Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Osteoarthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351925

  Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in the joints gradually wears away. Cartilage is a firm, slippery tissue that allows nearly frictionless joint motion. […] Eventually, if the cartilage wears down completely, bone will rub on bone. […] Osteoarthritis doesn’t only affect the cartilage. It also affects the entire joint. It causes changes in the bone and weakens the strong bands of tissue that hold the joint together and attach muscle to bone. It also may cause swelling of the joint lining.

• #1 Osteoarthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482326/

  Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in the world. It can be classified into two categories: primary osteoarthritis and secondary osteoarthritis. […] Risk factors for developing osteoarthritis include age, female gender, obesity, anatomical factors, muscle weakness, and joint injury (occupation/sports activities). Primary osteoarthritis is the most common subset of the disease. It is diagnosed in the absence of a predisposing trauma or disease but is associated with the risk factors listed above. Secondary osteoarthritis occurs with a preexisting joint abnormality. Predisposing conditions include trauma or injury, congenital joint disorders, inflammatory arthritis, avascular necrosis, infectious arthritis, Paget disease, osteopetrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, metabolic disorders (hemochromatosis, Wilsons disease), hemoglobinopathy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or Marfan syndrome.

• #1 What Causes Osteoarthritis, Symptoms & More | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage and other tissues within the joint break down or have a change in their structure. This does not happen because of simple wear and tear on the joints. Instead, changes in the tissue can trigger the breakdown, which usually happens gradually over time. […] Certain factors may make it more likely for you to develop the disease, including: Aging. Being overweight or obese. History of injury or surgery to a joint. Overuse from repetitive movements of the joint. Joints that do not form correctly. Family history of osteoarthritis.

• #1 Osteoarthritis (OA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis/

  Osteoarthritis is a very common condition which can affect any joint in the body. Its most likely to affect the joints that bear most of our weight, such as the knees and feet. Joints that we use a lot in everyday life, such as the joints of the hand, are also commonly affected. […] Its still not clear exactly what causes osteoarthritis. We do know it isnt simply wear and tear and that your risk of developing osteoarthritis depends on a number of factors: […] Osteoarthritis usually starts from the late 40s onwards. This may be due to bodily changes that come with ageing, such as weakening muscles, weight gain, and the body becoming less able to heal itself effectively. […] For most joints, osteoarthritis is more common and more severe in women. […] Being overweight is an important factor in causing osteoarthritis, especially in weight-bearing joints such as the knee and the hip.

• #1 Osteoarthritis (OA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis/

  A major injury or operation on a joint may lead to osteoarthritis in that joint later in life. Normal activity and exercise dont cause osteoarthritis, but very hard, repetitive activity or physically demanding jobs can increase your risk. […] If you were born with abnormalities or developed them in childhood, it can lead to earlier and more severe osteoarthritis than usual. […] The genes we inherit can affect the likelihood of getting osteoarthritis at the hand, knee or hip. Some very rare forms of osteoarthritis are linked to mutations of single genes that affect a protein called collagen. This can cause osteoarthritis to develop in many joints at an earlier age than usual. […] Sometimes osteoarthritis is a result of damage from a different kind of joint disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout.

• #1 Osteoarthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482326/

  Osteoarthritis is a disease of the entire joint, sparing no tissues. The cause of osteoarthritis is an interplay of risk factors (mentioned above), mechanical stress, and abnormal joint mechanics. The combination leads to pro-inflammatory markers and proteases that eventually mediate joint destruction. The complete pathway that leads to the destruction of the entire joint is unknown.

• #1 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Overuse. Using the same joints over and over in a job or sport can result in OA. […] Obesity. Excess weight adds stress and pressure on a joint, plus fats cells promote inflammation. […] Musculoskeletal abnormalities. Malalignment of bone or joint structures can contribute to faster development of OA. […] Weak muscles. If muscles dont provide adequate joint support, poor alignment can result, which can lead to OA. […] Genetics. People with family members who have OA are more likely to develop it. […] Gender. Women are more likely to develop OA than men. […] Environmental Factors. Modifiable environmental risk factors include things like someones occupation, level of physical activity, quadriceps strength, presence or absence of prior joint injury, obesity, diet, sex hormones, and bone density.

• #1 Causes of Osteoarthritis: Primary, Secondary, and Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-causes

  Secondary osteoarthritis happens when your cartilage is damaged by another disease or medical condition. Things that can cause it or make it more likely include: Obesity, which puts more stress on your joints, especially your knees. Injury or surgery to the joint. Even if a joint seems to heal the way it should, its at higher risk for osteoarthritis later on. Unusual joints at birth (congenital abnormalities). These are more likely to wear down, especially in the hip. Body mechanics. Things that change the way your body works, such as an unusual way of walking or joints that have a wider range of motion than usual (called hypermobility), can put more stress on them. Your job or hobby. Using a joint to make the same motion over and over again — like squatting or lifting — may be linked to osteoarthritis. Gout. Crystal deposits in the cartilage can cause damage and osteoarthritis. Uric acid crystals cause arthritis in gout, while calcium pyrophosphate crystals cause arthritis in pseudogout. Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions of the joints, which lead to joint damage and cartilage breakdown. Diabetes and other hormone disorders, which can cause inflammation that leads to osteoarthritis. Menopause. Levels of estrogen, which protects your bones and cartilage, fall after menopause.

• #1 Osteoarthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview

  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of joint disease, affecting more than 30 million individuals in the United States alone. […] It has been thought of as a degenerative disorder arising from biochemical breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage in the synovial joints. However, the current view holds that osteoarthritis involves not only the articular cartilage but also the entire joint organ, including the subchondral bone and synovium. […] Although osteoarthritis was previously thought to be caused largely by excessive wear and tear, increasing evidence points to the contributions of abnormal mechanics and inflammation. […] The daily stresses applied to the joints, especially the weight-bearing joints (eg, ankle, knee, and hip), play an important role in the development of osteoarthritis. Most investigators believe that degenerative alterations in osteoarthritis primarily begin in the articular cartilage, as a result of either excessive loading of a healthy joint or relatively normal loading of a previously disturbed joint.

• #1 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5599-osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It happens when the cartilage that lines your joints is worn down or damaged and your bones rub together when you use that joint. […] Osteoarthritis usually develops slowly as you age. As you get older, normal wear and tear on your joints might contribute to their cartilage breaking down. […] Anything that directly damages your joints can also cause osteoarthritis, including sports injuries, falls, car accidents, and health conditions that affect your joints, like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or joint hypermobility syndrome. […] Other forms of arthritis (specifically inflammatory arthritis) can cause osteoarthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and psoriatic arthritis. […] Primary osteoarthritis usually develops slowly as you age. […] Secondary osteoarthritis happens when something directly damages one of your joints enough to cause osteoarthritis. Injuries and traumas are common causes of secondary osteoarthritis. Other types of arthritis can damage the cartilage in your joints enough to cause osteoarthritis, too.

• #1 Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/orthopaedic/osteoarthritis

  Those over 55 years old are at a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis. […] Having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 and above adds stress and pressure to your joints. […] A family history of osteoarthritis increases the risk of developing the condition yourself. […] Women are statistically more likely to develop osteoarthritis than men. […] Autoimmune diseases may damage the joints, leading to secondary osteoarthritis. […] Even though osteoarthritis is more common among those over the age of 55, it can also affect other age groups, especially younger people who have experienced joint overuse or injury. […] Although there is currently no cure for osteoarthritis, you can use various strategies to manage its symptoms and potentially delay its advancement. Adopting a healthy lifestyle focused on weight management, regular exercise, and proper nutrition can significantly slow down the onset of osteoarthritis and improve your quality of life. […] By understanding the causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options for osteoarthritis, you can take proactive steps to protect joint health and improve your quality of life.

• #1 Understanding the Root Causes of Osteoarthritis

  https://www.kneepaincentersofamerica.com/blog/understanding-the-root-causes-of-osteoarthritis

  Ultimately, osteoarthritis progresses with chronic pain, restricted mobility, and a marked decline in quality of life, highlighting the importance of understanding its multifactorial nature. […] Osteoarthritis can be classified into two main types: Primary Osteoarthritis develops due to aging and wear and tear on the joints. Secondary Osteoarthritis results from joint damage due to specific injuries, illnesses, or conditions. […] Yes, vitamin deficiencies, especially Vitamin D deficiency, are linked to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Studies indicate that low levels of Vitamin D are often observed in individuals with OA and that this deficiency may exacerbate symptom severity, including increased pain and decreased joint function. […] A deficiency in this vitamin may contribute to the deterioration of cartilage and overall joint structure, thereby increasing the risk of OA development.

• #1 Osteoarthritis (OA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis/

  Many people with osteoarthritis find that changes in the weather make the pain worse, especially when the atmospheric pressure is falling for example, just before it rains. Although the weather may affect the symptoms of your arthritis, it doesnt cause it. […] Some people find that certain foods seem to increase or lessen their pain and other symptoms. However, your weight is more likely than any other specific dietary factors to affect your risk of developing osteoarthritis.

• #1 Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12061-arthritis

  Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. […] Osteoarthritis is the most common type. Studies have found that around half of all adults will develop osteoarthritis at some point. […] Depending on which type of arthritis you have, it can break down the natural tissue in your joint (degeneration) or cause inflammation (swelling). Some types cause inflammation that leads to degeneration. […] What causes arthritis varies depending on which type you have: Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. […] Some forms of arthritis happen naturally or because of health conditions you cant change, so theres not always a way to prevent it. However, you can lower your chances of developing arthritis by: Avoiding tobacco products. Following a diet and exercise plan thats healthy for you. Doing low-impact exercise. Always wearing proper protective equipment for any activity that could damage your joints.

• #1 Osteoarthritis : Pathophysiology

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/osteoarthritis/oa-pathophysiology/

  OA is primarily a disease of cartilage. […] Although epidemiological studies have promoted our understanding of the risk factors that predispose to OA, we do not yet understand the initiating events that trigger the disease. […] A critical question is whether OA is truly a disease or a natural consequence of aging. […] The primary enzymes responsible for the degradation of cartilage are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). […] One candidate is interleukin-1 (IL-1). […] In summary, MMPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1) appear to be important mediators of cartilage destruction in OA.

• #1 Osteoarthritis (OA) – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oa

  Obesity triggers some of these defects in cartilage metabolism, leading to cartilage matrix damage and subchondral bone remodeling mediated by adipokines, such as leptin and adipsin, and compounded by mechanical factors due to excess weight. […] The tissue damage stimulates chondrocytes to attempt repair, which increases production of proteoglycans and collagen. However, efforts at repair also stimulate the enzymes that degrade cartilage, as well as inflammatory cytokines, which are normally present in small amounts. […] Inflammatory mediators trigger an inflammatory cycle that further stimulates the chondrocytes and synovial lining cells, eventually breaking down the cartilage. […] Chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). Once cartilage is destroyed, exposed bone becomes eburnated and sclerotic. […] All articular and some periarticular tissues can become involved in osteoarthritis. […] Osteoarthritis is usually sporadically progressive but occasionally, with no predictability, stops.

• #1 Osteoarthritis 1: physiology, risk factors and causes of pain | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/primary-care/osteoarthritis-1-physiology-risk-factors-and-causes-of-pain-10-02-2012/

  Once cartilage has been damaged, the products of that damage are engulfed and digested by synovial cells. […] The degree of inflammation is a key difference between OA and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Factors that increase the risk of OA include being overweight and having metabolic syndrome. […] Research has helped understanding of the pathophysiology of OA, and the pain it causes. […] OA pain is caused by inflammatory mediators, which can lead to central sensitisation of the pain processing cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

• #1 Hip Osteoarthritis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/osteoarthritis-of-the-hip/

  In osteoarthritis, the cartilage in the hip joint gradually wears away over time. As the cartilage wears away, it becomes frayed and rough, and the protective joint space between the bones decreases. This can result in bone rubbing on bone. To make up for the lost cartilage, the damaged bones may start to grow outward and form bone spurs (osteophytes). […] Osteoarthritis develops slowly and the pain it causes worsens over time.

• #1 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the many tissues of the joint. […] Historically, osteoarthritis (OA) was known as a wear and tear condition, generally associated with aging. But we know now that it is a disease of the entire joint, including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fat and the tissues lining the joint (the synovium). Osteoarthritis can degrade cartilage, change bone shape and cause inflammation, resulting in pain, stiffness and loss of mobility. […] Factors that may contribute to the development of OA include Age. The risk of developing OA increases with age and symptoms generally, but not always, appear in people over 50. […] Joint injury. A bone fracture or cartilage or ligament tear can lead to OA, sometimes more quickly than in cases where there is not an obvious injury.

• #1 Knee Osteoarthritis Causes

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/osteoarthritis/knee-osteoarthritis-risk-factors

  While knee osteoarthritis may affect as many as 45% of people at some point in their lifetimes, no one knows the exact cause. Experts do know that several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing knee arthritis. […] The likelihood of developing knee arthritis increases with age. Over time, the knees cartilage becomes weaker and less flexible, making it more prone to thinning and damage. […] Knees are weight-bearing joints, and a person who is obese is twice as likely to develop knee osteoarthritis than someone who is not. In addition, obesity is associated with low-grade, systemic (body-wide) inflammation, which may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. […] A broken bone, serious injury, or surgery may cause damage to the knee joint that eventually leads to knee osteoarthritis.

• #1 Knee Osteoarthritis Causes

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/osteoarthritis/knee-osteoarthritis-risk-factors

  Similar to height and hair color, the likelihood of a person developing knee osteoarthritis is influenced by genetics. […] Episodes of gout or septic arthritis as well as metabolic disorders, poor bone alignment, and congenital conditions can increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee. […] People whose regular activities or jobs require spending a lot of time on their feet; doing heavy lifting while standing; squatting; or crawling (e.g. installing carpets) can experience mini-traumas in their knee joints. […] While too much stress on the knee joint can cause arthritis, so can too little stress on the joint. […] When hamstring, quadriceps, and calf muscles are weak, more stress is put on the knee cartilage and underlying bone. This stress can lead to knee osteoarthritis.

• #1 Hip Osteoarthritis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/osteoarthritis-of-the-hip/

  Osteoarthritis, sometimes called „wear-and-tear arthritis,” is a common condition that many people develop as they age. It can occur in any joint in the body, but most often develops in weightbearing joints, such as the hip. […] Osteoarthritis has no single specific cause, but there are certain factors that may make you more likely to develop the disease, including: Increasing age, Family history of osteoarthritis, Previous injury to the hip joint, Obesity, Improper formation of the hip joint at birth, a condition known as developmental dysplasia of the hip. […] You can still develop osteoarthritis even if you don’t have any of the risk factors listed above. […] Osteoarthritis is a degenerative type of arthritis that occurs most often in people 50 years of age and older, though it may occur in younger people, too.

• #1 What causes osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis Arthritis (OA) support program – homepage | Osteoarthritis Australia

  https://myoa.org.au/video/your-osteoarthritis-causes-osteoarthritis/what-causes-osteoarthritis

  What causes osteoarthritis? […] The causes of osteoarthritis are multiple but if we concentrate on those that are the big risk factors for a person developing the disease usually particularly for the knee consists of overweight and obesity, joint injury and potentially also occupational risk and genetic predisposition so familial risk of a person developing osteoarthritis. […] The two biggest risk factors again for the knee include overweight and obesity which accounts for about 45 to 50% of a person’s predisposition to get osteoarthritis and joint injury which is about 15 to 25% of a person’s predisposition to get it little lower in women, a little higher in men because of what we tend to do to ourselves. […] For other joints for the hand and for the hip the risks predisposed to by your familial predisposition your genes are a little bit higher than they are for the knee it’s about 50% for the hand and the hip.

• #1 Osteoarthritis — Arthritis Australia – the most common arthritis in Australia

  https://arthritisaustralia.com.au/types-of-arthritis/osteoarthritis/

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that affects the whole joint including bone, cartilage, ligaments and muscles. Although often described as wear and tear, OA is now thought to be the result of a joint working extra hard to repair itself. […] Research shows there are some things that may put you at more risk of developing OA in certain joints, such as: […] knees: being overweight; having a previous knee injury; jobs involving kneeling; climbing and squatting […] hips: being overweight; having a previous hip injury; jobs involving lifting heavy loads (including farming); a family history of OA […] hands: a family history of OA; repetitive use or previous injuries to the hands; being overweight. […] Currently, there is no cure for OA. While there are treatments that can effectively control symptoms, you should be wary of products or therapies that claim to cure OA.

• #1 Osteoarthritis of the Hands | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/more-about/osteoarthritis-of-the-hands

  About half of all women and one-quarter of all men will experience the stiffness and pain of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hands by the time they are 85 years old. A degenerative disease that affects all the tissues of a joint, OA leads to the breakdown over time of the smooth, protective cartilage on the ends of bones, so bones rub together, causing pain. […] Osteoarthritis usually occurs later in life, with no specific cause. But several factors can play a role, including: […] Age: the older you are, the more likely you are to have hand OA. […] Sex: women are more likely to be affected than men. […] Race: whites are more often affected than African Americans. […] Weight: obese people are more likely to have hand OA than thinner people. […] Genes: some people inherit the tendency to develop osteoarthritis, usually at a younger age.

• #1 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms and Treatment | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease in which the smooth cartilage that covers the bone surfaces at the joints either is injured or wears over time. […] Injury, infection, gout, psoriasis, and other conditions can also cause arthritis of the hand. […] If the smooth surfaces wear out, then they no longer fit together and arthritis develops.

• #1 Osteoarthritis of the Hands | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/more-about/osteoarthritis-of-the-hands

  Injuries: Even when properly treated, an injured joint is more likely to develop OA over time. Fractures and dislocations are among the most common injuries that lead to arthritis. […] Joint issues: Joint infections, overuse, loose ligaments, and poorly aligned joints can also lead to hand or wrist arthritis.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition. Many factors can contribute to developing osteoarthritis. Some include a history of joint injury or overuse, older age and being overweight. […] Several risk factors are known to increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis: injury to the joint, e.g. fractures, strains, repeated stress in sport or at work; pre-existing joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout; specific metabolic diseases, such as diabetes; obesity specifically for hip and knee osteoarthritis as characterized by metabolic abnormalities, systemic inflammation, and contributing to excessive load on the joints; genetics; sociodemographic factors (age, female sex). […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent osteoarthritis and control the disease progression. In particular, reducing overuse of joints (e.g. related to workload), and promoting healthy lifestyles (e.g. regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight) play an important role.

• #1 What Causes Osteoarthritis? BU Researchers Win $46 Million Grant to Pursue Answers and Find New Treatments | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/what-causes-osteoarthritis/

  But for researchers who study osteoarthritis, much of the focus has been on finding better ways to manage the pain rather than trying to prevent it from developing. […] David T. Felson and Tuhina Neogi, both professors of medicine and also of epidemiology at the BU School of Public Health, say their work titled, Novel Insights into Osteoarthritis, Pain and Function: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) Study is entering its 4th cycle and 20th year. […] We have been trying to figure out how to prevent osteoarthritis, so then we could identify risk factors for how to treat it. […] It just highlights how common this surgical procedure is, because we don’t have effective therapies to prevent the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. […] We got MRI scans on all these knees, including in the community, and what we found was that by the time people started having pain and seeing the doctor, their joint damage was pretty far along, and we needed to study them earlier.

• #1 What Causes Osteoarthritis? BU Researchers Win $46 Million Grant to Pursue Answers and Find New Treatments | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/what-causes-osteoarthritis/

  Now we know it’s not just about cartilage, it’s also about all the tissues in the joints, and specific tissue pathologies may provide different opportunities for treatment. […] Another major contribution we have made to osteoarthritis is to understand mechanisms underlying someone’s pain experience. […] Ultimately, we want to identify treatments. The only thing we can offer now is knee replacements. […] So, finding causes that might prevent progression of the disease, and new opportunities to treat it, are really important public health issues.

• #1 Etiology of osteoarthritis: genetics and synovial joint development | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrrheum.2011.199

  Osteoarthritis (OA) has a considerable hereditary component and is considered to be a polygenic disease. […] Data derived from genetic analyses and genome-wide screening of individuals with this disease have revealed a surprising trend: genes associated with OA tend to be related to the process of synovial joint development. […] Mutations in these genes might directly cause OA. […] Genetic factors play a key part in the etiology of all subtypes of osteoarthritis (OA), including primary OA, early-onset OA with chondrodysplasia and post-traumatic OA. […] A major risk factor for OA is an imperfect joint structure ranging from the obvious defects of hip dysplasia to subtle alterations resulting from mutation of a developmental gene. […] Participation of a gene associated with OA in the formation of an imperfect joint could occur during development and might affect the ability of mature cartilage to be repaired. […] Whether genetic risk factors for OA eventually manifest as clinical disease can depend on other physical, environmental and biochemical stresses that are placed on the joint.

• #1 Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models

  https://www.mdpi.com/resolver?pii=biology9080194

  As the most common chronic degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain and physical disability, affecting millions of people worldwide. […] However, despite the disease being known for centuries, the exact pathogenic mechanisms of OA remain unclear. […] Most cases of OA have a clear predisposing condition, such as genetics, trauma, aging, or obesity, leading to the idea that OA describes a common endpoint with different etiologies. […] In any case, it is now widely accepted that OA is a dynamic and complex process, involving inflammatory, mechanical, and metabolic factors that result in the inability of the articular surface to serve its function of absorbing and distributing the mechanical load through the joint that ultimately leads to joint destruction.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the many tissues of the joint. […] Historically, osteoarthritis (OA) was known as a wear and tear condition, generally associated with aging. But we know now that it is a disease of the entire joint, including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fat and the tissues lining the joint (the synovium). Osteoarthritis can degrade cartilage, change bone shape and cause inflammation, resulting in pain, stiffness and loss of mobility. […] Factors that may contribute to the development of OA include Age. The risk of developing OA increases with age and symptoms generally, but not always, appear in people over 50. […] Joint injury. A bone fracture or cartilage or ligament tear can lead to OA, sometimes more quickly than in cases where there is not an obvious injury.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5599-osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It happens when the cartilage that lines your joints is worn down or damaged and your bones rub together when you use that joint. […] Osteoarthritis usually develops slowly as you age. As you get older, normal wear and tear on your joints might contribute to their cartilage breaking down. […] Anything that directly damages your joints can also cause osteoarthritis, including sports injuries, falls, car accidents, and health conditions that affect your joints, like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or joint hypermobility syndrome. […] Other forms of arthritis (specifically inflammatory arthritis) can cause osteoarthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and psoriatic arthritis. […] Primary osteoarthritis usually develops slowly as you age. […] Secondary osteoarthritis happens when something directly damages one of your joints enough to cause osteoarthritis. Injuries and traumas are common causes of secondary osteoarthritis. Other types of arthritis can damage the cartilage in your joints enough to cause osteoarthritis, too.

• #2 Arthritis of the Knee – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/arthritis-of-the-knee/

  Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in the knee. It is a degenerative, wear-and-tear type of arthritis that occurs most often in people 50 years of age and older, although it may occur in younger people, too. […] In osteoarthritis, the cartilage in the knee joint gradually wears away. As the cartilage wears away, it becomes frayed and rough, and the protective space between the bones decreases. This can result in bone rubbing on bone and produce painful bone spurs. […] Osteoarthritis usually develops slowly, and the pain it causes worsens over time.

• #2 Osteoarthritis (OA) – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oa

  Osteoarthritis is classified as primary (idiopathic) or secondary to some known cause. […] Secondary osteoarthritis results from conditions that change the microenvironment of the cartilage or joint structure. These conditions include significant trauma, congenital joint abnormalities, metabolic defects (eg, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease), infections (causing postinfectious arthritis), endocrine and neuropathic diseases, and disorders that alter the normal structure and function of hyaline cartilage (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, calcium crystal deposition disease). […] The trigger of osteoarthritis is most often unknown, but osteoarthritis sometimes begins with abnormal mechanics from an injury (eg, torn meniscus), transmission of inflammatory mediators from the synovium into cartilage, or defects in cartilage metabolism.

• #2 Causes of Osteoarthritis: Primary, Secondary, and Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-causes

  Primary osteoarthritis is caused by the breakdown of cartilage, a rubbery material that eases the friction in your joints. Osteoarthritis is more common in older people. Using your joints over and over damages the cartilage, leading to pain and swelling. Water builds up in the cartilage, and its proteins break down. It may start to flake or get tiny tears. In severe cases, you can lose all the cartilage between the bones of a joint so that they rub together, making it harder and more painful to use the joint. Cartilage damage can also trigger bone growths (spurs) around your joints. Osteoarthritis sometimes happens in multiple members of one family, hinting that a gene change has been handed down from parents to children. Rarely, these cases are caused by problems in collagen, a tough protein found in your connective tissue.

• #2 Causes of Osteoarthritis: Primary, Secondary, and Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-causes

  Secondary osteoarthritis happens when your cartilage is damaged by another disease or medical condition. Things that can cause it or make it more likely include: Obesity, which puts more stress on your joints, especially your knees. Injury or surgery to the joint. Even if a joint seems to heal the way it should, its at higher risk for osteoarthritis later on. Unusual joints at birth (congenital abnormalities). These are more likely to wear down, especially in the hip. Body mechanics. Things that change the way your body works, such as an unusual way of walking or joints that have a wider range of motion than usual (called hypermobility), can put more stress on them. Your job or hobby. Using a joint to make the same motion over and over again — like squatting or lifting — may be linked to osteoarthritis. Gout. Crystal deposits in the cartilage can cause damage and osteoarthritis. Uric acid crystals cause arthritis in gout, while calcium pyrophosphate crystals cause arthritis in pseudogout. Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions of the joints, which lead to joint damage and cartilage breakdown. Diabetes and other hormone disorders, which can cause inflammation that leads to osteoarthritis. Menopause. Levels of estrogen, which protects your bones and cartilage, fall after menopause.

• #2 Osteoarthritis (OA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis/

  Osteoarthritis is a very common condition which can affect any joint in the body. Its most likely to affect the joints that bear most of our weight, such as the knees and feet. Joints that we use a lot in everyday life, such as the joints of the hand, are also commonly affected. […] Its still not clear exactly what causes osteoarthritis. We do know it isnt simply wear and tear and that your risk of developing osteoarthritis depends on a number of factors: […] Osteoarthritis usually starts from the late 40s onwards. This may be due to bodily changes that come with ageing, such as weakening muscles, weight gain, and the body becoming less able to heal itself effectively. […] For most joints, osteoarthritis is more common and more severe in women. […] Being overweight is an important factor in causing osteoarthritis, especially in weight-bearing joints such as the knee and the hip.

• #2 Osteoarthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis

  Possible causes include previous joint injury, abnormal joint or limb development, and inherited factors. […] The risk of osteoarthritis increases with aging, history of joint injury, or family history of osteoarthritis. […] Damage from mechanical stress with insufficient self-repair by joints is believed to be the primary cause of osteoarthritis. […] Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low grade inflammatory processes. […] The development of osteoarthritis is correlated with a history of previous joint injury and with obesity, especially with respect to knees. […] Changes in sex hormone levels may play a role in the development of osteoarthritis, as it is more prevalent among post-menopausal women than among men of the same age. […] Increased risk of developing knee and hip osteoarthritis was found among those who work with manual handling (e.g. lifting), have physically demanding work, walk at work, and have climbing tasks at work (e.g. climb stairs or ladders). […] This type of osteoarthritis is caused by other factors but the resulting pathology is the same as for primary osteoarthritis.

• #2 Etiology of osteoarthritis: genetics and synovial joint development | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrrheum.2011.199

  Osteoarthritis (OA) has a considerable hereditary component and is considered to be a polygenic disease. […] Data derived from genetic analyses and genome-wide screening of individuals with this disease have revealed a surprising trend: genes associated with OA tend to be related to the process of synovial joint development. […] Mutations in these genes might directly cause OA. […] Genetic factors play a key part in the etiology of all subtypes of osteoarthritis (OA), including primary OA, early-onset OA with chondrodysplasia and post-traumatic OA. […] A major risk factor for OA is an imperfect joint structure ranging from the obvious defects of hip dysplasia to subtle alterations resulting from mutation of a developmental gene. […] Participation of a gene associated with OA in the formation of an imperfect joint could occur during development and might affect the ability of mature cartilage to be repaired. […] Whether genetic risk factors for OA eventually manifest as clinical disease can depend on other physical, environmental and biochemical stresses that are placed on the joint.

• #2 What Causes Osteoarthritis, Symptoms & More | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage and other tissues within the joint break down or have a change in their structure. This does not happen because of simple wear and tear on the joints. Instead, changes in the tissue can trigger the breakdown, which usually happens gradually over time. […] Certain factors may make it more likely for you to develop the disease, including: Aging. Being overweight or obese. History of injury or surgery to a joint. Overuse from repetitive movements of the joint. Joints that do not form correctly. Family history of osteoarthritis.

• #2 Arthritis/osteoarthritis of the foot & ankle – causes & symptoms

  https://os.clinic/conditions/foot-ankle/arthritis-osteoarthritis/

  Some 70% of cases of foot and ankle arthritis are due to a previous injury. Other less common causes include rheumatoid arthritis, previous infection in the ankle joint, gout and rarely bleeding conditions such as haemophilia. […] Hindfoot arthritis can occur when a patient has suffered a previous issue like a bone fracture or other hindfoot damage. However, sometimes, no obvious cause apart from general wear and tear or osteoarthritis, arises. Rheumatoid arthritis or tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction are other potential causes. […] Sometimes there is no obvious cause for midfoot arthritis, except for general wear and tear over time, but it can also arise from a previous problem like a bone fracture, dislocation or other damage to the midfoot bones or joints. Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction are other potential causes.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Overuse. Using the same joints over and over in a job or sport can result in OA. […] Obesity. Excess weight adds stress and pressure on a joint, plus fats cells promote inflammation. […] Musculoskeletal abnormalities. Malalignment of bone or joint structures can contribute to faster development of OA. […] Weak muscles. If muscles dont provide adequate joint support, poor alignment can result, which can lead to OA. […] Genetics. People with family members who have OA are more likely to develop it. […] Gender. Women are more likely to develop OA than men. […] Environmental Factors. Modifiable environmental risk factors include things like someones occupation, level of physical activity, quadriceps strength, presence or absence of prior joint injury, obesity, diet, sex hormones, and bone density.

• #2 6 common types of arthritis and related conditionsmenu iconsearch iconsubscribe iconsearch iconarrow up right icon

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/6-common-types-of-arthritis-and-related-conditions-symptoms-causes-and-risk-factors/2024/04

  Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear or damage of joint cartilage between bones. It most often shows up in the hands, hips and knees. […] Some risk factors of osteoarthritis, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), include: Overuse joint injuries, including knee bending and repeated stress on a joint, Older age, Being a woman especially over age 50, Being overweight, which puts extra stress on joints (especially the hips and knees), Genetics, Race.

• #2 Understanding osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment options

  https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/understanding-osteoarthritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/169785/

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a serious, degenerative disease that significantly impacts a persons ability to live and work. It is the most common type of joint disease worldwide. […] Joint deterioration in OA occurs due to cartilage breakdown, inflammation, roughening of the articular surfaces, the development of osteophytes (bony spurs) and damage to surrounding ligaments. […] Risk factors for OA can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable. […] Genetics: Research shows that 40-70% of cases of OA are due to a genetic abnormality, such as a gene mutation that affects the growth and repair of bone and cartilage. […] Obesity: Research has shown a significant correlation between obesity and the risk of developing OA. Each 5kg of weight gain increases the risk of knee OA by 36%. […] Muscular weakness: Weak muscles have been shown to be associated with knee OA.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview

  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of joint disease, affecting more than 30 million individuals in the United States alone. […] It has been thought of as a degenerative disorder arising from biochemical breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage in the synovial joints. However, the current view holds that osteoarthritis involves not only the articular cartilage but also the entire joint organ, including the subchondral bone and synovium. […] Although osteoarthritis was previously thought to be caused largely by excessive wear and tear, increasing evidence points to the contributions of abnormal mechanics and inflammation. […] The daily stresses applied to the joints, especially the weight-bearing joints (eg, ankle, knee, and hip), play an important role in the development of osteoarthritis. Most investigators believe that degenerative alterations in osteoarthritis primarily begin in the articular cartilage, as a result of either excessive loading of a healthy joint or relatively normal loading of a previously disturbed joint.

• #2 Osteoarthritis (OA) – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oa

  Obesity triggers some of these defects in cartilage metabolism, leading to cartilage matrix damage and subchondral bone remodeling mediated by adipokines, such as leptin and adipsin, and compounded by mechanical factors due to excess weight. […] The tissue damage stimulates chondrocytes to attempt repair, which increases production of proteoglycans and collagen. However, efforts at repair also stimulate the enzymes that degrade cartilage, as well as inflammatory cytokines, which are normally present in small amounts. […] Inflammatory mediators trigger an inflammatory cycle that further stimulates the chondrocytes and synovial lining cells, eventually breaking down the cartilage. […] Chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). Once cartilage is destroyed, exposed bone becomes eburnated and sclerotic. […] All articular and some periarticular tissues can become involved in osteoarthritis. […] Osteoarthritis is usually sporadically progressive but occasionally, with no predictability, stops.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview

  Risk factors for osteoarthritis include the following: Age, Obesity, Trauma, Genetics (significant family history), Reduced levels of sex hormones, Muscle weakness, Repetitive use (ie, jobs requiring heavy labor and bending), Infection, Crystal deposition, Acromegaly, Previous inflammatory arthritis (eg, burnt-out rheumatoid arthritis), Heritable metabolic causes (eg, alkaptonuria, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease), Hemoglobinopathies (eg, sickle cell disease and thalassemia), Neuropathic disorders leading to a Charcot joint (eg, syringomyelia, tabes dorsalis, and diabetes), Underlying morphologic risk factors (eg, congenital hip dislocation and slipped femoral capital epiphysis), Disorders of bone (eg, Paget disease and avascular necrosis), Previous surgical procedures (eg, meniscectomy), Diabetes mellitus.

• #2 Osteoarthritis : Pathophysiology

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/osteoarthritis/oa-pathophysiology/

  OA is primarily a disease of cartilage. […] Although epidemiological studies have promoted our understanding of the risk factors that predispose to OA, we do not yet understand the initiating events that trigger the disease. […] A critical question is whether OA is truly a disease or a natural consequence of aging. […] The primary enzymes responsible for the degradation of cartilage are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). […] One candidate is interleukin-1 (IL-1). […] In summary, MMPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1) appear to be important mediators of cartilage destruction in OA.

• #2 7 Common Causes of Osteoarthritis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/common-causes-osteoarthritis

  In some cases, what you do for a living (or a hobby) could lead to arthritis. OA is sometimes referred to as a wear and tear disease. Repetitive strain in your joints can cause the cartilage to wear down prematurely. […] Osteoarthritis affects people of all ages, genders, and sizes. However, your risk for developing the condition increases if youre overweight. […] Medical conditions that involve bleeding near a joint can cause osteoarthritis to become worse or new symptoms to develop. […] Youre also more at risk for OA if you have other forms of arthritis, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Complications Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hos

  https://www.pacehospital.com/osteoarthritis-symptoms-types-causes-risk-factors-complications

  Predisposing or pre-existing abnormalities: Abnormalities such as infectious arthritis, congenital joint disorders, osteopetrosis, inflammatory arthritis, avascular necrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, Paget disease, hemoglobinopathy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or Marfan syndrome increase the risk of osteoarthritis. […] Injury or fractures or overuse (occupation/sports activities/trauma): Following a cartilage injury, the collagen matrix gets damaged, which prompts chondrocytes to multiply and organise into clusters. […] Genetics: Variations in genes such as cartilage extracellular matrix structural genes (COL2A1 genes), bone density genes, chondrocyte cell signalling genes (FRZB genes), and inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1R1 genes) increase the risk of osteoarthritis. […] Metabolic disorders: Metabolic disorders such as hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease trigger the risk of osteoarthritis.

• #2 Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12061-arthritis

  Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. […] Osteoarthritis is the most common type. Studies have found that around half of all adults will develop osteoarthritis at some point. […] Depending on which type of arthritis you have, it can break down the natural tissue in your joint (degeneration) or cause inflammation (swelling). Some types cause inflammation that leads to degeneration. […] What causes arthritis varies depending on which type you have: Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age a lifetime of using your joints can eventually wear down their cartilage cushioning. […] Some forms of arthritis happen naturally or because of health conditions you cant change, so theres not always a way to prevent it. However, you can lower your chances of developing arthritis by: Avoiding tobacco products. Following a diet and exercise plan thats healthy for you. Doing low-impact exercise. Always wearing proper protective equipment for any activity that could damage your joints.

• #2 Osteoarthritis 1: physiology, risk factors and causes of pain | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/primary-care/osteoarthritis-1-physiology-risk-factors-and-causes-of-pain-10-02-2012/

  Once cartilage has been damaged, the products of that damage are engulfed and digested by synovial cells. […] The degree of inflammation is a key difference between OA and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Factors that increase the risk of OA include being overweight and having metabolic syndrome. […] Research has helped understanding of the pathophysiology of OA, and the pain it causes. […] OA pain is caused by inflammatory mediators, which can lead to central sensitisation of the pain processing cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

• #2 Osteoarthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351925

  Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in the joints gradually wears away. Cartilage is a firm, slippery tissue that allows nearly frictionless joint motion. […] Eventually, if the cartilage wears down completely, bone will rub on bone. […] Osteoarthritis doesn’t only affect the cartilage. It also affects the entire joint. It causes changes in the bone and weakens the strong bands of tissue that hold the joint together and attach muscle to bone. It also may cause swelling of the joint lining.

• #2 Hip Osteoarthritis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/osteoarthritis-of-the-hip/

  In osteoarthritis, the cartilage in the hip joint gradually wears away over time. As the cartilage wears away, it becomes frayed and rough, and the protective joint space between the bones decreases. This can result in bone rubbing on bone. To make up for the lost cartilage, the damaged bones may start to grow outward and form bone spurs (osteophytes). […] Osteoarthritis develops slowly and the pain it causes worsens over time.

• #2 Knee Osteoarthritis Causes | USA Pain Center

  https://www.usapaincenter.com/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee/causes/

  Knee osteoarthritis, a prevalent degenerative joint condition, affects millions worldwide, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. This condition primarily results from wear and tear of the knee joints cartilage, but multiple factors contribute to its development. […] Osteoarthritis of the knee is a degenerative joint disease often termed the wear-and-tear arthritis. It develops when the cartilage cushions the ends of bones in your knee deteriorates over time. Without this smooth surface, bones rub together, leading to pain, swelling, and decreased joint function. […] Aging is one of the primary risk factors for knee osteoarthritis. With age, cartilage thins, joint fluid decreases, and ligaments and tendons weaken, making joints more prone to wear and tear. […] Every pound of body weight adds roughly four pounds of pressure to the knee joint. Your body weight as you walk is transferred through your legs to your feet, significantly increasing the pressure on the knee joint. Obesity is linked to chronic low-grade inflammation throughout the body, further accelerating cartilage damage. […] A family history of osteoarthritis increases the risk of developing the condition. This genetic predisposition suggests that specific genes may influence how your body responds to joint wear and tear. These genes affect cartilage quality, joint inflammation, and bone metabolism. […] Previous injuries, such as ligament tears or fractures, can alter joint alignment and stability, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis. […] Athletes, laborers, or individuals involved in activities requiring repetitive knee movements may experience premature cartilage wear. […] Chronic inflammation due to rheumatoid arthritis or systemic factors like diabetes may exacerbate knee osteoarthritis. […] Women are more likely than men to develop knee osteoarthritis because estrogen has a protective effect on cartilage. After menopause, estrogen levels decrease significantly, reducing this protective effect and increasing the risk of knee arthritis. […] The primary causes include aging, obesity, genetics, joint injuries, repetitive stress, and inflammation.

• #2 What causes osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis Arthritis (OA) support program – homepage | Osteoarthritis Australia

  https://myoa.org.au/video/your-osteoarthritis-causes-osteoarthritis/what-causes-osteoarthritis

  What causes osteoarthritis? […] The causes of osteoarthritis are multiple but if we concentrate on those that are the big risk factors for a person developing the disease usually particularly for the knee consists of overweight and obesity, joint injury and potentially also occupational risk and genetic predisposition so familial risk of a person developing osteoarthritis. […] The two biggest risk factors again for the knee include overweight and obesity which accounts for about 45 to 50% of a person’s predisposition to get osteoarthritis and joint injury which is about 15 to 25% of a person’s predisposition to get it little lower in women, a little higher in men because of what we tend to do to ourselves. […] For other joints for the hand and for the hip the risks predisposed to by your familial predisposition your genes are a little bit higher than they are for the knee it’s about 50% for the hand and the hip.

• #2 Osteoarthritis — Arthritis Australia – the most common arthritis in Australia

  https://arthritisaustralia.com.au/types-of-arthritis/osteoarthritis/

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that affects the whole joint including bone, cartilage, ligaments and muscles. Although often described as wear and tear, OA is now thought to be the result of a joint working extra hard to repair itself. […] Research shows there are some things that may put you at more risk of developing OA in certain joints, such as: […] knees: being overweight; having a previous knee injury; jobs involving kneeling; climbing and squatting […] hips: being overweight; having a previous hip injury; jobs involving lifting heavy loads (including farming); a family history of OA […] hands: a family history of OA; repetitive use or previous injuries to the hands; being overweight. […] Currently, there is no cure for OA. While there are treatments that can effectively control symptoms, you should be wary of products or therapies that claim to cure OA.

• #2 Osteoarthritis – Arthritis Action

  https://www.arthritisaction.org.uk/living-with-arthritis/what-is-arthritis/osteoarthritis/

  Osteoarthritis used to be called “wear and tear” arthritis because it was thought that the joints gradually wore out with use and that this was inevitable as we get older. It is now known that the process of osteoarthritis is much more complicated. […] No-one knows exactly what causes osteoarthritis but it may be due to repeated small injuries that happen as part of daily life that don’t heal completely. Osteoarthritis can also run in families and injuries such as a broken bone or sporting injury can lead to osteoarthritis later in life. Being overweight puts extra strain on the weight-bearing joints, especially the knees and hips and this can lead to more severe osteoarthritis. […] Osteoarthritis is not caused by too much exercise and hard work does not damage the joints. People who have had sporting injuries are more likely to develop osteoarthritis in that joint but even extreme sportsmen and women are not more usually more prone to osteoarthritis. […] Latest research suggests that exercise can actually increase the level of anti-inflammatory chemicals inside the joints and these can protect against cartilage loss and joint damage.

• #2 Arthritis: What is it, what causes it and how to treat it? – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/orthopaedics-articles/2021/september/preserving-joint-health

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis, and is often blamed on wear and tear. […] We think that theres largely a genetic predisposition for osteoarthritis. There are components of wear and tear, but thats not the driving force. The arthritis is more likely caused because of the way your cartilage was designed. […] Besides genetics, other factors that can contribute to arthritis include major injuries at or around the joint. Breaking a bone or a ligament injury may increase the risk of developing arthritis. […] Stress on the joint also contributes to the development of arthritis. Obesity is the most common cause of increased stress on the joints. Inflammation plays a role in the process of arthritis as well, and some forms of arthritis are considered more inflammatory in nature. […] There is a complex relationship between genetics, injury and mechanical stress, all of which are thought to contribute to the development of arthritis in the joint.

• #2 Understanding the Root Causes of Osteoarthritis

  https://www.kneepaincentersofamerica.com/blog/understanding-the-root-causes-of-osteoarthritis

  Genetic factors also intersect with Vitamin D’s influence on joint health. For instance, variations in the Vitamin D receptor gene can affect how individuals respond to Vitamin D levels, suggesting a hereditary component in the susceptibility to osteoarthritis. […] Current strategies to prevent osteoarthritis focus on lifestyle modifications that target the main risk factors associated with the condition. […] While it’s impossible to completely prevent osteoarthritis, these proactive strategies can significantly help in minimizing risk factors, contributing to better joint health.

• #2 Understanding osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment options

  https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/understanding-osteoarthritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/169785/

  Occupational exposure: It is well recognised that those who use their joints repetitively for work purposes have a higher risk of OA. […] Hormones: The link between oestrogen and OA is unclear. OA symptoms may first appear or worsen in women after the age of 50 when menopause occurs, and oestrogen levels plummet. […] Eating an anti-inflammatory diet is the best way to prevent OA. […] Knee OA is caused by inflammation. […] Many studies have shown that weight loss improves OA symptoms. […] The effects of chronic alcohol intake on OA are not well understood. […] Stress of any kind, including pain, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing adrenaline and cortisol. […] New research is urgently needed to help OA sufferers around the world. […] Much research is being undertaken to try and find an effective prevention or treatment for OA.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/orthopaedic/osteoarthritis

  Those over 55 years old are at a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis. […] Having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 and above adds stress and pressure to your joints. […] A family history of osteoarthritis increases the risk of developing the condition yourself. […] Women are statistically more likely to develop osteoarthritis than men. […] Autoimmune diseases may damage the joints, leading to secondary osteoarthritis. […] Even though osteoarthritis is more common among those over the age of 55, it can also affect other age groups, especially younger people who have experienced joint overuse or injury. […] Although there is currently no cure for osteoarthritis, you can use various strategies to manage its symptoms and potentially delay its advancement. Adopting a healthy lifestyle focused on weight management, regular exercise, and proper nutrition can significantly slow down the onset of osteoarthritis and improve your quality of life. […] By understanding the causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options for osteoarthritis, you can take proactive steps to protect joint health and improve your quality of life.

• #2 Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models

  https://www.mdpi.com/resolver?pii=biology9080194

  As the most common chronic degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain and physical disability, affecting millions of people worldwide. […] However, despite the disease being known for centuries, the exact pathogenic mechanisms of OA remain unclear. […] Most cases of OA have a clear predisposing condition, such as genetics, trauma, aging, or obesity, leading to the idea that OA describes a common endpoint with different etiologies. […] In any case, it is now widely accepted that OA is a dynamic and complex process, involving inflammatory, mechanical, and metabolic factors that result in the inability of the articular surface to serve its function of absorbing and distributing the mechanical load through the joint that ultimately leads to joint destruction.

• #2 Osteoarthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview

  A hereditary component, particularly in osteoarthritis presentations involving multiple joints, has long been recognized. […] Several genes have been directly associated with osteoarthritis, and many more have been determined to be associated with contributing factors, such as excessive inflammation and obesity.

• #2 What Causes Osteoarthritis? BU Researchers Win $46 Million Grant to Pursue Answers and Find New Treatments | The Brink | Boston University

  https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/what-causes-osteoarthritis/

  Now we know it’s not just about cartilage, it’s also about all the tissues in the joints, and specific tissue pathologies may provide different opportunities for treatment. […] Another major contribution we have made to osteoarthritis is to understand mechanisms underlying someone’s pain experience. […] Ultimately, we want to identify treatments. The only thing we can offer now is knee replacements. […] So, finding causes that might prevent progression of the disease, and new opportunities to treat it, are really important public health issues.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoarthritis/

  Osteoarthritis is a condition that causes joints to become painful and stiff. It’s the most common type of arthritis in the UK. […] The exact cause is not known, but several things are thought to increase your risk of developing osteoarthritis, including: joint injury overusing your joint when it has not had enough time to heal after an injury or operation, other conditions (secondary arthritis) osteoarthritis can happen in joints severely damaged by a previous or existing condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout, age your risk of developing the condition increases as you get older, family history osteoarthritis may run in families, although studies have not identified a single gene responsible, obesity being obese puts excess strain on your joints, particularly those that bear most of your weight, such as your knees and hips, being a woman osteoarthritis is more common in women than men.

• #3 Understanding osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment options

  https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/understanding-osteoarthritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/169785/

  Occupational exposure: It is well recognised that those who use their joints repetitively for work purposes have a higher risk of OA. […] Hormones: The link between oestrogen and OA is unclear. OA symptoms may first appear or worsen in women after the age of 50 when menopause occurs, and oestrogen levels plummet. […] Eating an anti-inflammatory diet is the best way to prevent OA. […] Knee OA is caused by inflammation. […] Many studies have shown that weight loss improves OA symptoms. […] The effects of chronic alcohol intake on OA are not well understood. […] Stress of any kind, including pain, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing adrenaline and cortisol. […] New research is urgently needed to help OA sufferers around the world. […] Much research is being undertaken to try and find an effective prevention or treatment for OA.

• #3 Understanding osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment options

  https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/understanding-osteoarthritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/169785/

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a serious, degenerative disease that significantly impacts a persons ability to live and work. It is the most common type of joint disease worldwide. […] Joint deterioration in OA occurs due to cartilage breakdown, inflammation, roughening of the articular surfaces, the development of osteophytes (bony spurs) and damage to surrounding ligaments. […] Risk factors for OA can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable. […] Genetics: Research shows that 40-70% of cases of OA are due to a genetic abnormality, such as a gene mutation that affects the growth and repair of bone and cartilage. […] Obesity: Research has shown a significant correlation between obesity and the risk of developing OA. Each 5kg of weight gain increases the risk of knee OA by 36%. […] Muscular weakness: Weak muscles have been shown to be associated with knee OA.

• #3 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the many tissues of the joint. […] Historically, osteoarthritis (OA) was known as a wear and tear condition, generally associated with aging. But we know now that it is a disease of the entire joint, including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fat and the tissues lining the joint (the synovium). Osteoarthritis can degrade cartilage, change bone shape and cause inflammation, resulting in pain, stiffness and loss of mobility. […] Factors that may contribute to the development of OA include Age. The risk of developing OA increases with age and symptoms generally, but not always, appear in people over 50. […] Joint injury. A bone fracture or cartilage or ligament tear can lead to OA, sometimes more quickly than in cases where there is not an obvious injury.

• #3 Patient education: Osteoarthritis symptoms and diagnosis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/osteoarthritis-symptoms-and-diagnosis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is by far the most common type of arthritis. In OA, the cartilage in the joints (which covers the ends of the bones and allows free movement between them) becomes worn down. […] Several factors can increase the risk of developing OA; most people with OA have one or more of these factors. […] Advancing age is one of the strongest risk factors for OA. […] For unclear reasons, females are two to three times more likely than males to develop OA and are more likely to have pain if it does develop. […] People who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of developing OA. […] An increasing number of common genetic variations have been found to increase a person’s risk of knee, hip, and hand OA. […] OA of the knee has been linked to certain occupations that require frequent squatting and kneeling, including dock work, shipyard work, mining, and carpentry. […] Substantial joint injury or trauma to a specific joint increases the risk of OA in that joint in the future. […] The risk of OA is increased in elite athletes who participate in vigorous exercise in certain sports that predispose to joint injury.

• #3 Osteoarthritis in young people: it doesn’t just affect the elderly | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/osteoarthritis-in-young-people-it-doesnt-just-affect-the-elderly

  Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in the UK. It’s a chronic, debilitating condition that affects over 9 million people. […] The causes of osteoarthritis generally differ between someone who is young and an older person with the condition. […] Causes of osteoarthritis in the young include: Being overweight or obese, which puts extra pressure on the weight-bearing joints; Leading a sedentary lifestyle; Having a job that requires sitting down for long periods of time (which can lead to osteoarthritis in the lower spine); Poor posture when sitting for long periods or regular heavy lifting; Performing regular impact sports, such as football or hockey; Having a job that puts continued strain on the joints; Joint injuries; Being very active or athletic; A family history of osteoarthritis; Being born with hip dysplasia; Having diabetes or a disorder related to growth hormones. […] Osteoarthritis in older people and the elderly is usually down to wear and tear of joints that naturally occurs with age.

• #3 Causes of Osteoarthritis | Summit Orthopedics

  https://www.summitortho.com/2014/04/10/causes-osteoarthritis/

  Understanding the factors that contribute to osteoarthritis is the first step to prevention. […] The causes of osteoarthritis are not fully understood, but a number of factors have been identified as contributing to your risk of getting osteoarthritis. […] Age. The older you are, the more wear and tear your joints have experienced. […] Obesity. Excess weight will stress lower body joints, and is a well-established factor in the development of osteoarthritis. […] Muscle Weakness. Women are particularly susceptible to weak muscles around the knee. […] Injury/Overuse. Repetitive motion increases stress on certain joints and raises the risk of osteoarthritis for athletes and people in jobs requiring them to repeat the same action. […] Genetics. Heredity plays a role in the development of osteoarthritis in the hands especially.

• #3 Osteoarthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Complications Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hos

  https://www.pacehospital.com/osteoarthritis-symptoms-types-causes-risk-factors-complications

  Predisposing or pre-existing abnormalities: Abnormalities such as infectious arthritis, congenital joint disorders, osteopetrosis, inflammatory arthritis, avascular necrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, Paget disease, hemoglobinopathy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or Marfan syndrome increase the risk of osteoarthritis. […] Injury or fractures or overuse (occupation/sports activities/trauma): Following a cartilage injury, the collagen matrix gets damaged, which prompts chondrocytes to multiply and organise into clusters. […] Genetics: Variations in genes such as cartilage extracellular matrix structural genes (COL2A1 genes), bone density genes, chondrocyte cell signalling genes (FRZB genes), and inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1R1 genes) increase the risk of osteoarthritis. […] Metabolic disorders: Metabolic disorders such as hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease trigger the risk of osteoarthritis.

• #3 Osteoarthritis – Causes of osteoarthritis

  https://www.ibdrelief.com/learn/complications-of-ibd/associated-conditions/arthritis-introduction/osteoarthritis-introduction/osteoarthritis-causes-of-osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis occurs when there is damage in and around the joints that the body can’t fully repair. The exact causes are not known but there are several factors thought to increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Several factors are thought to increase your risk of developing the condition. These include: Joint injury—Osteoarthritis can develop in a joint damaged by an injury or operation. Overusing your joint when it has not had enough time to heal after an injury or operation can also contribute to osteoarthritis in later life. […] Other conditions (secondary arthritis)—Sometimes, osteoarthritis can occur in joints severely damaged by a previous or existing condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout. It is possible for secondary osteoarthritis to develop many years after the initial damage to your joint.

• #3 What causes osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis Arthritis (OA) support program – homepage | Osteoarthritis Australia

  https://myoa.org.au/video/your-osteoarthritis-causes-osteoarthritis/what-causes-osteoarthritis

  What causes osteoarthritis? […] The causes of osteoarthritis are multiple but if we concentrate on those that are the big risk factors for a person developing the disease usually particularly for the knee consists of overweight and obesity, joint injury and potentially also occupational risk and genetic predisposition so familial risk of a person developing osteoarthritis. […] The two biggest risk factors again for the knee include overweight and obesity which accounts for about 45 to 50% of a person’s predisposition to get osteoarthritis and joint injury which is about 15 to 25% of a person’s predisposition to get it little lower in women, a little higher in men because of what we tend to do to ourselves. […] For other joints for the hand and for the hip the risks predisposed to by your familial predisposition your genes are a little bit higher than they are for the knee it’s about 50% for the hand and the hip.

• #3 What Causes Osteoarthritis, Symptoms & More | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoarthritis

  Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage and other tissues within the joint break down or have a change in their structure. This does not happen because of simple wear and tear on the joints. Instead, changes in the tissue can trigger the breakdown, which usually happens gradually over time. […] Certain factors may make it more likely for you to develop the disease, including: Aging. Being overweight or obese. History of injury or surgery to a joint. Overuse from repetitive movements of the joint. Joints that do not form correctly. Family history of osteoarthritis.

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