Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gender Dysphoria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532313/

  Gender dysphoria (GD), according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5), is defined as a „marked incongruence between their experienced or expressed gender and the one they were assigned at birth.” […] The etiology of gender dysphoria (GD) remains unclear, but it is thought to originate from a complex biopsychosocial link. […] Individuals born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or androgen insensitivity syndrome are usually brought up and socialized as girls, even though they often cross-dress and have an innate sense of belonging to the opposite sex. […] Associations have also been found with in-utero exposure to phthalates in plastics and polychlorinated biphenyls. […] GD has been found to have a higher prevalence in people with illnesses such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. […] There is also growing evidence that childhood abuse, neglect, maltreatment, and physical or sexual abuse may be associated with GD. […] A genetic association is also identified as one of the causes of GD.

• #2 Gender dysphoria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria

  Gender dysphoria is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth. The causes of gender incongruence are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors. The specific causes of gender dysphoria remain unknown, and treatments targeting the etiology or pathogenesis of gender dysphoria do not exist. Evidence from studies of twins suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of gender dysphoria. Gender identity is thought to likely reflect a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. Neurobiological basis of GD has been suggested by the „distinct gray matter volume and brain activation and connectivity differences” in people with GD when compared to controls; and this „leads to the concept of brain gender”.

• #3

  https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jhsmr/article/view/263078

  Gender dysphoria (GD) phenomenon is affected by a persons instinct and identity. The aim of this present review study was to examine the causes, symptoms and treatment of GD. Various factors can be involved in the development of GD. […] The cause of GD can be attributed to a variety of biological, hormonal, psychological, social, family, and childhood abuse factors that are characterized by symptoms; such as, biological sex dissatisfaction, the desire to be the opposite sex, feelings and reactions of the opposite sex.

• #4 What is the Cause of Gender Incongruence :: That’s Gender Dysphoria, FYI

  https://genderdysphoria.fyi/en/causes

  To put it bluntly, we dont know (at least not firmly). Science and modern psychology has proven that it is not caused by nurture; no one becomes transgender, gender identity is congenital, solidifying before we even exit the womb. […] It has been confirmed multiple times via MRI studies that there are small but significant differences between cis male and cis female brains differences which align with the gender identities of trans people in the study. […] What we know for certain is that it is not a psychological condition. It is not something caused by trauma or by any external influence; nothing can make a person transgender. It happens in the womb, and is not something that a person can choose to be, any more than they could choose their race or their eye color.

• #5 Gender dysphoria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria

  Gender dysphoria is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth. The causes of gender incongruence are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors. The specific causes of gender dysphoria remain unknown, and treatments targeting the etiology or pathogenesis of gender dysphoria do not exist. Evidence from studies of twins suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of gender dysphoria. Gender identity is thought to likely reflect a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. Neurobiological basis of GD has been suggested by the „distinct gray matter volume and brain activation and connectivity differences” in people with GD when compared to controls; and this „leads to the concept of brain gender”.

• #5 Gender dysphoria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria

  Some researchers and transgender people argue for the declassification of the condition because they say the diagnosis pathologizes gender variance and reinforces the binary model of gender. However, this declassification could carry implications for healthcare accessibility, as HRT and gender-affirming surgery could be deemed cosmetic by insurance providers, as opposed to medically necessary treatment, thereby affecting coverage.

• #6 Gender dysphoria | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/gender-dysphoria

  Gender dysphoria is a condition where a person experiences discomfort or distress because there’s a mismatch between their biological sex and gender identity. […] This mismatch between sex and gender identity can lead to distressing and uncomfortable feelings that are called gender dysphoria. […] Gender dysphoria is a recognised medical condition, for which treatment is sometimes appropriate. […] There are many possible variations within gender development that cause a mismatch between a persons biological sex and their gender identity, making the exact cause of gender dysphoria unclear. […] Occasionally, the hormones that trigger the development of biological sex may not work properly on the brain, reproductive organs and genitals, causing differences between them. […] This may be caused by: additional hormones in the mothers system possibly as a result of taking medication; the foetus insensitivity to the hormones, known as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) when this happens, gender dysphoria may be caused by hormones not working properly in the womb. […] Gender dysphoria may also be the result of other rare conditions, such as: congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) where a high level of male hormones are produced in a female foetus; intersex conditions which cause babies to be born with the genitalia of both sexes (or ambiguous genitalia).

• #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Gender-Dysphoria.aspx

  Gender dysphoria usually means a difficulty in identifying with the biological sex in an individual. The causes of gender dysphoria are not fully clear. Studies suggest that gender dysphoria may have biological causes associated with the development of gender identity before birth. More research is needed before the causes of gender dysphoria can be fully understood. There may be rare conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and intersex conditions (also known as hermaphroditism) which may also result in gender dysphoria. There may be chromosomal abnormalities that may lead to gender dysphoria. Sometimes defects in normal human bonding and child rearing may be contributing factor to gender identity disorders. […] Hormones that trigger the development of sex and gender in the womb may not function adequately. For example, anatomical sex from the genitals may be male, while the gender identity that comes from the brain could be female. This may result from the excess female hormones from the mothers system or by the foetuss insensitivity to the hormones. […] Although there is no research that shows that males or females exposed to progesterone in the womb or other estrogenic drugs, such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) may have a raised risk of gender dysphoria; there may be an association in some atypical aspects of gender role behavior.

• #8 A narrative review of gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence: definition, epidemiology, and clinical recognition – Clemente – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/7265/html

  There is increasing evidence on the contributions of genetics, hormone influences and neurobiology on gender identity. […] What determines a persons gender identity is likely influenced by multiple constructs, including biology, social interactions within ones environment, as well as cultural dictates. […] Results of research focusing on biological determinants of gender development support the hypotheses of genetic, endocrine, and neuroanatomic influences on gender. […] Twin studies suggest a role of genetic factors in gender incongruence, with concordance rate for gender incongruence noted to be higher in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins. […] Effects of polymorphisms and gene variants that can influence sex differentiation of the brain during early development have also been explored, under the assumption that these alterations contribute to gender identity.

• #8 A narrative review of gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence: definition, epidemiology, and clinical recognition – Clemente – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/7265/html

  The criteria used for diagnosis of gender dysphoria are not the same for children compared to those used for adolescents and adults. […] While understanding that being transgender and gender diverse is not a mental health disorder, attention should be devoted to screening for associated mental health concerns related to the distress of gender incongruence, or gender dysphoria. […] It is important to note that mental health illness may be contributing to etiology, complicating, or being a consequence of gender dysphoria.

• #9 Gender Dysphoria: Definition, Symptoms, Traits, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/gender-dysphoria-5085081

  Gender dysphoria refers to feelings of distress and discomfort that a person experiences when their assigned gender does not match their gender identity. […] The exact causes of gender dysphoria are not entirely understood, but several factors may play a role. Genetics, hormonal influences during prenatal development, and environmental factors may be involved. […] For example, prenatal exposure to certain chemicals has been associated with disruptions in the normal development of sex determination before birth. Research also points to a genetic link since there is a higher shared prevalence between identical twins than fraternal twins. […] The onset of gender dysphoria is often during early childhood. While the exact mechanisms are unclear, we know that when children are born, they are assigned a sex based upon their physical anatomy. The sex that a child is assigned at birth often determines how they are raised and how others interact with them. As they grow older, they may begin to feel a mismatch between their gender identity and their assigned sex. In some cases, this mismatch can lead to feelings of gender dysphoria.

• #10 Gender dysphoria: definition, signs, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-gender-dysphoria/

  Gender dysphoria is a difficulty expressing ones gender with traditional societal binary female or male roles due to a mismatch between biological sex and a persons gender identity. […] The causes of gender dysphoria are multifactorial and include cultural, biological, genetic, and environmental factors. […] Abnormal biological processes, like genetic mutations, cause abnormal gonadal development. […] There is growing evidence that childhood neglect, abuse, and maltreatment are associated with gender dysphoria. […] According to a review by Dhejne et al., published in the February 2016 issue of the International Review of Psychiatry, people with higher body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria often have poor mental health.

• #11 When do gender identity issues first become apparent in children? – Best Psychiatry, Mental Health Clinic, Top 10 Psychiatrist in Florida

  https://hupcfl.com/health-library/when-do-gender-identity-issues-first-become-apparent-in-children/

  Parents typically report that cross-gender behaviors are apparent before 3 years of age. […] The exact cause of gender dysphoria is unknown, and there is much debate over the possible causes of gender dysphoria. Recent studies have suggested that there may be biological causes associated with the development of gender identity before birth. These may involve malfunctioning hormones or other rare conditions, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia and intersex conditions. […] From a psychological perspective, some psychoanalysts believe that a child’s gender identity is influenced in part by the mother-child relationship during the child’s first years of life. During this period, mothers normally facilitate their children’s awareness of, and pride in, their gender. […] However, some children are given the message that they would be more valued if they adopted the gender identity of the opposite sex. Rejected or abused children may act on such a belief. Gender identity problems can also be triggered by a mother’s death, extended absence, or depression, to which a young boy may react by totally identifying with her. […] The father’s role is also important in the early years, and his presence normally helps a child’s separation-individuation process. Without a father, mother and child may remain overly close.

• #12 Gender dysphoria: An overview | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-gender-dysphoria-an-overview-S1665579615000071

  Various authors conclude that the factors which affect gender during early development are prenatal hormones and the components that change these hormone levels. […] People have tried to explain its etiology in different ways. For example, Sigmund Freud believed that gender identity problems were the results of conflicts experienced by children in the Oedipal triangle. […] Rodriguez Lamarque reports the evaluation and treatment of 9 men and a girl with gender identity disorder and observes how the parents personality disorders positively affected their marital dysfunction.

• #13 Gender dysphoria – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/symptoms-causes/syc-20475255

  Gender dysphoria is a feeling of distress that can happen when a person’s gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth. […] Some transgender and gender-diverse people have gender dysphoria at some point in their lives. […] A diagnosis of gender dysphoria focuses on the feeling of distress as the issue, not gender identity. […] Gender dysphoria might start in childhood and continue into the teen years and adulthood. […] Some people have gender dysphoria when puberty starts. In others, it may not develop until later in life. […] People who have gender dysphoria often are the targets of discrimination and prejudice. […] Accessing healthcare services and mental health services may be hard. […] People with gender dysphoria who don’t receive the support and treatment they need are at higher risk of thinking about or attempting suicide.

• #14 A systematic review on gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: focus on suicidal and self-harming ideation and behaviours | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-023-00654-3

  Besides aspects of GD like body dysmorphic disorder, feeling uncomfortable in ones own body, and hopelessness about obtaining gender-affirming medical procedures, a possible contribution to elevated suicidal risk and behaviours in the GD population might lie within the social stigma experienced by TGNC adolescents, such as discrimination, prejudice, social stress, and ostracism within the peer group and/or family. […] In summary, several studies have shown higher rates of suicidal and non-suicidal self-harming thoughts and behaviours in adolescents and young adults with GD and gender-diverse identity compared to their male and female cisgender peers. […] The main theoretical models, such as the gender minority stress model, identify potential risk factors among transgender individuals, link exposure to stigma, discrimination, and lack of social support.

• #14 A systematic review on gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: focus on suicidal and self-harming ideation and behaviours | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-023-00654-3

  Overall, results of the studies included in this systematic review confirmed that, compared to cisgender adolescents, TGNC adolescents reported a significantly higher frequency of suicidal attempts, suicidal thoughts, making suicide plans, self-harm ideation and deliberately participating in self-harm acts. Higher depressive and anxiety symptoms and lower overall physical health were also positively associated with GD. […] Despite progress and availability of resilience factors to face stigma and discrimination in some societies and social groups, there are considerable anti-LGBT attitudes in some countries and other social groups, ensuing in GD adolescents showing more mental symptoms and distress compared to cisgender peers. […] Understanding the mental health status of transgender young people could help developing and providing effective clinical pathways and interventions. The relatively new issue of suicide in adolescent/young adult populations currently suffers from poor assessment standardization. There is a need for standardized assessment, culturally adapted research, and destigmatisation of this socially vulnerable population to address the issue of increased suicidal thinking and attempts.

• #14 A systematic review on gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: focus on suicidal and self-harming ideation and behaviours | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-023-00654-3

  Gender dysphoria (GD) is characterized by the incongruence between ones experienced and expressed gender and assigned-sex-at-birth; it is associated with clinically significant distress. In recent years, the number of young patients diagnosed with GD has increased considerably. Recent studies reported that GD adolescents present behavioural and emotional problems and internalizing problems. Furthermore, this population shows a prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, like depression and anxiety. Several studies showed high rates of suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviour in GD adolescents. […] Adolescents and young adults with GD and gender-diverse identity report higher suicidal thinking, planning, and attempts as well as non-suicidal self-harming thoughts and behaviours (NSSI) than the general population.

• #15 12 Causes Of Gender Dysphoria | Melinda Selmys

  https://www.patheos.com/blogs/catholicauthenticity/2015/07/12-causes-of-gender-dysphoria/

  Women with aspergers and other autism spectrum conditions often report that they find it easier to interact with males, and to fit in in male society. […] Trans people often report that their feelings of gender dysphoria intensify when they are in situations where overly rigid or arbitrary gender roles are strongly enforced. […] Statistically, this is just a common factor in the histories of many trans women and some trans men. […] Trans people, especially trans women, are much more likely to have seen military service than cisgender folks. […] Most of the time when I talk to a trans person their gender identity seems to be part of a complete and multi-dimensional personality. […] The most important thing, I think, is to recognize that when it comes right down to it we don’t know what causes gender dysphoria or what makes a person trans. […] The bottom line is that our obligation to love and support trans people and folks with gender dysphoria must include an acknowledgement that we don’t know what causes these conditions, and that we don’t have a cure for them.

• #16 Desiring God Logo

  https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-causes-gender-dysphoria

  But that suggests, I think, that the cause lies more obviously in the realm of, again, nurture or environment. […] But children can pick out mixed signals and develop confused perceptions of gender roles and they can make assumptions. […] there is also some other what you call medical, psychological conditions like, for example, Aspergers syndrome. There is a very high correlation between girls with Aspergers syndrome and their experience of gender dysphoria, which makes sense. […] So I wish I had simpler answers, but I think that is sort of the best we can say at this point. […] It is complex. So it forces the question: How deep is our biological gender coded into us individually? […] My view is that, as human beings, God has given us distinct body and soul, but they exist in what some theologians like to call psychosomatic unity.

• #17 Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria: What to Understand

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-4685597

  Rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a controversial theory that attributes a rise in gender dysphoria among teens to social contagion and suppressed sexual or gender trauma. […] The researchers concluded that rapid-onset gender dysphoria is: A phenomenon where gender dysphoria begins suddenly during or after puberty. […] The study authors developed two hypotheses to explain the increase in teens identifying as transgender: Social contagion, a phenomenon where emotions or behaviors spread from one individual to another, sometimes without awareness; Maladaptive coping mechanisms, similar to an eating disorder, which may arise following gender-related or sexual trauma. […] According to the original research, rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a new phenomenon where symptoms of gender dysphoria appear suddenly during adolescence. […] More recent research casts further doubt on the rapid-onset theory.

• #18

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02576-9

  During the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in adolescents and young adults (AYA) complaining of gender dysphoria. […] One influential if controversial explanation is that the increase reflects a socially contagious syndrome: Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD). […] The causes of these changes are difficult to know. […] Two main hypotheses have been proposed: […] There has been an increase in gender dysphoria among adolescents, especially adolescent females. […] This hypothesis is associated with Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD) […] ROGD theory proposes that common cultural beliefs, values, and preoccupations cause some adolescents (especially female adolescents) to attribute their social problems, feelings, and mental health issues to gender dysphoria. […] ROGD is believed to be a culture-bound syndrome, which did not exist until recently, when transgender issues began to attract considerable cultural attention.

• #19 New Study Undercuts the Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria Hypothesis – Fenway Health

  https://fenwayhealth.org/new-study-undercuts-the-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-hypothesis/

  A study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health found that a substantial proportion of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adults realized that their gender identity is different from their sex assigned at birth during adolescence or later. […] The ROGD hypothesis suggests that transgender and gender diverse identities that become clear after puberty dont last beyond ones adolescent years, said lead study author Dr. Jack Turban, Director, Gender Psychiatry Program and Assistant Professor, Division of Child Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco. With over 40 percent of transgender and gender diverse adults reporting that they first realized that their gender identity differed from their sex assigned at birth during adolescence, that theory clearly does not hold.

• #20 Gender dysphoria

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/november/gender-dysphoria

  The prognosis of gender dysphoria is generally positive and improves with treatment, which may include a combination of psychotherapy, hormones and surgery. […] Mental illness is common in the transgender population. […] The prevalence of depressive disorders is double, compared with the general population. […] Whether this is associated with gender dysphoria or a separate issue should be explored and managed accordingly. […] Gender dysphoria may occur as part of another mental health disorder and should be investigated if it is clinically suspected. […] Hormone therapy has been demonstrated to reduce distress without significant adverse psychological or physical effects. […] As with any medication, it is important to be aware of the reversible and permanent side effects of hormone therapy to ensure patients are fully informed.

• #20 Gender dysphoria

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/november/gender-dysphoria

  Gender dysphoria is the distress or discomfort that may occur when a persons biological sex and gender identity do not align. […] The true prevalence of gender dysphoria is unknown in Australia because of varying definitions, different cultural norms and paucity of data. […] Perceived inconsistencies between ones biological sex and gender identity are often accompanied by significant distress and the onset of gender dysphoria. […] In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), the term gender dysphoria has replaced gender identity disorder. […] This change in terminology removes the pathology from being transgender, which is not a mental health condition. […] Symptoms of gender dysphoria manifest at different developmental stages, but reliably become more debilitating when secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty.

• #21 Other Known Causes for Gender Dysphoria — Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)

  https://www.parentsofrogdkids.com/other-causes-for-gender-dysphoria

  It is hard to imagine a more ideal mental illness to be misdiagnosed as transgender. Their symptoms match perfectly. […] There is a well-documented overlap between transgendered and autistic populations. […] Someone who is gay, but cannot accept it, will find it easier to „pass” as the other sex so as to appear heterosexual. […] A phenomenon that is only beginning to be recognized by researchers, entire groups of friends (usually girls) are „coming out” as trans. […] The child feels it’s safer to be the other gender. […] The child is trying to distance themselves from a severe trauma. […] It’s easy to see how this could happen. If you’re constantly told you’re „a sissy” or „a tomboy” and are severely bullied for it. […] It’s hard to believe, but there are many documented cases.

• #22 Normal or Not? When One’s Gender Identity Causes Distress | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/37087-dsm-gender-dysphoria.html

  In order to be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, according to the new edition of the mental health manual (DSM-5), one would have to be distressed by the incongruity between his or her birth gender and the gender with which he or she identifies. […] In the new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), released on May 22, the now-defunct diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID) receives a new name, gender dysphoria, which reflects a new emphasis. […] While this incongruity is still crucial to gender dysphoria, the drafters of the new DSM-5 wanted to emphasize the importance of distress about the incongruity for a diagnosis. […] This shift reflects recognition that the disagreement between birth gender and identity may not necessarily be pathological if it does not cause the individual distress, said Robin Rosenberg, a clinical psychologist and co-author of the psychology textbook „Abnormal Psychology” (Worth Publishers, 2009).

• #23 Normal or Not? When One’s Gender Identity Causes Distress | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/37087-dsm-gender-dysphoria.html

  Transgender people and their allies have pointed out that distress in gender dysphoria is not an inherent part of being transgender. […] In contrast, the distress that accompanies gender dysphoria arises as a result of a culture that stigmatizes people who do not conform to gender norms, Rosenberg said. […] The DSM-5 also separates the diagnosis of gender dysphoria for children from that of adolescents and adults.

• #24 Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/gender-incongruence-and-gender-dysphoria/gender-incongruence-and-gender-dysphoria

  Rarely, gender dysphoria is associated with disorders of sex development (eg, ambiguous genitals) or a genetic abnormality (eg, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome). When sex labeling and rearing are confusing (eg, in cases of ambiguous genitals or genetic syndromes altering genital appearance), children may become uncertain about their gender identity or role, although the additional contribution of environmental factors remains controversial. However, when sex labeling and rearing are unambiguous, the presence of ambiguous genitals may not affect a child’s gender identity development. […] According to some experts, the diagnosis of gender dysphoria is primarily a general medical condition with attendant psychiatric symptoms, akin to disorders of sex development, and not primarily a mental disorder. As a result, gender incongruence and gender dysphoria are no longer listed as mental health conditions in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision, but rather in a new sexual health chapter.

• #25 Gender dysphoria is rising—and so is professional disagreement – BMJ Group

  https://bmjgroup.com/gender-dysphoria-is-rising-and-so-is-professional-disagreement/

  Gender dysphoria in young people is rising and so is professional disagreement. More children and adolescents are identifying as transgender and offered medical treatment, especially in the US. But some providers and European authorities are urging caution because of a lack of strong evidence. […] More adolescents with no history of gender dysphoria are presenting at gender clinics. For example, a recent analysis of insurance claims found that nearly 18,000 US minors began taking puberty blockers or hormones from 2017 to 2021, the number rising each year. […] American medical professional groups are aligned in support of gender affirming care for gender dysphoria, which may include hormone treatment to suppress puberty and promote secondary sex characteristics, and surgical removal or augmentation of breasts, genitals, and other physical features.

• #26 Gender dysphoria is rising—and so is professional disagreement – BMJ Group

  https://bmjgroup.com/gender-dysphoria-is-rising-and-so-is-professional-disagreement/

  These endorsements are often cited to suggest that medical treatment is both uncontroversial and backed by rigorous science, but governing bodies around the world have come to different conclusions regarding the safety and efficacy of certain treatments, notes Block. […] For example, Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare, which sets guidelines for care, determined earlier this year that the risks of puberty blockers and treatment with hormones currently outweigh the possible benefits for minors. […] And NHS England, which is in the midst of an independent review of gender identity services, recently stated that there is scarce and inconclusive evidence to support clinical decision-making for minors with gender dysphoria, and that for most who present before puberty it will be a transient phase, requiring clinicians to focus on psychological support and to be mindful of the risks of even social transition.

• #27

  https://slam.nhs.uk/gender-dysphoria

  Gender dysphoria is a term that describes a sense of unease that a person may have because of a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity. […] The exact cause of gender dysphoria is unclear. […] Gender development is complex and there are still things that are not known or fully understood. […] Gender dysphoria is not related to sexual orientation. People with gender dysphoria may identify as straight, gay, lesbian or bisexual.

• #28 Gender dysphoria

  https://sales-demo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=617&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=001527

  Gender dysphoria is the term for a deep sense of unease and distress that may occur when your biological sex does not match your gender identity. […] No one knows exactly what causes gender dysphoria. Some experts believe that hormones in the womb, genes, and cultural and environmental factors may be involved.

• #29 Psychiatry.org – What is Gender Dysphoria?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria

  The DSM-5-TR defines gender dysphoria in children as a marked incongruence between ones experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, lasting at least 6 months, as manifested by at least six of the following (one of which must be the first criterion): […] As with the diagnostic criteria for adolescents and adults, the condition must also be associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] Support for people with gender dysphoria may include open-ended exploration of their feelings and experiences of gender identity and expression, without the therapist having any pre-defined gender identity or expression outcome defined as preferable to another. […] Psychological attempts to force a transgender person to be cisgender (sometimes referred to as gender identity conversion efforts or so-called gender identity conversion therapy) are considered unethical and have been linked to adverse mental health outcomes. […] Family and societal rejection of gender identity are some of the strongest predictors of mental health difficulties among people who are transgender. […] Transgender individuals may also face challenges in accessing appropriate health care and insurance coverage of related services.

• #30 Gender dysphoria | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/gender-dysphoria?content_id=CON-20458679

  Gender dysphoria also includes distress that makes it hard to handle work, school, social situations and other parts of daily life. […] The purpose of treatment is to ease gender dysphoria. […] Treatment for gender dysphoria can include changes in gender expression, hormone therapy, surgery and supportive behavioral health therapy. […] Medical treatment of gender dysphoria might include: Gender-affirming hormone therapy to better align the body with gender identity. […] Behavioral health therapy often can help people with gender dysphoria feel comfortable with the way they express gender identity. […] Other ways to ease gender dysphoria might include use of: Affirming name and pronouns. […] Social support from family, friends and other loved ones may help prevent depression, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, anxiety or high-risk behaviors.

• #31 False Assumptions Behind Youth Gender Transitions | SEGM

  https://segm.org/false-assumptions-gender-affirmation-minors

  Cohn draws attention to the fact that the gender-affirmative model of care continues to emphasize social, medical, and surgical interventions, despite the fact that several European countries (Sweden, England, Finland) now recognize the unfavorable risk/benefit ratio of this approach and recommend noninvasive approaches as first-line treatment. […] Cohn observes that the assumption of a fundamental biologically ingrained gender identity, while intriguing, has never been proven, despite many attempts. […] The assumption of the core biological underpinning for gender identity and gender dysphoria remains an unproven theory: while biology likely plays a role in gender nonconformity, currently, there is no brain, blood, or other objective test that distinguishes a trans-identified from a non-trans identified person once confounding factors such as sexual orientation are controlled for.

• #32 Study reveals potential biological basis for transgender – Hudson Institute of Medical Research

  https://www.hudson.org.au/news/written-in-dna-study-reveals-potential-biological-basis-for-transgender/

  A new study has uncovered a link between being transgender and changes in genes that process the sex hormones estrogen and androgen, revealing a possible biological basis for gender dysphoria. […] Scientists at Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne analysed DNA from 380 transgender women (male-to-female transgender people) and found that certain versions of 12 different genes were significantly overrepresented in transgender women, compared to non-transgender males. […] They identified variations in a handful of genes which are involved in a pathway that processes estrogen and androgen (including testosterone), the male and female sex hormones. […] We propose these genetic variations could make some males less able to process androgen, causing the brain to develop differently with areas that are less masculine or more feminine which may contribute to gender dysphoria in transgender women, Prof Harley explained. […] However, while genes play a role, they are not the only factors involved in determining gender identity, he said.

• #33 VUmc.com – What is gender dysphoria?

  https://www.vumc.com/departments/center-of-expertise-on-gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria.htm

  Gender dysphoria is the strong sense of discomfort experienced when the gender in which people are born does not match the identity in which they feel at home. This is often accompanied by an overwhelming desire to become a member of the opposite sex. […] The degree of this sense of distress can vary and can also take on various forms, but it is likely to result from a complex interplay between psychological, social and biological factors. […] It would appear likely that gender dysphoria is therefore determined by more than one factor. […] But it is highly likely that biological factors play an important role in certain forms of gender dysphoria. […] Studies also show that brain differences may result from a mismatch between anatomical sex characteristics and gender identity.

• #34 Gender Dysphoria: A Review Investigating the Relationship Between Genetic Influences and Brain Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7415463/

  These point to a possible biological and genetic underpinning of GD as stemming from a discordance between gonadal and brain development. […] However, not enough evidence has associated these differences with GD. […] Further research is required to elucidate the true mechanisms and possible inheritance pattern of GD for a better education and greater understanding by clinicians and the general public on perceptions regarding GD. […] The main anatomical differences between males and females are the genitalia and the brain. […] Investigating these developmental mechanisms could lead to advances in the understanding of gender dysphoria, a condition whereby an individuals gender and biological sex are mismatched. […] It is known that the structure of male and female brains differs; it is found that people with gender dysphoria have a brain structure more comparable to the gender to which they identify.

• #35 Gender Dysphoria: A Review Investigating the Relationship Between Genetic Influences and Brain Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7415463/

  The review of the literature suggests that there is a disparity between the brains of those who identify differently to their assigned gender at birth, highlighting a multifactorial underpinning of the gender identity. […] It is important to establish the extent to which gender dysphoria might have a genetic component or even be a genetic condition, ie, one that can be attributed to genetic factors alone, or whether it is all or partly to do with environmental factors (including hormone levels during puberty and psychological factors). […] At present no single gene has been identified to have a strong correlation to the development of GD. […] The importance of the SRY, AR and CYP17 genes in their respective pathways in embryological development cannot be disputed. […] This highlights the importance of androgens throughout the process of sexual differentiation, and that a single mutation in a gene encoding a protein operating upstream of the process will cause irreversible changes to the phenotype of the individual.

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