Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. This accounts for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually and is a huge global economic burden. […] CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.

• #2 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review | Atlantis Press

  https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jegh/125950929

  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. This accounts for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually and is a huge global economic burden. […] To review epidemiological data of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome in low, middle and high income countries. […] Review of the results of studies reveals the absolute global and regional trends of the CAD and the importance and contribution of CAD for global health. Data demonstrates which region or countries have the highest and lowest age-standardized DALY rates and what factors might explain these patterns. Results also show differences among the determinants of CAD, government policies, clinical practice and public health measures across the various regions of world.

• #3 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life. Males are affected more often than females. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States. […] After analysing data from 2,111,882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09-5.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #4 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life. Males are affected more often than females. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States. […] After analysing data from 2,111,882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09-5.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #5 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the most common manifestation of CVD with 3.6 million new cases and 34.9 million people living with IHD. CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. IHD and cerebrovascular disease are the most common causes of cardiovascular death and IHD accounts for 1.67 million deaths corresponding to 17% and 18% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. […] The age-adjusted CVD incidence has declined rapidly in almost all Western European countries with up to 30-50% reduction in the last 10-15 years in some countries.

• #6 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the most common manifestation of CVD with 3.6 million new cases and 34.9 million people living with IHD. CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. IHD and cerebrovascular disease are the most common causes of cardiovascular death and IHD accounts for 1.67 million deaths corresponding to 17% and 18% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. […] The age-adjusted CVD incidence has declined rapidly in almost all Western European countries with up to 30-50% reduction in the last 10-15 years in some countries.

• #7 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  The present narrative review of the epidemiology of CHD discusses data on the trends in the prevalence (number of existing cases in a population) and incidence (number of new cases during a specific time) of CHD, with both values used as epidemiological measures of the impact of a disease on a population. […] Most information on coronary morbidity and mortality is drawn from data provided by national surveys and observational cohort studies. […] Estimation of the true prevalence of CHD in the population is complex. […] This estimation is often performed via population surveys. […] In particular, the survey estimated that about 15.4 million persons older than 20 years in the United States have ischemic heart disease. […] This figure corresponds to an overall prevalence of CHD among those older than 20 years of 6.4% (7.9% in men and 5.1% in women).

• #8 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #9 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  In 2012-2013, about 2.4 million (or 1 in 12) Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with ischemic heart disease, including 578,000 with a history of an acute myocardial infarction. Another 669,600 (3.6%) Canadians adults aged 40 years and older were living with heart failure. […] Heart disease outcomes are improving over time. From 2000-2001 to 2012-2013, age-standardized ischemic heart disease and heart failure incidence and all-cause mortality rates declined, while the prevalence of both conditions remained relatively stable. […] Rates of death from any cause are higher among those with heart disease than those without. Canadian adults with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were three times more likely to die of any cause compared to those without the disease in a given year.

• #10 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  Heart disease differs by sex. Heart disease appears about 10 years later in women than in men. […] The age-standardized prevalence of diagnosed IHD, among individuals aged 20 years and older, increased from 7.1% to 8.1% between 2000-2001 and 2004-2005 and then stabilizes. […] The number of people living with IHD continues to increase over time, from about 1.5 million in 2000-2001 to 2.4 million in 2012-2013, including about 578,000 with a history of AMI in 2012-2013. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of IHD decreased from 12.3 per 1,000 in 2000-2001 to 6.8 per 1,000 in 2012-2013. […] The age-standardized all-cause mortality rate among people living with IHD and those with a history of AMI decreased substantially between 2000-2001 and 2012-2013. […] The findings included in this report provide an overview of heart disease profiles and trends in Canada. Advancements in the prevention and management of heart disease are reflected by the declining incidence and all-cause mortality rates between 2000-2001 and 2012-2013. Heart disease death rates have declined rapidly over the last few decades. […] The absolute number of Canadians living with these conditions is increasing over time, likely due to the aging of the population, population growth as well as improved survival of those affected.

• #11 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2023 Update – Professional Heart Daily | American Heart Association

  https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/heart-disease-and-stroke-statistics-2023-update

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains as the leading cause of death in the United States, accounted for 928,741 deaths in the year 2020. […] In 2020 in the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) was the leading cause (41.2%) of deaths attributable to CVD in the United States, followed by stroke (17.3%), other CVD (16.8%), high blood pressure (12.9%), heart failure (9.2%), diseases of the arteries (2.6%).

• #12 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the most common manifestation of CVD with 3.6 million new cases and 34.9 million people living with IHD. CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. IHD and cerebrovascular disease are the most common causes of cardiovascular death and IHD accounts for 1.67 million deaths corresponding to 17% and 18% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. […] The age-adjusted CVD incidence has declined rapidly in almost all Western European countries with up to 30-50% reduction in the last 10-15 years in some countries.

• #13 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #14 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  About 25,000 people under the age of 75 in the UK die from CHD each year. […] CHD death rates are highest in Scotland and the north of England. […] In the UK as many as 100,000 hospital admissions each year are due to myocardial infarctions. […] Although mortality from CHD is falling, morbidity appears to be rising. […] Despite the decline in death rates from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the UK, rates are still relatively high compared to other Western European countries.

• #15 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #16 Epidemiology and Demographics of Coronary Artery Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-05520-1_1

  The study of epidemiology is vital in identifying the connections which exist between lifestyle, environment, and disease, thus providing knowledge of the factors, distribution, and pathology of disease. As the leading cause of death in the United States since 1900, save 1918, cardiovascular disease, and specifically coronary heart disease, continue to overwhelm mortality and morbidity statistics. In the United States, one in four deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease, and it is the leading cause of death in both males and females. Additionally, coronary heart disease kills approximately 10 times more females than breast cancer. The estimated direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease is $220 billion. Cardiovascular disease is also the leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary heart disease accounts for almost half of the deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease and kills over 18 million Americans per year (that is almost equivalent to the population of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston combined). Although the absolute number of deaths due to coronary heart disease has increased, the age standardized death rate has decreased. Coronary heart disease is a condition that is multifaceted, influenced by social status, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and diet are modifiable risk factors, whereas genetics, age, race, and sex are nonmodifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Public education must continue to dominate efforts to reduce the major modifiable risk factors. As we continue to monitor the distribution of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in populations, epidemiology will provide us with more knowledge to thwart such a devastating disease worldwide.

• #17 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. This accounts for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually and is a huge global economic burden. […] CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.

• #18 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review | Atlantis Press

  https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jegh/125950929

  CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.

• #19 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  In Spain, a recent methodical analysis of previously published records and official population statistics estimated the following expected distribution of ACS in 2013: 38.2% STEACS, 55.8% NSTEACS, and 6% unclassified ACS. […] The mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in general and from ischemic heart disease in particular, in men and women as well as in blacks and whites, have fallen between 24% and 50% in developed countries since 1975, although the decrease has been slower since 1990. […] In the United States, the overall reductions in mortality from ischemic heart disease from the 1970s has been 63% in men and 60% in women. […] In the European Union, mortality from ischemic heart disease has decreased by 32% in men and by 30% in women. […] Although the incidence of CHD continues to decrease in developed countries, immigration and progressive population aging suggest that the absolute number of coronary events and, consequently, the prevalence of CHD will not decrease and may even increase in the near future.

• #20 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  In Spain, a recent methodical analysis of previously published records and official population statistics estimated the following expected distribution of ACS in 2013: 38.2% STEACS, 55.8% NSTEACS, and 6% unclassified ACS. […] The mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in general and from ischemic heart disease in particular, in men and women as well as in blacks and whites, have fallen between 24% and 50% in developed countries since 1975, although the decrease has been slower since 1990. […] In the United States, the overall reductions in mortality from ischemic heart disease from the 1970s has been 63% in men and 60% in women. […] In the European Union, mortality from ischemic heart disease has decreased by 32% in men and by 30% in women. […] Although the incidence of CHD continues to decrease in developed countries, immigration and progressive population aging suggest that the absolute number of coronary events and, consequently, the prevalence of CHD will not decrease and may even increase in the near future.

• #21 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  In Spain, a recent methodical analysis of previously published records and official population statistics estimated the following expected distribution of ACS in 2013: 38.2% STEACS, 55.8% NSTEACS, and 6% unclassified ACS. […] The mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in general and from ischemic heart disease in particular, in men and women as well as in blacks and whites, have fallen between 24% and 50% in developed countries since 1975, although the decrease has been slower since 1990. […] In the United States, the overall reductions in mortality from ischemic heart disease from the 1970s has been 63% in men and 60% in women. […] In the European Union, mortality from ischemic heart disease has decreased by 32% in men and by 30% in women. […] Although the incidence of CHD continues to decrease in developed countries, immigration and progressive population aging suggest that the absolute number of coronary events and, consequently, the prevalence of CHD will not decrease and may even increase in the near future.

• #22 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  The purpose of this study was to review epidemiological data of CAD and ACS in low, middle and high income countries. This will help in making strategies for primary and secondary prevention of CAD and ACS according to the risk factors present and to availability of resources within the region. […] Even though CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries it is the top cause of death in countries of all income groups. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. As a significant number of countries have not provided data, the provision of exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. […] The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries, but due to immigration and progressive population aging the absolute number of coronary events and as a consequence of the prevalence of CAD will not reduce but it may even go up in near the future. Developing countries display considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic impact on the progressive rise in the incidence of CAD in these countries. […] All countries should make an effort to provide correct epidemiological data and to conduct studies and research on CAD risk factors, prevention and new treatment windows regionally as well as globally which will help in making future strategies.

• #23 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. This accounts for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually and is a huge global economic burden. […] CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.

• #24 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review | Atlantis Press

  https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jegh/125950929

  CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.

• #25 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  The incidence rate, defined as the number of new cases of a disease in a specific population and time period, is usually estimated via cohort studies, specific registries, or official statistics, such as discharge record data. […] In general, the incidence of CHD has decreased in recent decades in the United States by between 114 and 133 cases for every 100,000 person-years of follow-up. […] This temporal trend also largely applies to other developed countries but not to developing countries. […] The most marked increases in the incidence of coronary events in the world have been in the Middle East, Latin America, and, to a lesser extent, the Far East. […] Although most studies have shown a downward trend in the incidence of myocardial infarction in the United States since the 1970s, some studies have shown contradictory results, above all those that cover the period after 2000.

• #26 Coronary heart disease | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/chronic-diseases/coronary-heart-disease

  Death rates from CHD are highest in Scotland and Northern England. The premature death rate for men living in Scotland is 67% higher than in the South West of England and 84% higher for women. […] Significant socio-economic differences in the mortality for CHD are evident. The premature deaths rate from CHD at the end of the 1980s for male manual workers was 58% higher than for male non-manual workers, while the premature death rate from CHD for female manual workers was more than twice as high. […] The highest deaths rates for CHD in the UK have been observed among South Asians (Indians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Sri Lankans).

• #27 Coronary heart disease | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/chronic-diseases/coronary-heart-disease

  Death rates from CHD are highest in Scotland and Northern England. The premature death rate for men living in Scotland is 67% higher than in the South West of England and 84% higher for women. […] Significant socio-economic differences in the mortality for CHD are evident. The premature deaths rate from CHD at the end of the 1980s for male manual workers was 58% higher than for male non-manual workers, while the premature death rate from CHD for female manual workers was more than twice as high. […] The highest deaths rates for CHD in the UK have been observed among South Asians (Indians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Sri Lankans).

• #28 Coronary heart disease | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/chronic-diseases/coronary-heart-disease

  Death rates from CHD are highest in Scotland and Northern England. The premature death rate for men living in Scotland is 67% higher than in the South West of England and 84% higher for women. […] Significant socio-economic differences in the mortality for CHD are evident. The premature deaths rate from CHD at the end of the 1980s for male manual workers was 58% higher than for male non-manual workers, while the premature death rate from CHD for female manual workers was more than twice as high. […] The highest deaths rates for CHD in the UK have been observed among South Asians (Indians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Sri Lankans).

• #29 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  An estimated 16.3 million Americans aged 20 and older have CHD, a prevalence of 7 percent. […] The prevalence for men is 8.3 percent and for women is 6.1 percent. […] Non-Hispanic white men have the highest prevalence of CHD at 8.5 percent, followed by non-Hispanic black men at 7.9 percent and Mexican American men at 6.3 percent. […] For women, non-Hispanic black women have the highest rate of CHD at 7.6 percent, followed by non-Hispanic white women at 5.8 percent and Mexican American women at 5.6 percent. […] Data from the Strong Heart Study, funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), found that the incidence of CHD in American Indians between the ages of 45 and 74 was 17.9 per 1,000 person-years: 23.2 per 1,000 person-years in men and 14.8 in women. […] Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007.

• #30 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life. Males are affected more often than females. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States. […] After analysing data from 2,111,882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09-5.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #31 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life. Males are affected more often than females. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States. […] After analysing data from 2,111,882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09-5.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #32 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Heart Disease in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-heart-disease-Canada-2018.html

  Heart disease differs by sex. Heart disease appears about 10 years later in women than in men. […] The age-standardized prevalence of diagnosed IHD, among individuals aged 20 years and older, increased from 7.1% to 8.1% between 2000-2001 and 2004-2005 and then stabilizes. […] The number of people living with IHD continues to increase over time, from about 1.5 million in 2000-2001 to 2.4 million in 2012-2013, including about 578,000 with a history of AMI in 2012-2013. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of IHD decreased from 12.3 per 1,000 in 2000-2001 to 6.8 per 1,000 in 2012-2013. […] The age-standardized all-cause mortality rate among people living with IHD and those with a history of AMI decreased substantially between 2000-2001 and 2012-2013. […] The findings included in this report provide an overview of heart disease profiles and trends in Canada. Advancements in the prevention and management of heart disease are reflected by the declining incidence and all-cause mortality rates between 2000-2001 and 2012-2013. Heart disease death rates have declined rapidly over the last few decades. […] The absolute number of Canadians living with these conditions is increasing over time, likely due to the aging of the population, population growth as well as improved survival of those affected.

• #33 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life. Males are affected more often than females. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States. […] After analysing data from 2,111,882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09-5.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #34 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease. It killed 371,506 people in 2022. About 1 in 20 adults age 20 and older have CAD (about 5%). […] In 2022, about 1 out of every 5 deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) was among adults younger than 65 years old.

• #35 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. […] Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] The overall mortality rate (per 100,000) due to cardiovascular diseases was 251.2 in 2007; the rate for men was 300.3, and for women it was 211.6. […] More than 150,000 American deaths from cardiovascular disease in 2007 were persons under age 65; approximately one-third of cardiovascular deaths occurred before the age of 75. […] From 1997 to 2007, death rates from cardiovascular diseases declined 27.8 percent. […] Black individuals continue to experience substantially higher mortality rates than do other racial/ethnic groups. […] As the leading cause of death in America, CHD was responsible for 406,351 deaths, or one of every six, in 2007.

• #36 Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671770/

  Although the mortality of coronary artery disease (CAD) has declined over recent decades, CAD remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and presents a significant economic burden. Epidemiologic studies have identified numerous risk factors for CAD. Some risk factors-including smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity-are decreasing within the US population while Others, including advanced age, diabetes, and obesity are increasing. The most significant historic advances in CAD therapy were the development of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and lipid-lowering medications. Contemporary management of CAD includes primary and secondary prevention via medical management and revascularization when appropriate based on best available evidence. Despite the increasing prevalence of CAD nationwide, there has been a steady decline in the number of CABGs and PCIs performed in the US for the past decade. Patients with CABG are becoming older and with more comorbid conditions, although mortality associated with CABG has remained steady.

• #37 Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease

  https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/1233/

  Although the mortality of coronary artery disease (CAD) has declined over recent decades, CAD remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and presents a significant economic burden. Epidemiologic studies have identified numerous risk factors for CAD. Some risk factors-including smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity-are decreasing within the US population while Others, including advanced age, diabetes, and obesity are increasing. Despite the increasing prevalence of CAD nationwide, there has been a steady decline in the number of CABGs and PCIs performed in the US for the past decade.

• #38 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke. […] Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to several conditions resulting from plaque building up in arteries, including coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke. Heart disease and stroke were the first- and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States in 2022, respectively. […] Risk factors for CVDs include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and family history of heart disease or stroke. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease for the 2019-2020 fiscal year totaled approximately $422.3 billion.

• #39 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Approximately 1 of every 18 deaths in the United States in 2007 was caused by stroke, resulting in 135,952 lives lost. […] Hypertension claimed 57,732 lives in 2007. […] The overall death rate due to hypertension in 2007 was 17.8 per 100,000. […] Hypertension reduces life expectancy by 5.1 years for men and 4.9 years for women when compared with individuals of the same sex at age 50 who have normal blood pressure. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. […] Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial; some risk factors are modifiable, and some (age, heredity, and male sex) cannot be modified. […] Among the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease is a diet that is high in saturated fat and sodium.

• #40 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  These wide differences arise from differences in risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and air pollution as well as lower healthcare access and investment to screen and treat cardiovascular diseases, which can require long-term management. […] Different types of risk factors increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the number one risk factor. Its estimated that it causes almost 10 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases annually.

• #41 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Cigarette smoking resulted in an estimated 443,000 premature deaths between 2000 and 2004; 32.7 percent of these deaths were related to cardiovascular disease in adults over age 35. […] The prevalence of hypertension increased among blacks and whites in the United States between 1999 and 2002, rising from 35.8 to 41.4 percent among blacks and from 24.3 to 28.1 percent among whites. […] The aim is to effectively reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors and their determinants; develop cost-effective and equitable healthcare innovations for cardiovascular disease management; and monitor trends of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. […] The recommendations presented in A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases focus on data collection, resource allocation, monitoring activities, and implementation.

• #42 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Approximately 1 of every 18 deaths in the United States in 2007 was caused by stroke, resulting in 135,952 lives lost. […] Hypertension claimed 57,732 lives in 2007. […] The overall death rate due to hypertension in 2007 was 17.8 per 100,000. […] Hypertension reduces life expectancy by 5.1 years for men and 4.9 years for women when compared with individuals of the same sex at age 50 who have normal blood pressure. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. […] Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial; some risk factors are modifiable, and some (age, heredity, and male sex) cannot be modified. […] Among the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease is a diet that is high in saturated fat and sodium.

• #43 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke. […] Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to several conditions resulting from plaque building up in arteries, including coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke. Heart disease and stroke were the first- and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States in 2022, respectively. […] Risk factors for CVDs include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and family history of heart disease or stroke. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease for the 2019-2020 fiscal year totaled approximately $422.3 billion.

• #44 Coronary artery disease incidence, risk factors, awareness, and medication utilization in a 10-year cohort study | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-024-03769-3

  There is a substantial disparity in coronary artery disease (CAD) burden between Iran and other nations that place a strong emphasis on the assessment of CAD risk factors and individuals awareness and ability to control them. […] After a follow-up period of nearly 10 years, 225 CAD events were reported, constituting 14.5% of the overall incidence. […] Compared to previous studies in Iran and neighboring countries, the current study found a higher incidence of CAD, more prevalent risk factors, and a lower awareness and ability to control these risk factors. Thus, an effective preventive strategy is needed to reduce the CAD burden in Iran. […] GBD reports that Iran had 593,000 new CAD cases in 2019, accounting for 26.2% of all deaths and 10.3% of DALYs, higher than the global average. […] A national study conducted based on STEPwise approach to non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) in Iran in 2021, revealed the following prevalence rates of CAD risk factors: 51.3% of the population had low physical activity, 19.4% were smokers, 32% had hypertension, 63% had BMIs over 25, and 17.5% had diabetes.

• #45 Epidemiology of coronary artery disease and stroke and associated risk factors in Gaza community –Palestine | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211131

  Epidemiology of coronary artery disease and stroke and associated risk factors in Gaza community Palestine […] To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors in the population of Gaza strip in Palestine. […] The most common condition was coronary artery disease (8.3%), followed by stroke events (3%). The associated risk factors were obesity (47.8%), hypertension (28.4%), current smoking account for (23.2%), diabetes mellitus (19.1%), high cholesterol level (8.8%), and high triglycerides level (40.2%). Additionally, the proportion of being physical active was found to be low (48.3%); particularly with increasing age. More than 30% of the population has less than 4 days of consumption of fruit and vegetables per week and 65.9% has less than 2 servings per day.

• #46 Epidemiology and Demographics of Coronary Artery Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-05520-1_1

  The study of epidemiology is vital in identifying the connections which exist between lifestyle, environment, and disease, thus providing knowledge of the factors, distribution, and pathology of disease. As the leading cause of death in the United States since 1900, save 1918, cardiovascular disease, and specifically coronary heart disease, continue to overwhelm mortality and morbidity statistics. In the United States, one in four deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease, and it is the leading cause of death in both males and females. Additionally, coronary heart disease kills approximately 10 times more females than breast cancer. The estimated direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease is $220 billion. Cardiovascular disease is also the leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary heart disease accounts for almost half of the deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease and kills over 18 million Americans per year (that is almost equivalent to the population of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston combined). Although the absolute number of deaths due to coronary heart disease has increased, the age standardized death rate has decreased. Coronary heart disease is a condition that is multifaceted, influenced by social status, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and diet are modifiable risk factors, whereas genetics, age, race, and sex are nonmodifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Public education must continue to dominate efforts to reduce the major modifiable risk factors. As we continue to monitor the distribution of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in populations, epidemiology will provide us with more knowledge to thwart such a devastating disease worldwide.

• #47 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. […] Men traditionally have a higher prevalence of CAD. Women, however, follow men by 10 years, especially after menopause. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for the development of CAD. Most cases of CAD become clinically apparent in patients aged 40 years or older, but elderly persons experience higher mortality and morbidity rates from it. Approximately 82% of people who die of CAD are 65 years or older.

• #48 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. […] Men traditionally have a higher prevalence of CAD. Women, however, follow men by 10 years, especially after menopause. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for the development of CAD. Most cases of CAD become clinically apparent in patients aged 40 years or older, but elderly persons experience higher mortality and morbidity rates from it. Approximately 82% of people who die of CAD are 65 years or older.

• #49 Epidemiology and Demographics of Coronary Artery Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-05520-1_1

  The study of epidemiology is vital in identifying the connections which exist between lifestyle, environment, and disease, thus providing knowledge of the factors, distribution, and pathology of disease. As the leading cause of death in the United States since 1900, save 1918, cardiovascular disease, and specifically coronary heart disease, continue to overwhelm mortality and morbidity statistics. In the United States, one in four deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease, and it is the leading cause of death in both males and females. Additionally, coronary heart disease kills approximately 10 times more females than breast cancer. The estimated direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease is $220 billion. Cardiovascular disease is also the leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary heart disease accounts for almost half of the deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease and kills over 18 million Americans per year (that is almost equivalent to the population of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston combined). Although the absolute number of deaths due to coronary heart disease has increased, the age standardized death rate has decreased. Coronary heart disease is a condition that is multifaceted, influenced by social status, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and diet are modifiable risk factors, whereas genetics, age, race, and sex are nonmodifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Public education must continue to dominate efforts to reduce the major modifiable risk factors. As we continue to monitor the distribution of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in populations, epidemiology will provide us with more knowledge to thwart such a devastating disease worldwide.

• #50 Epidemiology of coronary artery disease and stroke and associated risk factors in Gaza community –Palestine | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211131

  The aim of this study is to document the prevalence of CVDs (i.e. CAD, Stroke) and associated risk factors in Gazan community. […] Our study is the first to report the prevalence of CVDs among Gazans in Palestine. Previous surveys were hospital based or on United Nation Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA) report. The prevalence of CVDs nears 10% of the population above the age of 25 years in this area. […] Overall 218 subjects (9.7%) of participants had CVD 11.5% in males and 8.0% in females. CAD was present in 185 persons 8.3% (95% CI, 7.14%-9.46%), males reported a higher prevalence (10.1%) than females (6.4%). Among the 2240 participants we found only 67 cases which reported a history of stroke 3% (95%CI, 2.28%-3.72%) with no difference in gender (3.5% vs. 2.5%). […] After adjustment by age and gender, the most important risk factors associated with CVD were HTN, and DM, p value 0. 001. Hypertension was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of CVD and diabetes mellitus a 2.5-fold.

• #51 Coronary artery disease incidence, risk factors, awareness, and medication utilization in a 10-year cohort study | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-024-03769-3

  The incidence of CAD in second phase was 14.5%. […] Awareness of the CAD risk factors, especially dyslipidemia and HTN, and compliance with medications consumption were low. […] Hypertension emerged as the primary modifiable risk factor for CAD, contributing to 71.6% of the incidence of CAD. […] Our analysis further revealed a significant association between HTN and CAD in both sexes.

• #52 Epidemiology and Demographics of Coronary Artery Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-05520-1_1

  The study of epidemiology is vital in identifying the connections which exist between lifestyle, environment, and disease, thus providing knowledge of the factors, distribution, and pathology of disease. As the leading cause of death in the United States since 1900, save 1918, cardiovascular disease, and specifically coronary heart disease, continue to overwhelm mortality and morbidity statistics. In the United States, one in four deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease, and it is the leading cause of death in both males and females. Additionally, coronary heart disease kills approximately 10 times more females than breast cancer. The estimated direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease is $220 billion. Cardiovascular disease is also the leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary heart disease accounts for almost half of the deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease and kills over 18 million Americans per year (that is almost equivalent to the population of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston combined). Although the absolute number of deaths due to coronary heart disease has increased, the age standardized death rate has decreased. Coronary heart disease is a condition that is multifaceted, influenced by social status, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and diet are modifiable risk factors, whereas genetics, age, race, and sex are nonmodifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Public education must continue to dominate efforts to reduce the major modifiable risk factors. As we continue to monitor the distribution of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in populations, epidemiology will provide us with more knowledge to thwart such a devastating disease worldwide.

• #53 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The frequency of coronary heart disease in the Far East is significantly lower than that documented in the West. Ill-defined genetic reasons for this phenomenon may exist, but significant interest surrounds the role of diet and other environmental factors in the absence of clinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in these populations. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is also rare on the African continent, although growing evidence indicates that this too is changing, as a result of rapid westernization and urbanization of the traditionally rural and agrarian African populations. The prevalence of coronary heart disease is also increasing in the Middle East, India, and Central and South America. […] The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy.

• #54 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  African Americans appear to have higher morbidity and mortality rates of CAD, even when the statistics are corrected for educational and socioeconomic status. The risk-factor burden experienced by African Americans differs from that of Caucasian Americans. […] Men traditionally have a higher prevalence of CAD. Women, however, follow men by 10 years, especially after menopause. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for the development of CAD. Most cases of CAD become clinically apparent in patients aged 40 years or older, but elderly persons experience higher mortality and morbidity rates from it. Approximately 82% of people who die of CAD are 65 years or older.

• #55 Frontiers | Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults: Epidemiology, Clinical Insights and Management

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/67666/coronary-artery-disease-in-young-adults-epidemiology-clinical-insights-and-managementundefined

  Early onset coronary artery disease (CAD) in individuals under 45 years old presents unique challenges, with prevalence rates of 1-2% generally, and as high as 5-10% among South Asian populations. […] Previous prospective long-term registries of young CAD patients in developed countries have shown it be a chronic aggressive disease with higher recurrent major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rates and worse long-term outcomes. […] This Research topic will focus only on early onset CAD in patients less than 45 years and study its epidemiology (CV risk factors, genetic and environmental factors), prevention (primary as well as secondary), clinical presentation (both chronic and acute coronary syndrome, ischemia related heart failure), management (non-invasive assessment including CT coronary angiogram, novel biomarkers, medical therapy, revascularisation strategies, intraprocedural coronary imaging characteristics) and subsequent clinical outcomes.

• #56 Frontiers | Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults: Epidemiology, Clinical Insights and Management

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/67666/coronary-artery-disease-in-young-adults-epidemiology-clinical-insights-and-managementundefined

  Early onset coronary artery disease (CAD) in individuals under 45 years old presents unique challenges, with prevalence rates of 1-2% generally, and as high as 5-10% among South Asian populations. […] Previous prospective long-term registries of young CAD patients in developed countries have shown it be a chronic aggressive disease with higher recurrent major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rates and worse long-term outcomes. […] This Research topic will focus only on early onset CAD in patients less than 45 years and study its epidemiology (CV risk factors, genetic and environmental factors), prevention (primary as well as secondary), clinical presentation (both chronic and acute coronary syndrome, ischemia related heart failure), management (non-invasive assessment including CT coronary angiogram, novel biomarkers, medical therapy, revascularisation strategies, intraprocedural coronary imaging characteristics) and subsequent clinical outcomes.

• #57 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult—Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2056

  Epidemiological, clinical, and morphological studies have shown that the atherosclerotic process begins in the womb by increasing carotid intima-media thickness in fetuses and infants, which significantly boosts the prevalence and progression of the atherosclerotic process in children and adolescents. The increase in the thickness of the carotid intima represents the initial stage of atherogenesis and the base under which the accumulation of lipids with the formation of atherosclerotic plaque is possible. […] The first evidence of the early origin of atherosclerosis was in an autopsy study performed on American soldiers killed in action in Korea, in which 300 autopsies were performed. The average age was 22.1 years; the youngest recorded age was 18 and the oldest 48. Over 70% of them had evidence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. In a study conducted in post-World War I Eastern Europe, extended aortic fatty streaks were present in children. Another study demonstrated a very high incidence of “foam cells” in the intima of arterial walls in adolescents. In a study conducted on American children killed in motor accidents, over 50% of them had evidence of early atherosclerosis. A study in Japan (on individuals aged 1 month to 39 years) discovered the presence of “fatty streaks” in 29% of aortas in infants under 1 year old and in 3.1% of coronary arteries in children from 1 to 9 years old. There is overwhelming evidence that primary atherosclerosis prophylaxis measures should include children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies in the United States of America reported aortic fatty streaks in most children over the age of 3.

• #58 Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult—Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/10/2056

  Epidemiological, clinical, and morphological studies have shown that the atherosclerotic process begins in the womb by increasing carotid intima-media thickness in fetuses and infants, which significantly boosts the prevalence and progression of the atherosclerotic process in children and adolescents. The increase in the thickness of the carotid intima represents the initial stage of atherogenesis and the base under which the accumulation of lipids with the formation of atherosclerotic plaque is possible. […] The first evidence of the early origin of atherosclerosis was in an autopsy study performed on American soldiers killed in action in Korea, in which 300 autopsies were performed. The average age was 22.1 years; the youngest recorded age was 18 and the oldest 48. Over 70% of them had evidence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. In a study conducted in post-World War I Eastern Europe, extended aortic fatty streaks were present in children. Another study demonstrated a very high incidence of “foam cells” in the intima of arterial walls in adolescents. In a study conducted on American children killed in motor accidents, over 50% of them had evidence of early atherosclerosis. A study in Japan (on individuals aged 1 month to 39 years) discovered the presence of “fatty streaks” in 29% of aortas in infants under 1 year old and in 3.1% of coronary arteries in children from 1 to 9 years old. There is overwhelming evidence that primary atherosclerosis prophylaxis measures should include children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies in the United States of America reported aortic fatty streaks in most children over the age of 3.

• #59 Silent coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review on epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical studies

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/100129

  Silent coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the manifestations of heart disease that particularly affects subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). […] In the present narrative review, several aspects of silent CAD are considered: the epidemiology of the disease, the associated risk factors, and main studies conducted, in the last 20 years, especially aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the screening of silent CAD, to improve cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. […] Cardiovascular disease, and particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. […] Indeed, a dramatic reduction of CAD prevalence and incidence has been observed among the diabetic population, in the last 20 years, but in this promising scenario, a peculiar manifestation of CAD stands out, a potential life-threatening disease for the patients, that is asymptomatic ischemic heart disease.

• #60 Epidemiology of coronary artery disease and stroke and associated risk factors in Gaza community –Palestine | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211131

  The aim of this study is to document the prevalence of CVDs (i.e. CAD, Stroke) and associated risk factors in Gazan community. […] Our study is the first to report the prevalence of CVDs among Gazans in Palestine. Previous surveys were hospital based or on United Nation Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA) report. The prevalence of CVDs nears 10% of the population above the age of 25 years in this area. […] Overall 218 subjects (9.7%) of participants had CVD 11.5% in males and 8.0% in females. CAD was present in 185 persons 8.3% (95% CI, 7.14%-9.46%), males reported a higher prevalence (10.1%) than females (6.4%). Among the 2240 participants we found only 67 cases which reported a history of stroke 3% (95%CI, 2.28%-3.72%) with no difference in gender (3.5% vs. 2.5%). […] After adjustment by age and gender, the most important risk factors associated with CVD were HTN, and DM, p value 0. 001. Hypertension was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of CVD and diabetes mellitus a 2.5-fold.

• #61 Silent coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review on epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical studies

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/100129

  Silent coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the manifestations of heart disease that particularly affects subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). […] In the present narrative review, several aspects of silent CAD are considered: the epidemiology of the disease, the associated risk factors, and main studies conducted, in the last 20 years, especially aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the screening of silent CAD, to improve cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. […] Cardiovascular disease, and particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. […] Indeed, a dramatic reduction of CAD prevalence and incidence has been observed among the diabetic population, in the last 20 years, but in this promising scenario, a peculiar manifestation of CAD stands out, a potential life-threatening disease for the patients, that is asymptomatic ischemic heart disease.

• #62 Silent coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review on epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical studies

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/100129

  Silent coronary artery disease is the condition in which oxygen and nutritional support to the myocardium is lessened, usually due to the presence of an atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries, causing no pain, distress or discomfort. […] However, limitations of coronary artery flow reserve, and functional changes, such as endothelial dysfunction, and abnormal microcirculation could also be responsible for some myocardial hypoperfusion. […] A significant and strong correlation between cardiac autonomic neuropathy and silent myocardial ischemia has since long been demonstrated. […] Given these premises, an early screening for silent CAD could appear an appealing tool for reducing cardiovascular complications and mortality among diabetic patients. […] Whether the screening is effective in reducing the cardiovascular outcomes, in patients with diabetes mellitus remains uncertain, and totally convincing evidence is lacking, despite several studies have been carried on trying to answer this primary argument.

• #63 Silent coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review on epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical studies

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/100129

  The clinical burden of asymptomatic ischemic heart disease seems at least comparable to that of symptomatic CAD, if not worse. […] The prevalence of silent MI in diabetic subjects is higher than in non-diabetic, and is generally reported of 27%, but increases significantly with the cardiovascular risk of the patient, and depends on the diagnostic accuracy of methodology utilized, reaching 20-30% in high risk patients evaluated by myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography or magnetic resonance. […] Therefore, to summarise, males seem to be more susceptible to manifest silent CAD, but women seem to have a worse prognosis. […] In the proposed algorithm for the screening of silent CAD, the presence of organ damage in diabetes, either micro- or macroangiopathic invariably is suggested as a suitable condition to consider a patient for the screening. […] The treatment at target of all CV risk factors is currently universally considered the best approach for silent CAD in T2DM.

• #64 Risk factors and epidemiology of coronary heart disease in end-stage kidney disease (dialysis) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-factors-and-epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease-in-end-stage-kidney-disease-dialysis/print

  Patients on dialysis are at extraordinarily high risk for death. In 2019, the estimated mortality rate of United States patients on dialysis was 173 deaths per 1000 patient-years, a figure that subsequently increased in 2020 in association with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. […] As in the general population, the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important predictor of mortality in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD): CVD accounts for approximately 40 percent of deaths in patients on dialysis. […] Nevertheless, the rate of death from myocardial infarction and the incidence of CHD are increased among patients on dialysis versus those without kidney disease. […] This topic review will address the risk factors and epidemiology of CHD in patients on dialysis.

• #65 Risk factors and epidemiology of coronary heart disease in end-stage kidney disease (dialysis) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-factors-and-epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease-in-end-stage-kidney-disease-dialysis/print

  Patients on dialysis are at extraordinarily high risk for death. In 2019, the estimated mortality rate of United States patients on dialysis was 173 deaths per 1000 patient-years, a figure that subsequently increased in 2020 in association with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. […] As in the general population, the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important predictor of mortality in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD): CVD accounts for approximately 40 percent of deaths in patients on dialysis. […] Nevertheless, the rate of death from myocardial infarction and the incidence of CHD are increased among patients on dialysis versus those without kidney disease. […] This topic review will address the risk factors and epidemiology of CHD in patients on dialysis.

• #66 Coronary artery disease « International Guideline Harmonization Group

  https://www.ighg.org/guidelines/topics/coronary-artery-disease/

  Childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy exposing the heart have an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Because of this high risk survivors may benefit from surveillance. […] Coronary artery disease surveillance recommendations

• #67 Coronary artery disease « International Guideline Harmonization Group

  https://www.ighg.org/guidelines/topics/coronary-artery-disease/

  Childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy exposing the heart have an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Because of this high risk survivors may benefit from surveillance. […] Coronary artery disease surveillance recommendations

• #68 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life. Males are affected more often than females. […] The World Health Organization reported that: „The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021.” […] Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States. […] After analysing data from 2,111,882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survivors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09-5.94) per 1000 person-years.

• #69 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke. […] Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to several conditions resulting from plaque building up in arteries, including coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke. Heart disease and stroke were the first- and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States in 2022, respectively. […] Risk factors for CVDs include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and family history of heart disease or stroke. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease for the 2019-2020 fiscal year totaled approximately $422.3 billion.

• #70 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #71 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Approximately 1 of every 18 deaths in the United States in 2007 was caused by stroke, resulting in 135,952 lives lost. […] Hypertension claimed 57,732 lives in 2007. […] The overall death rate due to hypertension in 2007 was 17.8 per 100,000. […] Hypertension reduces life expectancy by 5.1 years for men and 4.9 years for women when compared with individuals of the same sex at age 50 who have normal blood pressure. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. […] Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial; some risk factors are modifiable, and some (age, heredity, and male sex) cannot be modified. […] Among the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease is a diet that is high in saturated fat and sodium.

• #72 Epidemiology and Demographics of Coronary Artery Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-05520-1_1

  The study of epidemiology is vital in identifying the connections which exist between lifestyle, environment, and disease, thus providing knowledge of the factors, distribution, and pathology of disease. As the leading cause of death in the United States since 1900, save 1918, cardiovascular disease, and specifically coronary heart disease, continue to overwhelm mortality and morbidity statistics. In the United States, one in four deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease, and it is the leading cause of death in both males and females. Additionally, coronary heart disease kills approximately 10 times more females than breast cancer. The estimated direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease is $220 billion. Cardiovascular disease is also the leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary heart disease accounts for almost half of the deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease and kills over 18 million Americans per year (that is almost equivalent to the population of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston combined). Although the absolute number of deaths due to coronary heart disease has increased, the age standardized death rate has decreased. Coronary heart disease is a condition that is multifaceted, influenced by social status, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and diet are modifiable risk factors, whereas genetics, age, race, and sex are nonmodifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Public education must continue to dominate efforts to reduce the major modifiable risk factors. As we continue to monitor the distribution of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in populations, epidemiology will provide us with more knowledge to thwart such a devastating disease worldwide.

• #73 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  About 25,000 people under the age of 75 in the UK die from CHD each year. […] CHD death rates are highest in Scotland and the north of England. […] In the UK as many as 100,000 hospital admissions each year are due to myocardial infarctions. […] Although mortality from CHD is falling, morbidity appears to be rising. […] Despite the decline in death rates from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the UK, rates are still relatively high compared to other Western European countries.

• #74 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Epidemiological data on heart disease, stroke, and associated risk factors are compiled and published annually in the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. This publication is a collaborative effort of the American Heart Association (AHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. This chapter draws from the most recent edition of the report, the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update, in addition to other resources to provide an overview of the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the United States. […] The AHA reports that approximately 82.6 million people in the United States currently have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a leading cause of death for both men and women.

• #75 Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/keep-mi-healthy/communicablediseases/epidemiology/chronicepi/cardiovascular-disease-epidemiology

  CVD is the leading cause of death globally, and the World Health Organization estimates that it takes an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. […] The MDHHS cardiovascular health epidemiologist supports Cardiovascular Health, Nutrition, and Physical Activity (CVHNPA) by monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease, comorbidities, and behavioral factors among Michigan adults. Surveillance is also conducted to track disparities in health outcomes and healthcare utilization by various characteristics, including race/ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status, geography, disability status, and other characteristics.

• #76 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. Many of the risk factors for CVDs may be successfully reduced through lifestyle changes, medication or medical procedures. […] Between 1980 and 2000, the death rate from coronary heart disease halved; 47% of this decrease was because of medical interventions like coronary artery bypass and statin therapy. Another 44% of the decline was attributable to increases in physical activity, reductions in smoking prevalence and lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #77 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. Many of the risk factors for CVDs may be successfully reduced through lifestyle changes, medication or medical procedures. […] Between 1980 and 2000, the death rate from coronary heart disease halved; 47% of this decrease was because of medical interventions like coronary artery bypass and statin therapy. Another 44% of the decline was attributable to increases in physical activity, reductions in smoking prevalence and lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #78 Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671770/

  Although the mortality of coronary artery disease (CAD) has declined over recent decades, CAD remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and presents a significant economic burden. Epidemiologic studies have identified numerous risk factors for CAD. Some risk factors-including smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity-are decreasing within the US population while Others, including advanced age, diabetes, and obesity are increasing. The most significant historic advances in CAD therapy were the development of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and lipid-lowering medications. Contemporary management of CAD includes primary and secondary prevention via medical management and revascularization when appropriate based on best available evidence. Despite the increasing prevalence of CAD nationwide, there has been a steady decline in the number of CABGs and PCIs performed in the US for the past decade. Patients with CABG are becoming older and with more comorbid conditions, although mortality associated with CABG has remained steady.

• #79 Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671770/

  Although the mortality of coronary artery disease (CAD) has declined over recent decades, CAD remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and presents a significant economic burden. Epidemiologic studies have identified numerous risk factors for CAD. Some risk factors-including smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity-are decreasing within the US population while Others, including advanced age, diabetes, and obesity are increasing. The most significant historic advances in CAD therapy were the development of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and lipid-lowering medications. Contemporary management of CAD includes primary and secondary prevention via medical management and revascularization when appropriate based on best available evidence. Despite the increasing prevalence of CAD nationwide, there has been a steady decline in the number of CABGs and PCIs performed in the US for the past decade. Patients with CABG are becoming older and with more comorbid conditions, although mortality associated with CABG has remained steady.

• #80 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. Many of the risk factors for CVDs may be successfully reduced through lifestyle changes, medication or medical procedures. […] Between 1980 and 2000, the death rate from coronary heart disease halved; 47% of this decrease was because of medical interventions like coronary artery bypass and statin therapy. Another 44% of the decline was attributable to increases in physical activity, reductions in smoking prevalence and lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #81 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. Many of the risk factors for CVDs may be successfully reduced through lifestyle changes, medication or medical procedures. […] Between 1980 and 2000, the death rate from coronary heart disease halved; 47% of this decrease was because of medical interventions like coronary artery bypass and statin therapy. Another 44% of the decline was attributable to increases in physical activity, reductions in smoking prevalence and lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #82 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  The purpose of this study was to review epidemiological data of CAD and ACS in low, middle and high income countries. This will help in making strategies for primary and secondary prevention of CAD and ACS according to the risk factors present and to availability of resources within the region. […] Even though CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries it is the top cause of death in countries of all income groups. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. As a significant number of countries have not provided data, the provision of exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. […] The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries, but due to immigration and progressive population aging the absolute number of coronary events and as a consequence of the prevalence of CAD will not reduce but it may even go up in near the future. Developing countries display considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic impact on the progressive rise in the incidence of CAD in these countries. […] All countries should make an effort to provide correct epidemiological data and to conduct studies and research on CAD risk factors, prevention and new treatment windows regionally as well as globally which will help in making future strategies.

• #83 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review | Atlantis Press

  https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jegh/125950929/view

  Coronary artery disease is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large number of this burden falls on low and middle income countries accounting for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually. […] The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. […] The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries. […] Mortality from non-communicable diseases including CAD is expected to rise in the coming decades due to worsening of metabolic risk factors. Hence, the reduction in the CAD burden will require changes at both the policy as well as at the individual levels. […] All countries should make an effort to provide correct epidemiological data and to conduct studies and research on CAD risk factors, prevention and new treatment windows regionally as well as globally which will help in making future strategies.

• #84 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. This accounts for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually and is a huge global economic burden. […] CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.

• #85 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  The present narrative review of the epidemiology of CHD discusses data on the trends in the prevalence (number of existing cases in a population) and incidence (number of new cases during a specific time) of CHD, with both values used as epidemiological measures of the impact of a disease on a population. […] Most information on coronary morbidity and mortality is drawn from data provided by national surveys and observational cohort studies. […] Estimation of the true prevalence of CHD in the population is complex. […] This estimation is often performed via population surveys. […] In particular, the survey estimated that about 15.4 million persons older than 20 years in the United States have ischemic heart disease. […] This figure corresponds to an overall prevalence of CHD among those older than 20 years of 6.4% (7.9% in men and 5.1% in women).

• #86 Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8242111/

  The purpose of this study was to review epidemiological data of CAD and ACS in low, middle and high income countries. This will help in making strategies for primary and secondary prevention of CAD and ACS according to the risk factors present and to availability of resources within the region. […] Even though CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries it is the top cause of death in countries of all income groups. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. As a significant number of countries have not provided data, the provision of exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. […] The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries, but due to immigration and progressive population aging the absolute number of coronary events and as a consequence of the prevalence of CAD will not reduce but it may even go up in near the future. Developing countries display considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic impact on the progressive rise in the incidence of CAD in these countries. […] All countries should make an effort to provide correct epidemiological data and to conduct studies and research on CAD risk factors, prevention and new treatment windows regionally as well as globally which will help in making future strategies.

• #87 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  The present narrative review of the epidemiology of CHD discusses data on the trends in the prevalence (number of existing cases in a population) and incidence (number of new cases during a specific time) of CHD, with both values used as epidemiological measures of the impact of a disease on a population. […] Most information on coronary morbidity and mortality is drawn from data provided by national surveys and observational cohort studies. […] Estimation of the true prevalence of CHD in the population is complex. […] This estimation is often performed via population surveys. […] In particular, the survey estimated that about 15.4 million persons older than 20 years in the United States have ischemic heart disease. […] This figure corresponds to an overall prevalence of CHD among those older than 20 years of 6.4% (7.9% in men and 5.1% in women).

• #88 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The true frequency of atherosclerosis is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine because it is a predominantly asymptomatic condition. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the development of fatty streaks. These lesions can be found in the aorta shortly after birth and appear in increasing numbers in those aged 8-18 years. More advanced lesions begin to develop when individuals are aged approximately 25 years. Subsequently, an increasing prevalence of the advanced complicated lesions of atherosclerosis is noted, and the organ-specific clinical manifestations of the disease increase with age through the fifth and sixth decades of life. […] In the United States, approximately 14 million persons experience CAD and its various complications. Congestive heart failure (CHF) that develops because of ischemic cardiomyopathy in hypertensive MI survivors has become the most common discharge diagnosis for patients in American hospitals. Approximately 80 million people, or 36.3% of the population, have cardiovascular disease.

• #89 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  The frequency of coronary heart disease in the Far East is significantly lower than that documented in the West. Ill-defined genetic reasons for this phenomenon may exist, but significant interest surrounds the role of diet and other environmental factors in the absence of clinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in these populations. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is also rare on the African continent, although growing evidence indicates that this too is changing, as a result of rapid westernization and urbanization of the traditionally rural and agrarian African populations. The prevalence of coronary heart disease is also increasing in the Middle East, India, and Central and South America. […] The incidence, prevalence, and manifestations of CAD vary significantly with race, as does the response to therapy.

• #90 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  These wide differences arise from differences in risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and air pollution as well as lower healthcare access and investment to screen and treat cardiovascular diseases, which can require long-term management. […] Different types of risk factors increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the number one risk factor. Its estimated that it causes almost 10 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases annually.

• #91 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  In the past few years significant changes have taken place in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or ischemic heart disease (IHD). […] At the same time a marked decrease in cardiovascular (CV) mortality and CAD incidence have been observed in many Countries but particularly in the most industrialized ones. […] The decreased prevalence of CAD in the general population has modified the pre-test probability (PTP) of disease. […] Given the low CV events granted by an optimal medical therapy in CAD the major attention has been directed on detecting coronary atherosclerosis. […] A significant modification in the risk profile of patients including the use of medications to treat hypertension or dyslipidemia is paralleled by fewer events.

• #92 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  The observed decrease in CV events in the general population has been recorded almost universally and applies to all the most common complications of atherosclerotic vessels disease. […] The burden of coronary atherosclerosis also seems to ease. […] The study showed that the change was progressive and was continuing. […] The observed change in epidemiology of CAD has several important consequences in clinical practice. […] The contemporary accuracy of these old tests appear much lower than in the past. […] The presence of one or more flow limiting stenosis in a patient represents the result of a progression of a disease that is not confined to a specific vascular territory. […] The major difference between an arterial tree with or without flow limiting stenosis is the probability of a lesion to complicate and cause a coronary thrombosis.

• #93 Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights of coronary atherosclerosis relevant for contemporary non-invasive imaging – Casolo – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/51546/html

  The speed of progression and probability of complication of any lesion are the most likely drivers for the appearance of symptoms and development of an ACS. […] The presence, extent, severity, and quality of coronary atherosclerosis appear to be the main diagnostic target of contemporary imaging in patients with suspected or confirmed CAD or IHD.

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