Encopresis
Epidemiologia

Enkopresis, definiowana jako mimowolne lub dobrowolne oddawanie stolca w nieodpowiednich miejscach u dzieci powyżej 4. roku życia, występuje z częstością od 0,8% do 7,8%, z przewagą u chłopców (stosunek chłopców do dziewcząt 2:1 do 6:1, a w nietrzymaniu stolca bez zaparć nawet 9:1). W USA wskaźnik funkcjonalnego enkopresis wynosi około 4%, z 95% przypadków powiązanych z przewlekłym zaparciem. Epidemiologia wskazuje na spadek częstości wraz z wiekiem, jednak problem może utrzymywać się do okresu dojrzewania i wczesnej dorosłości. Zaparcia, dotykające od 0,7% do 29,6% dzieci, są głównym czynnikiem ryzyka, a ich częstość rośnie, co potwierdzają dane z USA wskazujące na niemal czterokrotny wzrost zaparć w ostatnich dekadach. Enkopresis jest niedodiagnozowany – w badaniach tylko 27-38% dzieci z tym problemem było konsultowanych lekarsko, mimo że generuje on znaczące obciążenie dla systemu opieki zdrowotnej, stanowiąc 3% wizyt u lekarzy POZ i 25% skierowań do gastroenterologów dziecięcych.

Epidemiologia enkopresis

Enkopresis, definiowana jako mimowolne lub dobrowolne oddawanie stolca w nieodpowiednich miejscach przez dzieci w wieku powyżej 4 lat (wiek, w którym można oczekiwać zakończenia treningu toaletowego), stanowi istotny problem zdrowotny na całym świecie12. Częstość występowania enkopresis na świecie szacuje się na poziomie od 0,8% do 7,8%, w zależności od zastosowanych kryteriów diagnostycznych i badanej populacji3.

Ogólna częstotliwość występowania

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że enkopresis dotyka około 1-3% dzieci w wieku 5 lat456. W Stanach Zjednoczonych w retrospektywnym badaniu 482 dzieci w wieku od 4 do 17 lat korzystających z podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej stwierdzono wskaźnik występowania funkcjonalnego enkopresis na poziomie 4%7. Co istotne, w badaniu tym enkopresis był związany z zaparciem u 95% dzieci8.

Holenderskie badanie wykazało, że enkopresis występuje u 4,1% dzieci w wieku 5-6 lat i 1,6% dzieci w wieku 11-12 lat910. Inne badanie podaje, że 5,4% 7-letnich dzieci miało epizody zanieczyszczania się stolcem, ale tylko 1,4% doświadczało tego problemu raz lub więcej razy w tygodniu11.

Różnice płciowe

Enkopresis znacznie częściej występuje u chłopców niż u dziewcząt1213. Stosunek częstości występowania u chłopców w porównaniu do dziewcząt waha się od 2:1 do 6:11415. W niektórych badaniach wskazuje się nawet na stosunek 6:11617. W przypadku nietrzymania stolca bez zaparć (nieretencyjne nietrzymanie stolca) dysproporcja między płciami jest jeszcze większa – stosunek chłopców do dziewcząt wynosi nawet 9:118.

W klasycznym badaniu przeprowadzonym w Sztokholmie wskaźnik występowania enkopresis wśród chłopców w wieku 7-8 lat wynosił 2,3%, a wśród dziewcząt w tym samym wieku – 0,7%19. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, około 70-80% dzieci zgłaszających się z enkopresis to chłopcy20.

Zmiany związane z wiekiem

Funkcjonalny enkopresis jest bardziej powszechny u młodszych dzieci, a jego częstość występowania maleje wraz z wiekiem2122. Badania wykazują, że problem ten dotyka 1,5-2,8% dzieci w wieku 4 lat23. Większość dzieci szuka pomocy medycznej w wieku 7-8 lat24.

Wbrew powszechnej opinii, że dzieci „wyrastają” z zaburzeń defekacji, enkopresis może utrzymywać się w okresie dojrzewania, a nawet we wczesnej dorosłości252627. Badanie porównujące częstość występowania zaparć i nietrzymania stolca u dzieci i młodych dorosłych wykazało, że te problemy występują z podobną częstotliwością w obu grupach wiekowych28.

Enkopresis a zaparcia

Istnieje silny związek między enkopresis a przewlekłymi zaparciami29. Szacuje się, że 90-95% przypadków enkopresis jest związanych z funkcjonalnym zaparciem3031. Około 10-30% dzieci z enkopresis ma nieretencyjne nietrzymanie stolca (bez zaparć)32.

Zaparcia są częstym problemem pediatrycznym na całym świecie, dotykającym od 0,7% do 29,6% populacji dziecięcej, według przeglądu systematycznego33. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Jordanii zaparcia stwierdzono u 26,6% dzieci w wieku szkolnym, co odpowiada danym z wcześniejszych badań brazylijskich34.

Współwystępowanie zaparć i nietrzymania stolca odnotowano u 3,5% holenderskiej populacji ogólnej, przy czym u osób zdrowych odsetek ten był niższy i wynosił 1,9%35. Badacze wykazali, że osoby z zaparciami mają większe prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia nietrzymania stolca36.

Czynniki ryzyka i monitorowanie

Czynniki socjoekonomiczne

Badania wskazują, że enkopresis częściej występuje wśród dzieci z obszarów o niższym statusie socjoekonomicznym373839. W badaniu holenderskim zaobserwowano, że enkopresis występował częściej wśród dzieci z bardzo zaniedbanych obszarów miasta40. Jednocześnie stwierdzono mniejszą częstość występowania enkopresis wśród dzieci pochodzenia marokańskiego i tureckiego41.

Różnice geograficzne

Większość badań populacyjnych dotyczących częstości występowania enkopresis przeprowadzono w Ameryce Północnej i Europie42. Do niedawna uważano, że zaparcia są głównie problemem świata rozwiniętego, jednak badania z Azji wykazały równie wysoką częstość występowania zaparć43. W badaniu przeprowadzonym na Sri Lance wśród dzieci w wieku 10-16 lat stwierdzono zaparcia u 10,6%, a w Japonii wskaźnik ten wynosił 18,5%44.

Monitorowanie i trendy

Dane wskazują, że zaparcia są coraz częstszym problemem. Analiza danych długoterminowych w USA, począwszy od 1979 roku, wykazała prawie 4-krotny wzrost częstości występowania zaparć w ciągu ostatniej dekady45. Zaobserwowano również wzrost liczby wizyt ambulatoryjnych i hospitalizacji z powodu zaparć między 1992 a 2004 rokiem, z ponad dwukrotnym wzrostem częstości diagnozowania zaparć w poradniach ambulatoryjnych i prawie 4-krotnym wzrostem częstości wypisów ze szpitala z diagnozą zaparć46. Dzieci poniżej 15 roku życia miały największą liczbę wizyt w klinikach z powodu zaparć47.

Wpływ na system opieki zdrowotnej

Korzystanie z usług medycznych

Zaparcia u dzieci stanowią 3% wizyt u lekarzy podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej i aż 25% skierowań do gastroenterologów dziecięcych4849. Dzieci z zaparciami generują trzykrotnie wyższe koszty opieki zdrowotnej w porównaniu do dzieci bez zaparć50.

Mimo powszechności występowania enkopresis, problem ten pozostaje niedodiagnozowany i nieleczony. W holenderskim badaniu stwierdzono, że tylko 37,7% dzieci w wieku 5-6 lat i 27,4% dzieci w wieku 11-12 lat z enkopresis było kiedykolwiek konsultowanych przez lekarza z powodu tego problemu51. W badaniu Arhan i wsp. dotyczącym 176 kolejno skierowanych dzieci z zaparciami, tylko 8% miało skierowanie z diagnozą enkopresis, podczas gdy w rzeczywistości 68% z tych 176 dzieci cierpiało na ten objaw52.

W holenderskim badaniu populacyjnym 49,4% respondentów z zaparciami i 48,0% z nietrzymaniem stolca nie omówiło swoich dolegliwości z nikim53. Obecnie tylko niewielka część dzieci i młodych dorosłych z zaburzeniami defekacji otrzymuje odpowiednie leczenie objawowe54.

Badania kliniczne

Według bazy ClinicalTrials.gov przeprowadzono co najmniej 9 badań klinicznych dotyczących enkopresis, w tym 5 zakończonych i 3 nadal rekrutujące uczestników55. W badaniach tych uczestniczyło 152 ekspertów medycznych w dziedzinie enkopresis z 10 krajów i 18 stanów USA56.

Wnioski i implikacje kliniczne

Enkopresis jest złożonym, ale możliwym do rozwiązania problemem, który wymaga wczesnej interwencji57. Im dłużej problem istnieje, tym trudniej jest go leczyć58. Większość dzieci dobrze reaguje na leczenie, jednak enkopresis często nawraca, dlatego niektóre dzieci potrzebują ciągłego leczenia59.

Nieleczony enkopresis może prowadzić do niskiej samooceny i problemów w nawiązywaniu i utrzymywaniu przyjaźni60. Inne powikłania mogą obejmować przewlekłe zaparcia i nietrzymanie moczu61.

Zapobieganie enkopresis powinno koncentrować się na odpowiednim treningu toaletowym dziecka w odpowiednim wieku i w pozytywny sposób626364. Ważne jest również wczesne rozpoznawanie objawów zaparć, takich jak suche, twarde lub rzadkie stolce, i konsultowanie ich z lekarzem65.

Przewlekły charakter problemu oraz jego wpływ na jakość życia dziecka podkreślają znaczenie wczesnej diagnozy i interwencji w przypadku enkopresis66. Współpraca między rodzicami, lekarzami i innymi specjalistami jest kluczowa dla skutecznego leczenia tego zaburzenia67.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Functional fecal incontinence in infants and children: Definition, clinical manifestations, and evaluation – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-fecal-incontinence-in-infants-and-children-definition-clinical-manifestations-and-evaluation
    Fecal incontinence, also known as encopresis or soiling, refers to the repetitive, voluntary or involuntary, passage of stool in inappropriate places by children four years of age and older, at which time a child may be reasonably expected to have completed toilet training and exercise bowel control. […] Fecal incontinence usually is related to underlying constipation. […] In many cases, the constipation is well recognized before the child presents with fecal incontinence. […] In other cases, the underlying constipation is not recognized by the child’s family/caregivers and is only identified after a focused history and physical examination is performed. […] Treatment of fecal incontinence differs depending on the presence or absence of underlying constipation.
  • #2 Constipation in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p469.html
    Encopresis is not mentioned in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for constipation; however, it is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., as an elimination disorder that can occur with or without fecal retention. Encopresis is the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places (i.e., clothing or floor), with one or more events occurring each month for three or more months, and the key feature is soiling. […] The prevalence of constipation in children and adolescents is estimated to be as high as 30% worldwide. […] Constipation in children accounts for 3% of primary care physician visits and up to 25% of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. […] Children with constipation incur three times the health care costs of children without constipation, and chronic constipation can have a negative effect on the child’s quality of life.
  • #3 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #4 Encopresis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encopresis
    The estimated prevalence of encopresis in four-year-olds is between one and three percent. The disorder is thought to be more common in males than females, by a factor of 6 to 1.
  • #5 Elimination Disorders | Abnormal Psychology
    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/elimination-disorder/
    Approximately 10% of six- to seven-year-olds around the world experience enuresis. […] Between 1.5% and 7.5% of children suffer from encopresis; 25% of visits to pediatric gastroenterology clinics and 3% of visits to general pediatric clinics are due to encopresis. The estimated prevalence of encopresis in four-year-olds is between 1%-3%. The disorder is thought to be more common in males than females, by a factor of six to one.
  • #6 Encopresis DSM-5 307.7 (F98.1)
    https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/encopresis-dsm–5-307.7-(f98.1)
    It is estimated that about 1% of 5-year olds have encopresis, and that the disorder is more commonly observed in males than in females. […] If inadequate, inconsistent toilet training is employed, or psychosocial stresses are encountered, children may be at higher risk of developing encopresis. […] In either case, encopresis can persist for many years.
  • #7 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #8 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #9 The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735490/
    The prevalence of encopresis was 4.1% in the 5-to-6 age group and 1.6% in the 11-to-12 age group. […] Encopresis was more frequent among boys and children from the very depressed areas of the city. […] Encopresis was less frequent among Moroccan and Turkish children. […] Only 37.7% of the 5- to 6-year-olds and 27.4% of the 11- to 12-year-olds who had encopresis had ever been taken to see a doctor for this problem. […] Encopresis is a common condition that is often associated with psychosocial health disorders but only a small proportion of the children with encopresis are taken to a general practitioner to discuss their problem.
  • #10 DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENCOPRESIS IN THE WORLD | HYATTRACTIONS
    https://hyattractions.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/discuss-the-epidemiology-of-encopresis-in-the-world/
    DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENCOPRESIS IN THE WORLD INTRODUCTION Encopresis also known as paradoxical diarrhea, is voluntary or involuntary fecal soiling in children who have usually already been toilet trained. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY Encopresis is a common disorder affecting 1% to 3% of children older than four years (the definitional age). […] In a Dutch study, 4.1 % of 5-6 year olds and 1.6 % of 11-12 year olds were affected (van der Wal et al., 2005). […] Prevalence depends on the definition used; for example, 5.4 % of 7-year old children soiled, but only 1.4 % once or more per week (Joinson et al, 2006). […] Encopresis can persist into adolescence and even young adulthood. […] Three to four times more boys are affected by encopresis than girls (Bellman, 1966). […] Chronic constipation is a more common disorder than encopresis. According to a large meta-analysis, the median prevalence was 9% world-wide with different definitions used (vanden Berg et al, 2006).
  • #11 DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENCOPRESIS IN THE WORLD | HYATTRACTIONS
    https://hyattractions.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/discuss-the-epidemiology-of-encopresis-in-the-world/
    DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENCOPRESIS IN THE WORLD INTRODUCTION Encopresis also known as paradoxical diarrhea, is voluntary or involuntary fecal soiling in children who have usually already been toilet trained. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY Encopresis is a common disorder affecting 1% to 3% of children older than four years (the definitional age). […] In a Dutch study, 4.1 % of 5-6 year olds and 1.6 % of 11-12 year olds were affected (van der Wal et al., 2005). […] Prevalence depends on the definition used; for example, 5.4 % of 7-year old children soiled, but only 1.4 % once or more per week (Joinson et al, 2006). […] Encopresis can persist into adolescence and even young adulthood. […] Three to four times more boys are affected by encopresis than girls (Bellman, 1966). […] Chronic constipation is a more common disorder than encopresis. According to a large meta-analysis, the median prevalence was 9% world-wide with different definitions used (vanden Berg et al, 2006).
  • #12 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #13 Encopresis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/encopresis
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Contact your provider for an appointment if a child is over 4 years old and has encopresis. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #14 Encopresis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617042/0.5/Encopresis
    The reported ratio of boys to girls with encopresis ranges from 2:1 to 6:1. […] Boys are more likely to experience nonretentive fecal incontinence than girls at a ratio of 9:1. […] Encopresis is reported in 1.5-2.8% of children 4 years of age. […] Between 10% and 30% of children with encopresis have nonretentive fecal incontinence.
  • #15
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Soiling-Encopresis.aspx
    Encopresis affects about 1.5 percent of young school children and can create tremendous anxiety and embarrassment for children and their families. […] Boys with encopresis outnumber girls by a ratio of six to one, although the reasons for this greater prevalence among males is not known. […] Encopresis is a chronic, complex but solvable problem. However, the longer it exists, the more difficult it is to treat. […] One of the most important tasks of parents is to seek early treatment for this problem. Many mothers and fathers feel ashamed and unsupported when their child has encopresis. But parents should not just wait for it to go away. They should consult their doctor and make a persistent effort to solve the problem. […] When encopresis is occurring in a school-age child, a physician experienced in encopresis treatment and interested in working with the child and the family should be involved.
  • #16 Encopresis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encopresis
    The estimated prevalence of encopresis in four-year-olds is between one and three percent. The disorder is thought to be more common in males than females, by a factor of 6 to 1.
  • #17 Elimination Disorders | Abnormal Psychology
    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/elimination-disorder/
    Approximately 10% of six- to seven-year-olds around the world experience enuresis. […] Between 1.5% and 7.5% of children suffer from encopresis; 25% of visits to pediatric gastroenterology clinics and 3% of visits to general pediatric clinics are due to encopresis. The estimated prevalence of encopresis in four-year-olds is between 1%-3%. The disorder is thought to be more common in males than females, by a factor of six to one.
  • #18 Encopresis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617042/0.5/Encopresis
    The reported ratio of boys to girls with encopresis ranges from 2:1 to 6:1. […] Boys are more likely to experience nonretentive fecal incontinence than girls at a ratio of 9:1. […] Encopresis is reported in 1.5-2.8% of children 4 years of age. […] Between 10% and 30% of children with encopresis have nonretentive fecal incontinence.
  • #19 Childhood Encopresis — Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Treatment | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45826
    Boys are far more prone to encopresis than girls, with the prevalence of encopresis amongst 7 to 8 year old boys 2.3 percent and amongst girls of 0.7 percent in the classic study from Stockholm. […] Approximately 70 to 80% of children presenting with encopresis are boys. […] Faecal incontinence tends to be underreported in medical histories, likely leading to systematic underestimation of its incidence and prevalence in adults. […] In their study of 176 consecutively referred children with constipation, Arhan et al. reported a referral diagnosis of encopresis in 8% but in fact 68% of the 176 children suffered from this symptom. […] There are functional differences in continence mechanisms between normal adult men and women. […] To date most studies which have included a comparison group of control children have not found evidence to support this suggestion.
  • #20 Childhood Encopresis — Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Treatment | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45826
    Boys are far more prone to encopresis than girls, with the prevalence of encopresis amongst 7 to 8 year old boys 2.3 percent and amongst girls of 0.7 percent in the classic study from Stockholm. […] Approximately 70 to 80% of children presenting with encopresis are boys. […] Faecal incontinence tends to be underreported in medical histories, likely leading to systematic underestimation of its incidence and prevalence in adults. […] In their study of 176 consecutively referred children with constipation, Arhan et al. reported a referral diagnosis of encopresis in 8% but in fact 68% of the 176 children suffered from this symptom. […] There are functional differences in continence mechanisms between normal adult men and women. […] To date most studies which have included a comparison group of control children have not found evidence to support this suggestion.
  • #21 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #22 Elimination disorders – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/elimination-disorders/
    Affects 510% of 7-year-olds. […] Prevalence decreases with age. […] More common in boys. […] Approx. 1% of 5-year-olds affected.
  • #23 Encopresis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617042/0.5/Encopresis
    The reported ratio of boys to girls with encopresis ranges from 2:1 to 6:1. […] Boys are more likely to experience nonretentive fecal incontinence than girls at a ratio of 9:1. […] Encopresis is reported in 1.5-2.8% of children 4 years of age. […] Between 10% and 30% of children with encopresis have nonretentive fecal incontinence.
  • #24 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #25 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #26 DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENCOPRESIS IN THE WORLD | HYATTRACTIONS
    https://hyattractions.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/discuss-the-epidemiology-of-encopresis-in-the-world/
    DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENCOPRESIS IN THE WORLD INTRODUCTION Encopresis also known as paradoxical diarrhea, is voluntary or involuntary fecal soiling in children who have usually already been toilet trained. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY Encopresis is a common disorder affecting 1% to 3% of children older than four years (the definitional age). […] In a Dutch study, 4.1 % of 5-6 year olds and 1.6 % of 11-12 year olds were affected (van der Wal et al., 2005). […] Prevalence depends on the definition used; for example, 5.4 % of 7-year old children soiled, but only 1.4 % once or more per week (Joinson et al, 2006). […] Encopresis can persist into adolescence and even young adulthood. […] Three to four times more boys are affected by encopresis than girls (Bellman, 1966). […] Chronic constipation is a more common disorder than encopresis. According to a large meta-analysis, the median prevalence was 9% world-wide with different definitions used (vanden Berg et al, 2006).
  • #27 Encopresis DSM-5 307.7 (F98.1)
    https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/encopresis-dsm–5-307.7-(f98.1)
    It is estimated that about 1% of 5-year olds have encopresis, and that the disorder is more commonly observed in males than in females. […] If inadequate, inconsistent toilet training is employed, or psychosocial stresses are encountered, children may be at higher risk of developing encopresis. […] In either case, encopresis can persist for many years.
  • #28 :: PGHN :: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
    https://pghn.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5223/pghn.2021.24.1.45
    In our pediatric study population, 33 children (15.6%) had constipation, of whom a quarter also had co-existing fecal incontinence; meanwhile, 34 young adults (22.8%) had constipation, of whom 15% also had co-existing fecal incontinence. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence rate between children and young adults (p=0.55). Fecal incontinence occurred as often in children as in young adults (15 [7.1%] and 11 [7.4%], respectively, p=0.91). […] The prevalence rates of constipation were 23% in young adults and 16% in children, and this difference was not significantly different. Fecal incontinence occurred in 7% of the children and young adults who participated in this survey. […] In conclusion, in contrast to the general belief that children outgrow defecation disorders, the prevalence and occurrence rates of associated symptoms seem to be comparable between children and young adults. Since many children do not outgrow their disorders, constipation and fecal incontinence should be treated as early as possible. Currently, only a small proportion of children and young adults with defecation disorders receive adequate (symptomatic) treatment.
  • #29 Functional fecal incontinence in infants and children: Definition, clinical manifestations, and evaluation – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-fecal-incontinence-in-infants-and-children-definition-clinical-manifestations-and-evaluation
    Fecal incontinence, also known as encopresis or soiling, refers to the repetitive, voluntary or involuntary, passage of stool in inappropriate places by children four years of age and older, at which time a child may be reasonably expected to have completed toilet training and exercise bowel control. […] Fecal incontinence usually is related to underlying constipation. […] In many cases, the constipation is well recognized before the child presents with fecal incontinence. […] In other cases, the underlying constipation is not recognized by the child’s family/caregivers and is only identified after a focused history and physical examination is performed. […] Treatment of fecal incontinence differs depending on the presence or absence of underlying constipation.
  • #30 Encopresis (307.7) | Abnormal Psychology
    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/encopresis-307-7/
    The prevalence of this disorder is approximately 1% of 5 year olds. Males are more likely than females to present with this disorder. May effect 1-2% of children under the age of 10. About 90% of cases are due to functional constipation.
  • #31 Encopresis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/79851
    The prevalence of encopresis worldwide is estimated between 0.8% and 7.8%. […] In the United States, a prevalence rate of 4% for functional encopresis was found in a retrospective review in four hundred and eighty-two children, 4 to 17 years of age, attending a primary care clinic. Encopresis was related to constipation in 95% of the children in this study. […] Fecal incontinence is more common in boys, having a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 to 6:1. […] Functional encopresis is more common in younger children (prevalence 4.1% in children ranging from 5 to 6 years of age and 1.6% in 11- to 12-year-olds), and the majority of children seek medical care at the age of 7 to 8 years. […] Encopresis can also be seen during the young adulthood period. […] Encopresis usually happens during the day time, and organic causes should be considered if the provider encounters the patient who presents with only nocturnal encopresis.
  • #32 Encopresis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617042/0.5/Encopresis
    The reported ratio of boys to girls with encopresis ranges from 2:1 to 6:1. […] Boys are more likely to experience nonretentive fecal incontinence than girls at a ratio of 9:1. […] Encopresis is reported in 1.5-2.8% of children 4 years of age. […] Between 10% and 30% of children with encopresis have nonretentive fecal incontinence.
  • #33 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=1&spage=35
    Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation.
  • #34 Bowel Movement Patterns and Constipation Prevalence in School Children of South Jordan | Altamimi | International Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
    https://www.theijcp.org/index.php/ijcp/article/view/318/264
    Pediatric constipation is a common problem worldwide. […] Constipation affects approximately 25% of Jordanian school children between 11 and 16 years old. […] In our cohort, encopresis was reported more often by male than female participants, which is consistent with previous studies. […] In our cohort, 20.1% of children reported having fecal incontinence at least once per month, which is a higher percentage than previously reported among school children. […] In our cohort, 110 (26.6%) participants met the criteria for constipation, which is also consistent with a previous Brazilian study.
  • #35
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-016-2722-3
    Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of constipation and fecal incontinence (FI) in the general population and, even though these disorders are known to co-occur, they were studied independently of each other. […] We found that 24.5% (95% CI, 22.1-26.8) suffered from constipation, 7.9% (95% CI, 6.4-9.4) suffered from FI, and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.5-4.5) suffered from both disorders. […] Constipation and FI, isolated or co-occurring, are common disorders in the general population, even in young and healthy respondents. […] We found that 49.4% of the respondents with constipation and 48.0% with FI had not discussed their complaints with anyone. […] We demonstrated that both constipation and FI occurred frequently in the Dutch population, with a prevalence of 24.5 and 7.9%, respectively. More importantly, we showed that in 3.5% of the population the disorders co-occurred, and that constipated individuals were more likely to suffer from FI. […] Our study, however, demonstrated that 3.5% of the general Dutch population suffered from both constipation and FI. […] The co-occurrence of constipation and FI was significantly lower in the healthy subgroup (1.9%; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7), than in the total group (3.5%; 95% CI, 2.5-4.5; p = 0.020).
  • #36
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-016-2722-3
    Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of constipation and fecal incontinence (FI) in the general population and, even though these disorders are known to co-occur, they were studied independently of each other. […] We found that 24.5% (95% CI, 22.1-26.8) suffered from constipation, 7.9% (95% CI, 6.4-9.4) suffered from FI, and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.5-4.5) suffered from both disorders. […] Constipation and FI, isolated or co-occurring, are common disorders in the general population, even in young and healthy respondents. […] We found that 49.4% of the respondents with constipation and 48.0% with FI had not discussed their complaints with anyone. […] We demonstrated that both constipation and FI occurred frequently in the Dutch population, with a prevalence of 24.5 and 7.9%, respectively. More importantly, we showed that in 3.5% of the population the disorders co-occurred, and that constipated individuals were more likely to suffer from FI. […] Our study, however, demonstrated that 3.5% of the general Dutch population suffered from both constipation and FI. […] The co-occurrence of constipation and FI was significantly lower in the healthy subgroup (1.9%; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7), than in the total group (3.5%; 95% CI, 2.5-4.5; p = 0.020).
  • #37 The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735490/
    The prevalence of encopresis was 4.1% in the 5-to-6 age group and 1.6% in the 11-to-12 age group. […] Encopresis was more frequent among boys and children from the very depressed areas of the city. […] Encopresis was less frequent among Moroccan and Turkish children. […] Only 37.7% of the 5- to 6-year-olds and 27.4% of the 11- to 12-year-olds who had encopresis had ever been taken to see a doctor for this problem. […] Encopresis is a common condition that is often associated with psychosocial health disorders but only a small proportion of the children with encopresis are taken to a general practitioner to discuss their problem.
  • #38 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #39 Encopresis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/encopresis
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Contact your provider for an appointment if a child is over 4 years old and has encopresis. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #40 The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735490/
    The prevalence of encopresis was 4.1% in the 5-to-6 age group and 1.6% in the 11-to-12 age group. […] Encopresis was more frequent among boys and children from the very depressed areas of the city. […] Encopresis was less frequent among Moroccan and Turkish children. […] Only 37.7% of the 5- to 6-year-olds and 27.4% of the 11- to 12-year-olds who had encopresis had ever been taken to see a doctor for this problem. […] Encopresis is a common condition that is often associated with psychosocial health disorders but only a small proportion of the children with encopresis are taken to a general practitioner to discuss their problem.
  • #41 The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735490/
    The prevalence of encopresis was 4.1% in the 5-to-6 age group and 1.6% in the 11-to-12 age group. […] Encopresis was more frequent among boys and children from the very depressed areas of the city. […] Encopresis was less frequent among Moroccan and Turkish children. […] Only 37.7% of the 5- to 6-year-olds and 27.4% of the 11- to 12-year-olds who had encopresis had ever been taken to see a doctor for this problem. […] Encopresis is a common condition that is often associated with psychosocial health disorders but only a small proportion of the children with encopresis are taken to a general practitioner to discuss their problem.
  • #42 Encopresis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928795-overview
    Encopresis is classified as an elimination disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). […] Although few prospective studies have been conducted to examine the prevalence of encopresis in childhood, it is estimated that 1-2% of children younger than 10 years have encopresis. […] Nearly all of the few published population-based studies examining the prevalence of encopresis have been conducted in North America and Europe. […] In nearly all published series, boys are much more commonly affected than girls. In most series, approximately 80% of affected children are boys.
  • #43 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=1&spage=35
    Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation.
  • #44 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=1&spage=35
    Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation.
  • #45 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=1&spage=35
    Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation.
  • #46 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=1&spage=35
    Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation.
  • #47 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=17&number=1&spage=35
    Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation.
  • #48 Constipation in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p469.html
    Encopresis is not mentioned in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for constipation; however, it is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., as an elimination disorder that can occur with or without fecal retention. Encopresis is the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places (i.e., clothing or floor), with one or more events occurring each month for three or more months, and the key feature is soiling. […] The prevalence of constipation in children and adolescents is estimated to be as high as 30% worldwide. […] Constipation in children accounts for 3% of primary care physician visits and up to 25% of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. […] Children with constipation incur three times the health care costs of children without constipation, and chronic constipation can have a negative effect on the child’s quality of life.
  • #49 Evaluation of Constipation | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0601/p2283.html
    The exact prevalence of constipation in the U.S. population is not known, although one epidemiologic study found an overall prevalence of 14.7 percent. In adults, constipation occurs more frequently in blacks and women, and usually becomes more prevalent with increasing age. Constipation affects 3 percent of preschool-age children and 1 to 2 percent of school-age children; in the latter group, constipation is more common in boys. […] In the United States, more than $800 million is spent on laxatives each year. Constipation is also responsible for 2.5 million physician visits, with patients over 65 years of age accounting for the greatest number of these visits. In children, constipation is the reason for nearly 5 percent of outpatient visits to pediatric clinics and more than 25 percent of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists.
  • #50 Constipation in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p469.html
    Encopresis is not mentioned in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for constipation; however, it is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., as an elimination disorder that can occur with or without fecal retention. Encopresis is the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places (i.e., clothing or floor), with one or more events occurring each month for three or more months, and the key feature is soiling. […] The prevalence of constipation in children and adolescents is estimated to be as high as 30% worldwide. […] Constipation in children accounts for 3% of primary care physician visits and up to 25% of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. […] Children with constipation incur three times the health care costs of children without constipation, and chronic constipation can have a negative effect on the child’s quality of life.
  • #51 The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735490/
    The prevalence of encopresis was 4.1% in the 5-to-6 age group and 1.6% in the 11-to-12 age group. […] Encopresis was more frequent among boys and children from the very depressed areas of the city. […] Encopresis was less frequent among Moroccan and Turkish children. […] Only 37.7% of the 5- to 6-year-olds and 27.4% of the 11- to 12-year-olds who had encopresis had ever been taken to see a doctor for this problem. […] Encopresis is a common condition that is often associated with psychosocial health disorders but only a small proportion of the children with encopresis are taken to a general practitioner to discuss their problem.
  • #52 Childhood Encopresis — Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Treatment | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45826
    Boys are far more prone to encopresis than girls, with the prevalence of encopresis amongst 7 to 8 year old boys 2.3 percent and amongst girls of 0.7 percent in the classic study from Stockholm. […] Approximately 70 to 80% of children presenting with encopresis are boys. […] Faecal incontinence tends to be underreported in medical histories, likely leading to systematic underestimation of its incidence and prevalence in adults. […] In their study of 176 consecutively referred children with constipation, Arhan et al. reported a referral diagnosis of encopresis in 8% but in fact 68% of the 176 children suffered from this symptom. […] There are functional differences in continence mechanisms between normal adult men and women. […] To date most studies which have included a comparison group of control children have not found evidence to support this suggestion.
  • #53
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-016-2722-3
    Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of constipation and fecal incontinence (FI) in the general population and, even though these disorders are known to co-occur, they were studied independently of each other. […] We found that 24.5% (95% CI, 22.1-26.8) suffered from constipation, 7.9% (95% CI, 6.4-9.4) suffered from FI, and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.5-4.5) suffered from both disorders. […] Constipation and FI, isolated or co-occurring, are common disorders in the general population, even in young and healthy respondents. […] We found that 49.4% of the respondents with constipation and 48.0% with FI had not discussed their complaints with anyone. […] We demonstrated that both constipation and FI occurred frequently in the Dutch population, with a prevalence of 24.5 and 7.9%, respectively. More importantly, we showed that in 3.5% of the population the disorders co-occurred, and that constipated individuals were more likely to suffer from FI. […] Our study, however, demonstrated that 3.5% of the general Dutch population suffered from both constipation and FI. […] The co-occurrence of constipation and FI was significantly lower in the healthy subgroup (1.9%; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7), than in the total group (3.5%; 95% CI, 2.5-4.5; p = 0.020).
  • #54 :: PGHN :: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
    https://pghn.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5223/pghn.2021.24.1.45
    In our pediatric study population, 33 children (15.6%) had constipation, of whom a quarter also had co-existing fecal incontinence; meanwhile, 34 young adults (22.8%) had constipation, of whom 15% also had co-existing fecal incontinence. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence rate between children and young adults (p=0.55). Fecal incontinence occurred as often in children as in young adults (15 [7.1%] and 11 [7.4%], respectively, p=0.91). […] The prevalence rates of constipation were 23% in young adults and 16% in children, and this difference was not significantly different. Fecal incontinence occurred in 7% of the children and young adults who participated in this survey. […] In conclusion, in contrast to the general belief that children outgrow defecation disorders, the prevalence and occurrence rates of associated symptoms seem to be comparable between children and young adults. Since many children do not outgrow their disorders, constipation and fecal incontinence should be treated as early as possible. Currently, only a small proportion of children and young adults with defecation disorders receive adequate (symptomatic) treatment.
  • #55 Top Published Expert Doctors for Encopresis
    https://findexpertmd.com/d/Encopresis
    152 top medical experts on Encopresis across 10 countries and 18 U.S. states, including 33 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 9 including 5 Completed, 3 Recruiting.
  • #56 Top Published Expert Doctors for Encopresis
    https://findexpertmd.com/d/Encopresis
    152 top medical experts on Encopresis across 10 countries and 18 U.S. states, including 33 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 9 including 5 Completed, 3 Recruiting.
  • #57
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Soiling-Encopresis.aspx
    Encopresis affects about 1.5 percent of young school children and can create tremendous anxiety and embarrassment for children and their families. […] Boys with encopresis outnumber girls by a ratio of six to one, although the reasons for this greater prevalence among males is not known. […] Encopresis is a chronic, complex but solvable problem. However, the longer it exists, the more difficult it is to treat. […] One of the most important tasks of parents is to seek early treatment for this problem. Many mothers and fathers feel ashamed and unsupported when their child has encopresis. But parents should not just wait for it to go away. They should consult their doctor and make a persistent effort to solve the problem. […] When encopresis is occurring in a school-age child, a physician experienced in encopresis treatment and interested in working with the child and the family should be involved.
  • #58
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Soiling-Encopresis.aspx
    Encopresis affects about 1.5 percent of young school children and can create tremendous anxiety and embarrassment for children and their families. […] Boys with encopresis outnumber girls by a ratio of six to one, although the reasons for this greater prevalence among males is not known. […] Encopresis is a chronic, complex but solvable problem. However, the longer it exists, the more difficult it is to treat. […] One of the most important tasks of parents is to seek early treatment for this problem. Many mothers and fathers feel ashamed and unsupported when their child has encopresis. But parents should not just wait for it to go away. They should consult their doctor and make a persistent effort to solve the problem. […] When encopresis is occurring in a school-age child, a physician experienced in encopresis treatment and interested in working with the child and the family should be involved.
  • #59 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #60 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #61 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #62 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #63 Encopresis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/encopresis
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Contact your provider for an appointment if a child is over 4 years old and has encopresis. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #64 Encopresis – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/encopresis
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] Contact your provider for an appointment if a child is over 4 years old and has encopresis. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way.
  • #65 Encopresis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001570.htm
    Encopresis is much more common in boys than in girls. […] Factors that may increase the risk of encopresis include: Chronic constipation, Low socioeconomic status. […] Most children respond well to treatment. Encopresis often recurs, so some children need ongoing treatment. […] If not treated, the child may have low self-esteem and problems making and keeping friends. Other complications may include: Chronic constipation, Urinary incontinence. […] Encopresis can be prevented by: Toilet training your child at the right age and in a positive way, Talking to your provider about things you can do to help your child if your child shows signs of constipation, such as dry, hard, or infrequent stools.
  • #66 Constipation in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p469.html
    Encopresis is not mentioned in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for constipation; however, it is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., as an elimination disorder that can occur with or without fecal retention. Encopresis is the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places (i.e., clothing or floor), with one or more events occurring each month for three or more months, and the key feature is soiling. […] The prevalence of constipation in children and adolescents is estimated to be as high as 30% worldwide. […] Constipation in children accounts for 3% of primary care physician visits and up to 25% of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. […] Children with constipation incur three times the health care costs of children without constipation, and chronic constipation can have a negative effect on the child’s quality of life.
  • #67
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Soiling-Encopresis.aspx
    Encopresis affects about 1.5 percent of young school children and can create tremendous anxiety and embarrassment for children and their families. […] Boys with encopresis outnumber girls by a ratio of six to one, although the reasons for this greater prevalence among males is not known. […] Encopresis is a chronic, complex but solvable problem. However, the longer it exists, the more difficult it is to treat. […] One of the most important tasks of parents is to seek early treatment for this problem. Many mothers and fathers feel ashamed and unsupported when their child has encopresis. But parents should not just wait for it to go away. They should consult their doctor and make a persistent effort to solve the problem. […] When encopresis is occurring in a school-age child, a physician experienced in encopresis treatment and interested in working with the child and the family should be involved.