Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Halitosis is a term coined from the merger of the Latin halitus (breath) and Greek osis (pathological process) to describe a condition that meant an unpleasant odor from the mouth or bad breath, as we commonly call it. […] The quantum of data available on halitosis is fairly insufficient as there are no distinct criteria to define a bad odor and its extent for an individual. Hence, a lack of social and ethnic standardization of malodor is the main hindrance for carrying out scientific studies. […] Exact documentation of prevalence rates is difficult owing to the nonspecificity in defining a halitosis patient. Certain studies have shown the prevalence of halitosis up to 50%. Differences in prevalence values, however, would vary nationwide or community-wide due to differences in the method of the study.

• #2 Bad breath – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bad-breath

  Halitosis (from the Latin word for breath, “halitus”; also known as oral malodor, “fetor ex ore,” or“fetor oris”) is a common condition. Patients may not be aware of their own bad breath and learn of it from another person. […] This topic will cover the epidemiology, pathogenesis, causes, evaluation, and management of halitosis. […] Halitosis is defined as “malodor with intensity beyond a socially acceptable level perceived.” It is a significant concern for many individuals and may negatively affect their quality of life and personal relationships.

• #3 Bad breath – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath

  Epidemiology: It is difficult for researchers to make estimates of the prevalence of halitosis in the general population for several reasons. Firstly, halitosis is subject to societal taboo and stigma, which may impact individuals’ willingness to take part in such studies or to report accurately their experience of the condition. Secondly, there is no universal agreement about what diagnostic criteria and what detection methods should be used to define which individuals have halitosis and which do not. Some studies rely on self reported estimation of halitosis, and there is contention as to whether this is a reliable predictor of actual halitosis or not. In reflection of these problems, reported epidemiological data are widely variable. […] Estimated rates of bad breath vary from 6% to 50% of the population. Concern about bad breath is the third most common reason people seek dental care, after tooth decay and gum disease. It is believed to become more common as people age.

• #4 Bad breath: how common is it? – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-health-other-health-conditions/bad-breath-how-common-is-it/

  Halitosis (bad breath) is an unpleasant odour coming from the mouth that may originate from an oral or non-oral sources. It can be unpleasant enough to cause personal embarrassment. The reported prevalence estimates range from 2.4 to 78% with the American Dental Association reporting that 50% of American adults suffer. […] The main aim of this review was to assess the prevalence of halitosis in adults and adolescents. […] The estimated prevalence halitosis in the general population = 31.8% (95%CI; 24.639.0%) […] Prevalence in developed countries = 29.0% (95%CI; 21.236.8) and […] low-middle income countries = 39.8% (95% CI; 21.154.9) […] Our results demonstrated that the estimated prevalence of halitosis was 31.8%, with high heterogeneity between studies. The results suggest a worldwide trend towards a rise in halitosis prevalence.

• #5 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/clinical-practice-how-common-is-halitosis/

  In a recent meta-analysis, the overall worldwide prevalence of halitosis was found to be 31.8%. […] Studies differ regarding gender and age differences and the prevalence of halitosis. […] It is well-recognized that individuals with halitosis may not perceive that they have halitosis and first learn of it from another person. […] Halitosis impacts social functioning, psychological well-being and overall quality of life. […] Given the prevalence of halitosis, understanding the basis for this condition and its impact on individuals is critical.

• #6 Halitosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534859/

  Certain studies have shown a prevalence of 6 to 23% in China, 50% in the United States, and 21.7% and 35.3% for male and female Indian dental students, respectively. […] One study has linked the rising incidence of halitosis with age. […] Halitosis is the third most common cause of referral to dentists after dental caries and periodontal diseases. […] According to one study, halitosis is amongst the top 100 most distressful diseases in humans.

• #7 Bad Breath | MouthHealthy – Oral Health Information from the ADA

  https://www.mouthhealthy.org/all-topics-a-z/bad-breath

  Studies show that 50 percent of adults have had bad breath, or halitosis, at some point in their lives. […] Bad breath that just wont go away or a constant bad taste in your mouth can be a warning sign of advanced gum disease, which is caused by a sticky, cavity-causing bacteria called plaque. […] Mouth infections can cause bad breath. However, if your dentist has ruled out other causes and you brush and floss every day, your bad breath could be the result of another problem, such as a sinus condition, gastric reflux, diabetes, liver or kidney disease. In this case, see your healthcare provider. […] If youre concerned about whats causing your bad breath, make an appointment to see your dentist. Regular checkups allow your dentist to detect any problems such as gum disease or dry mouth and stop them before they become more serious.

• #8 Centre for Health Protection – Halitosis

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80071.html

  Information regarding the prevalence of bad breath in Hong Kong is scarce since there is no epidemiological study that addresses this issue. A large study performed in Japan involving 2,672 individuals indicated that 6-23% of the subjects had bad breath. […] If these Japanese data reflect the prevalence of bad breath in our population, then bad breath would represent a major oral health concern among us.

• #9 Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-019-0734-4

  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of halitosis among Chinese subjects and to analyze the associated factors that influence halitosis. […] The findings indicated that the prevalence of halitosis was higher in males than in females (55.6% vs. 44.4%, respectively, P=0.018). […] Among these subjects, 65.9% had halitosis. Oral health status was strongly associated with halitosis, and tongue coating was the most important factor. […] Nearly 90% of genuine halitosis originates from intra-oral sources. Tongue coating and periodontal status are some of the most important risk factors. […] The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to halitosis by questionnaire survey, organoleptic test, and Halimeter in order to assist the clinical treatment of halitosis and guide patients in effectively preventing halitosis.

• #10 Self-perceived halitosis and associated factors among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-04586-y

  Bad breath (halitosis) is a common problem affecting psycho-social wellbeing of young people. We aimed to explore the extent of self-perceived halitosis and associated factors among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 55.97% of students had self-perceived halitosis, with females (74.53%) having a significantly higher proportion than males (36.94%) (p0.001). A significantly higher proportion of halitosis was found among participants who were overweight (61%), had obesity (60.77%), smoked cigarette (46.79%), consumed alcohol (71.43%), lacked exercise (66.29%), were on unhealthy diet (57.35%), consumed coffee/tea (61.35%), breathed through mouth (64.60%), brushed tooth infrequently (85.71%), changed toothbrush after 6 months (77.42%), did not use toothpaste (94.74%), did not use/ sometimes used fluoride toothpaste (75.76%), lacked dental floss use (60.85%), did not use toothpick (62.87%), did chew or sometimes chewed sugar-free chewing gum (75.82%), did not clear / cleaned tongue sometimes (76.14%), did use mouth freshener regularly or occasionally (64.97%), did not use or used mouthwash sometimes (58.87%) were also associated with higher self-perceived halitosis (p0.05 for all). This study reveals a high proportion of self-perceived halitosis and relevant factors. There should be more public education on the causes of halitosis and potential management approaches. Globally, many people suffer from halitosis. An estimated 31.8% of the general population (95% CI 24.639.0%) were found to suffer from halitosis in 2017. However, due to the lack of an accepted definition of halitosis, the subjective nature of reporting, and the different methodologies used, there is much heterogeneity in the reporting of its prevalence across the globe. In Bangladesh, the only study exploring halitosis was among women in Dhaka city, where the prevalence of halitosis was found to be 75%. Self-perceived halitosis (SPH) represents a prevalent oral health concern transcending demographic boundaries. Beyond its apparent social implications, SPH exerts considerable influence on individuals quality of life. Particularly within the university milieu, where academic pursuits intertwine with social dynamics, the impact of SPH extends beyond mere discomfort, potentially affecting academic performance and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, this study aimed to assess SPH and its associated factors among Bangladeshi university students. Our study found that approximately 55.97% of the participants reported self-perceived halitosis. This finding is consistent with previous research conducted in India and Saudi Arabia among comparable populations, where the prevalence of self-reported halitosis ranges from 40 to 60%. Additionally, several former studies have investigated the prevalence of SPH, revealing varying rates across different regions and demographics. For instance, studies conducted in North America, Europe, Asia, and other regions have documented SPH prevalence rates spanning from approximately 20% to over 60%, highlighting the widespread nature of this oral health concern. Furthermore, research suggests that SPH is not confined to specific geographic regions or socioeconomic statuses but affects individuals across diverse populations globally.

• #11 SciELO Brazil – Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bor/a/MXDxQrtfrWJ84qG6gs6crbM/

  Halitosis is an unpleasant condition that causes social restraint. Studies worldwide indicate a high prevalence of moderate halitosis, whereas severe cases are restricted to around 5% of the populations. […] The prevalence of halitosis has been studied in groups of individuals found in different parts of the world in convenience samples. Different assessments and cut-off points are presented. Therefore, precise estimates of the prevalence of halitosis are not possible to obtain. […] It is clear that halitosis is a prevalent problem, and that the dental profession needs to take its responsibility in managing it.

• #12 Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031062/

  Halitosis is an unpleasant condition that causes social restraint. Studies worldwide indicate a high prevalence of moderate halitosis, whereas severe cases are restricted to around 5% of the populations. […] The etiological chain of halitosis relates to the presence of odoriferous substances in exhaled air, especially the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) produced by bacteria. […] Halitosis* / epidemiology Actions.

• #13 Halitosis (Bad Breath): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17771-bad-breath-halitosis

  Halitosis is a widespread condition, affecting approximately 1 out of 4 people around the globe. One research study, which combined the findings of 13 medical journal articles, found that halitosis affects about 31.8% of the population. […] Most people can get rid of chronic halitosis by treating the underlying condition. That could be as simple as improving your oral hygiene routine. […] If chronic bad breath is due to an underlying health condition, then there may be some trial and error to figure out what works for you. Your healthcare provider may need to try different medications or change your dosages. Or they may ask to run more tests to determine the exact cause.

• #14 Why Some Older Adults Struggle With Bad Breath | „Healthy@UH” Health Articles | University Hospitals | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2015/04/grandma-your-breath-smells-funny

  Older adults are more vulnerable to dry mouth one of the leading causes of bad breath and they may find it difficult to maintain proper oral hygiene as they age, says geriatrics medicine specialist Taryn Lee, MD. […] Bad breath also could be a sign that an older adult is having difficulty caring for themselves, Dr. Lee says. […] I worry more about bad breath because it may be a sign of other geriatric problems,” Dr. Lee says. „Things that we take for granted sometimes aren’t that easy for our older patients to do. […] Saliva helps wash away bacteria that can lead to bad breath. As we age, we not only produce less saliva, we are also more likely to be on medications or combinations of medicines that can cause dry mouth. […] Fortunately, bad breath is rarely an issue for older adults who practice good oral hygiene, avoid tobacco and alcohol, eat a healthy diet and drink plenty of fluids.

• #15 Prevalence and Determinant Factors of Oral Halitosis | CCIDE

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-prevalence-and-determinant-factors-of-oral-halitosis-in-northwest–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCIDE

  The prevalence of oral halitosis was 44.2% (95% CI: 40.39 47.96) among the study participants. […] Halitosis is reported to be the third most common reason for visiting a dentist, trailing only dental caries and periodontal disease. […] The prevalence of halitosis among adults worldwide ranged from 22% to 50%. […] The present study found that oral halitosis was high in smokers where smokers were 2.69 times at risk of developing halitosis than nonsmokers (AOR= 2.69, 95% CI: 1.39, 5.21) which is consistent with previous studies. […] Furthermore, participants with dental caries were 8.74 times more likely to develop halitosis than non-carious patients. […] On analysis of socioeconomic variables, a statistically significant association was found between rural residency, low monthly income, and oral halitosis. […] The prevalence of oral halitosis in the study participants was 44.2%.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/jpcd/fulltext/2014/04003/prevalence_and_awareness_of_halitosis_in_a_sample.8.aspx

  The prevalence of halitosis was 78%, with low rate of awareness (20.5%). […] A statistically significant correlation was found between OLT and Halimeter values (P 0.001). […] Subjective patients opinion did not correlate with the objective evaluation of halitosis. […] The Halimeter showed promising characteristics regarding diagnosis of halitosis for clinical setting and field surveys. […] A high significant association was between diagnosis of halitosis by OLT and Halimeter readings (P 0.001). […] Among the 160 subjects who were diagnosed as halituous, only 42 (20.5%) were aware of their problem and 118 (57.6%) were not aware of it. […] The presence of TC and its severity were significantly associated with halitosis (P 0.001). […] The majority of subjects who reported that they do brush their teeth uniformly had halitosis. […] The most interesting observation of this study is that a majority (57.6%) of the subjects with halitosis were not aware of it, and only 20.5% were aware of their problem. […] Halitosis is widespread in the study population and is accompanied by a low level of awareness.

• #17 Statistics – Bad Breath Institute

  https://xbadbreath.com/bad-breath-info/statistics/

  Between 35 and 45 percent of the people in the world have some level of halitosis or bad breath, however everyone suffers from bad breath at some point in their life and at sometime of the day. […] Researchers estimate that over 80 million Americans suffer from chronic halitosis. […] Each year, Americans spend over $10 billion on oral hygiene products (i.e. gums, mouthwashes, toothpastes, etc.) to combat chronic bad breath. […] Bad breath sufferers are 60% more likely to suffer from stress than non-sufferers. 57% of bad breath sufferers report feelings of depression because of their problem. […] 71% of bad breath sufferers have at some time considered enduring painful and evasive surgery in an attempt to eliminate halitosis, only to find surgery is useful in less than 3% of cases. […] Dating studies show that bad breath is among the 3 most unattractive traits in dating prospects. […] 70% of teens say bad breath is an instant turnoff; 85% believe it’s the most important thing to avoid when meeting someone for the first time.

• #18 Bad breath – Causes and treatment for Halitosis – Clínica Pardiñas

  https://clinicapardinas.com/en/specialties/oral-health-considerations/halitosis-recommendations-to-avoid-bad-breath/

  Halitosis, bad breath or oral odor are all synonymous with the same condition, a common oral problem that affects 25% of the general population. Halitosis has a great social repercussion since it causes embarrassment to most patients and affects their daily life. […] Halitosis is a frequent symptom of multiple diseases, with those of intraoral origin being the most common. The problem is found in the mouth in about 90% of all cases of halitosis, being the direct cause of bacteria located on the back of the tongue. […] Periodontal disease is one of the main causes of bad breath, but other oral diseases such as pericoronitis, deep caries or dental abscess can lead to it. […] In our clinic we have a department specialized in halitosis with which we can solve your bad breath problems. For the treatment of halitosis it is important to make a correct diagnosis of the origin of bad breath.

• #19 Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach | International Journal of Oral Science

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ijos201239

  Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. […] The amount of epidemiological research on bad breath is limited, since this topic is still a large but underestimated taboo. A public investigation in 2005 in The Netherlands showed that halitosis was one of the 100 biggest human overall exasperations (TNS-NIPO). […] In general, nearly of 25% of the population seems to suffer from bad breath on a regular basis. […] This large variety of data suggest that there are large shortcomings in the methodology of the overall research projects. A standardized evaluation protocol for halitosis studies is needed to compare epidemiological data. Therefore, a mechanical detection method should be used as golden standard for bad breath research.

• #20 Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-019-0734-4

  The results indicated that the patients with a higher CPI score had a high likelihood of having an OS2, which is consistent with the results of previous investigations. […] In conclusion, this study showed halitosis was a significant problem in the population studied. Additionally, the study confirmed that the etiology of halitosis is multifactorial. Longer duration, rhinitis, a thicker tongue coating, and poor periodontal conditions increased the risk of halitosis.

• #21 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/clinical-practice-how-common-is-halitosis/

  Halitosis is defined an unpleasant odor of the breath, also referred to as oral malodor or simply bad breath. For an estimated 80% to 90% of individuals, halitosis is of oral origin. […] In an estimated 80% to 90% of cases, halitosis is of oral origin. […] Non-oral causes of halitosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis. It is also important to recognize that some patient reports of halitosis have a psychological basis, rather than being the result of a disease or disorder of an anatomical structure. One important question is the true prevalence of halitosis, as this condition is an important issue for the general population. […] Estimates for the prevalence of halitosis range widely. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 population-based studies, with almost 400,000 participants in total, was the first to further examine halitosis from a global perspective.

• #22 Halitosis: How It Happens and How to Help | Office for Science and Society – McGill University

  https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health/halitosis-how-it-happens-and-how-help

  Halitosis or chronic bad breath is very common, affecting up to 50% of the general population. […] Dentists have an intimate relationship with malodorous breath, which is often an indicator of the oral and sometimes overall health of an individual. […] Although halitosis can be multifactorial, 90% of cases arise from the mouth with poor oral hygiene being the leading culprit. […] Having these conditions diagnosed and treated by a dentist, regular checkups combined with a good oral hygiene program can significantly reduce the incidence of chronic bad breath. […] Xerostomia, often caused by certain medications, dehydration and mouth breathing can be a leading cause of halitosis. […] While mostly emanating from the mouth, certain medical conditions can cause halitosis. […] For the majority of cases, improved oral hygiene along with a visit to the dentist can set them on the path to recovery.

• #23

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a62187627/bad-breath-causes-treatments/

  Medically, bad breath is known as halitosis, says Dr. Gastelum. […] More often than not, chronic bad breath is the result of poor oral hygiene, says Dr. Gastelum. […] Aforementioned poor oral hygiene can lead to dental health problems like cavities, tooth infections, and gum disease, all of which can worsen chronic bad breath by harboring excess bacteria, Dr. Casellini and Dr. Gastelum explain. […] If you have acid reflux, diabetes, liver disease, or kidney disease, you may be more susceptible to bad breath, Dr. Casellini says, because those conditions tend to create an environment in which bacteria thrives. […] Bad breath is almost always preventable and treatable, says Dr. Gastelum. […] If you are chronically experiencing bad breath then it is absolutely time to address it, says Dr. Gastelum. Severe gum disease is linked to several health conditions like Alzheimers, heart disease, diabetes, and even erectile dysfunction. Chronic bad breath is always a sign of underlying things that are important to address for whole body health.

• #24 Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach | International Journal of Oral Science

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ijos201239

  Halitosis is a common condition, affecting around 25% of the general population. The origin of the problem largely arises from intra-oral causes, whereas only a limited number of cases are the result of extra oral or systemic problems. […] Therefore, it is substantiated to organize halitosis consultations in a multidisciplinary setting, assembling periodontologists, ENT specialists, specialists in internal medicine and psychologists or even psychiatrists.

• #25 Take my (bad) breath away – causes of halitosis and how to check whether you have it

  https://theconversation.com/take-my-bad-breath-away-causes-of-halitosis-and-how-to-check-whether-you-have-it-231858

  Halitosis has many causes (aside from poor oral hygiene) and can indicate problems with the gut, the sinuses and even the bloodstream. […] Doctors can test breath for bacteria to diagnose some health conditions. […] Breath can also be tested for an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine (Sibo), which can lead to symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating. […] Smoking is another potential underlying cause of halitosis.

• #26 Halitosis: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867570-reference

  Halitosis is a common condition that impacts about 50-65% of the world’s population. The epidemiological studies suggest the prevalence of objectionable halitosis (bad breath) is about 2.4% of the adult population. According to the National Institute of Dental Research, about 65 million Americans suffer from halitosis (bad breath) at some point in their lives. […] Many nonoral systemic conditions, such as bronchial and lung infections, kidney failure, various carcinomas, metabolic dysfunctions, and biochemical disorders, can result in bad breath, but all these, taken together, account for only a very small percentage of those who suffer from the general problem of halitosis (bad breath).

• #27 Halitosis (bad breath) – related symptoms, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/halitosis

  Halitosis is the medical name for bad breath. […] If bad breath continues throughout the day, it may be a sign of a dental issue or other health condition. […] If you have halitosis, you might also have: a dry mouth, sore or swollen gums, toothache, a runny nose. […] Bacteria in your mouth create release an unpleasant smell, leading to halitosis. […] Halitosis is most likely due to a problem in your mouth. […] See your dentist or dental practitioner if you are experiencing bad breath that doesn’t go away. […] Your dentist or dental practitioner will check your mouth for common causes of halitosis, such as infections and gum disease. […] The treatment of halitosis depends on what is causing it. […] You can’t always avoid halitosis, but maintaining good oral hygiene can help to prevent it. […] Halitosis can affect the way you feel about your personal appearance or make you feel worried that other people may find your breath unpleasant.

• #28 Bad breath (halitosis): Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166636

  Bad breath affects an estimated 25 percent of people. […] Bad breath is estimated to affect 1 in 4 people globally. […] The most common cause of halitosis is bad oral hygiene. […] Halitosis is the third most common reason that people seek dental care, after tooth decay and gum disease. […] Some cancers, liver failure, and other metabolic diseases can cause halitosis, due to the specific mixes of chemicals that they produce. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause bad breath due to the regular reflux of stomach acids. […] The dentist will then be able to identify the likely cause of the bad breath.

• #29 Is bad breath a sign of illness?

  https://drsikes.com/is-bad-breath-a-sign-of-illness/

  Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a treatable, common condition experienced by many adults. […] Most halitosis is a result of inadequate oral hygiene. […] Poor oral hygiene can also lead to other oral health conditions, like gum disease or cavities, and these are also associated with halitosis. […] Drinking alcohol can also lead to bad breath. […] The more frequently you drink alcohol, the more likely you are to have halitosis as a result. […] Other dietary habits may also lead to bad breath. […] Use of tobacco products, whether smoked, chewed, or dipped, causes bad breath and can also lead to much more significant health issues, oral and otherwise. […] Tobacco use also causes dry mouth, which leads to bad breath. […] Other medical conditions that commonly lead to bad breath are poor digestion, bowel disorders, acid reflux, and constipation.

• #30 Bad Breath (Halitosis): Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bad-breath

  Bad breath is also known as halitosis or fetor oris. […] According to the American Dental Association, at least 50 percent of adults have had halitosis in their lifetime. […] Unusual breath odor can be a symptom of some diseases. This includes: kidney disease or failure, liver disease or failure, diabetes, sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), which is a relatively common cause of halitosis. […] If the odor doesn’t seem to be coming from your teeth or mouth, your dentist will recommend that you visit your family doctor to rule out an underlying disease or condition.

• #31 Halitosis: Overview | Haleon HealthPartner

  https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-us/oral-health/conditions/halitosis/overview/

  Halitosis may result from improper or inconsistent dental hygiene on your patients behalf. […] Studies show that nearly 50 percent of the adult population have experienced bad breath at some point in their life. […] In 85% of cases, halitosis originates in the oral cavity. […] Respiratory system issues, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic conditions can cause of halitosis. […] Daily oral hygiene is the first step in helping with halitosis prevention and treatment. […] If dry mouth is the cause of your patients halitosis, it is suggested to ask them about their daily water intake and encourage them to drink more water if needed. […] If halitosis is determined to be the cause of by a more serious oral health condition such as tooth decay or gum disease, instructions for treatment could vary.

• #32 Bad breath: What causes it and what to do about it – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/bad-breath-what-causes-it-and-what-to-do-about-it-2019012115803

  Approximately 30% of the population complains of some sort of bad breath. […] A visit with a dentist may help rule out periodontal disease and identify any mouth problem that could be contributing to bad breath. […] A person complaining of bad breath can be initially evaluated by a primary care physician (PCP). […] Your PCP may refer you to a dentist if there is evidence of dental or gum problems, which is the cause in the majority of people with bad breath.

• #33 Oral malodor: Epidemiology, Etiology, Physiology, Diagnosis, Counseling aspects and clinical management- An overview – IJPI

  https://www.ijpi.in/html-article/14397

  The central concepts in diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor are: Bad breath is a common condition that usually comes from the mouth itself and rarely from the gastrointestinal tract. […] The dentist is the first person who identifies and diagnoses the lousy breath. […] Appointment for the patients complaining of bad breath should be assigned a separately and encouraged to come with the family member or close friend (confidant). […] Although many quantitative measurement techniques are available and helpful, the clinician should also make a differential judgment based on the actual smelling of the odor emanating from the patient’s mouth and nose. […] Bad breath can be facilitated by proper dental care, oral hygiene, deep tongue cleaning, and, if necessary, rinsing with an effective mouthwash. […] If the problem persists, the patient should be promptly referred for appropriate medical care.

• #34 Bad breath: how common is it? – National Elf Service

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-health-other-health-conditions/bad-breath-how-common-is-it/

  The authors highlight that while both oral and non-oral sources for halitosis are investigated 80-90% of case are attributed to an oral cause. The suggest that higher rates of periodontal disease in low-middle income countries may be linked to the higher overall prevalence of halitosis. They also highlight higher prevalence of halitosis noted in studies published after 2007 speculating that this may be due to changes in dietary patters with an increase in the consumption of alcohol and in the use of spices as flavouring in foods.

• #35 Simple Solutions for Halitosis, Bad Breath, and Oral Malodor

  https://dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com/article/simple-solutions-for-breath-malodor/

  A thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of breath malodor, as well as strategies for its assessment and management arm clinicians with the tools needed to address this common problem. […] Discuss the epidemiology and pathogenesis of breath malodor. […] The incidence of chronic breath malodor is poorly understood. The incidence of halitosis ranges from 2% to 30% of the worlds population, according to a number of studies. Evidence indicates that 25% to 40% of the population of industrialized countries experience this condition. Nearly 90% of breath malodor cases arise from the oral cavity and are associated with poor oral hygiene, gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, and tongue coatings. Of the remaining cases, sinus or gastrointestinal problems account for around 5%, and other etiologies (5%) account for the remainder. […] Despite a large body of literature on the topic, little is known about oral malodors epidemiology and impact on quality of life.

• #36 Halitosis (Bad Breath): Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://professional.sunstargum.com/en-en/news-events/halitosis-definition-and-causes.html

  Since information about the frequency of halitosis is subjectively biased, it is difficult to make a definitive statement about its actual prevalence. […] Nevertheless, various studies indicate that halitosis seems to be a widespread condition: Seemann found that halitosis occurred in approx. 25% of the world’s population, regardless of cultural background. […] A very recent systematic review (2018) found the combined prevalence of halitosis to be 31,8% (95% CI 24,6-39,0%), indicating a roughly a third of the population suffers from this condition. […] Halitosis is therefore undoubtedly a matter for the dental practice.

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