Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Halitosis (Bad Breath): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17771-bad-breath-halitosis

  Halitosis is the medical term for bad breath. […] Finding the root cause of halitosis is the first step in treating the issue. […] If you have bad breath that doesnt go away, schedule an appointment with your dentist. If halitosis is due to poor oral hygiene, a dental cleaning or periodontal (gum) procedure should help. If you have healthy teeth and gums, then halitosis may be linked to an issue in another part of your body. […] Halitosis treatment depends on the root cause of the issue. For example, if bad breath is due to poor oral hygiene, a dental cleaning and improved oral hygiene at home will likely help. […] But if halitosis is a symptom of another condition somewhere else in your body, your primary healthcare provider can help you with proper diagnosis and treatment. […] Most people can get rid of chronic halitosis by treating the underlying condition. That could be as simple as improving your oral hygiene routine.

• #2 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is a term coined from the merger of the Latin halitus (breath) and Greek osis (pathological process) to describe a condition that meant an unpleasant odor from the mouth or bad breath, as we commonly call it. […] This activity explains when this condition should be considered in a differential diagnosis, articulates how to evaluate for this condition properly, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Understandably so, it is a serious concern for the patient as it could lead to social embarrassment and leave the individual reclusive or occasionally even stigmatized. […] It is sometimes discovered by the dental practitioner or primary care physician during a routine examination, and the individual may have been unaware.

• #3 Bad breath (halitosis): Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166636

  Bad breath affects an estimated 25 percent of people. […] Halitosis is the third most common reason that people seek dental care, after tooth decay and gum disease. […] If bad breath persists, however, it is advisable to visit a doctor to check for underlying causes. […] The best method to reduce halitosis is good oral hygiene. […] The dentist may recommend a toothpaste that includes an antibacterial agent or an antibacterial mouthwash. […] If the mouth is chronically dry, a doctor may prescribe medication that stimulates the flow of saliva. […] If breath odor persists despite controlling these factors, it is recommended that an individual visits a doctor for further tests to rule out other conditions. […] Often, a dentist will simply smell the breath of a person with suspected halitosis and rate the odor on a six-point intensity scale. […] There are a variety of sophisticated detectors that can rate odor more precisely. […] The dentist will then be able to identify the likely cause of the bad breath.

• #4 Bad breath: What causes it and what to do about it – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/bad-breath-what-causes-it-and-what-to-do-about-it-2019012115803

  Almost everyone experiences bad breath once in a while. But for some people, bad breath is a daily problem, and they struggle to find a solution. Approximately 30% of the population complains of some sort of bad breath. Halitosis (Latin for „bad breath”) often occurs after a garlicky meal or in the morning after waking. Other causes of temporary halitosis include some beverages (including alcoholic drinks or coffee) and tobacco smoking. […] A visit with a dentist may help rule out periodontal disease and identify any mouth problem that could be contributing to bad breath. […] A person complaining of bad breath can be initially evaluated by a primary care physician (PCP). The doctor will begin with a thorough medical and dental history and an oral exam. Tests may be done to confirm the presence of halitosis by measuring the strength of bad breath on a predefined scale, and by using instruments to detect specific compounds related to halitosis. […] Your PCP may refer you to a dentist if there is evidence of dental or gum problems, which is the cause in the majority of people with bad breath.

• #5

  https://dentistryforlife.net/blog/how-bad-breath-diagnosis-and-treatment-will-be-done/

  Bad breath is one of the serious oral problems, and can affect the social life and health of a person. […] The diagnosis and treatment for bad breath depends on the cause of the problem. Your Philadelphia dentist makes note of the medical history of the patient and symptoms. The type of odor may be an indicator of the root cause of the problem. The dentist thoroughly checks the oral health and through diagnosis, finds out if the problem is caused by a more serious medical condition like diabetes or kidney failure. […] If poor oral hygiene, dry mouth or gum disease is found to be the root cause of bad breath the dentist takes necessary steps to see that the condition is treated. […] It is important for patients to be aware of good oral hygiene practices and maintain a healthy lifestyle to avoid the embarrassment of bad breath. […] If you have any questions related to bad breath diagnosis and treatment, feel free to consult our dentist in Philadelphia.

• #6 Bad Breath (Halitosis)

  https://austinregionalclinic.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/testsprocedures/LabTests/85,P00883

  Halitosis is an oral health problem where the main symptom is bad smelling breath. In most cases, finding the cause of the bad breath is the first step toward treating this preventable condition. […] Dentists usually diagnose bad breath. The diagnosis is based on your health history and mouth odor during the dental exam. The entire mouth is checked to see if a cause can be found, such as an infection. If the dentist cant find the cause, they will refer you to your primary health care provider. […] Treating the cause of bad breath will help it go away.

• #7 Bad Breath (Halitosis): Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bad-breath

  Bad breath odor may develop if you have: […] Your dentist will smell your breath and ask you questions about your problem. […] To diagnose whats causing your bad breath, your doctor will smell your mouth, nose, and tongue to try to determine the source of the odor. […] If the odor doesnt seem to be coming from your teeth or mouth, your dentist will recommend that you visit your family doctor to rule out an underlying disease or condition.

• #8 Bad breath – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350925

  Your dentist likely will smell the breath from your mouth and the breath from your nose and rate the odor on a scale. Because the back of the tongue most often causes the smell, your dentist also may scrape it and rate its odor. […] Some devices also can detect certain chemicals that cause bad breath. But these tools aren’t always available.

• #9 Halitosis: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/hygiene-techniques/article/16411613/halitosis-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Halitosis, also commonly known as bad breath, is a concern of many patients seeking help from health-care professionals. […] Most physicians and dental practitioners are inadequately informed about the causes and treatments of halitosis. […] This article will briefly discuss the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of halitosis. […] Organoleptic tests […] Smell the exhaled air of the mouth and nose, and compare the two. Odor detectable from the mouth but not from the nose is likely to be of oral or pharyngeal origin. […] Mechanical tests […] Gas chromatography (GC) is highly specific to volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and can detect odorous molecules even in low concentrations. […] The available methods of halitosis treatment can be divided into these categories: mechanical reduction of microorganisms, chemical reduction of microorganisms, use of masking products, and chemical neutralization of VSCs. […] Diagnosis and treatment needs to be a multidisciplinary approach involving the primary health-care clinician, dentist, an ENT (ear, nose, throat) specialist, nutritionist, gastroenterologist, and clinical psychologist.

• #10 Bad Breath (Halitosis)

  https://austinregionalclinic.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/testsprocedures/LabTests/85,P00883

  Halitosis is an oral health problem where the main symptom is bad smelling breath. In most cases, finding the cause of the bad breath is the first step toward treating this preventable condition. […] Dentists usually diagnose bad breath. The diagnosis is based on your health history and mouth odor during the dental exam. The entire mouth is checked to see if a cause can be found, such as an infection. If the dentist cant find the cause, they will refer you to your primary health care provider. […] Treating the cause of bad breath will help it go away.

• #11 Bad Breath Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/bad-breath

  Bad breath, medically called halitosis, can result from poor dental health habits or may be a sign of other health problems. […] Bad breath can result from several factors, from medical conditions and medications, bad habits such as smoking, and the foods you eat. […] Most of the time, bad breath results from not taking good care of your teeth, such as not brushing and flossing daily and not seeing the dentist regularly for a deeper cleaning. […] Bad breath can be reduced or prevented if you: Treat what’s causing your bad breath. If its due to an underlying health condition, treating that condition should improve your breath. […] In most cases, your dentist can treat the cause of bad breath. […] If your dentist confirms that your mouth is healthy and the odor is not of oral origin, you may be referred to your family doctor or to a specialist to determine the odor source and treatment plan. […] Talk to your doctor if your bad breath persists.

• #12 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  Halitosis is formed by volatile molecules which are caused because of pathological or nonpathological reasons and it originates from an oral or a non-oral source. […] Halitosis affects a person’s daily life negatively, most of people who complain about halitosis refer to the clinic for treatment but in some of the people who can suffer from halitosis, there is no measurable halitosis. There are several methods to determine halitosis. Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected rightly. The most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detection etiology or determination its source by detailed clinical examination. […] Assessment methods of halitosis ensure discrimination of pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. For these reasons, diagnosis of the halitosis, and assessment of its severity (conditions that patients have, is it genuine halitosis or pseudo-halitosis or halitophobia) are very important. Therefore, the diagnostic way and tools were developed.

• #13 Bad breath – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath

  Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present. It can result in anxiety among those affected. It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. […] The treatment depends on the underlying cause. Initial efforts may include tongue cleaning, mouthwash, and flossing. Tentative evidence supports the use of mouthwash containing chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride. While there is tentative evidence of benefit from the use of a tongue cleaner it is insufficient to draw clear conclusions. […] If bad breath is persistent, and all other medical and dental factors have been ruled out, specialized testing and treatment is required. Hundreds of dental offices and commercial breath clinics now claim to diagnose and treat bad breath. […] The most important measurement of bad breath (the gold standard) is the actual sniffing and scoring of the level and type of the odour carried out by trained experts („organoleptic measurements”). The level of odour is usually assessed on a six-point intensity scale.

• #14 Bad breath – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350925

  Your dentist likely will smell the breath from your mouth and the breath from your nose and rate the odor on a scale. Because the back of the tongue most often causes the smell, your dentist also may scrape it and rate its odor. […] Some devices also can detect certain chemicals that cause bad breath. But these tools aren’t always available.

• #15 Bad breath (halitosis): Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166636

  Bad breath affects an estimated 25 percent of people. […] Halitosis is the third most common reason that people seek dental care, after tooth decay and gum disease. […] If bad breath persists, however, it is advisable to visit a doctor to check for underlying causes. […] The best method to reduce halitosis is good oral hygiene. […] The dentist may recommend a toothpaste that includes an antibacterial agent or an antibacterial mouthwash. […] If the mouth is chronically dry, a doctor may prescribe medication that stimulates the flow of saliva. […] If breath odor persists despite controlling these factors, it is recommended that an individual visits a doctor for further tests to rule out other conditions. […] Often, a dentist will simply smell the breath of a person with suspected halitosis and rate the odor on a six-point intensity scale. […] There are a variety of sophisticated detectors that can rate odor more precisely. […] The dentist will then be able to identify the likely cause of the bad breath.

• #16 How to Test How Your Breath Smells

  https://www.vanyodentistry.com/blog/how-to-test-how-your-breath-smells/

  Bad breath (halitosis) is not just an inconvenience; it can also mean you are suffering from a dental or oral problem. […] Seek out a definitive diagnosis if you exhibit such signs. […] You can also go to the dentist for a halitosis test. Below are some diagnostic methods the dentist may use. […] The dentist may use a variety of instruments to measure the type and number of compounds in your breath. Typical methods include gas chromatography and halimeter usage. The dentist may even combine the two methods. […] The dentist directly smells your breathe and rates the odor on a scale. The dentist may use a drinking straw or glass tube to get the odor directly from inside your mouth to determine if any dental issues may be causing the odor. […] For this test, the dentist swabs your tongue with cotton and analyses its contents. Specifically, the analysis detects enzymes from oral bacteria that trigger halitosis. Dentists also use the BANA test to predict the risk of periodontitis, allowing preemptive treatment.

• #17 Bad breath – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350925

  Your dentist likely will smell the breath from your mouth and the breath from your nose and rate the odor on a scale. Because the back of the tongue most often causes the smell, your dentist also may scrape it and rate its odor. […] Some devices also can detect certain chemicals that cause bad breath. But these tools aren’t always available.

• #18 Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach | International Journal of Oral Science

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ijos201239

  A standardized evaluation protocol for halitosis studies is needed to compare epidemiological data. Therefore, a mechanical detection method should be used as golden standard for bad breath research. […] The gold standard is the organoleptic scoring, i.e., smelling the odour of the patient. A more objective method is the analysis of breath samples by gas chromatography or by means of portable VSC analysers. […] The advantages of organoleptical scoring are: inexpensive, no equipment needed and a wide range of odours is detectable. As disadvantages, the extreme subjectivity of the test, the lack of quantification, the saturation of the nose and the reproducibility can be mentioned. Still, organoleptic scoring is considered as the gold standard in the detection of oral bad breath. […] In halitosis research, the gas chromatography (GC) analysis can be performed on breath, saliva and tongue debris. Almost all different air components can be detected.

• #19 Halitosis: Different Diagnostic Methods for a Diverse Disease

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-different-diagnostic-methods.html

  Instrumental methods are more scientific or impartial by definition. […] The limitation of this device is that it can’t distinguish between the different sulphides, which means it cannot clarify whether the cause is oral or non-oral. […] A combination of both the organoleptic and halimeter approach is therefore recommended and can provides important clues to the causes of halitosis. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage, and requires only the scraping of the tongue with a cotton swab. The test measures the levels of a specific enzyme produced by halitosis-causing bacteria. […] Appropriate use of diagnostic tests and clinical examination are crucial to identify the cause of halitosis and recommend the best treatment options. If not properly diagnosed and treated, halitosis has a negative effect on a person’s social life. Moreover, halitosis may be a sign of other underlying oral health (or other) conditions.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-014-0036-5

  Halitosis affects a large part of the population. […] The present review summarizes diagnostics, prevalence, and current treatments of oral halitosis. […] A complete medical, dental, and halitosis history are indispensable. […] The present review summarizes the diagnostics, prevalence, and current treatments of oral halitosis. […] A specifically designed halitosis questionnaire is given to the patient to complete before the first appointment. […] For the clinical detection of halitosis, the international consensus group recommends two primary methods: organoleptic measurement and instrumental measurements. […] Organoleptic measurement implies a subjective sensory test scored on the basis of the examiner’s perception of a patient’s breath odor. […] This is an objective way to measure VSCs, which are the principal components of oral malodor.

• #21 Halitosis: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/hygiene-techniques/article/16411613/halitosis-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Halitosis, also commonly known as bad breath, is a concern of many patients seeking help from health-care professionals. […] Most physicians and dental practitioners are inadequately informed about the causes and treatments of halitosis. […] This article will briefly discuss the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of halitosis. […] Organoleptic tests […] Smell the exhaled air of the mouth and nose, and compare the two. Odor detectable from the mouth but not from the nose is likely to be of oral or pharyngeal origin. […] Mechanical tests […] Gas chromatography (GC) is highly specific to volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and can detect odorous molecules even in low concentrations. […] The available methods of halitosis treatment can be divided into these categories: mechanical reduction of microorganisms, chemical reduction of microorganisms, use of masking products, and chemical neutralization of VSCs. […] Diagnosis and treatment needs to be a multidisciplinary approach involving the primary health-care clinician, dentist, an ENT (ear, nose, throat) specialist, nutritionist, gastroenterologist, and clinical psychologist.

• #22 How to Test How Your Breath Smells

  https://www.vanyodentistry.com/blog/how-to-test-how-your-breath-smells/

  Bad breath (halitosis) is not just an inconvenience; it can also mean you are suffering from a dental or oral problem. […] Seek out a definitive diagnosis if you exhibit such signs. […] You can also go to the dentist for a halitosis test. Below are some diagnostic methods the dentist may use. […] The dentist may use a variety of instruments to measure the type and number of compounds in your breath. Typical methods include gas chromatography and halimeter usage. The dentist may even combine the two methods. […] The dentist directly smells your breathe and rates the odor on a scale. The dentist may use a drinking straw or glass tube to get the odor directly from inside your mouth to determine if any dental issues may be causing the odor. […] For this test, the dentist swabs your tongue with cotton and analyses its contents. Specifically, the analysis detects enzymes from oral bacteria that trigger halitosis. Dentists also use the BANA test to predict the risk of periodontitis, allowing preemptive treatment.

• #23 Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach | International Journal of Oral Science

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ijos201239

  A standardized evaluation protocol for halitosis studies is needed to compare epidemiological data. Therefore, a mechanical detection method should be used as golden standard for bad breath research. […] The gold standard is the organoleptic scoring, i.e., smelling the odour of the patient. A more objective method is the analysis of breath samples by gas chromatography or by means of portable VSC analysers. […] The advantages of organoleptical scoring are: inexpensive, no equipment needed and a wide range of odours is detectable. As disadvantages, the extreme subjectivity of the test, the lack of quantification, the saturation of the nose and the reproducibility can be mentioned. Still, organoleptic scoring is considered as the gold standard in the detection of oral bad breath. […] In halitosis research, the gas chromatography (GC) analysis can be performed on breath, saliva and tongue debris. Almost all different air components can be detected.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-014-0036-5

  The Halimeter is a portable sulfide monitor that measures the total sulfide concentration. […] The OralChroma is a chairside instrument based on a gas chromatograph, which detects and discriminates the three most important VSCs. […] The choice of treatment is made on the basis of the diagnosis and includes cause-related therapy. […] If intra-oral halitosis is diagnosed, a cause-related treatment is conducted. […] The treatment of patients with halitosis should be performed according to a standardized scheme. […] With the consistent implementation of the above-mentioned diagnostic and therapeutic concepts, a high level of treatment success can be achieved.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-014-0036-5

  The Halimeter is a portable sulfide monitor that measures the total sulfide concentration. […] The OralChroma is a chairside instrument based on a gas chromatograph, which detects and discriminates the three most important VSCs. […] The choice of treatment is made on the basis of the diagnosis and includes cause-related therapy. […] If intra-oral halitosis is diagnosed, a cause-related treatment is conducted. […] The treatment of patients with halitosis should be performed according to a standardized scheme. […] With the consistent implementation of the above-mentioned diagnostic and therapeutic concepts, a high level of treatment success can be achieved.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-014-0036-5

  The Halimeter is a portable sulfide monitor that measures the total sulfide concentration. […] The OralChroma is a chairside instrument based on a gas chromatograph, which detects and discriminates the three most important VSCs. […] The choice of treatment is made on the basis of the diagnosis and includes cause-related therapy. […] If intra-oral halitosis is diagnosed, a cause-related treatment is conducted. […] The treatment of patients with halitosis should be performed according to a standardized scheme. […] With the consistent implementation of the above-mentioned diagnostic and therapeutic concepts, a high level of treatment success can be achieved.

• #27 How to Test How Your Breath Smells

  https://www.vanyodentistry.com/blog/how-to-test-how-your-breath-smells/

  Bad breath (halitosis) is not just an inconvenience; it can also mean you are suffering from a dental or oral problem. […] Seek out a definitive diagnosis if you exhibit such signs. […] You can also go to the dentist for a halitosis test. Below are some diagnostic methods the dentist may use. […] The dentist may use a variety of instruments to measure the type and number of compounds in your breath. Typical methods include gas chromatography and halimeter usage. The dentist may even combine the two methods. […] The dentist directly smells your breathe and rates the odor on a scale. The dentist may use a drinking straw or glass tube to get the odor directly from inside your mouth to determine if any dental issues may be causing the odor. […] For this test, the dentist swabs your tongue with cotton and analyses its contents. Specifically, the analysis detects enzymes from oral bacteria that trigger halitosis. Dentists also use the BANA test to predict the risk of periodontitis, allowing preemptive treatment.

• #28 Bad Breath (halitosis) Diagnosis and treatment | Smile Works Dental

  https://www.smileworksdental.co.uk/conditions/bad-breath

  There are a lot of signs that can help you know if you have a bad breath. […] If you are suffering from dry mouth, we can prescribe an artificial saliva product for you or give you expert advice on other ways to handle this problem. […] Yes! Other medical conditions can cause bad breath, and they include throat infections, lung infections, nose infection, diabetes, bronchitis, and sinusitis. […] Yes, we can help. If you have a bad breath, you need to start a routine cleaning to enable your mouth stay fresh and clean. […] Bad breath is highly preventable except when it is caused by a medical condition. […] If you still suffer from bad breath after doing all these, contact our dentist at Harley Street, London and we will make sure these tips and mouthwash are not covering a severe underlying health problem.

• #29 Halitosis: Different Diagnostic Methods for a Diverse Disease

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-different-diagnostic-methods.html

  Instrumental methods are more scientific or impartial by definition. […] The limitation of this device is that it can’t distinguish between the different sulphides, which means it cannot clarify whether the cause is oral or non-oral. […] A combination of both the organoleptic and halimeter approach is therefore recommended and can provides important clues to the causes of halitosis. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage, and requires only the scraping of the tongue with a cotton swab. The test measures the levels of a specific enzyme produced by halitosis-causing bacteria. […] Appropriate use of diagnostic tests and clinical examination are crucial to identify the cause of halitosis and recommend the best treatment options. If not properly diagnosed and treated, halitosis has a negative effect on a person’s social life. Moreover, halitosis may be a sign of other underlying oral health (or other) conditions.

• #30 Halitosis: Different Diagnostic Methods for a Diverse Disease

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-different-diagnostic-methods.html

  Instrumental methods are more scientific or impartial by definition. […] The limitation of this device is that it can’t distinguish between the different sulphides, which means it cannot clarify whether the cause is oral or non-oral. […] A combination of both the organoleptic and halimeter approach is therefore recommended and can provides important clues to the causes of halitosis. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage, and requires only the scraping of the tongue with a cotton swab. The test measures the levels of a specific enzyme produced by halitosis-causing bacteria. […] Appropriate use of diagnostic tests and clinical examination are crucial to identify the cause of halitosis and recommend the best treatment options. If not properly diagnosed and treated, halitosis has a negative effect on a person’s social life. Moreover, halitosis may be a sign of other underlying oral health (or other) conditions.

• #31 Halitosis diagnose: laboratory test | Breath Institute

  https://www.breathinstitute.co.uk/medical-library-bad-breath/methods-of-diagnosis-and-causes-of-bad-breath/laboratory-tests/

  There are seven laboratory tests that are frequently used to diagnose and investigate halitosis. […] The BANA test is a method for measuring halitosis which works by detecting an enzyme found in certain strict gram-negative proteolythic bacteria. […] Chemical sensors are sensors that are fitted into a probe in order to measure different volatile compounds. […] Salivary incubation tests involve placing a sample of the patients saliva into a test tube. […] Patients are instructed to rinse their mouth for 30 seconds with a urea solution and to then keep their mouth closed for five minutes. […] Real-time PCR, using the Taqman system, is a technique for identifying VSC-producing oral bacteria: an DNA-based probe with a fluorescent reporter hybridises with the DNA or RNA to be detected. […] We identify the most effective clinical methods when diagnosing precisely the halitosis origin, so that you can chose the best treatment.

• #32 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  The oldest way for unpleasant odor detection is by smelling with the nose. Measurement of unpleasant odors by smelling the exhaled air of the mouth and nose is called organoleptic measurement. […] Measurement with the gas chromatography method is considered to be highly objective, reproducible, and reliable. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage. It is a test strip which composed of benzoyl-DL-arginine-a-naphthylamide and detects short-chain fatty acids and proteolytic obligate gram-negative anaerobes, which hydrolyze the synthetic trypsin substrate and cause halitosis. […] Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected properly. Therefore, the most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detecting of etiology or determining of its source by detailed clinical examination.

• #33 Halitosis: Different Diagnostic Methods for a Diverse Disease

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-different-diagnostic-methods.html

  Instrumental methods are more scientific or impartial by definition. […] The limitation of this device is that it can’t distinguish between the different sulphides, which means it cannot clarify whether the cause is oral or non-oral. […] A combination of both the organoleptic and halimeter approach is therefore recommended and can provides important clues to the causes of halitosis. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage, and requires only the scraping of the tongue with a cotton swab. The test measures the levels of a specific enzyme produced by halitosis-causing bacteria. […] Appropriate use of diagnostic tests and clinical examination are crucial to identify the cause of halitosis and recommend the best treatment options. If not properly diagnosed and treated, halitosis has a negative effect on a person’s social life. Moreover, halitosis may be a sign of other underlying oral health (or other) conditions.

• #34 Halitosis: Different Diagnostic Methods for a Diverse Disease

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-different-diagnostic-methods.html

  Instrumental methods are more scientific or impartial by definition. […] The limitation of this device is that it can’t distinguish between the different sulphides, which means it cannot clarify whether the cause is oral or non-oral. […] A combination of both the organoleptic and halimeter approach is therefore recommended and can provides important clues to the causes of halitosis. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage, and requires only the scraping of the tongue with a cotton swab. The test measures the levels of a specific enzyme produced by halitosis-causing bacteria. […] Appropriate use of diagnostic tests and clinical examination are crucial to identify the cause of halitosis and recommend the best treatment options. If not properly diagnosed and treated, halitosis has a negative effect on a person’s social life. Moreover, halitosis may be a sign of other underlying oral health (or other) conditions.

• #35 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  The oldest way for unpleasant odor detection is by smelling with the nose. Measurement of unpleasant odors by smelling the exhaled air of the mouth and nose is called organoleptic measurement. […] Measurement with the gas chromatography method is considered to be highly objective, reproducible, and reliable. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage. It is a test strip which composed of benzoyl-DL-arginine-a-naphthylamide and detects short-chain fatty acids and proteolytic obligate gram-negative anaerobes, which hydrolyze the synthetic trypsin substrate and cause halitosis. […] Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected properly. Therefore, the most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detecting of etiology or determining of its source by detailed clinical examination.

• #36 How to Test How Your Breath Smells

  https://www.vanyodentistry.com/blog/how-to-test-how-your-breath-smells/

  Bad breath (halitosis) is not just an inconvenience; it can also mean you are suffering from a dental or oral problem. […] Seek out a definitive diagnosis if you exhibit such signs. […] You can also go to the dentist for a halitosis test. Below are some diagnostic methods the dentist may use. […] The dentist may use a variety of instruments to measure the type and number of compounds in your breath. Typical methods include gas chromatography and halimeter usage. The dentist may even combine the two methods. […] The dentist directly smells your breathe and rates the odor on a scale. The dentist may use a drinking straw or glass tube to get the odor directly from inside your mouth to determine if any dental issues may be causing the odor. […] For this test, the dentist swabs your tongue with cotton and analyses its contents. Specifically, the analysis detects enzymes from oral bacteria that trigger halitosis. Dentists also use the BANA test to predict the risk of periodontitis, allowing preemptive treatment.

• #37 Halitosis diagnose: laboratory test | Breath Institute

  https://www.breathinstitute.co.uk/medical-library-bad-breath/methods-of-diagnosis-and-causes-of-bad-breath/laboratory-tests/

  There are seven laboratory tests that are frequently used to diagnose and investigate halitosis. […] The BANA test is a method for measuring halitosis which works by detecting an enzyme found in certain strict gram-negative proteolythic bacteria. […] Chemical sensors are sensors that are fitted into a probe in order to measure different volatile compounds. […] Salivary incubation tests involve placing a sample of the patients saliva into a test tube. […] Patients are instructed to rinse their mouth for 30 seconds with a urea solution and to then keep their mouth closed for five minutes. […] Real-time PCR, using the Taqman system, is a technique for identifying VSC-producing oral bacteria: an DNA-based probe with a fluorescent reporter hybridises with the DNA or RNA to be detected. […] We identify the most effective clinical methods when diagnosing precisely the halitosis origin, so that you can chose the best treatment.

• #38

  https://www.bristlehealth.com/blogs/bad-breath-blogs/a-comprehensive-guide-to-bad-breath-tests?srsltid=AfmBOoryM-aMhgwiWUNRWYUExd2N2kLmDPhDLVkCg4Lx9x3Ib-zUyf9c

  Bad breath aka halitosis is a condition that affects more than half of the worlds population. Although there are several underlying factors that can cause halitosis, over 90% of cases arise due to mouth-related conditions. Halitosis can bring about several unpleasant outcomes such as social anxiety and embarrassment and therefore it is important to get yourself evaluated if you think you have this condition. Most of the time people dont sense the odor in their own breath as theyve grown accustomed to their own odors. On the flip side, some people who complain about halitosis may not have detectable odors in their breatha condition known as pseudo-halitosis. Getting yourself tested is important to assess whether or not you actually have halitosis, to which extent, and possibly, to understand the underlying cause of the disorder. There are several testing methods for testing for bad breath. Some of these methods only check the presence of this condition and its severity while other tests offer more in-depth analyses including the type of odorous compounds present as well as the type of bacteria thats releasing them. The sniff test can find out whether or not you have halitosis. It can also give an idea of the type of volatile compounds present but that totally depends on the competence of the evaluator. The Halimeter test is another direct method that tests for bad breath. Halimeter is a portable instrument that measures the levels of volatile sulfur compounds in the breath. The BANA test is an indirect method of detecting halitosis. This test works by detecting odor-causing bacteria in saliva or tongue coating. The salivary incubation test is another indirect method of evaluating the bad breath. One of the bacterial species that can cause bad breath is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This is typically a bacteria that infects the gut but studies in the past 20 years have confirmed that it is linked to halitosis. The -galactosidase test is a group of enzymes that are important in carbohydrate metabolism. Studies have found that increased -galactosidase activity in the saliva is an indication of the presence of bacteria that cause dental biofilms. Oral microbiome tests allow you to get an insight into your oral microbiome profile. It lets you know the types of bacteria present in your mouth, and which ones are probably causing trouble. Halitosis can be a challenging situation for those who suffer from it. However, if you detect it sooner, better your chances are for curing it for good. There are several ways you can test for bad breath, some of which require you to consult with a dentist. You can do some basic assessments at home but their reliability can be questionable.

• #39 Halitosis diagnose: laboratory test | Breath Institute

  https://www.breathinstitute.co.uk/medical-library-bad-breath/methods-of-diagnosis-and-causes-of-bad-breath/laboratory-tests/

  There are seven laboratory tests that are frequently used to diagnose and investigate halitosis. […] The BANA test is a method for measuring halitosis which works by detecting an enzyme found in certain strict gram-negative proteolythic bacteria. […] Chemical sensors are sensors that are fitted into a probe in order to measure different volatile compounds. […] Salivary incubation tests involve placing a sample of the patients saliva into a test tube. […] Patients are instructed to rinse their mouth for 30 seconds with a urea solution and to then keep their mouth closed for five minutes. […] Real-time PCR, using the Taqman system, is a technique for identifying VSC-producing oral bacteria: an DNA-based probe with a fluorescent reporter hybridises with the DNA or RNA to be detected. […] We identify the most effective clinical methods when diagnosing precisely the halitosis origin, so that you can chose the best treatment.

• #40 Halitosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1036

  Other diagnostic factors include evidence of upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal disease, evidence of upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal malignancy, and evidence of endocrine, metabolic, hepatic, or renal disease. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include sulfide monitor, gas chromatography, benzol-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test, dark-field microscopy, polymerase chain reaction of oral bacteria, and selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy.

• #41 Halitosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1036

  Halitosis describes any disagreeable odour of expired air from the mouth. […] The diagnostic approach is largely based on patient history and clinical examination (including smelling the exhaled air of the mouth and nose). More objective diagnostic tools, which may be used in a specialist setting, include oral breath sulfide monitors and gas chromatography devices, and detection of oral bacteria likely to give rise to halitosis. […] Some individuals complain of oral malodour yet have no detectable halitosis. Such pseudohalitosis remains difficult to resolve. Affected individuals require appropriate psychological investigation and treatment. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, malodorous breath, consumption of onions, garlic, or spiced food, evidence of dental and/or periodontal disease, evidence of disease of the oral mucosa, and evidence of nasopharyngeal disease. […] Investigations to consider include sulfide monitor, gas chromatography, benzol-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test, dark-field microscopy, polymerase chain reaction of oral bacteria, and selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy.

• #42 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  Halitosis is formed by volatile molecules which are caused because of pathological or nonpathological reasons and it originates from an oral or a non-oral source. […] Halitosis affects a person’s daily life negatively, most of people who complain about halitosis refer to the clinic for treatment but in some of the people who can suffer from halitosis, there is no measurable halitosis. There are several methods to determine halitosis. Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected rightly. The most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detection etiology or determination its source by detailed clinical examination. […] Assessment methods of halitosis ensure discrimination of pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. For these reasons, diagnosis of the halitosis, and assessment of its severity (conditions that patients have, is it genuine halitosis or pseudo-halitosis or halitophobia) are very important. Therefore, the diagnostic way and tools were developed.

• #43 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  As mentioned above, detailed clinical examination on halitosis is crucial. Sometimes people can think have halitosis in spite of they have no measurable halitosis. This condition is called a halitophobia and this condition can be mono symptomatic delusion (delusional halitosis) or manifestation of olfactory reference syndrome.

• #44 Bad breath – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bad-breath

  Halitosis (from the Latin word for breath, “halitus”; also known as oral malodor, “fetor ex ore,” or“fetor oris”) is a common condition. Patients may not be aware of their own bad breath and learn of it from another person. […] This topic will cover the epidemiology, pathogenesis, causes, evaluation, and management of halitosis. […] Halitosis is defined as “malodor with intensity beyond a socially acceptable level perceived.” It is a significant concern for many individuals and may negatively affect their quality of life and personal relationships. […] Physiologic halitosis – Bad breath that does not have a specific cause. It is usually worse in the morning and often transient. […] Pathologic halitosis – Bad breath that results from a specific identifiable cause.

• #45 Bad breath – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bad-breath

  Halitosis (from the Latin word for breath, “halitus”; also known as oral malodor, “fetor ex ore,” or“fetor oris”) is a common condition. Patients may not be aware of their own bad breath and learn of it from another person. […] This topic will cover the epidemiology, pathogenesis, causes, evaluation, and management of halitosis. […] Halitosis is defined as “malodor with intensity beyond a socially acceptable level perceived.” It is a significant concern for many individuals and may negatively affect their quality of life and personal relationships. […] Physiologic halitosis – Bad breath that does not have a specific cause. It is usually worse in the morning and often transient. […] Pathologic halitosis – Bad breath that results from a specific identifiable cause.

• #46 Halitosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1036

  Halitosis describes any disagreeable odour of expired air from the mouth. […] The diagnostic approach is largely based on patient history and clinical examination (including smelling the exhaled air of the mouth and nose). More objective diagnostic tools, which may be used in a specialist setting, include oral breath sulfide monitors and gas chromatography devices, and detection of oral bacteria likely to give rise to halitosis. […] Some individuals complain of oral malodour yet have no detectable halitosis. Such pseudohalitosis remains difficult to resolve. Affected individuals require appropriate psychological investigation and treatment. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, malodorous breath, consumption of onions, garlic, or spiced food, evidence of dental and/or periodontal disease, evidence of disease of the oral mucosa, and evidence of nasopharyngeal disease. […] Investigations to consider include sulfide monitor, gas chromatography, benzol-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test, dark-field microscopy, polymerase chain reaction of oral bacteria, and selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy.

• #47 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  As mentioned above, detailed clinical examination on halitosis is crucial. Sometimes people can think have halitosis in spite of they have no measurable halitosis. This condition is called a halitophobia and this condition can be mono symptomatic delusion (delusional halitosis) or manifestation of olfactory reference syndrome.

• #48 Bad Breath: Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments – 3V Dental

  https://3vdental.com/bad-breath-symptoms-prevention-diagnosis-treatments/

  In addition to that, the dentist may order tests to determine what underlying medical condition is causing the bad breath. […] These tests may include the following: […] Breath Test – Suppose you experience chronic bad breath or other symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as cough, congestion, sore throat, sneezing, extreme fatigue, or shortness of breath on mild exertion. In that case, a doctor may recommend taking a breath test that measures the presence of sulfur compounds in your mouth. […] Imaging Tests – X-rays can determine if there is a problem with the structure of the jaw and teeth, such as periodontal disease or cavities. […] Stool Analysis – Stool analysis can identify harmful bacteria in fecal matter and indicate systemic issues in your body. […] For example, bad breath could be caused by gastric problems such as Helicobacter Pylori or diabetic winds that require treatment. […] Biopsy – A biopsy may be performed to reveal if a more severe illness, such as cancer, is causing the odor. […] Blood Work – Blood tests can reveal whether liver or kidney disease is causing your bad breath. […] It can also show certain deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 and zinc deficiency.

• #49 Bad Breath: Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments – 3V Dental

  https://3vdental.com/bad-breath-symptoms-prevention-diagnosis-treatments/

  In addition to that, the dentist may order tests to determine what underlying medical condition is causing the bad breath. […] These tests may include the following: […] Breath Test – Suppose you experience chronic bad breath or other symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as cough, congestion, sore throat, sneezing, extreme fatigue, or shortness of breath on mild exertion. In that case, a doctor may recommend taking a breath test that measures the presence of sulfur compounds in your mouth. […] Imaging Tests – X-rays can determine if there is a problem with the structure of the jaw and teeth, such as periodontal disease or cavities. […] Stool Analysis – Stool analysis can identify harmful bacteria in fecal matter and indicate systemic issues in your body. […] For example, bad breath could be caused by gastric problems such as Helicobacter Pylori or diabetic winds that require treatment. […] Biopsy – A biopsy may be performed to reveal if a more severe illness, such as cancer, is causing the odor. […] Blood Work – Blood tests can reveal whether liver or kidney disease is causing your bad breath. […] It can also show certain deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 and zinc deficiency.

• #50 Bad Breath: Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments – 3V Dental

  https://3vdental.com/bad-breath-symptoms-prevention-diagnosis-treatments/

  In addition to that, the dentist may order tests to determine what underlying medical condition is causing the bad breath. […] These tests may include the following: […] Breath Test – Suppose you experience chronic bad breath or other symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as cough, congestion, sore throat, sneezing, extreme fatigue, or shortness of breath on mild exertion. In that case, a doctor may recommend taking a breath test that measures the presence of sulfur compounds in your mouth. […] Imaging Tests – X-rays can determine if there is a problem with the structure of the jaw and teeth, such as periodontal disease or cavities. […] Stool Analysis – Stool analysis can identify harmful bacteria in fecal matter and indicate systemic issues in your body. […] For example, bad breath could be caused by gastric problems such as Helicobacter Pylori or diabetic winds that require treatment. […] Biopsy – A biopsy may be performed to reveal if a more severe illness, such as cancer, is causing the odor. […] Blood Work – Blood tests can reveal whether liver or kidney disease is causing your bad breath. […] It can also show certain deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 and zinc deficiency.

• #51 Bad Breath: Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments – 3V Dental

  https://3vdental.com/bad-breath-symptoms-prevention-diagnosis-treatments/

  In addition to that, the dentist may order tests to determine what underlying medical condition is causing the bad breath. […] These tests may include the following: […] Breath Test – Suppose you experience chronic bad breath or other symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as cough, congestion, sore throat, sneezing, extreme fatigue, or shortness of breath on mild exertion. In that case, a doctor may recommend taking a breath test that measures the presence of sulfur compounds in your mouth. […] Imaging Tests – X-rays can determine if there is a problem with the structure of the jaw and teeth, such as periodontal disease or cavities. […] Stool Analysis – Stool analysis can identify harmful bacteria in fecal matter and indicate systemic issues in your body. […] For example, bad breath could be caused by gastric problems such as Helicobacter Pylori or diabetic winds that require treatment. […] Biopsy – A biopsy may be performed to reveal if a more severe illness, such as cancer, is causing the odor. […] Blood Work – Blood tests can reveal whether liver or kidney disease is causing your bad breath. […] It can also show certain deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 and zinc deficiency.

• #52 Bad Breath: Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments – 3V Dental

  https://3vdental.com/bad-breath-symptoms-prevention-diagnosis-treatments/

  In addition to that, the dentist may order tests to determine what underlying medical condition is causing the bad breath. […] These tests may include the following: […] Breath Test – Suppose you experience chronic bad breath or other symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as cough, congestion, sore throat, sneezing, extreme fatigue, or shortness of breath on mild exertion. In that case, a doctor may recommend taking a breath test that measures the presence of sulfur compounds in your mouth. […] Imaging Tests – X-rays can determine if there is a problem with the structure of the jaw and teeth, such as periodontal disease or cavities. […] Stool Analysis – Stool analysis can identify harmful bacteria in fecal matter and indicate systemic issues in your body. […] For example, bad breath could be caused by gastric problems such as Helicobacter Pylori or diabetic winds that require treatment. […] Biopsy – A biopsy may be performed to reveal if a more severe illness, such as cancer, is causing the odor. […] Blood Work – Blood tests can reveal whether liver or kidney disease is causing your bad breath. […] It can also show certain deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 and zinc deficiency.

• #53 Bad Breath Causes & Cures | Delta Dental NC Blog

  https://deltadentalnc.com/ddnc-blog/bad-breath

  Bad breath (the medical term for which is halitosis) is an embarrassing but incredibly common oral health problem. In fact, it is estimated that bad breath impacts more than 50% of the general population around the globe. […] Experiencing a serious case of bad breath that wont go away despite your best efforts? See a dentist as soon as possible to rule out more serious oral health issues. […] The majority (90 percent) of halitosis cases originate in the mouth; the other 10 percent may be caused by gastrointestinal, respiratory, or other non-oral disease. […] If you notice inflammation of your gums or are experiencing any tooth pain or pain when chewing along with bad breath, visit your dentist to address any possible dental conditions. […] The majority of halitosis cases are easy to prevent. Implementing healthy dental habits, avoiding odor-causing foods, and regularly visiting your dentist for professional cleanings and examinations will all help keep your breath fresh.

• #54 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Bacteria on the tongue surface […] If you can’t solve bad breath yourself, see your dentist or another healthcare professional to be sure a more serious condition isn’t causing it. […] If you still have bad breath after making changes, see your dentist. If your dentist thinks a more serious condition is causing your bad breath, you may need to see another healthcare professional to find the cause of the odor.

• #55 Bad Breath (Halitosis): Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bad-breath

  Bad breath odor may develop if you have: […] Your dentist will smell your breath and ask you questions about your problem. […] To diagnose whats causing your bad breath, your doctor will smell your mouth, nose, and tongue to try to determine the source of the odor. […] If the odor doesnt seem to be coming from your teeth or mouth, your dentist will recommend that you visit your family doctor to rule out an underlying disease or condition.

• #56 Halitosis or bad breath | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/halitosis-or-bad-breath

  Halitosis is caused by sulphur-producing bacteria in the tongue and throat. […] The treatment of halitosis will depend on the underlying cause. […] There is no one treatment for halitosis. The treatment will depend on what is causing the problem. […] Speak to your dentist, doctor or chemist to identify the cause of your halitosis and to find the most effective treatment for you.

• #57 Bad Breath Causes & Cures | Delta Dental NC Blog

  https://deltadentalnc.com/ddnc-blog/bad-breath

  Bad breath (the medical term for which is halitosis) is an embarrassing but incredibly common oral health problem. In fact, it is estimated that bad breath impacts more than 50% of the general population around the globe. […] Experiencing a serious case of bad breath that wont go away despite your best efforts? See a dentist as soon as possible to rule out more serious oral health issues. […] The majority (90 percent) of halitosis cases originate in the mouth; the other 10 percent may be caused by gastrointestinal, respiratory, or other non-oral disease. […] If you notice inflammation of your gums or are experiencing any tooth pain or pain when chewing along with bad breath, visit your dentist to address any possible dental conditions. […] The majority of halitosis cases are easy to prevent. Implementing healthy dental habits, avoiding odor-causing foods, and regularly visiting your dentist for professional cleanings and examinations will all help keep your breath fresh.

• #58 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Assessment methods discriminate between pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. Diagnostic tests include organoleptic measurement, gas chromatography, sulfide monitoring, the BANA test, quantifying -galactosidase activity, salivary incubation test, ammonia monitoring, or ninhydrin method. […] The primary step after ruling out physiological halitosis is a thorough examination of the oral cavity to know whether it is tongue biofilm, deep carious lesions or large interdental areas with entrapped necrotic food debris, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitted prosthesis or dentures, mucosal lesions like tuberculosis, syphilis or even malignancies like carcinoma of the cheek or tongue, and treat accordingly. […] Extraoral causes of halitosis are to be investigated in the absence of intraoral pathology, in consultation with the concerned faculty and treated accordingly.

• #59 Breath odor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003058.htm

  Bad breath may be caused by: Abscessed tooth, Gum surgery, Alcoholism, Cavities, Dentures, Eating certain foods, such as cabbage, garlic, or raw onions, Coffee and poorly pH-balanced diet, Object stuck in the nose (usually happens in kids); often a white, yellow, or bloody discharge from one nostril, Gum disease (gingivitis, gingivostomatitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Impacted tooth, Poor dental hygiene, Tonsils with deep crypts and sulfur granules, Sinus infection, Throat infection, Tobacco smoking, Vitamin supplements (especially in large doses), Some medicines, including insulin shots, triamterene, and paraldehyde. […] Some diseases that may cause unpleasant breath odor are: Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Acute renal failure, Bowel obstruction, Bronchiectasis, Chronic kidney failure, Esophageal cancer, Gastric carcinoma, Gastrojejunocolic fistula, Hepatic encephalopathy, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lung infection or abscess, Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis, Periodontal disease, Pharyngitis, Zenker diverticulum.

• #60 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Assessment methods discriminate between pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. Diagnostic tests include organoleptic measurement, gas chromatography, sulfide monitoring, the BANA test, quantifying -galactosidase activity, salivary incubation test, ammonia monitoring, or ninhydrin method. […] The primary step after ruling out physiological halitosis is a thorough examination of the oral cavity to know whether it is tongue biofilm, deep carious lesions or large interdental areas with entrapped necrotic food debris, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitted prosthesis or dentures, mucosal lesions like tuberculosis, syphilis or even malignancies like carcinoma of the cheek or tongue, and treat accordingly. […] Extraoral causes of halitosis are to be investigated in the absence of intraoral pathology, in consultation with the concerned faculty and treated accordingly.

• #61 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  When the production of saliva slackens or stops, a condition known as xerostomia, bad breath is likely to follow. […] Sometimes the things we take to solve one problem wind up creating another. […] In the case of sinus infections, mucus stops circulating, builds up and allows bacteria to overtake your mouth with its foul odor. […] Constant or chronic bad breath can be a warning sign that other diseases or illnesses are present.

• #62 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Assessment methods discriminate between pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. Diagnostic tests include organoleptic measurement, gas chromatography, sulfide monitoring, the BANA test, quantifying -galactosidase activity, salivary incubation test, ammonia monitoring, or ninhydrin method. […] The primary step after ruling out physiological halitosis is a thorough examination of the oral cavity to know whether it is tongue biofilm, deep carious lesions or large interdental areas with entrapped necrotic food debris, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitted prosthesis or dentures, mucosal lesions like tuberculosis, syphilis or even malignancies like carcinoma of the cheek or tongue, and treat accordingly. […] Extraoral causes of halitosis are to be investigated in the absence of intraoral pathology, in consultation with the concerned faculty and treated accordingly.

• #63 Bad Breath – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/symptoms/oral/bad-breath/

  Poor Dental Hygiene […] Heavy Smoking […] Gingivitis (Including Acute Necrotising Ulcerative Gingivitis [ANUG], Acute and Chronic Gingivitis) […] Excess Alcohol Intake (Acute and Chronic) […] Discharging Dental Abscess […] Ketohalitosis of Starvation: Especially in People Using High-Protein, High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate Weight Reduction Diet Regimens (and Pre-Operatively Starved Patients) […] Drugs, e.g. Disulfiram […] Acute or Chronic Sinusitis […] Subjectively Perceived (Non-Existent) Halitosis (Sometimes a Form of somatisation) […] GORD or Acute Gastroenteritis with Reflux of Gas […] Bronchiectasis […] Liver Failure: Hepatic Foetor is Said to Smell Like a Freshly Opened Corpse; This is Due to Mercaptans in Expired Air […] True Delusional Subjective Halitosis as Part of Psychiatric Condition, e.g. Severe Depression with Nihilism, Psychotic Illnesses

• #64 9 Conditions Your Breath Can Reveal

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dental-health-pictures/ways-your-bad-breath-could-mean-bad-health.aspx

  A fruity breath odor or an odor similar to acetone (commonly used in nail polish remover) can also point to a serious complication in patients with diabetes called ketoacidosis, according to a study. […] A mouth that smells like fishy-odor urine, similar to ammonia, may indicate kidney failure. […] But the slowed production of saliva during sleep can sometimes be caused by leaving your mouth open for long periods of time. […] Digestive conditions such as acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are bad-breath causes. […] Allergies and postnasal drip may also be what causes bad breath because these conditions tend to clog your nose. […] Gingivitis is another medical condition that causes bad breath. […] Routine screening for stomach cancer in the United States is uncommon, largely because the current method endoscopy is invasive. But that may change with the development of breath-test technology called nanoarray analysis, which identifies the levels of certain compounds that are linked to stomach cancer.

• #65 9 Conditions Your Breath Can Reveal

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dental-health-pictures/ways-your-bad-breath-could-mean-bad-health.aspx

  A fruity breath odor or an odor similar to acetone (commonly used in nail polish remover) can also point to a serious complication in patients with diabetes called ketoacidosis, according to a study. […] A mouth that smells like fishy-odor urine, similar to ammonia, may indicate kidney failure. […] But the slowed production of saliva during sleep can sometimes be caused by leaving your mouth open for long periods of time. […] Digestive conditions such as acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are bad-breath causes. […] Allergies and postnasal drip may also be what causes bad breath because these conditions tend to clog your nose. […] Gingivitis is another medical condition that causes bad breath. […] Routine screening for stomach cancer in the United States is uncommon, largely because the current method endoscopy is invasive. But that may change with the development of breath-test technology called nanoarray analysis, which identifies the levels of certain compounds that are linked to stomach cancer.

• #66 Breath odor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003058.htm

  Breath odor is the scent of the air you breathe out of your mouth. Unpleasant breath odor is commonly called bad breath. […] Bad breath is usually related to poor dental hygiene. Not brushing and flossing regularly causes sulfur compounds to be released by bacteria in the mouth. […] Some disorders will produce distinct breath odors. Some examples are: A fruity odor to the breath is a sign of ketoacidosis, which may occur in diabetes. It is a potentially life-threatening condition. Breath that smells like feces can occur with prolonged vomiting, especially when there is a bowel obstruction. It may also occur temporarily if a person has a tube placed through the nose or mouth to drain their stomach. The breath may have an ammonia-like odor (also described as urine-like or „fishy”) in people with chronic kidney failure.

• #67 Breath odor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003058.htm

  Bad breath may be caused by: Abscessed tooth, Gum surgery, Alcoholism, Cavities, Dentures, Eating certain foods, such as cabbage, garlic, or raw onions, Coffee and poorly pH-balanced diet, Object stuck in the nose (usually happens in kids); often a white, yellow, or bloody discharge from one nostril, Gum disease (gingivitis, gingivostomatitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Impacted tooth, Poor dental hygiene, Tonsils with deep crypts and sulfur granules, Sinus infection, Throat infection, Tobacco smoking, Vitamin supplements (especially in large doses), Some medicines, including insulin shots, triamterene, and paraldehyde. […] Some diseases that may cause unpleasant breath odor are: Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Acute renal failure, Bowel obstruction, Bronchiectasis, Chronic kidney failure, Esophageal cancer, Gastric carcinoma, Gastrojejunocolic fistula, Hepatic encephalopathy, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lung infection or abscess, Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis, Periodontal disease, Pharyngitis, Zenker diverticulum.

• #68 Breath odor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003058.htm

  Bad breath may be caused by: Abscessed tooth, Gum surgery, Alcoholism, Cavities, Dentures, Eating certain foods, such as cabbage, garlic, or raw onions, Coffee and poorly pH-balanced diet, Object stuck in the nose (usually happens in kids); often a white, yellow, or bloody discharge from one nostril, Gum disease (gingivitis, gingivostomatitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Impacted tooth, Poor dental hygiene, Tonsils with deep crypts and sulfur granules, Sinus infection, Throat infection, Tobacco smoking, Vitamin supplements (especially in large doses), Some medicines, including insulin shots, triamterene, and paraldehyde. […] Some diseases that may cause unpleasant breath odor are: Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Acute renal failure, Bowel obstruction, Bronchiectasis, Chronic kidney failure, Esophageal cancer, Gastric carcinoma, Gastrojejunocolic fistula, Hepatic encephalopathy, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lung infection or abscess, Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis, Periodontal disease, Pharyngitis, Zenker diverticulum.

• #69 Breath odor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003058.htm

  Bad breath may be caused by: Abscessed tooth, Gum surgery, Alcoholism, Cavities, Dentures, Eating certain foods, such as cabbage, garlic, or raw onions, Coffee and poorly pH-balanced diet, Object stuck in the nose (usually happens in kids); often a white, yellow, or bloody discharge from one nostril, Gum disease (gingivitis, gingivostomatitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Impacted tooth, Poor dental hygiene, Tonsils with deep crypts and sulfur granules, Sinus infection, Throat infection, Tobacco smoking, Vitamin supplements (especially in large doses), Some medicines, including insulin shots, triamterene, and paraldehyde. […] Some diseases that may cause unpleasant breath odor are: Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Acute renal failure, Bowel obstruction, Bronchiectasis, Chronic kidney failure, Esophageal cancer, Gastric carcinoma, Gastrojejunocolic fistula, Hepatic encephalopathy, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lung infection or abscess, Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis, Periodontal disease, Pharyngitis, Zenker diverticulum.

• #70 Halitosis: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment | Perio Implant Advisory

  https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/hygiene-techniques/article/16411613/halitosis-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Halitosis, also commonly known as bad breath, is a concern of many patients seeking help from health-care professionals. […] Most physicians and dental practitioners are inadequately informed about the causes and treatments of halitosis. […] This article will briefly discuss the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of halitosis. […] Organoleptic tests […] Smell the exhaled air of the mouth and nose, and compare the two. Odor detectable from the mouth but not from the nose is likely to be of oral or pharyngeal origin. […] Mechanical tests […] Gas chromatography (GC) is highly specific to volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and can detect odorous molecules even in low concentrations. […] The available methods of halitosis treatment can be divided into these categories: mechanical reduction of microorganisms, chemical reduction of microorganisms, use of masking products, and chemical neutralization of VSCs. […] Diagnosis and treatment needs to be a multidisciplinary approach involving the primary health-care clinician, dentist, an ENT (ear, nose, throat) specialist, nutritionist, gastroenterologist, and clinical psychologist.

• #71 Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach | International Journal of Oral Science

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ijos201239

  Since the oral causes are related to microorganisms, the therapy can consist of: (i) mechanical reduction of the intra-oral nutrients and micro-organisms; (ii) chemical reduction of microorganisms; (iii) inverting volatile fragrant gasses into non-volatile components or (iv) masking of the malodour. […] A systemic review by van der Sleen et al. demonstrated that tongue brushing or tongue scraping have the potential to successfully reduce breath odour and tongue coating. […] When patients’ response to treatments at a multidisciplinary breath odour clinic was considered, it was concluded that education of the public and dental professionals in a more consequent general oral hygiene might elevate the level of compliance and could cause thereby an amelioration of the problem. […] Halitosis is a common condition, affecting around 25% of the general population. The origin of the problem largely arises from intra-oral causes, whereas only a limited number of cases are the result of extra oral or systemic problems. Nevertheless, proper investigation and management of these extra oral causes is important for the total understanding of this phenomenon. Halitosis from an extra-oral origin can be the sign of an underlying systemic disease. Therefore, it is substantiated to organize halitosis consultations in a multidisciplinary setting, assembling periodontologists, ENT specialists, specialists in internal medicine and psychologists or even psychiatrists.

• #72 Bad Breath (Halitosis)

  https://austinregionalclinic.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/testsprocedures/LabTests/85,P00883

  Halitosis is an oral health problem where the main symptom is bad smelling breath. In most cases, finding the cause of the bad breath is the first step toward treating this preventable condition. […] Dentists usually diagnose bad breath. The diagnosis is based on your health history and mouth odor during the dental exam. The entire mouth is checked to see if a cause can be found, such as an infection. If the dentist cant find the cause, they will refer you to your primary health care provider. […] Treating the cause of bad breath will help it go away.

• #73 Bad breath: What causes it and what to do about it – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/bad-breath-what-causes-it-and-what-to-do-about-it-2019012115803

  Almost everyone experiences bad breath once in a while. But for some people, bad breath is a daily problem, and they struggle to find a solution. Approximately 30% of the population complains of some sort of bad breath. Halitosis (Latin for „bad breath”) often occurs after a garlicky meal or in the morning after waking. Other causes of temporary halitosis include some beverages (including alcoholic drinks or coffee) and tobacco smoking. […] A visit with a dentist may help rule out periodontal disease and identify any mouth problem that could be contributing to bad breath. […] A person complaining of bad breath can be initially evaluated by a primary care physician (PCP). The doctor will begin with a thorough medical and dental history and an oral exam. Tests may be done to confirm the presence of halitosis by measuring the strength of bad breath on a predefined scale, and by using instruments to detect specific compounds related to halitosis. […] Your PCP may refer you to a dentist if there is evidence of dental or gum problems, which is the cause in the majority of people with bad breath.

• #74

  https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40445

  The present study aimed to present an overview of the aetiology of oral malodour and the diagnostic and treatment procedures. […] Results are presented descriptively for halitosis’s aetiology, diagnosis and clinical management. […] Dentists need to analyse and treat the oral problems that may be responsible for the patient’s malodour, as well as inform the patient about the causes of the foul odour and oral hygiene procedures (flossing, tongue cleaning, selection and use of appropriate mouthwash and toothpaste). […] If the problem persists, they should know whom to refer the patient to for further diagnosis. […] It is reasonable to organise consultations on halitosis in a multidisciplinary setting – periodontists, otolaryngologists (ENT specialists), internal medicine specialists, gastroenterologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and others.

• #75

  https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40445

  The present study aimed to present an overview of the aetiology of oral malodour and the diagnostic and treatment procedures. […] Results are presented descriptively for halitosis’s aetiology, diagnosis and clinical management. […] Dentists need to analyse and treat the oral problems that may be responsible for the patient’s malodour, as well as inform the patient about the causes of the foul odour and oral hygiene procedures (flossing, tongue cleaning, selection and use of appropriate mouthwash and toothpaste). […] If the problem persists, they should know whom to refer the patient to for further diagnosis. […] It is reasonable to organise consultations on halitosis in a multidisciplinary setting – periodontists, otolaryngologists (ENT specialists), internal medicine specialists, gastroenterologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and others.

• #76

  https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40445

  The present study aimed to present an overview of the aetiology of oral malodour and the diagnostic and treatment procedures. […] Results are presented descriptively for halitosis’s aetiology, diagnosis and clinical management. […] Dentists need to analyse and treat the oral problems that may be responsible for the patient’s malodour, as well as inform the patient about the causes of the foul odour and oral hygiene procedures (flossing, tongue cleaning, selection and use of appropriate mouthwash and toothpaste). […] If the problem persists, they should know whom to refer the patient to for further diagnosis. […] It is reasonable to organise consultations on halitosis in a multidisciplinary setting – periodontists, otolaryngologists (ENT specialists), internal medicine specialists, gastroenterologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and others.

• #77 Halitosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1036

  Halitosis describes any disagreeable odour of expired air from the mouth. […] The diagnostic approach is largely based on patient history and clinical examination (including smelling the exhaled air of the mouth and nose). More objective diagnostic tools, which may be used in a specialist setting, include oral breath sulfide monitors and gas chromatography devices, and detection of oral bacteria likely to give rise to halitosis. […] Some individuals complain of oral malodour yet have no detectable halitosis. Such pseudohalitosis remains difficult to resolve. Affected individuals require appropriate psychological investigation and treatment. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, malodorous breath, consumption of onions, garlic, or spiced food, evidence of dental and/or periodontal disease, evidence of disease of the oral mucosa, and evidence of nasopharyngeal disease. […] Investigations to consider include sulfide monitor, gas chromatography, benzol-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test, dark-field microscopy, polymerase chain reaction of oral bacteria, and selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy.

• #78 Halitosis: From diagnosis to management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3633265/

  The oldest way for unpleasant odor detection is by smelling with the nose. Measurement of unpleasant odors by smelling the exhaled air of the mouth and nose is called organoleptic measurement. […] Measurement with the gas chromatography method is considered to be highly objective, reproducible, and reliable. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage. It is a test strip which composed of benzoyl-DL-arginine-a-naphthylamide and detects short-chain fatty acids and proteolytic obligate gram-negative anaerobes, which hydrolyze the synthetic trypsin substrate and cause halitosis. […] Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected properly. Therefore, the most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detecting of etiology or determining of its source by detailed clinical examination.

• #79

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-014-0036-5

  The Halimeter is a portable sulfide monitor that measures the total sulfide concentration. […] The OralChroma is a chairside instrument based on a gas chromatograph, which detects and discriminates the three most important VSCs. […] The choice of treatment is made on the basis of the diagnosis and includes cause-related therapy. […] If intra-oral halitosis is diagnosed, a cause-related treatment is conducted. […] The treatment of patients with halitosis should be performed according to a standardized scheme. […] With the consistent implementation of the above-mentioned diagnostic and therapeutic concepts, a high level of treatment success can be achieved.

• #80

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40496-014-0036-5

  The Halimeter is a portable sulfide monitor that measures the total sulfide concentration. […] The OralChroma is a chairside instrument based on a gas chromatograph, which detects and discriminates the three most important VSCs. […] The choice of treatment is made on the basis of the diagnosis and includes cause-related therapy. […] If intra-oral halitosis is diagnosed, a cause-related treatment is conducted. […] The treatment of patients with halitosis should be performed according to a standardized scheme. […] With the consistent implementation of the above-mentioned diagnostic and therapeutic concepts, a high level of treatment success can be achieved.

• #81 Is bad breath a sign of cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancertalk/202008/bad-breath-sign-cancer

  Do I need to see a doctor about bad breath? […] If this doesnt resolve your bad breath, then your next step is to contact a dentist for an oral exam to see if your bad breath is caused by tooth decay, gum disease or a sinus infection. […] Everyone also should be aware of other new symptoms, in addition to bad breath, that are possible signs of oral, oropharyngeal (throat) or laryngeal cancer. […] But doctors arent certain why these cancers cause bad breath. […] A 2010 study on colorectal cancer used canine scent detection to show that cancer has a specific smell from cancer-specific chemicals circulating through the body. […] Quitting smoking and drinking will help prevent these cancers and improve prognosis, Dr. Gupta says.

• #82 Halitosis: Different Diagnostic Methods for a Diverse Disease

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-different-diagnostic-methods.html

  Instrumental methods are more scientific or impartial by definition. […] The limitation of this device is that it can’t distinguish between the different sulphides, which means it cannot clarify whether the cause is oral or non-oral. […] A combination of both the organoleptic and halimeter approach is therefore recommended and can provides important clues to the causes of halitosis. […] The BANA test is practical for chair-side usage, and requires only the scraping of the tongue with a cotton swab. The test measures the levels of a specific enzyme produced by halitosis-causing bacteria. […] Appropriate use of diagnostic tests and clinical examination are crucial to identify the cause of halitosis and recommend the best treatment options. If not properly diagnosed and treated, halitosis has a negative effect on a person’s social life. Moreover, halitosis may be a sign of other underlying oral health (or other) conditions.

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