Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Halitosis (Bad Breath): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17771-bad-breath-halitosis

  Halitosis or bad breath may be due to poor oral hygiene, but this isn’t always the case. It can also occur due to a number of health conditions, including dry mouth, heartburn or even disease in another part of your body. Treatment for halitosis depends on the underlying cause. […] Halitosis is a symptom of many different conditions. In other words, it’s like a warning message from your body. Finding the root cause of halitosis is the first step in treating the issue. […] The most common cause of halitosis is poor oral hygiene. Without proper oral hygiene like brushing, flossing and routine dental cleanings harmful bacteria invade your mouth and multiply out of control. This can lead to several oral health issues like halitosis, cavities and gum disease. […] While poor oral hygiene is the most common cause of halitosis, it’s not the only one. There are several other conditions that can cause bad breath, including:

• #2 6 Surprising Causes of Bad Breath | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/surprising-causes-of-bad-breath

  Most cases of bad breath, or halitosis, arise from bacteria in the mouth. Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, namely gingivitis and periodontitis, are the main causes of bacteria build up in the mouth, says Maureen Theresa Butler, MD, a family medicine physician at Northwestern Medicine. […] However, in some instances, it can be caused by underlying medical conditions or lifestyle choices, ranging from a virus to the ketogenic diet. […] People with sleep apnea are at increased risk for bad breath. […] Dry mouth (xerostomia) is also associated with halitosis. When your mouth doesn’t make enough saliva, your mouth can’t clean itself. It can’t remove debris and particles left behind by food. […] Bad breath is largely a lifestyle concern, says Dr. Butler. If good oral hygiene isn’t remedying it, and you are finding that your breath odor is inhibiting you from living your life fully and confidently, see a physician to determine its underlying cause and your subsequent treatment options.

• #3 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Halitosis, the medical term for persistent bad breath and also known as oral malodor, is a very common and treatable oral health condition for many adults. […] Bad breath, medically known as halitosis, can be caused by something you eat, or more seriously, can signify a deeper oral health issue or serious medical issue. […] Most bad breath is caused by poor oral hygiene. […] Poor oral hygiene also causes other oral health conditions such as cavities, dental plaque buildup, and gum disease which are also associated with bad breath. […] After eating certain foods like onions, garlic, certain vegetables, and spices odor-causing food particles enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs, where they affect the odor of your breath each time you exhale. […] Coffee can be a cause of stinky breath due its intense flavor as well as the effect it has on saliva production.

• #4 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #5 Bad breath – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath

  Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present. It can result in anxiety among those affected. It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. […] Of those who have genuine bad breath, about 85% of cases come from inside the mouth. The remaining cases are believed to be due to disorders in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, esophagus, or stomach. Rarely, bad breath can be due to an underlying medical condition such as liver failure or ketoacidosis. […] The most common causes are odour producing biofilm on the back of the tongue or other areas of the mouth due to poor oral hygiene. This biofilm results in the production of high levels of foul odours. The odours are produced mainly due to the breakdown of proteins into individual amino acids, followed by the further breakdown of certain amino acids to produce detectable foul gases.

• #6 Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10506127/

  Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. […] Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition. […] More than 85% of halitosis cases are due to intraoral conditions, such as tongue coating and poor oral hygiene. […] According to Silveira et al., halitosis is caused by the synthesis of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by bacteria. […] A dry mouth may be associated with halitosis, which could be explained by the fact that diminished salivary flow promotes anaerobic bacterial putrefaction of food debris left in the oral cavity after eating. […] Several conditions can cause halitosis, including diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. […] Smoking is another cause of halitosis.

• #7 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Halitosis, the medical term for persistent bad breath and also known as oral malodor, is a very common and treatable oral health condition for many adults. […] Bad breath, medically known as halitosis, can be caused by something you eat, or more seriously, can signify a deeper oral health issue or serious medical issue. […] Most bad breath is caused by poor oral hygiene. […] Poor oral hygiene also causes other oral health conditions such as cavities, dental plaque buildup, and gum disease which are also associated with bad breath. […] After eating certain foods like onions, garlic, certain vegetables, and spices odor-causing food particles enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs, where they affect the odor of your breath each time you exhale. […] Coffee can be a cause of stinky breath due its intense flavor as well as the effect it has on saliva production.

• #8 Bad breath – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath

  Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present. It can result in anxiety among those affected. It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. […] Of those who have genuine bad breath, about 85% of cases come from inside the mouth. The remaining cases are believed to be due to disorders in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, esophagus, or stomach. Rarely, bad breath can be due to an underlying medical condition such as liver failure or ketoacidosis. […] The most common causes are odour producing biofilm on the back of the tongue or other areas of the mouth due to poor oral hygiene. This biofilm results in the production of high levels of foul odours. The odours are produced mainly due to the breakdown of proteins into individual amino acids, followed by the further breakdown of certain amino acids to produce detectable foul gases.

• #9 5 Surprising Causes of Bad Breath and How to Treat Them

  https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/surprising-causes-of-bad-breath

  Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a common complaint in one-third of the population, says Wayne Aldredge, DMD, a periodontist based in Holmdel, New Jersey. […] The primary cause: bacteria that live in your mouth and break down food, proteins and even skin cells, leading to the production and release of smelly volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). […] The back of the tongue, especially, has many grooves and crevices, making it the perfect dwelling place for odor-producing bacteria to grow and emit VSCs. […] Plaque is a bacterial film that naturally forms on your teeth and gums and can lead to the production of lousy-smelling VSCs. […] Vegetables that are members of the Allium family like garlic and onions contain high concentrations of stinky sulfur compounds, explains Dr. Aldredge. […] Saliva is a natural deterrent to bad breath because it washes away bacteria. But many people suffer from dry mouth, which is exactly what it sounds like. […] Sometimes bad breath is a direct result of gum disease. But it can also be caused by allergies, lactose intolerance or diabetes.

• #10 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Bacteria on the tongue surface can trap bacteria that produce odors, leading to bad breath. […] Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. […] Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including: […] The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. […] Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath. […] If you don’t brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. […] A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva.

• #11 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Tongue plaque can therefore be counted among the most common causes of halitosis (51%), while patients with deep periodontal pockets (4mm) have more tongue coating, and are therefore at a greater danger of developing halitosis. […] Further oral causes of halitosis include periodontitis (17%), gingivitis (15%) or other oral diseases (17%), while causes in the ENT and gastrointestinal tract are responsible for only 7% of cases. […] In summary, changes in oral ecology have clear repercussions in the form of halitosis, while conditions related to poor dental hygiene such as tongue plaque, gingivitis and periodontitis are clearly responsible for some 83% of cases.

• #12 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Tongue plaque can therefore be counted among the most common causes of halitosis (51%), while patients with deep periodontal pockets (4mm) have more tongue coating, and are therefore at a greater danger of developing halitosis. […] Further oral causes of halitosis include periodontitis (17%), gingivitis (15%) or other oral diseases (17%), while causes in the ENT and gastrointestinal tract are responsible for only 7% of cases. […] In summary, changes in oral ecology have clear repercussions in the form of halitosis, while conditions related to poor dental hygiene such as tongue plaque, gingivitis and periodontitis are clearly responsible for some 83% of cases.

• #13 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Tongue plaque can therefore be counted among the most common causes of halitosis (51%), while patients with deep periodontal pockets (4mm) have more tongue coating, and are therefore at a greater danger of developing halitosis. […] Further oral causes of halitosis include periodontitis (17%), gingivitis (15%) or other oral diseases (17%), while causes in the ENT and gastrointestinal tract are responsible for only 7% of cases. […] In summary, changes in oral ecology have clear repercussions in the form of halitosis, while conditions related to poor dental hygiene such as tongue plaque, gingivitis and periodontitis are clearly responsible for some 83% of cases.

• #14 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Bacteria on the tongue surface can trap bacteria that produce odors, leading to bad breath. […] Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. […] Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including: […] The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. […] Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath. […] If you don’t brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. […] A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva.

• #15 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Halitosis, the medical term for persistent bad breath and also known as oral malodor, is a very common and treatable oral health condition for many adults. […] Bad breath, medically known as halitosis, can be caused by something you eat, or more seriously, can signify a deeper oral health issue or serious medical issue. […] Most bad breath is caused by poor oral hygiene. […] Poor oral hygiene also causes other oral health conditions such as cavities, dental plaque buildup, and gum disease which are also associated with bad breath. […] After eating certain foods like onions, garlic, certain vegetables, and spices odor-causing food particles enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs, where they affect the odor of your breath each time you exhale. […] Coffee can be a cause of stinky breath due its intense flavor as well as the effect it has on saliva production.

• #16 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #17 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Some medicines can lead to bad breath by causing dry mouth. […] Surgical wounds after mouth surgery, such as tooth removal, as well as tooth decay, gum disease or mouth sores, can cause bad breath. […] Small stones that form in the tonsils, called tonsil stones or tonsilloliths, are covered with bacteria that can cause bad breath. […] Diseases such as some cancers can cause a distinctive breath odor. The same is true for disorders related to the body’s process of breaking food down into energy. […] Constant heartburn, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, can lead to bad breath.

• #18 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Some medicines can lead to bad breath by causing dry mouth. […] Surgical wounds after mouth surgery, such as tooth removal, as well as tooth decay, gum disease or mouth sores, can cause bad breath. […] Small stones that form in the tonsils, called tonsil stones or tonsilloliths, are covered with bacteria that can cause bad breath. […] Diseases such as some cancers can cause a distinctive breath odor. The same is true for disorders related to the body’s process of breaking food down into energy. […] Constant heartburn, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, can lead to bad breath.

• #19 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00883

  Halitosis may be caused by the following. […] Certain foods. The things you eat are linked to your oral health, including your breath. Items, such as garlic and onions, or any food, are absorbed into the bloodstream. Until that food leaves the body, it may affect your breath. […] Poor oral health care. Without correct and regular brushing and flossing, and routine dental exams, food stays in the mouth. This is a breeding ground for bacteria. Food that collects on the teeth, gums, and tongue may rot. This causes an unpleasant odor and taste in the mouth. […] Incorrect cleaning of dentures. Dentures that are not cleaned correctly may be collecting bacteria, fungi, and remaining food particles. All of these cause bad breath. […] Odor-causing bacteria on the tongue. Certain bacteria on the back of the tongue can interact with amino acids in foods and make smelly sulfur compounds.

• #20 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #21 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00883

  Gum (periodontal) disease. One of the main symptoms of this gum disease is bad-smelling breath and an unpleasant taste in the mouth. This condition needs care right away by an oral health provider. […] Dry mouth (xerostomia). This condition is often a key part of halitosis. When your mouth doesn’t make enough saliva, your mouth can’t clean itself. It can’t remove debris and particles left behind by food. Dry mouth may be caused by certain medicines. It may also be caused by a salivary gland problem or by always breathing through the mouth instead of the nose. […] Tobacco products. Tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and snuff, stain the teeth and put the body at risk for many diseases. But they also help cause bad breath. […] A health condition. Bad breath may be a symptom of any of the following conditions. See your provider for a diagnosis. […] Bad breath can be caused by many things, including certain foods, poor oral care, and smoking. […] Bad breath can also be caused by certain health conditions, such as dry mouth or diabetes.

• #22 Halitosis (Bad Breath): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17771-bad-breath-halitosis

  Halitosis or bad breath may be due to poor oral hygiene, but this isn’t always the case. It can also occur due to a number of health conditions, including dry mouth, heartburn or even disease in another part of your body. Treatment for halitosis depends on the underlying cause. […] Halitosis is a symptom of many different conditions. In other words, it’s like a warning message from your body. Finding the root cause of halitosis is the first step in treating the issue. […] The most common cause of halitosis is poor oral hygiene. Without proper oral hygiene like brushing, flossing and routine dental cleanings harmful bacteria invade your mouth and multiply out of control. This can lead to several oral health issues like halitosis, cavities and gum disease. […] While poor oral hygiene is the most common cause of halitosis, it’s not the only one. There are several other conditions that can cause bad breath, including:

• #23 6 Surprising Causes of Bad Breath | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/surprising-causes-of-bad-breath

  Most cases of bad breath, or halitosis, arise from bacteria in the mouth. Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, namely gingivitis and periodontitis, are the main causes of bacteria build up in the mouth, says Maureen Theresa Butler, MD, a family medicine physician at Northwestern Medicine. […] However, in some instances, it can be caused by underlying medical conditions or lifestyle choices, ranging from a virus to the ketogenic diet. […] People with sleep apnea are at increased risk for bad breath. […] Dry mouth (xerostomia) is also associated with halitosis. When your mouth doesn’t make enough saliva, your mouth can’t clean itself. It can’t remove debris and particles left behind by food. […] Bad breath is largely a lifestyle concern, says Dr. Butler. If good oral hygiene isn’t remedying it, and you are finding that your breath odor is inhibiting you from living your life fully and confidently, see a physician to determine its underlying cause and your subsequent treatment options.

• #24 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #25 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  When the production of saliva slackens or stops, a condition known as xerostomia, bad breath is likely to follow. […] Certain medications including those for blood pressure, antihistamines, and antidepressants, can cause xerostomia, or dry mouth. […] Excess mucus will often drip down the back of your throat, which basically creates an open invitation for bacteria to gather and multiply, resulting in bad breath. […] Because diabetes causes your blood-sugar levels to fluctuate, it can also leave your mouth vulnerable to bad breath-causing periodontal diseases. […] Constant or chronic bad breath can be a warning sign that other diseases or illnesses are present.

• #26 Halitosis: Common causes, effective treatments, and powerful prevention for bad breath – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/halitosis-common-causes-effective-treatments-and-powerful-prevention-for-bad-breath

  Halitosis is the medical term for bad breath. Halitosis can be temporary (the result of eating a dish with plenty of garlic, for example) or chronic. Chronic cases are typically caused by an underlying condition, such as gum disease. […] Bad breath is often due to a buildup of bacteria in the mouth. This buildup can occur for a number of reasons. Some common causes of chronic bad breath include: […] Poor oral hygiene. If you don’t brush and floss regularly, particles of food can remain in your mouth and produce a bad smell as they decay. Decaying food particles can also promote bacterial growth. […] Dry mouth. Saliva performs an important function by washing away food particles and bacteria in the mouth. Without enough saliva, food particles and bacteria remain. Dry mouth has many possible causes. These include certain medications, such as those that treat incontinence, depression, and allergies, as well as salivary gland problems.

• #27 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #28 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00883

  Gum (periodontal) disease. One of the main symptoms of this gum disease is bad-smelling breath and an unpleasant taste in the mouth. This condition needs care right away by an oral health provider. […] Dry mouth (xerostomia). This condition is often a key part of halitosis. When your mouth doesn’t make enough saliva, your mouth can’t clean itself. It can’t remove debris and particles left behind by food. Dry mouth may be caused by certain medicines. It may also be caused by a salivary gland problem or by always breathing through the mouth instead of the nose. […] Tobacco products. Tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and snuff, stain the teeth and put the body at risk for many diseases. But they also help cause bad breath. […] A health condition. Bad breath may be a symptom of any of the following conditions. See your provider for a diagnosis. […] Bad breath can be caused by many things, including certain foods, poor oral care, and smoking. […] Bad breath can also be caused by certain health conditions, such as dry mouth or diabetes.

• #29 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Alcohol consumption is another culprit of bad breath, so the more often you drink – the more likely you are to experience it. […] A diet high in sugar can lead to plaque buildup and bad breath and could be the culprit for halitosis due to how sugars interact with the existing bacteria in your mouth. […] When the body doesn’t get enough carbs due to an extreme diet, this can cause changes to your body’s metabolism as your body starts breaking down other fats and proteins for energy, which can lead to bad breath. […] Stress-related fasting can also affect your digestion by starving your stomach of enzymes. […] Tobacco products whether its cigarettes, chew, or pipe all cause bad breath and lead to much more serious oral health issues. […] Poor digestion, constipation, or bowel disorders can all cause bad breath from the stomach.

• #30 Neuropsychological causes of halitosis and halitophobia. | Breath Institute

  https://www.breathinstitute.co.uk/medical-library-bad-breath/causes-of-halitosis-bad-breath/neuropsychological-causes-of-halitosis-and-halitophobia/

  Certain psychological states related to stress or anxiety can cause genuine halitosis. In particular, this is due to the fact that the salivary glands produce less saliva when a person is stressed or anxious. The stagnation of residual saliva in the mouth increases the production of VOCs and VSCs. […] Dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste) can cause patients to believe that they have bad breath. The distortion can be influenced by a number of nutritional, hormonal and metabolic factors (among others) which can generate confusion due to close relationship between the perception of smell and taste are. In general, patients with olfactory deficiencies tend to display more concern about their breath. […] Halitophobia has recently become a recognised psychiatric condition. People with halitophobia suffer from delusional halitosis (also referred to as psychosomatic halitosis). Many halitophobia suffers of are unaware of their bad breath and refuse to see a psychologist as they do not acknowledge that they have this psychosomatic condition.

• #31 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Halitosis, the medical term for persistent bad breath and also known as oral malodor, is a very common and treatable oral health condition for many adults. […] Bad breath, medically known as halitosis, can be caused by something you eat, or more seriously, can signify a deeper oral health issue or serious medical issue. […] Most bad breath is caused by poor oral hygiene. […] Poor oral hygiene also causes other oral health conditions such as cavities, dental plaque buildup, and gum disease which are also associated with bad breath. […] After eating certain foods like onions, garlic, certain vegetables, and spices odor-causing food particles enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs, where they affect the odor of your breath each time you exhale. […] Coffee can be a cause of stinky breath due its intense flavor as well as the effect it has on saliva production.

• #32 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Bacteria on the tongue surface can trap bacteria that produce odors, leading to bad breath. […] Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. […] Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including: […] The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. […] Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath. […] If you don’t brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. […] A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva.

• #33 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Halitosis, the medical term for persistent bad breath and also known as oral malodor, is a very common and treatable oral health condition for many adults. […] Bad breath, medically known as halitosis, can be caused by something you eat, or more seriously, can signify a deeper oral health issue or serious medical issue. […] Most bad breath is caused by poor oral hygiene. […] Poor oral hygiene also causes other oral health conditions such as cavities, dental plaque buildup, and gum disease which are also associated with bad breath. […] After eating certain foods like onions, garlic, certain vegetables, and spices odor-causing food particles enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs, where they affect the odor of your breath each time you exhale. […] Coffee can be a cause of stinky breath due its intense flavor as well as the effect it has on saliva production.

• #34 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Alcohol consumption is another culprit of bad breath, so the more often you drink – the more likely you are to experience it. […] A diet high in sugar can lead to plaque buildup and bad breath and could be the culprit for halitosis due to how sugars interact with the existing bacteria in your mouth. […] When the body doesn’t get enough carbs due to an extreme diet, this can cause changes to your body’s metabolism as your body starts breaking down other fats and proteins for energy, which can lead to bad breath. […] Stress-related fasting can also affect your digestion by starving your stomach of enzymes. […] Tobacco products whether its cigarettes, chew, or pipe all cause bad breath and lead to much more serious oral health issues. […] Poor digestion, constipation, or bowel disorders can all cause bad breath from the stomach.

• #35 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Alcohol consumption is another culprit of bad breath, so the more often you drink – the more likely you are to experience it. […] A diet high in sugar can lead to plaque buildup and bad breath and could be the culprit for halitosis due to how sugars interact with the existing bacteria in your mouth. […] When the body doesn’t get enough carbs due to an extreme diet, this can cause changes to your body’s metabolism as your body starts breaking down other fats and proteins for energy, which can lead to bad breath. […] Stress-related fasting can also affect your digestion by starving your stomach of enzymes. […] Tobacco products whether its cigarettes, chew, or pipe all cause bad breath and lead to much more serious oral health issues. […] Poor digestion, constipation, or bowel disorders can all cause bad breath from the stomach.

• #36 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  Alcohol consumption is another culprit of bad breath, so the more often you drink – the more likely you are to experience it. […] A diet high in sugar can lead to plaque buildup and bad breath and could be the culprit for halitosis due to how sugars interact with the existing bacteria in your mouth. […] When the body doesn’t get enough carbs due to an extreme diet, this can cause changes to your body’s metabolism as your body starts breaking down other fats and proteins for energy, which can lead to bad breath. […] Stress-related fasting can also affect your digestion by starving your stomach of enzymes. […] Tobacco products whether its cigarettes, chew, or pipe all cause bad breath and lead to much more serious oral health issues. […] Poor digestion, constipation, or bowel disorders can all cause bad breath from the stomach.

• #37 Reasons for bad breath | Corsodyl

  https://www.corsodyl.ie/advice/causes-of-halitosis/

  Smoking cigarettes, pipes, or using snuff or chewing tobacco can all make your breath smell bad. […] Fasting, crash or low carb diets can have the side effect of causing bad breath. This is because as the body is forced to break down fat it produces chemicals called ketones. These are released into your breath making it smell bad. […] In rare cases, some medical conditions can make your breath smell bad. One is 'dry mouth’ or, to use its medical name, xerostomia, which occurs when the flow of saliva, or spit, to the mouth is interrupted. This can make breath smell because saliva helps to moisten the mouth and wash away the bacteria that can cause bad breath.

• #38 Bad Breath Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/bad-breath

  Bad breath, medically called halitosis, can result from poor dental health habits or may be a sign of other health problems. Certain types of foods you eat and unhealthy lifestyle habits can worsen bad breath. […] Bad breath can result from several factors, from medical conditions and medications, bad habits such as smoking, and the foods you eat. […] The food you eat begins to break down in your mouth, leading to a buildup of bacteria that can cause bad breath. […] Most of the time, bad breath results from not taking good care of your teeth, such as not brushing and flossing daily and not seeing the dentist regularly for a deeper cleaning. […] Inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) from poor dental hygiene can also cause bad breath. […] Smoking also causes dry mouth and bad breath, and it raises your risk of gum disease (another cause of bad breath).

• #39 Halitosis or bad breath | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/halitosis-or-bad-breath

  Halitosis is caused by sulphur-producing bacteria in the tongue and throat. […] The major causes include a dry mouth caused by certain foods, smoking, poor oral hygiene and a coated tongue. […] Apart from the sulphur-producing bacteria that colonise the back of the tongue, the other major causes of halitosis are: Dental factors such as periodontitis (infection around the teeth) or poor oral hygiene, Dry mouth caused by medicines, alcohol, stress or a medical condition, Smoking which starves the mouth of oxygen. […] Less common causes of halitosis include: Acid and bile reflux from the stomach, Post-nasal discharge for example, due to chronic sinusitis, Kidney failure, various carcinomas, metabolic dysfunctions, and biochemical disorders, together account for only a very small percentage of halitosis suffers, Foods – such as onions, garlic or cauliflower, which induce certain odours. However, these effects are only short-lived. […] The treatment of halitosis will depend on the underlying cause.

• #40 Halitosis: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867570-overview

  Halitosis has a multifactorial etiology. About 80-90% of halitosis is due to intraoral microbial species that populate on the tongue, teeth, and periodontal biofilms. The role of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in producing bacteria that colonize the dorsal surface of the tongue was recently understood as a primary cause of halitosis (bad breath). […] Extraoral causes contribute to about 10-20% of all cases. Poor diet, metabolic diseases, alcohol and drug abuse, certain drugs, diseases of the digestive system, tobacco smoking, acute febrile illnesses, chronic sinusitis, and post nasal drip contributes to extraoral causes. Extraoral causes can be divided into blood-borne and non-blood-borne. Blood-borne causes often are consequences of metabolic processes that emit odorous volatile sulfur compounds, which are taken by the bloodstream, transported to the lungs, and emitted during exhalation. Non-blood-borne causes often originate from nasal and upper respiratory tract infections and diseases.

• #41 Halitosis: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867570-overview

  Halitosis has a multifactorial etiology. About 80-90% of halitosis is due to intraoral microbial species that populate on the tongue, teeth, and periodontal biofilms. The role of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in producing bacteria that colonize the dorsal surface of the tongue was recently understood as a primary cause of halitosis (bad breath). […] Extraoral causes contribute to about 10-20% of all cases. Poor diet, metabolic diseases, alcohol and drug abuse, certain drugs, diseases of the digestive system, tobacco smoking, acute febrile illnesses, chronic sinusitis, and post nasal drip contributes to extraoral causes. Extraoral causes can be divided into blood-borne and non-blood-borne. Blood-borne causes often are consequences of metabolic processes that emit odorous volatile sulfur compounds, which are taken by the bloodstream, transported to the lungs, and emitted during exhalation. Non-blood-borne causes often originate from nasal and upper respiratory tract infections and diseases.

• #42 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Some medicines can lead to bad breath by causing dry mouth. […] Surgical wounds after mouth surgery, such as tooth removal, as well as tooth decay, gum disease or mouth sores, can cause bad breath. […] Small stones that form in the tonsils, called tonsil stones or tonsilloliths, are covered with bacteria that can cause bad breath. […] Diseases such as some cancers can cause a distinctive breath odor. The same is true for disorders related to the body’s process of breaking food down into energy. […] Constant heartburn, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, can lead to bad breath.

• #43 Bad Breath – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/symptoms-of-oral-and-dental-disorders/bad-breath

  These bacteria can also overgrow due to a decrease in the flow of saliva (caused by some diseases or the use of certain medications) or a decrease in the acidity of saliva. […] Although people commonly think that gastrointestinal disorders cause bad breath, they rarely do because the muscular channel that connects the throat with the stomach (esophagus) is normally collapsed. Bad breath is not caused by poor digestion, nor does it indicate how a person’s digestive system or bowels are functioning. […] However, rarely, a pouch in the esophagus (Zenker diverticulum), present at birth in some people, can collect food particles. The food particles can decompose and create a foul odor. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and stomach cancer also can cause bad breath. […] The odor is typically more noticeable from the nose than from the mouth.

• #44 Bad Breath Surprising Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/ss/slideshow-bad-breath-causes

  Bacteria on the tongue is the leading cause of bad breath. […] When you cut out carbs and boost the amount of protein you eat, your body starts burning fat for energy. That process makes compounds called ketones, which cause bad breath. […] As if they weren’t annoying enough, respiratory tract infections like colds and bronchitis can also give you bad breath. […] A type of bacteria that causes ulcers, Helicobacter pylori, can also trigger bad breath. […] More than 400 prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including antidepressants and allergy remedies, can stifle saliva flow. […] These can trap food particles and breed bacteria, resulting in cavities, gum disease, and bad breath.

• #45 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #46 Bad Breath – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/symptoms-of-oral-and-dental-disorders/bad-breath

  These bacteria can also overgrow due to a decrease in the flow of saliva (caused by some diseases or the use of certain medications) or a decrease in the acidity of saliva. […] Although people commonly think that gastrointestinal disorders cause bad breath, they rarely do because the muscular channel that connects the throat with the stomach (esophagus) is normally collapsed. Bad breath is not caused by poor digestion, nor does it indicate how a person’s digestive system or bowels are functioning. […] However, rarely, a pouch in the esophagus (Zenker diverticulum), present at birth in some people, can collect food particles. The food particles can decompose and create a foul odor. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and stomach cancer also can cause bad breath. […] The odor is typically more noticeable from the nose than from the mouth.

• #47 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #48 Chronic Bad Breath: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-bad-breath

  Infections caused by a buildup of bacteria in the upper respiratory tract and airways can cause you to have foul-smelling breath. […] Your liver and kidneys help filter toxins out of your body. But impairment of these organs affects their ability to efficiently remove toxic substances from the body, which can lead to bad breath that doesnt go away. […] Tobacco smoking can increase the production of volatile sulfur compounds in diseased gums, causing bad breath. […] Diabetes can cause increased glucose levels in the saliva. This can promote infection and bad breath. […] While its not common, bad breath can also be linked to peptic ulcers. […] A blockage in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by surgeries or medical conditions such as a hernia, can make it hard for digested food and waste to move through the body. This can cause bad breath that smells like poop.

• #49 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  When the production of saliva slackens or stops, a condition known as xerostomia, bad breath is likely to follow. […] Certain medications including those for blood pressure, antihistamines, and antidepressants, can cause xerostomia, or dry mouth. […] Excess mucus will often drip down the back of your throat, which basically creates an open invitation for bacteria to gather and multiply, resulting in bad breath. […] Because diabetes causes your blood-sugar levels to fluctuate, it can also leave your mouth vulnerable to bad breath-causing periodontal diseases. […] Constant or chronic bad breath can be a warning sign that other diseases or illnesses are present.

• #50 Bad Breath Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/bad-breath

  Gum disease. This results from the buildup of plaque, which is a thin layer of bacteria that forms on your teeth. […] Dry mouth (xerostomia). Saliva helps keep things clean by carrying away some of the little bits of food that collect in your mouth. […] Infections. Sinus and throat infections can cause postnasal drip, a source of bad breath. […] Diabetes. This puts you at higher risk of gum disease, a cause of bad breath. […] Cancers of the head and neck. These can cause bad breath and include oral cancers, throat cancer, and cancer of the larynx. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This causes fluid and acid from your stomach to flow back into your esophagus. […] Liver and kidney disease. These two organs help rid your body of toxins. […] Tonsil stones. Also called tonsilloliths, these form when food gets stuck in your tonsils and hardens into calcium deposits. Their primary symptom is bad breath. […] Bad breath has many possible causes, but the most likely culprit is poor oral hygiene. Keeping your teeth and the rest of your mouth clean likely will solve the problem. However, underlying health conditions may be to blame.

• #51 Halitosis: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867570-overview

  Halitosis has a multifactorial etiology. About 80-90% of halitosis is due to intraoral microbial species that populate on the tongue, teeth, and periodontal biofilms. The role of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in producing bacteria that colonize the dorsal surface of the tongue was recently understood as a primary cause of halitosis (bad breath). […] Extraoral causes contribute to about 10-20% of all cases. Poor diet, metabolic diseases, alcohol and drug abuse, certain drugs, diseases of the digestive system, tobacco smoking, acute febrile illnesses, chronic sinusitis, and post nasal drip contributes to extraoral causes. Extraoral causes can be divided into blood-borne and non-blood-borne. Blood-borne causes often are consequences of metabolic processes that emit odorous volatile sulfur compounds, which are taken by the bloodstream, transported to the lungs, and emitted during exhalation. Non-blood-borne causes often originate from nasal and upper respiratory tract infections and diseases.

• #52 6 Surprising Causes of Bad Breath | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/surprising-causes-of-bad-breath

  Most cases of bad breath, or halitosis, arise from bacteria in the mouth. Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, namely gingivitis and periodontitis, are the main causes of bacteria build up in the mouth, says Maureen Theresa Butler, MD, a family medicine physician at Northwestern Medicine. […] However, in some instances, it can be caused by underlying medical conditions or lifestyle choices, ranging from a virus to the ketogenic diet. […] People with sleep apnea are at increased risk for bad breath. […] Dry mouth (xerostomia) is also associated with halitosis. When your mouth doesn’t make enough saliva, your mouth can’t clean itself. It can’t remove debris and particles left behind by food. […] Bad breath is largely a lifestyle concern, says Dr. Butler. If good oral hygiene isn’t remedying it, and you are finding that your breath odor is inhibiting you from living your life fully and confidently, see a physician to determine its underlying cause and your subsequent treatment options.

• #53 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Certain endocrinological and metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus render a fruity or acetone-like odor to the breath, while in uremia, the breath gets an ammoniacal odor. […] Certain drugs like chloral hydrate, disulfiram, acetaminophen, phenothiazines, antihistaminics, ethyl alcohol, griseofulvin, amphetamines, arsenic salts, bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic agents, among others, cause oral malodor.

• #54 Bad Breath (Halitosis): Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bad-breath

  Periodontal disease, or gum disease, happens when you dont remove plaque promptly from teeth. […] Unusual breath odor can be a symptom of some diseases. This includes kidney disease or failure, liver disease or failure, diabetes, sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), which is a relatively common cause of halitosis. […] If you have kidney or liver failure or diabetes, your breath may smell fishy. When your diabetes isnt under control, your breath may smell fruity.

• #55 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Certain endocrinological and metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus render a fruity or acetone-like odor to the breath, while in uremia, the breath gets an ammoniacal odor. […] Certain drugs like chloral hydrate, disulfiram, acetaminophen, phenothiazines, antihistaminics, ethyl alcohol, griseofulvin, amphetamines, arsenic salts, bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic agents, among others, cause oral malodor.

• #56 Breath odor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003058.htm

  Some diseases that may cause unpleasant breath odor are: Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Acute renal failure, Bowel obstruction, Bronchiectasis, Chronic kidney failure, Esophageal cancer, Gastric carcinoma, Gastrojejunocolic fistula, Hepatic encephalopathy, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lung infection or abscess, Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis, Periodontal disease, Pharyngitis, Zenker diverticulum.

• #57 Bad breath – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922

  Bacteria on the tongue surface can trap bacteria that produce odors, leading to bad breath. […] Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. […] Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including: […] The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. […] Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath. […] If you don’t brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. […] A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva.

• #58 14 Bad Breath (Halitosis) Causes: Why Does My Breath Smell? | LISTERINE®

  https://www.listerine.com/bad-breath/causes-bad-breath

  When the production of saliva slackens or stops, a condition known as xerostomia, bad breath is likely to follow. […] Certain medications including those for blood pressure, antihistamines, and antidepressants, can cause xerostomia, or dry mouth. […] Excess mucus will often drip down the back of your throat, which basically creates an open invitation for bacteria to gather and multiply, resulting in bad breath. […] Because diabetes causes your blood-sugar levels to fluctuate, it can also leave your mouth vulnerable to bad breath-causing periodontal diseases. […] Constant or chronic bad breath can be a warning sign that other diseases or illnesses are present.

• #59 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Certain endocrinological and metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus render a fruity or acetone-like odor to the breath, while in uremia, the breath gets an ammoniacal odor. […] Certain drugs like chloral hydrate, disulfiram, acetaminophen, phenothiazines, antihistaminics, ethyl alcohol, griseofulvin, amphetamines, arsenic salts, bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic agents, among others, cause oral malodor.

• #60 Neuropsychological causes of halitosis and halitophobia. | Breath Institute

  https://www.breathinstitute.co.uk/medical-library-bad-breath/causes-of-halitosis-bad-breath/neuropsychological-causes-of-halitosis-and-halitophobia/

  Certain psychological states related to stress or anxiety can cause genuine halitosis. In particular, this is due to the fact that the salivary glands produce less saliva when a person is stressed or anxious. The stagnation of residual saliva in the mouth increases the production of VOCs and VSCs. […] Dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste) can cause patients to believe that they have bad breath. The distortion can be influenced by a number of nutritional, hormonal and metabolic factors (among others) which can generate confusion due to close relationship between the perception of smell and taste are. In general, patients with olfactory deficiencies tend to display more concern about their breath. […] Halitophobia has recently become a recognised psychiatric condition. People with halitophobia suffer from delusional halitosis (also referred to as psychosomatic halitosis). Many halitophobia suffers of are unaware of their bad breath and refuse to see a psychologist as they do not acknowledge that they have this psychosomatic condition.

• #61 Neuropsychological causes of halitosis and halitophobia. | Breath Institute

  https://www.breathinstitute.co.uk/medical-library-bad-breath/causes-of-halitosis-bad-breath/neuropsychological-causes-of-halitosis-and-halitophobia/

  Certain psychological states related to stress or anxiety can cause genuine halitosis. In particular, this is due to the fact that the salivary glands produce less saliva when a person is stressed or anxious. The stagnation of residual saliva in the mouth increases the production of VOCs and VSCs. […] Dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste) can cause patients to believe that they have bad breath. The distortion can be influenced by a number of nutritional, hormonal and metabolic factors (among others) which can generate confusion due to close relationship between the perception of smell and taste are. In general, patients with olfactory deficiencies tend to display more concern about their breath. […] Halitophobia has recently become a recognised psychiatric condition. People with halitophobia suffer from delusional halitosis (also referred to as psychosomatic halitosis). Many halitophobia suffers of are unaware of their bad breath and refuse to see a psychologist as they do not acknowledge that they have this psychosomatic condition.

• #62 Bad breath – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath

  In about 90% of genuine halitosis cases, the origin of the odour is in the mouth itself. This is known as intra-oral halitosis, oral malodour or oral halitosis. […] The intensity of bad breath may differ during the day, due to eating certain foods (such as garlic, onions, meat, fish, and cheese), smoking, and alcohol consumption. […] Other less common reported causes from within the mouth include deep carious lesions (dental decay) which cause localized food impaction and stagnation, recent dental extraction sockets fill with blood clot, and provide an ideal habitat for bacterial proliferation, and oral infections. […] There are a few systemic (non-oral) medical conditions that may cause foul breath odour, but these are infrequent in the general population. Such conditions are fetor hepaticus, lower respiratory tract infections, kidney infections and kidney failure, carcinoma, trimethylaminuria, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic conditions. […] One quarter of the people seeking professional advice on bad breath have an exaggerated concern of having bad breath, known as halitophobia, delusional halitosis, or as a manifestation of the olfactory reference syndrome.

• #63 Bad breath – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bad-breath

  Halitosis (from the Latin word for breath, “halitus”; also known as oral malodor, “fetor ex ore,” or“fetor oris”) is a common condition. Patients may not be aware of their own bad breath and learn of it from another person. […] This topic will cover the epidemiology, pathogenesis, causes, evaluation, and management of halitosis. […] Physiologic halitosis – Bad breath that does not have a specific cause. It is usually worse in the morning and often transient. […] Pathologic halitosis – Bad breath that results from a specific identifiable cause.

• #64 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Halitosis (lat. Halitus: breath, haze) is a condition in which the breath has a particularly noticeable bad odour that emanates not only from the mouth, but also from the nasal cavity. […] True halitosis, in which bad breath is objectively shown to exist, is divided into physiological and pathological halitosis. […] Physiological halitosis is not caused by a specific disease but rather by factors related to the dorsal region of the tongue. […] Pathological halitosis on the other hand, is often caused by blood born and gastroesophageal diseases, pathological processes in the oral cavity, or dysfunction of the oral tissues. […] The most common cause of halitosis has its origin in the oral cavity (93%), in particular, the metabolic activity of oral bacteria is a major cause, whereby gas-emitting bacteria on the tongue and below the gum line are largely responsible for the condition.

• #65 Bad breath – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bad-breath

  Halitosis (from the Latin word for breath, “halitus”; also known as oral malodor, “fetor ex ore,” or“fetor oris”) is a common condition. Patients may not be aware of their own bad breath and learn of it from another person. […] This topic will cover the epidemiology, pathogenesis, causes, evaluation, and management of halitosis. […] Physiologic halitosis – Bad breath that does not have a specific cause. It is usually worse in the morning and often transient. […] Pathologic halitosis – Bad breath that results from a specific identifiable cause.

• #66 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Halitosis (lat. Halitus: breath, haze) is a condition in which the breath has a particularly noticeable bad odour that emanates not only from the mouth, but also from the nasal cavity. […] True halitosis, in which bad breath is objectively shown to exist, is divided into physiological and pathological halitosis. […] Physiological halitosis is not caused by a specific disease but rather by factors related to the dorsal region of the tongue. […] Pathological halitosis on the other hand, is often caused by blood born and gastroesophageal diseases, pathological processes in the oral cavity, or dysfunction of the oral tissues. […] The most common cause of halitosis has its origin in the oral cavity (93%), in particular, the metabolic activity of oral bacteria is a major cause, whereby gas-emitting bacteria on the tongue and below the gum line are largely responsible for the condition.

• #67 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #68 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is classified into 2 groups: genuine and delusional halitosis. […] Intraoral Causes These account for nearly 80% to 85% of all halitosis cases. Gingival and periodontal diseases (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, herpetic gingivitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal abscess), Sjogren syndrome, cancer treatment, and bone pathologies like alveolitis and osteomyelitis attribute to halitosis. Contributing factors are deep carious lesions and large interdental areas where retention of food debris could occur, malaligned teeth, exposed necrotic pulp, ill-fitting dentures and orthodontic appliances, tongue biofilm, and candidiasis. […] A drop in the oxygen saturation of saliva results in a lowering of the pH of saliva, causing diamines to form, resulting in malodor. […] Extraoral Causes Gastrointestinal (GI) causes account for most of the extraoral causes of halitosis. GI reflux, gastric and peptic ulcers, congenital broncho-esophageal fistula, Zenkers diverticulum, carcinoma of the stomach, hiatus hernia, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, and steatorrhoea are the other causes of halitosis.

• #69 Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10506127/

  Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. […] Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition. […] More than 85% of halitosis cases are due to intraoral conditions, such as tongue coating and poor oral hygiene. […] According to Silveira et al., halitosis is caused by the synthesis of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by bacteria. […] A dry mouth may be associated with halitosis, which could be explained by the fact that diminished salivary flow promotes anaerobic bacterial putrefaction of food debris left in the oral cavity after eating. […] Several conditions can cause halitosis, including diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. […] Smoking is another cause of halitosis.

• #70 Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10506127/

  Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. […] Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition. […] More than 85% of halitosis cases are due to intraoral conditions, such as tongue coating and poor oral hygiene. […] According to Silveira et al., halitosis is caused by the synthesis of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by bacteria. […] A dry mouth may be associated with halitosis, which could be explained by the fact that diminished salivary flow promotes anaerobic bacterial putrefaction of food debris left in the oral cavity after eating. […] Several conditions can cause halitosis, including diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. […] Smoking is another cause of halitosis.

• #71 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Tongue plaque can therefore be counted among the most common causes of halitosis (51%), while patients with deep periodontal pockets (4mm) have more tongue coating, and are therefore at a greater danger of developing halitosis. […] Further oral causes of halitosis include periodontitis (17%), gingivitis (15%) or other oral diseases (17%), while causes in the ENT and gastrointestinal tract are responsible for only 7% of cases. […] In summary, changes in oral ecology have clear repercussions in the form of halitosis, while conditions related to poor dental hygiene such as tongue plaque, gingivitis and periodontitis are clearly responsible for some 83% of cases.

• #72 Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10506127/

  Halitosis can be a symptom of an underlying systemic disease; therefore, an accurate diagnosis of its origin (intraoral or extraoral) is essential for proper management. […] Good oral hygiene is an essential factor in the treatment of halitosis. […] The pharmacological inhibition of VSC-producing bacteria is an effective way to treat halitosis. […] Despite encouraging results from the previously mentioned randomized controlled trials, a recent systematic review concluded that there is no convincing evidence to support the use of probiotics in the treatment of halitosis. […] The primary etiological cause of halitosis is anaerobic bacteria.

• #73 Halitosis (Bad Breath): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17771-bad-breath-halitosis

  If you have chronic halitosis, it could mean you have gum disease. This isn’t always the case, though. Halitosis can also be a symptom of the conditions listed in the section above. […] Halitosis treatment depends on the root cause of the issue. For example, if bad breath is due to poor oral hygiene, a dental cleaning and improved oral hygiene at home will likely help. […] As mentioned above, treating the underlying condition is the only halitosis cure. Gum and breath mints only cover up the problem. […] Most people can get rid of chronic halitosis by treating the underlying condition. That could be as simple as improving your oral hygiene routine. […] If chronic bad breath is due to an underlying health condition, then there may be some trial and error to figure out what works for you.

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