Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2920533/

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder in the United States. Symptomatic knee OA occurs in 10% men and 13% in women aged 60 years or older. The number of people affected with symptomatic OA is likely to increase due to the aging of the population and the obesity epidemic. […] Pain from OA is a key symptom in the decision to seek medical care and is an important antecedent to disability. Because of its high prevalence and the frequent disability that accompanies disease in major joints such as the knee and hip, OA accounts for more difficulty with climbing stairs and walking than any other disease. OA is also the most common reason for total hip and total knee replacement. The rapid increase in the prevalence of this already common disease suggests that OA will have a growing impact on health care and public health systems in the future.

• #2 Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-5061-6_29

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and the most common cause of disability in the elderly. […] Important OA risk factors include age, obesity, genetic factors and joint injury/trauma. […] With the aging of the population and the epidemic of obesity, there have been dramatic increases in the public health impact of OA, and the incidence, prevalence and public impact of OA are expected to rise.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/osteoarthritis

  In 2019, about 528 million people worldwide were living with osteoarthritis; an increase of 113% since 1990 (1). […] About 73% of people living with osteoarthritis are older than 55 years, and 60% are female (1). […] With ageing populations and increasing rates of obesity and injury, the prevalence of osteoarthritis is expected to continue to increase globally. […] Osteoarthritis is one of the significant contributors to years lived with disability among the musculoskeletal conditions. […] As osteoarthritis is more prevalent in older people (about 70% are older than 55), global prevalence is expected to increase with the ageing of populations. […] The typical onset is in the late 40s to mid-50s, although osteoarthritis may also affect younger people, including athletes and people who sustain joint injury or trauma. […] About 60% of people living with osteoarthritis are women. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent osteoarthritis and control the disease progression. […] WHO is taking action to extend access to care for people with osteoarthritis in different ways.

• #4 Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2920533/

  Epidemiologic principles can be used to describe the distribution of OA in the population and to examine risk factors for its occurrence and progression. […] The prevalence of OA varies according to the definition of OA, the specific joint(s) under study, and the characteristics of the study population. […] Symptomatic OA is generally defined by the presence of pain, aching, or stiffness in a joint with radiographic OA. […] The age-standardized prevalence of symptomatic hand and knee OA is 6.8% and 4.9%, respectively, in Framingham subjects age 26 years. […] There is a paucity of meaningful data on the cumulative incidence of developing OA. […] Oliveria and colleagues reported the age- and sex-standardized incidence rates of symptomatic hip, knee, and hand OA to be 88, 240 and 100/100,000 person-years, respectively, in participants in a Massachusetts health maintenance organization, and the incidence rates of symptomatic OA of either hand, or knee, or hip increase rapidly around age 50 and then leveled off after age 70. […] Studies of OA in people who have joint symptoms may be more clinically relevant, because not all persons who have radiographic OA have clinical disease, and not all persons who have joint symptoms demonstrate radiographic OA.

• #5 Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/musculoskeletalhealth/projects/most.html

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and the major cause of activity limitation and physical disability in older people. More than half of those over the age of 65 have radiological evidence of osteoarthritis in at least one joint. By 2030, approximately 20 percent of Americans (about 70 million people) will have passed their 65th birthday and will be at increased risk for the disease. Today, 39 million people (13 percent of the U.S. population) are 65 and older, and more than half have developed OA. […] The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) is a longitudinal, prospective, observational study of knee OA in older Americans with OA disease or at increased risk of developing it. […] The overall aims of MOST are to identify novel and modifiable biomechanical factors (including physical activity-related factors), bone and joint structural factors (including those assessed by MRI of the knee), and nutritional factors that affect the occurrence and progression of OA-related knee symptoms and radiographic knee OA. Additionally, MOST investigators aim to determine whether risk factors for new disease differ from those for OA progression. […] This rich database will provide valuable information to help identify and define modifiable biomechanical, bone and structural, nutritional, and other risk factors for new disease and progression of existing disease.

• #6 The prevalence of hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-023-03033-7

  To estimate the global prevalence of hip osteoarthritis (HOA) through a systematic review and meta-analysis, and to determine by regression analysis the respective relationships between age and sex, and sex and prevalence. […] The pooled prevalence of HOA diagnosed based on the K-L grade2 criterion was 8.55% (95% CI 4.8513.18) worldwide. […] The prevalence of HOA was lowest in Africa at 1.20% (95% CI: 0.402.38), followed by Asia at 4.26% (95% CI 0.0214.93) and North America at 7.95% (95% CI 1.9817.36), and highest in Europe at 12.59% (95% CI 7.1719.25). […] There was no statistically significant difference in HOA prevalence between men (9.42%, 95% CI:4.8115.34) and women at (7.94%, 95% CI: 3.5713.81). […] The regression model showed a correlation between age and the prevalence of HOA.

• #7 Epidemiology of osteoarthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10735233/

  To summarize the current state of the evidence regarding osteoarthritis (OA) prevalence, incidence and risk factors at the person-level and joint-level. […] Studies continue to illustrate the high prevalence of OA worldwide, with a greater burden among older individuals, women, some racial and ethnic groups, and individuals with lower socioeconomic status. […] OA is an increasingly prevalent condition with worldwide impacts on many health outcomes. The strong evidence for obesity and joint injury as OA risk factors calls for heightened efforts to mitigate these risks at clinical and public health levels. […] Many studies have shown that OA risk increases with age and is greater among women compared with men. […] Racial and ethnic differences are also well documented. […] Studies have observed that Chinese women have about 45% higher prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic knee OA than white women, with no difference between Chinese and white men.

• #8 Epidemiology of osteoarthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10735233/

  Studies from multiple countries have shown that OA prevalence, particularly at the knee and hip, is higher among individuals with lower socioeconomic status, as well as in rural communities. […] The associations of obesity and metabolic syndrome with OA have continued to be a major research focus. […] There is a clear association of overweight with increased risk for OA, particularly at the knee; one systematic review found that obesity increased the risk of OA about 3-fold. […] Multiple studies have found that higher bone mineral density is associated with greater risk for radiographic knee and hip OA. […] Prior traumatic joint injury and subsequent surgery are potent risk factors for OA. […] Evidence regarding surgery alone as a risk factor for knee OA is mixed. […] Physically demanding occupations are associated with increased risk for OA.

• #9 Prevalence and management of osteoarthritis in primary care: an epidemiologic cohort study from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network | CMAJ Open

  https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/3/3/E270

  Osteoarthritis is a common chronic condition that affects many older Canadians and is a considerable cause of disability. Our objective was to describe the epidemiology of osteoarthritis in patients aged 30 years and older using electronic medical records (EMRs) in a Canadian primary care population. […] The estimated prevalence of diagnosed osteoarthritis was 14.2% (15.6% among women, 12.4% among men). […] Osteoarthritis is a common disease in middle-aged and older Canadians. It is more common in women than in men and is associated with comorbid conditions. […] As the Canadian population ages, osteoarthritis will become an increasing burden for individuals and the health care system. […] International reports on the prevalence of osteoarthritis diagnoses show an increasing number of patients with the condition.

• #10 Prevalence of clinical and radiological osteoarthritis in knee, hip, and hand in an urban adult population of Mexico City | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-prevalence-clinical-radiological-osteoarthritis-in-articulo-S217357432030054X

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent articular disease worldwide, and its prevalence is highly variable depending on the classification criteria, population studied, and/or affected joints considered. Reporting epidemiologic data about clinical and radiological OA prevalence in Mexico has not been done before. […] The prevalences found in this study are greater than those found in other studies in Mexico that only report clinical criteria. […] To our knowledge, this is the first OA study in Mexico utilizing both clinical and radiological diagnostic criteria to determine OA prevalence. This is a more reliable evaluation of the disease and corroborates its elevated prevalence, highlighting the importance of OA in a Mexican population. […] In this group of participants above the age of 40 years, the prevalence of OA in the three studied joints employing clinical criteria alone reached approximately 20%, while prevalence of OA utilizing radiological criteria was higher, around 25%.

• #11 Prevalence of clinical and radiological osteoarthritis in knee, hip, and hand in an urban adult population of Mexico City | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-prevalence-clinical-radiological-osteoarthritis-in-articulo-S217357432030054X

  Our findings show that the combination of both criteria more adequately adjusts prevalence, perhaps because they include the physiopathological changes in the disease (morphological changes in the joint) and the presence of symptoms. […] The results obtained in this study provide data that coincide in general with those reported in the international literature, although this study demonstrates a higher prevalence than that reported in other studies in Mexico.

• #12 OA Pathogenesis and Risk Factors – Osteoarthritis Action Alliance

  https://oaaction.unc.edu/oa-module/oa-pathology-and-risk-factors/

  Osteoarthritis is not simply caused by wear and tear of the joint but is rather a complex disorder characterized by molecular, anatomic, and physiologic changes. […] Much has been learned about the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) in the last two decades. […] Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) defines osteoarthritis as: a disorder involving movable joints characterized by cell stress and extracellular matrix degradation initiated by micro- and macro-injury that activates maladaptive repair responses including pro-inflammatory pathways of innate immunity. […] For most patients, OA is linked to multiple risk factors that can be grouped into modifiable and non-modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors for OA include age, sex, ethnicity, genetics, previous history of injury or joint trauma. Potentially modifiable risk factors for OA include excess weight, certain occupations and sports, joint injury (injury prevention), joint malalignment and quadriceps weakness.

• #13 OA Pathogenesis and Risk Factors – Osteoarthritis Action Alliance

  https://oaaction.unc.edu/oa-module/oa-pathology-and-risk-factors/

  Age is by far the most well-known risk factor for OA; however OA is not a normal part of aging. […] OA is occurring in younger adults at increasing rates. […] In 2018, among US adults with self-reported OA, 57% were younger than 65. […] OA is twice as common in women as men. […] Older African-American, Native American, and non-white Hispanic women are more likely to develop OA than white women. […] OA, like many common chronic conditions, is likely influenced by many genetic loci, each with only a small effect. […] Post-traumatic arthritis makes up approximately 12% of all OA cases and can result from injuries sustained in automobile or military accidents, falls, or sports. […] Men and women who are obese have a 2.8-fold and 4.4-fold increase in developing knee OA, respectively.

• #14 Osteoarthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview

  Primary osteoarthritis is a common disorder of the elderly, and patients may present asymptomatic. Approximately 80-90% of individuals older than 65 years have evidence of radiographic primary osteoarthritis. […] Symptoms typically do not become noticeable until after the age of 50 years. The prevalence of the disease increases dramatically among persons older than 50 years, likely because of age-related alterations in collagen and proteoglycans that decrease the tensile strength of the joint cartilage and because of a diminished nutrient supply to the cartilage. […] In individuals older than 55 years, the prevalence of osteoarthritis is higher among women than among men. […] Women are especially susceptible to osteoarthritis in the DIP joints of the fingers. […] Women also have osteoarthritis of the knee joints more frequently than men do, with a female-to-male incidence ratio of 1.7:1.

• #15 Osteoarthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview

  Interethnic differences in the prevalence of osteoarthritis have been noted. […] The disorder is more prevalent in Native Americans than in the general population. […] In persons older than 65 years, osteoarthritis is more common in Whites than in Blacks. […] Knee osteoarthritis appears to be more common in Black women than in other groups.

• #16 Clinical Presentation of Osteoarthritis from Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center

  https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/osteoarthritis/oa-clinical-presentation/

  OA is the most common type of arthritis. Reported incidence and prevalence rates of OA in specific joints vary widely, due to differences in the case definition of OA. […] In demographic studies, age is the most consistently identified risk factor for OA, regardless of the joint being studied. Prevalence rates for both radiographic OA and, to a lesser extent, symptomatic OA rise steeply after age 50 in men and age 40 in women. […] Female gender is also a well-recognized risk factor for OA. Hand OA is particularly prevalent among women. […] Cohort studies have demonstrated a clear association of obesity with the development of radiographic knee OA in women and a weaker association with hip OA. […] Occupation-related repetitive injury and physical trauma contribute to the development of secondary (non-idiopathic) OA, sometimes occurring in joints that are not affected by primary (idiopathic) OA, such as the metacarpophalangeal joints, wrists and ankles. […] Twin studies have demonstrated an important role for genetics in the development of OA.

• #17 OA Pathogenesis and Risk Factors – Osteoarthritis Action Alliance

  https://oaaction.unc.edu/oa-module/oa-pathology-and-risk-factors/

  Certain occupations (e.g., construction, healthcare, farming, law enforcement, first responders, military) involving prolonged standing, squatting, lifting, kneeling, and repetitive motion with resultant excessive mechanical stress on a joint, raises the risk of OA and can worsen symptoms. […] Participating in short neuromuscular training exercise programs can reduce the risk for traumatic knee injury by up to 70%. […] Knees that are not mechanically aligned properly- resulting in either varus (bowlegged) or valgus (knock-kneed) alignments- can result in increased risk of knee OA. […] Weaker quadriceps strength can result in increased functional disability and pain in people with knee OA.

• #18 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of osteoarthritis in working-age individuals: insights from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91783-6

  Epidemiological data indicate that OA affects more than 300 million individuals worldwide, with disproportionately higher incidence and prevalence observed in middle-aged and elderly populations. […] Although extensive research has been conducted on vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly, epidemiological studies specifically targeting working-age individuals with OA remain limited. […] The findings aim to provide valuable insights for clinicians, epidemiologists, and health policymakers, facilitating the optimization of healthcare resource allocation and the development of more effective public health strategies. […] The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) indicated that the gap in incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of OA increased from 339.169 in 1990 to 584.079 in 2021 in working-age individuals between countries with the highest and lowest SDI.

• #19 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full

  Timely and comprehensive analyses of the current osteoarthritis disease burden and projections of future time trends can facilitate policy decisions. […] Therefore, this study analyzed the epidemiological trends in OA from 1990 to 2021, outlined the global, regional, and national burden of the disease, and quantified the disease-specific disease burden by factors such as sex, age, site of disease, and high BMI. […] Understanding the evolving landscape of OA epidemiology can better inform future interventions and initiatives to reduce the burden of joint disease. […] The projections also highlight the urgent need to prevent and manage OA globally. […] The global burden of OA significantly increased from 1990 to 2021. […] Females consistently demonstrated higher incident cases, prevalent cases, DALYs, and ASRs compared to males.

• #19 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full

  Osteoarthritis (OA) and has become a global public health problem. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the burden of OA across different geographic regions, ages, sexes, and types. […] The burden of OA was estimated at the global, SDI quintile, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021 through systematic analyses. […] Globally, there were 607 million people suffering from OA with 46.6 million new cases and 21.3 million DALYs in 2021. The age-standardized incidence, prevalence and DALYs rates increased to 535.00, 6967.29, and 244.50 per 100,000 population, with knee OA accounting for more than 56%. […] The age-standardized rates of OA were higher in females than in males. […] East Asia, South Asia, and Western Europe were the top three regions and China, India, and the United States were the top three countries with the highest burdens.

• #19 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full

  In addition, high body-mass index (BMI) resulted in 4.43 million DALYs with an increase of 205.10%. […] BAPC projections showed that the burden of OA will continue to rise over the next 30 years. […] As populations ageing and global obesity rates rise, the burden of total OA and OA due to high BMI will continue to increase. […] The development and implementation of effective prevention and treatment strategies is critical. […] The epidemiological patterns of OA have been the subject of extensive research in recent decades, with increasing attention directed towards comprehending its worldwide burden and implications for public health. […] The prevalence of overweight obesity has emerged as a significant public health concern on a global scale. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study indicated that high body-mass index (BMI) contributed to 20.4% (95% UI 1.7 to 36.6) of OA cases in 2020.

• #20 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of osteoarthritis in working-age individuals: insights from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91783-6

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease with an increasing global burden, particularly among the working-age population. This study aims to analyze the temporal trends in OA burden by age and sex globally from 1990 to 2021, focusing on incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates, and to predict future trends. […] The results revealed a consistent increase in the global OA burden over the study period. Between 1990 and 2021, the number of OA cases in the working-age population increased from 16,420,160 to 35,494,218, representing a growth rate of 116.16%. Over the same period, prevalence and DALYs rose by 123.11% and 125%, respectively. […] Projections based on the BAPC model suggest that by 2040, the incidence and prevalence of OA will continue to rise, with the number of cases expected to reach 38,800,395, particularly driven by notable increases among women.

• #21 Global burden of osteoarthritis in adults aged 30 to 44 years, 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-07442-w

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common orthopedic disorder, and its incidence has been increasing among young adults in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the global, regional, and national trends in OA burden and variation among individuals aged 30 to 44 from 1990 to 2019. […] In 2019, there were a total of 32,971,701 cases of OA among individuals aged 30 to 44 years worldwide, with an additional 7,794,008 new incident cases reported. OA of the knee was the primary contributor to both incidence and prevalence rates over the past three decades. […] OA remains a significant disease burden on individuals aged 30 to 44, with modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle and obesity representing key targets for future interventions aimed at reducing the impact of this condition on younger generations.

• #22 OA Prevalence and Burden – Osteoarthritis Action Alliance

  https://oaaction.unc.edu/oa-module/oa-prevalence-and-burden/

  Osteoarthritis is common and increasing in prevalence, resulting in enormous personal and societal costs. […] While there are estimated to be more than 100 types of arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting 32.5 million US adults. […] The high prevalence of arthritis manifests in enormous societal and personal costs. […] Osteoarthritis is common and increasing in prevalence, resulting in enormous personal and societal costs. […] The overall economic burden associated with OA in the US is estimated at $136.8 billion annually. […] This figure has more than doubled over the last decade. […] Arthritis is a serious disease resulting in enormous societal and personal costs. […] The overall economic burden of OA in the US is estimated at almost $140 billion annually.

• #23 Epidemiology and risk factors for osteoarthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-osteoarthritis

  Epidemiology and risk factors for osteoarthritis […] Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. Globally, OA represented 62 percent of all arthritic conditions in 2017 to 2018. OA often affects the hands, hips, knees, feet, and spine. Pain is typically the symptom of OA that leads people to present to health care providers and subsequently receive a diagnosis of OA. […] There is substantial morbidity associated with OA, including disability and reduced quality of life. OA is the leading cause of lower extremity disability in older adults, and hip and knee OA has accounted for 1.12 percent of all years lived with disability (YLD), an overall measure of disease burden. In Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies, OA is consistently ranked among the leading contributors to global YLDs.

• #24 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full-text

  The rankings of ASRs for the four types of OA were consistent with global trends. […] In 2021, there was a varying degree of increase in incident cases, prevalent cases, DALYs, and ASRs of OA across the 21 regions. […] East Asia, South Asia, and Western Europe were consistently identified as the top three regions with the greatest burden. […] The burden of OA was highest in East Asia, South Asia and Western Europe and lowest in the Caribbean and Oceania. […] The latest World Bank report states that the population of East Asia is already ageing faster than any other region in history. […] The higher ASRs in high-income country regions may be related to better healthcare and higher income perception in these regions, allowing more OA cases to be diagnosed and included in the statistics.

• #25 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full-text

  Osteoarthritis (OA) and has become a global public health problem. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the burden of OA across different geographic regions, ages, sexes, and types. […] The burden of OA was estimated at the global, SDI quintile, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021 through systematic analyses. […] Globally, there were 607 million people suffering from OA with 46.6 million new cases and 21.3 million DALYs in 2021. The age-standardized incidence, prevalence and DALYs rates increased to 535.00, 6967.29, and 244.50 per 100,000 population, with knee OA accounting for more than 56%. […] The age-standardized rates of OA were higher in females than in males. […] East Asia, South Asia, and Western Europe were the top three regions and China, India, and the United States were the top three countries with the highest burdens.

• #26 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full-text

  The DALYs of OA attributable to high BMI in 2021 was 4.43 million, accounting for 21% of the total DALYs globally. […] Moreover, the attributable DALYs to knee OA increased globally by 207.64%. […] In the next 30 years, the burden of disease in OA will continue to rise; it is essential to prioritize preventive measures and early interventions for osteoarthritis.

• #27 Epidemiology and risk factors for osteoarthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-osteoarthritis

  With the aging population and higher rates of obesity, this burden is expected to rise. The rapid increase in prevalence of OA will lead to a growing impact and major challenges for health care and public health systems. […] The epidemiology and risk factors for OA will be reviewed here. […] The incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) depend on the definition used, such as symptomatic, radiographic, self-reported, or doctor-diagnosed; it can be described pathologically, radiographically, or clinically. It should be noted that not everyone with radiographic OA is symptomatic. Due to the various definitions of OA that are used, the reported prevalence and incidence rates vary across studies. In general, prevalence estimates for symptomatic OA tend to be lower than radiographic OA as its presence is defined by a combination of symptoms such as pain and stiffness in addition to radiographic features.

• #28 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full-text

  Timely and comprehensive analyses of the current osteoarthritis disease burden and projections of future time trends can facilitate policy decisions. […] Therefore, this study analyzed the epidemiological trends in OA from 1990 to 2021, outlined the global, regional, and national burden of the disease, and quantified the disease-specific disease burden by factors such as sex, age, site of disease, and high BMI. […] Understanding the evolving landscape of OA epidemiology can better inform future interventions and initiatives to reduce the burden of joint disease. […] The projections also highlight the urgent need to prevent and manage OA globally. […] The global burden of OA significantly increased from 1990 to 2021. […] Females consistently demonstrated higher incident cases, prevalent cases, DALYs, and ASRs compared to males.

• #29 Osteoarthritis in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis.html

  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and a significant cause of disability worldwide. With a growing and aging Canadian population, its prevalence and burden of disability are predicted to increase. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), in collaboration with all Canadian provinces and territories, conducts national surveillance of osteoarthritis to support public health action. This fact sheet presents an overview of diagnosed osteoarthritis data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS). […] Approximately 3.9 million (13.6%) Canadians aged 20 years and older live with diagnosed osteoarthritis and 219,000 (8.7 per 1,000 persons per year) were newly diagnosed in 20162017. The prevalence and incidence of diagnosed osteoarthritis generally increase with age and are higher among females (16.1% and 10.0 per 1,000 persons per year, respectively) compared to males (11.1% and 7.5 per 1,000 persons per year, respectively).

• #30 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full-text

  In addition, high body-mass index (BMI) resulted in 4.43 million DALYs with an increase of 205.10%. […] BAPC projections showed that the burden of OA will continue to rise over the next 30 years. […] As populations ageing and global obesity rates rise, the burden of total OA and OA due to high BMI will continue to increase. […] The development and implementation of effective prevention and treatment strategies is critical. […] The epidemiological patterns of OA have been the subject of extensive research in recent decades, with increasing attention directed towards comprehending its worldwide burden and implications for public health. […] The prevalence of overweight obesity has emerged as a significant public health concern on a global scale. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study indicated that high body-mass index (BMI) contributed to 20.4% (95% UI 1.7 to 36.6) of OA cases in 2020.

• #31 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full-text

  The burden pattern was consistent across all age groups. […] The highest burden associated with OA was observed in knee OA in both 1990 and 2021, while the most substantial increase occurred in hand OA. […] The incident cases, prevalent cases, DALYs, and incidence rate exhibited a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease with advancing age. […] In contrast, the rates of prevalence and DALYs demonstrated a consistent upward trend with age. […] In 2021, knee OA represented the largest proportion globally, with ASRs exceeding 56%, followed by hand OA with ASRs greater than 22%. […] There was an increase in incident cases, prevalent cases, and DALYs of OA across SDI quintiles in 2021, with the most significant rise in the middle SDI quintile. […] The middle SDI quintile exhibited the highest burden in 2021, while the high SDI quintile had the highest ASRs, followed by the high-middle, middle, low-middle, and low SDI quintiles.

• #32 Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, with a projection from 2021 to 2050 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.24309697v1.full

  The burden pattern was consistent across all age groups. […] The highest burden associated with OA was observed in knee OA in both 1990 and 2021, while the most substantial increase occurred in hand OA. […] The incident cases, prevalent cases, DALYs, and incidence rate exhibited a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease with advancing age. […] In contrast, the rates of prevalence and DALYs demonstrated a consistent upward trend with age. […] The burden of OA was significantly higher in females than in males. […] Studies have shown that oestrogen plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of joint tissues, as well as the joints themselves, and therefore, gender variability in OA is thought to be related to oestrogen-related receptor effects and reduced oestrogen levels.

• #33 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of osteoarthritis in working-age individuals: insights from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91783-6

  This trend suggests that the disparity in OA-related health burden between high- and low-SDI countries is continuously expanding. […] The OA burden has been increasing, with notable increases in incidence and prevalence among working-age individuals, particularly older adults and women. […] This trend is largely driven by demographic changes, including population growth and aging, which may further escalate OA cases in the future.

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