bodily fluid to check it for signs of infection. STI testing isnt a single test. Instead, its a group of tests that check for different STIs. […] Your provider will tell you when you can expect results and schedule any follow-up appointments as needed. […] STI test results will tell you whether or not you have certain STIs. A positive result means you have the STI in question. A negative result means you dont have the STI. […] If you test positive for an STI, your provider will tell you the next steps. […] Its important to complete your course of treatment exactly as prescribed. Treatment cures STIs in some cases. But even if it cant cure the STI, treatment can help manage your symptoms and lower the chances of spreading the infection to others.

• #70 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sexually-transmitted-infection-sti-tests/

  You may also be able to check for STIs with an at-home test. Home test kits are available for several STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and hepatitis C. […] The test result will show whether you have an STI. […] If you have an STI, be sure to take the medicine as prescribed by your provider. It’s also very important that you tell your partner so they can get tested and treated if necessary. Some types of STIs can cause serious health problems if they are not treated. […] You can take steps to help protect yourself from STIs. The only way to completely prevent them is by not having sex. But if you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex.

• #71 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  If you are pregnant and have an STD, getting treatment right away can prevent or lower the risk of your baby becoming infected. […] Treatment for sexually transmitted infections usually consists of one of the following, depending on the infection: Antibiotics, often in a single dose, can cure many STIs caused by bacteria or parasites, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. […] If you’ve had a sexually transmitted infection, ask your health care professional how long after treatment you need to be retested. Getting retested will ensure that the treatment worked and that you haven’t been reinfected. […] If tests show that you have an STD, you need to tell your sex partners. Tell your current partners and any other partners you’ve had over the last three months to one year that you have an sexually transmitted infection. They will need to get tested.

• #72 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Lab Tests to Diagnose STDs – MyHealth

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/lifestyle/sexually-transmitted-diseases-lab-tests-to-diagnose-stds/

  Most lab tests for STDs check for one of the following conditions: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, Hepatitis B, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis. […] Most blood and urine tests check for bacterial or viral infections, including HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis. […] Despite the convenience, blood and urine tests for STDs aren’t always the most accurate. Most STDs don’t show up in the screening right after a person contracts it. […] This kind of lab testing is prevalent in patients with herpes and genital warts. […] If you test positive, it is valid for you to have a surge of emotions running through your mind. Don’t let it take a toll on you because treatments effectively relieve the symptoms and cure certain STDs.

• #73 STD symptoms: How long to manifest and when to test

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-it-take-an-std-to-show-up

  In most cases, a person can get an STI test within a few weeks of exposure. […] People at high risk of certain STIs should ask for a retest, even after a negative result. […] Additionally, it may also be advisable for pregnant people to test and retest for certain STIs. […] The testing window for common STIs is as follows: […] A nucleic acid test analyzes a blood sample for HIV. It can indicate a positive result 10-33 days after exposure. […] A doctor can test for chlamydia by swabbing the vagina, cervix, rectum, or throat, or by taking a urine sample. If symptoms appear, they usually present within 7-21 days of exposure. A test can normally detect chlamydia within 12 weeks of exposure. […] Most tests can detect the infection within 5 days to 2 weeks of exposure. […] Herpes symptoms usually appear quickly. On average, they present 4 days after exposure, and the typical range is 2-12 days.

• #74 STD symptoms: How long to manifest and when to test

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-it-take-an-std-to-show-up

  In most cases, a person can get an STI test within a few weeks of exposure. […] People at high risk of certain STIs should ask for a retest, even after a negative result. […] Additionally, it may also be advisable for pregnant people to test and retest for certain STIs. […] The testing window for common STIs is as follows: […] A nucleic acid test analyzes a blood sample for HIV. It can indicate a positive result 10-33 days after exposure. […] A doctor can test for chlamydia by swabbing the vagina, cervix, rectum, or throat, or by taking a urine sample. If symptoms appear, they usually present within 7-21 days of exposure. A test can normally detect chlamydia within 12 weeks of exposure. […] Most tests can detect the infection within 5 days to 2 weeks of exposure. […] Herpes symptoms usually appear quickly. On average, they present 4 days after exposure, and the typical range is 2-12 days.

• #75 Sexually Transmitted Infections | Diagnostic Laboratory of Oklahoma

  https://www.dlolab.com/patients/testing/choose-to-know-patients/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Preventive testing can keep you healthy and protect your reproductive health. […] Have an honest and open talk with your health care provider and ask whether you should be tested for chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas, or other sexually transmitted infections. […] Chlamydia, gonorrhea and trich can be detected with a single swab or urine sample. You can also be screened for these infections by requesting that additional tests be done with your Pap smear. […] Patients can be tested privately and securely for certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) without a provider order through QuestDirects Sexually Transmitted Disease testing. […] When left untreated, sexually transmitted infections can have serious consequences. […] Routine screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can help protect your reproductive health in a number of ways: Screening can catch an infection early, even if there are no symptoms.

• #76 Sexually Transmitted Infections | Diagnostic Laboratory of Oklahoma

  https://www.dlolab.com/patients/testing/choose-to-know-patients/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Preventive testing can keep you healthy and protect your reproductive health. […] Have an honest and open talk with your health care provider and ask whether you should be tested for chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas, or other sexually transmitted infections. […] Chlamydia, gonorrhea and trich can be detected with a single swab or urine sample. You can also be screened for these infections by requesting that additional tests be done with your Pap smear. […] Patients can be tested privately and securely for certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) without a provider order through QuestDirects Sexually Transmitted Disease testing. […] When left untreated, sexually transmitted infections can have serious consequences. […] Routine screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can help protect your reproductive health in a number of ways: Screening can catch an infection early, even if there are no symptoms.

• #77 Sexually Transmitted Infections | Diagnostic Laboratory of Oklahoma

  https://www.dlolab.com/patients/testing/choose-to-know-patients/sexually-transmitted-infections

  If you have an infection, screening ensures appropriate treatment. […] Effective treatment can help avoid complications like Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), which is a leading cause of infertility. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends annual testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Testing as a teen helps to establish a lifetime of healthy habits and protects future reproductive health. […] Multiple health organizations recommend screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea, including the American Academy of Family Physicians, U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #78

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2017/04000/point_of_care_sexually_transmitted_infection.4.aspx

  The STAR STI-CTG programmatic meeting reviewed point-of-care sexually transmitted infection diagnostics including current and emerging technologies, clinical and public health benefits, international applications, regulatory considerations, and future developments. […] Early and accurate diagnosis of infection is important to provide patients with timely, appropriate, and effective treatment, thereby, limiting the spread and adverse outcomes of infection. […] Approximately 80% of the newly reported STI cases occur in developing countries, and they disproportionately impact women. […] Many STI patients are asymptomatic and may be identified only through screening. […] Without accurate tests, these asymptomatic cases could remain unknowingly chronically infected and untreated for an extended period of time, resulting in long-term reproductive complications and further spread of infections to others.

• #79 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/programs/topic-sites/sexually-transmitted-infections/index.html

  In the United States, recent data show that rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reached an all-time high in 2021 among both females and males, and all racial and ethnic groups. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number of combined cases of gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia was more than 2.4 million in 2023. While rates of gonorrhea and syphilis are slowing, reported STIs remain high and racial, ethnic, and sexual minority groups remain disproportionately affected. […] The current rise of STIs is a serious public health concern that requires immediate attention. If left untreated, STIs can lead to severe health complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), increased risk of getting HIV, certain cancers, and even infertility. […] The STI National Strategic Plan was released December 17, 2020, and provides a roadmap for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care designed to meet significant measurable goals. […] Learn about the policies, guidelines, and best practices related to STI prevention, diagnoses, and treatment.

• #80 Sexually transmitted infections

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. STIs are usually spread by having vaginal, oral, or anal sex. More than 9 million women in the United States are diagnosed with an STI each year. Women often have more serious health problems from STIs than men, including infertility. […] An STI is an infection passed from one person to another person through sexual contact. […] Some STIs can be cured and some STIs cannot be cured. For those STIs that cannot be cured, there are medicines to manage the symptoms. […] Nearly 20 million people in the United States get an STI each year. These infections affect women and men of all backgrounds and economic levels. But half of all new infections are among young people 15 to 24 years old. […] Women often have more serious health problems from STIs than men: Chlamydia and gonorrhea, left untreated, raise the risk of chronic pelvic pain and life-threatening ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia and gonorrhea also can cause infertility. Untreated syphilis in pregnant women results in infant death up to 40% of the time. Women have a higher risk than men of getting an STI during unprotected vaginal sex. Unprotected anal sex puts women at even more risk for getting an STI than unprotected vaginal sex.

• #81 Sexually transmitted infections

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. STIs are usually spread by having vaginal, oral, or anal sex. More than 9 million women in the United States are diagnosed with an STI each year. Women often have more serious health problems from STIs than men, including infertility. […] An STI is an infection passed from one person to another person through sexual contact. […] Some STIs can be cured and some STIs cannot be cured. For those STIs that cannot be cured, there are medicines to manage the symptoms. […] Nearly 20 million people in the United States get an STI each year. These infections affect women and men of all backgrounds and economic levels. But half of all new infections are among young people 15 to 24 years old. […] Women often have more serious health problems from STIs than men: Chlamydia and gonorrhea, left untreated, raise the risk of chronic pelvic pain and life-threatening ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia and gonorrhea also can cause infertility. Untreated syphilis in pregnant women results in infant death up to 40% of the time. Women have a higher risk than men of getting an STI during unprotected vaginal sex. Unprotected anal sex puts women at even more risk for getting an STI than unprotected vaginal sex.

• #82 STD/STI Testing: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing

  STI testing (STD testing) refers to many different tests you get at a healthcare providers office or clinic to find out if you have a sexually transmitted infection. […] STI testing (STD testing) tells you if you have a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Knowing you have an STI is important because you can then: […] Get treatment as soon as possible. Timely treatment improves your chances of recovering and avoiding long-term issues. STIs can lead to serious complications like vision loss, organ damage and infertility. In some cases, STIs can be deadly. […] Protect your sexual partners. If you know you have an STI, you can take steps to lower the risk of spreading it to others. […] Take steps for a healthy pregnancy. An untreated STI during pregnancy poses many health risks for both you and the developing fetus.

• #83 STD/STI Testing: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing

  Think of STI testing just like any other test youd get at a doctors office or clinic. Its a routine part of healthcare, and its important for your health. […] Similarly, STI screenings can detect STIs youd otherwise be unaware of. And they allow you to start treatment as soon as possible to prevent complications and transmission to others. […] You can buy at-home STI testing kits through local health clinics and pharmacies. […] At-home STI tests are convenient, private and safe. They also provide accurate results. […] Your healthcare provider can test for STIs in their office. […] Tests are often stressful no matter what theyre for. When theyre to find out if you have STIs, you might worry: What will the results be? […] STIs are very common, and when caught early, theyre often very treatable.

• #84 Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource‐constrained settings: challenges and ways forward

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6715950/

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain prevalent and are increasing in several populations. Appropriate STI diagnosis is crucial to prevent the transmission and sequelae of untreated infection. […] In resource-constrained settings, aetiological diagnosis of STIs remains difficult due to limited access to laboratory diagnostics to guide appropriate treatment. […] The diagnostic accuracy of urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease syndromes is relatively adequate. […] The pooled diagnostic accuracy of vaginal syndromic case management for CT/NG is low, resulting in high numbers of overtreatment and missed treatment. […] Findings of the reviews on syndromic case management underscored the need for low-cost and accurate POCTs for the identification, first, of CT/NG, and, second, of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and NG and MG resistance/susceptibility testing.

• #85 Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource‐constrained settings: challenges and ways forward

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6715950/

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain prevalent and are increasing in several populations. Appropriate STI diagnosis is crucial to prevent the transmission and sequelae of untreated infection. […] In resource-constrained settings, aetiological diagnosis of STIs remains difficult due to limited access to laboratory diagnostics to guide appropriate treatment. […] The diagnostic accuracy of urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease syndromes is relatively adequate. […] The pooled diagnostic accuracy of vaginal syndromic case management for CT/NG is low, resulting in high numbers of overtreatment and missed treatment. […] Findings of the reviews on syndromic case management underscored the need for low-cost and accurate POCTs for the identification, first, of CT/NG, and, second, of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and NG and MG resistance/susceptibility testing.

• #86

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15-49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic. […] In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15-49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. […] STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] Accurate diagnostic tests for STIs (using molecular technology) are widely used in high-income countries. […] However, they are largely unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. […] Even in countries where testing is available, it is often expensive and not widely accessible.

• #87

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  In addition, the time it takes for results to be received is often long. […] As a result, follow-up can be impeded and care or treatment can be incomplete. […] On the other hand, inexpensive, rapid tests are available for syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV. […] Several other rapid tests are under development and have the potential to improve STI diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] Syndromic management often relies on clinical algorithms and allows health workers to diagnose a specific infection based on observed syndromes (e.g., vaginal/urethral discharge, anogenital ulcers, etc). […] However, this approach results in overtreatment and missed treatment as the majority of STIs are asymptomatic. […] Thus, WHO recommends countries to enhance syndromic management by gradually incorporating laboratory testing to support diagnosis.

• #88

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  In addition, the time it takes for results to be received is often long. […] As a result, follow-up can be impeded and care or treatment can be incomplete. […] On the other hand, inexpensive, rapid tests are available for syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV. […] Several other rapid tests are under development and have the potential to improve STI diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] Syndromic management often relies on clinical algorithms and allows health workers to diagnose a specific infection based on observed syndromes (e.g., vaginal/urethral discharge, anogenital ulcers, etc). […] However, this approach results in overtreatment and missed treatment as the majority of STIs are asymptomatic. […] Thus, WHO recommends countries to enhance syndromic management by gradually incorporating laboratory testing to support diagnosis.

• #89 Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource‐constrained settings: challenges and ways forward

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6715950/

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain prevalent and are increasing in several populations. Appropriate STI diagnosis is crucial to prevent the transmission and sequelae of untreated infection. […] In resource-constrained settings, aetiological diagnosis of STIs remains difficult due to limited access to laboratory diagnostics to guide appropriate treatment. […] The diagnostic accuracy of urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease syndromes is relatively adequate. […] The pooled diagnostic accuracy of vaginal syndromic case management for CT/NG is low, resulting in high numbers of overtreatment and missed treatment. […] Findings of the reviews on syndromic case management underscored the need for low-cost and accurate POCTs for the identification, first, of CT/NG, and, second, of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and NG and MG resistance/susceptibility testing.

• #90 Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource‐constrained settings: challenges and ways forward

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6715950/

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain prevalent and are increasing in several populations. Appropriate STI diagnosis is crucial to prevent the transmission and sequelae of untreated infection. […] In resource-constrained settings, aetiological diagnosis of STIs remains difficult due to limited access to laboratory diagnostics to guide appropriate treatment. […] The diagnostic accuracy of urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease syndromes is relatively adequate. […] The pooled diagnostic accuracy of vaginal syndromic case management for CT/NG is low, resulting in high numbers of overtreatment and missed treatment. […] Findings of the reviews on syndromic case management underscored the need for low-cost and accurate POCTs for the identification, first, of CT/NG, and, second, of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and NG and MG resistance/susceptibility testing.

• #91 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Lab Tests to Diagnose STDs – MyHealth

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/lifestyle/sexually-transmitted-diseases-lab-tests-to-diagnose-stds/

  The World Health Organization reports that more than 1 million people acquire sexually transmitted diseases (STD). This shows that these types of infections are a lot more common than we anticipate. […] Several STDs often go undiagnosed due to no or minor symptoms. Only when the symptoms start getting worse is when people seek medical interventions. Lack of timely testing is also due to the ongoing stigma and lack of open conversations surrounding the conditions. […] Getting tested for STDs is crucial for quicker treatments before it turns for the worse. […] A regular STD screening rules out these complications, especially if you have a suspicion that you might have contracted the infection from someone. […] You might need an STD testing if: You are sexually active and have multiple sexual partners; You are a woman above the age of 21 and need to keep a check on your cervical health; You are pregnant and have an active sexually transmitted infection in your body; You had unprotected sex; You are a homosexual man, engaging in penetrative sex; You have been diagnosed with HIV; You have accidentally shared needles with an unknown person.

• #92 Sexually transmitted infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection

  A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex. STIs often do not initially cause symptoms, which results in a risk of transmitting them on to others. […] Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. Some STIs can cause infertility. […] STI diagnostic tests are usually easily available in the developed world, but they are often unavailable in the developing world. […] Early identification and treatment results in less chance to spread disease, and for some conditions may improve the outcomes of treatment. […] Diagnosis may also be delayed by reluctance of the infected person to seek a medical professional.

• #93

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2017/04000/point_of_care_sexually_transmitted_infection.4.aspx

  The goal of the point-of-care (POC) sexually transmitted infection (STI) Diagnostics meeting was to review the state-of-the-art research and develop recommendations for the use of POC STI diagnostics. […] Key points of the meeting are as follows: (i) although some rapid point-of-care tests are affordable, sensitive, specific, easy to perform, and deliverable to those who need them for select sexually transmitted infections, implementation barriers exist at the device, patient, provider, and health system levels; (ii) further investment in research and development of point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections is needed, and new technologies can be used to improve diagnostic testing, test uptake, and treatment; (iii) efficient deployment of self-testing in supervised (ie, pharmacies, clinics, and so on) and/or unsupervised (ie, home, offices, and so on) settings could facilitate more screening and diagnosis that will reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections; (iv) development of novel diagnostic technologies has outpaced the generation of guidance tools and documents issued by regulatory agencies; and (v) questions regarding quality management are emerging including the mechanism by which poor-performing diagnostics are removed from the market and quality assurance of self-testing is ensured.

• #94

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2017/04000/point_of_care_sexually_transmitted_infection.4.aspx

  The goal of the point-of-care (POC) sexually transmitted infection (STI) Diagnostics meeting was to review the state-of-the-art research and develop recommendations for the use of POC STI diagnostics. […] Key points of the meeting are as follows: (i) although some rapid point-of-care tests are affordable, sensitive, specific, easy to perform, and deliverable to those who need them for select sexually transmitted infections, implementation barriers exist at the device, patient, provider, and health system levels; (ii) further investment in research and development of point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections is needed, and new technologies can be used to improve diagnostic testing, test uptake, and treatment; (iii) efficient deployment of self-testing in supervised (ie, pharmacies, clinics, and so on) and/or unsupervised (ie, home, offices, and so on) settings could facilitate more screening and diagnosis that will reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections; (iv) development of novel diagnostic technologies has outpaced the generation of guidance tools and documents issued by regulatory agencies; and (v) questions regarding quality management are emerging including the mechanism by which poor-performing diagnostics are removed from the market and quality assurance of self-testing is ensured.

• #95 Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource‐constrained settings: challenges and ways forward

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6715950/

  POCTs that are accurate, rapid, simple and affordable are urgently needed in resource-constrained settings to support the uptake of aetiological diagnosis and treatment. […] The WHO syndromic case management guidelines should be updated to raise the quality of STI management through the integration of laboratory tests. […] Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the gold standard for the diagnosis of STIs in high-income settings, and most have a sensitivity and specificity ranging from 95% to 99%. […] POCTs that are inexpensive, rapid and fulfil the ASSURED criteria are under development. […] The development of POCTs will need to ensure access and uptake at the primary health care level. […] The limitation of the syndromic approach, the availability of molecular assays and the ongoing development of POCTs call for global action to increase the access and affordability of the aetiologically based diagnosis of STIs in resource-constrained settings to improve patient management, and reduce STI transmission and the emergence of drug resistance.

• #96 Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource‐constrained settings: challenges and ways forward

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6715950/

  POCTs that are accurate, rapid, simple and affordable are urgently needed in resource-constrained settings to support the uptake of aetiological diagnosis and treatment. […] The WHO syndromic case management guidelines should be updated to raise the quality of STI management through the integration of laboratory tests. […] Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the gold standard for the diagnosis of STIs in high-income settings, and most have a sensitivity and specificity ranging from 95% to 99%. […] POCTs that are inexpensive, rapid and fulfil the ASSURED criteria are under development. […] The development of POCTs will need to ensure access and uptake at the primary health care level. […] The limitation of the syndromic approach, the availability of molecular assays and the ongoing development of POCTs call for global action to increase the access and affordability of the aetiologically based diagnosis of STIs in resource-constrained settings to improve patient management, and reduce STI transmission and the emergence of drug resistance.

• #97 Rapid diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-rapid-diagnosis-sexually-transmitted-infections-S2529993X17301892

  Rapid tests in STIs can be considered as such, or as point-of-care tests (POCTs). […] POCTs must also comply with quality controls included in the tests and be environmentally safe and low cost. […] Rapid tests/POCTs aimed at STI diagnosis must meet the following requirements established by the WHO: Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free, Deliverable to end-users. […] The future of rapid diagnosis lies in the development and implementation of POCTs that allow the diagnosis of as many pathogens as possible and that meet most of, if not all, the ASSURED criteria proposed by the WHO.

• #98 Testing for sexually transmitted infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/55243599/testing-for-sexually-transmitted-infections

  Testing for STIs is always high in demand and a broad array of tests are available for detection of STIs. […] Detection of STIs using nucleic-acid (DNA or RNA) amplification technique is now considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of many STIs. […] Serological tests are useful for diagnosis, monitoring therapy, or surveillance purpose. […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose far-reaching implications with respect to social, economic, and public health globally, including in the United States. […] To prevent and control STIs, a multi-pronged approach needs to be taken that includes education, early disease diagnosis, and treatment. […] STI testing is available in various settings including clinical laboratories, point-of-care tests in doctors offices and hospitals, and home-based tests.

• #99 Testing for sexually transmitted infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/continuing-education/article/55243599/testing-for-sexually-transmitted-infections

  Testing for STIs is always high in demand and a broad array of tests are available for detection of STIs. […] Detection of STIs using nucleic-acid (DNA or RNA) amplification technique is now considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of many STIs. […] Serological tests are useful for diagnosis, monitoring therapy, or surveillance purpose. […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose far-reaching implications with respect to social, economic, and public health globally, including in the United States. […] To prevent and control STIs, a multi-pronged approach needs to be taken that includes education, early disease diagnosis, and treatment. […] STI testing is available in various settings including clinical laboratories, point-of-care tests in doctors offices and hospitals, and home-based tests.

• #100 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  The clinical presentation per se does not always allow a specific STI to be identified. In these cases, etiological diagnosis via laboratory confirmation of the underlying organisms is essential. Other than supporting a more rational use of antimicrobials, laboratory confirmation is pivotal in surveillance (to determine the true scale of the spread of STIs in communities) and in screening (i.e., testing of at-risk people without recognized signs or symptoms). […] By identifying infected people regardless of their symptoms, both the complications and further transmission of STIs can be reduced. […] Point-of-care (POC) tests represent an answer to the problem of needing to reach a diagnosis quickly outside of a standard laboratory. […] The development and implementation of POCs for STI management is considered a priority by WHO, and target product profiles (TPPs) for POCs have been developed. Recent systematic reviews have shown that, in many instances, the use of POCs can result in a substantial reduction in both missed treatments and overtreatment. Treatment uptake is also improved, and patients show appreciation for receiving a quick and specific diagnosis, which also facilitates the treatment of the partners of patients.

• #101 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  Due to the limitations of a syndromic approach, the laboratory diagnosis of STIs is essential to ensure timely and appropriate patient treatment. Furthermore, the actual burden and spread of these infections can only be quantified by including the asymptomatic carriers. Tools based on antigen and DNA/RNA detection have revolutionized the field, allowing for a more rapid and sensitive diagnosis compared to traditional microscopy or culture, and highlighting the possibility of STI screening in at-risk groups. […] Significant advances have been made in POC testing for STIs, and more tests are in the pipeline. However, the need remains for better integration of STI POC testing into healthcare systems.

• #102 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  Due to the limitations of a syndromic approach, the laboratory diagnosis of STIs is essential to ensure timely and appropriate patient treatment. Furthermore, the actual burden and spread of these infections can only be quantified by including the asymptomatic carriers. Tools based on antigen and DNA/RNA detection have revolutionized the field, allowing for a more rapid and sensitive diagnosis compared to traditional microscopy or culture, and highlighting the possibility of STI screening in at-risk groups. […] Significant advances have been made in POC testing for STIs, and more tests are in the pipeline. However, the need remains for better integration of STI POC testing into healthcare systems.

• #103 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  Due to the limitations of a syndromic approach, the laboratory diagnosis of STIs is essential to ensure timely and appropriate patient treatment. Furthermore, the actual burden and spread of these infections can only be quantified by including the asymptomatic carriers. Tools based on antigen and DNA/RNA detection have revolutionized the field, allowing for a more rapid and sensitive diagnosis compared to traditional microscopy or culture, and highlighting the possibility of STI screening in at-risk groups. […] Significant advances have been made in POC testing for STIs, and more tests are in the pipeline. However, the need remains for better integration of STI POC testing into healthcare systems.

• #104 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038

  Due to the limitations of a syndromic approach, the laboratory diagnosis of STIs is essential to ensure timely and appropriate patient treatment. Furthermore, the actual burden and spread of these infections can only be quantified by including the asymptomatic carriers. Tools based on antigen and DNA/RNA detection have revolutionized the field, allowing for a more rapid and sensitive diagnosis compared to traditional microscopy or culture, and highlighting the possibility of STI screening in at-risk groups. […] Significant advances have been made in POC testing for STIs, and more tests are in the pipeline. However, the need remains for better integration of STI POC testing into healthcare systems.

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