Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Raynaud’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20363571

  Raynaud’s disease causes smaller blood vessels that supply blood flow to the skin to narrow in response to cold or stress. […] Experts don’t fully understand the cause of Raynaud’s attacks. But blood vessels in the hands and feet appear to react too strongly to cold temperatures or stress. […] With Raynaud’s, blood vessels to the fingers and toes narrow when exposed to cold or stress. The narrowed vessels limit blood flow. Over time, these small blood vessels can thicken slightly and limit blood flow even more. […] Cold temperatures are the most likely cause of an attack. Examples are putting hands in cold water, taking something from a freezer or being in cold air. For some people, emotional stress can trigger an episode. […] Causes of secondary Raynaud’s include: […] Connective tissue diseases. Most people who have a rare disease that leads to hardening and scarring of the skin, known as scleroderma, have Raynaud’s. Other diseases that increase the risk of Raynaud’s include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome.

• #1 Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9849-raynauds-phenomenon

  Raynauds disease (primary) Cause Unknown. Not linked with an underlying disease. […] Raynauds phenomenon (secondary) Underlying disease, condition, medication or lifestyle factor. […] Primary Raynauds syndrome has no identifiable underlying cause. […] An underlying disease or condition usually causes secondary Raynauds syndrome (Raynauds phenomenon). Its especially common in people with connective tissue diseases. Some of these diseases reduce blood flow to your fingers and toes. […] Diseases and conditions that can cause Raynauds phenomenon include: Buergers disease (especially in males who smoke), Cancer, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Hypothyroidism, Lupus, Mixed connective tissue disease, Peripheral artery disease (especially in males over age 50), Polymyositis, Pulmonary hypertension, Rheumatoid arthritis, Scleroderma and CREST syndrome, Sjgrens syndrome, Thoracic outlet syndrome, Vasculitis. […] Other causes include repetitive motions and some medications.

• #1 Raynaud’s phenomenon | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/

  Raynauds phenomenon is the result of over-sensitive blood vessels in the bodys extremities. In many cases, no cause is identified, although its sometimes linked to other health conditions. […] The most common form of Raynauds is primary Raynauds phenomenon. This means the condition occurs by itself, without being associated with another health condition. […] It seems that primary Raynauds is caused by disruptions in how the nervous system controls blood vessels. Exactly what causes these disruptions is unclear. […] The majority of cases of secondary Raynauds are associated with autoimmune conditions, which cause the immune system to attack healthy tissue. […] Around 1 in 10 people with primary Raynauds go on to develop an autoimmune condition. […] In some cases, an underlying health condition could be causing the blood vessels to overreact. This is called secondary Raynauds.

• #1 First Genetic Causes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Discovered – News – BIH at Charité

  https://www.bihealth.org/en/notices/first-genetic-causes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-discovered

  Two to five percent of all people are affected by Raynaud’s phenomenon: In cold or stressful conditions, the small blood vessels that supply the skin constrict and the fingers or toes turn white. […] In their analyses, the scientists discovered variation in two genes that predisposed participants to Raynaud’s phenomenon: One was the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor for adrenaline, ADRA2A, a classic stress receptor that causes the small vessels to contract. […] In Raynaud’s patients, however, this receptor seemed to be particularly active, which could explain the vasospasms, especially in combination with the second gene that we found: This gene is the transcription factor IRX1, which may regulate the ability of blood vessels to dilate. […] Together with the overactive adrenaline receptor, this may then lead to the vessels not supplying enough blood for a longer period of time, which leads to the observed white fingers and toes.

• #1 Raynaud syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynaud_syndrome

  Raynaud’s disease, or primary Raynaud’s, is diagnosed if the symptoms are idiopathic, that is, if they occur by themselves and not in association with other diseases. […] Primary Raynaud’s is thought to be at least partly hereditary. […] In a large genetic study two genes were identified that predispose for the condition: ADRA2A (alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor for adrenaline) and the transcription factor IRX1. […] Smoking increases the frequency and intensity of attacks, and a hormonal component exists. […] Secondary Raynaud’s occurs secondary to a wide variety of other conditions. […] Secondary Raynaud’s has a number of associations: Connective tissue disorders, eating disorders, obstructive disorders, drugs, occupation, and others. […] Raynaud syndrome can precede these other diseases by many years, making it the first presenting symptom.

• #1 Raynaud’s Phenomenon or Disease Treatment & Types | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/raynauds-phenomenon

  In people with Raynauds phenomenon, blood vessels in the hands and feet react to cold or stress, narrowing quickly and staying constricted for a long period. […] More women than men are affected by primary Raynauds phenomenon, suggesting that estrogen may play a role in this form. […] In secondary Raynauds phenomenon, damage to the blood vessels from certain diseases, such as lupus or scleroderma, or work-related exposures are associated with the condition.

• #1 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  Raynaud’s disease is characterised by a paroxysmal vasospastic and subsequent vasodilatory chain of events affecting peripheral arterioles, usually in the hands and feet. […] The pathogenesis of Raynaud’s disease is complex but abnormalities of the blood vessel wall, of neural control mechanisms and of intravascular circulating factors are known to interact and contribute. […] The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. […] Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Secondary Raynaud’s is much less common (10-20% of cases) and is the initial manifestation of an associated underlying connective tissue disease, such as scleroderma, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjgren’s syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. […] An underlying disorder develops in 13% of cases of the primary form.

• #1 What causes Raynaud’s | SRUK

  https://www.sruk.co.uk/raynauds/what-causes-raynauds/

  Most cases of secondary Raynaud’s are linked to autoimmune diseases, meaning that the immune system is overactive, causing it to attack healthy tissues within the body. […] Scleroderma is one example of an autoimmune condition that is known to be associated with secondary Raynaud’s, however there are a number of other possibilities, including: rheumatoid arthritis which causes joint pain and swelling, Sjogren’s syndrome where the immune system affects the body’s sweat and tear glands, lupus which causes tiredness, joint pain and skin rashes, diseases affecting the arteries, including atherosclerosis, meaning the build-up of plaques within the blood vessels that feed the heart; or Buerger’s disease, a disorder whereby the blood vessels of the hands and feet become inflamed. […] Smoking is a factor in developing Raynaud’s as this constricts the blood vessels.

• #1 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is associated with different etiologies. It is most commonly associated with connective tissue disorders such as scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, and antiphospholipid syndrome. […] Drugs, such as antimigraine medications, interferon alpha and beta, cyclosporine, and nonselective beta blockers, can cause secondary Raynaud phenomenon. […] Occupations that result in overt vibrational exposure from vibrating machinery mostly affect males. This is known as hand-arm vibration syndrome. Exposure to polyvinyl chloride, cold injury from work, or ammunition work are other occupational-associated causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon. […] In the population of patients older than 60 years, the obstructive vascular disease is a frequent cause of Raynaud phenomenon. Obstructive vascular disease causes include thromboangiitis obliterans, microemboli, diabetic angiopathy, or atherosclerosis. […] Infections associated with secondary Raynaud phenomenon include parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. […] Other causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon include fibromyalgia, polycythemia, arteriovenous fistula, myalgic encephalitis, or malignancy.

• #1 Raynaud’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20363571

  Diseases of the blood vessels. These include a buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessels that feed the heart and a disorder in which the blood vessels of the hands and feet become inflamed. A type of high blood pressure that affects the blood vessels of the lungs also may cause secondary Raynaud’s. […] Carpal tunnel syndrome. This condition involves pressure on a major nerve to the hand. The pressure causes numbness and pain in the hand that can make the hand react more to cold temperatures. […] Repeated actions or vibration. Typing, playing piano or doing movements like that for long periods can cause overuse injuries. So can using vibrating tools, such as jackhammers. […] Smoking. Smoking narrows blood vessels. […] Injuries to the hands or feet. Examples include a wrist break, surgery or frostbite. […] Certain medicines. These include beta blockers for high blood pressure, some migraine medicines, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medicines, certain cancer medicines and some cold medicines.

• #1 Raynaud’s Disease & Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/raynauds-phenomenon

  […] […] Raynauds Phenomenon Causes […] Secondary Raynauds syndrome works the same as primary Raynaud’s, but you get it as a result of another disease. Conditions that make you more likely to get Raynaud’s phenomenon include: […] Connective tissue diseases. If you have scleroderma, a rare disease that causes your skin to harden and scar, you may also have Raynaud’s. Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome also make it more likely. […] Artery disease. This includes conditions such as: […] Atherosclerosis, or plaque buildup in the blood vessels that feed your heart […] Buerger’s disease, which causes inflammation in the blood vessels of your hands and feet […] Primary pulmonary hypertension, a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs […] […] […] Certain medications. These include […] High blood pressure treatments such as beta-blockers […] Migraine meds with ergotamine […] ADHD medications […] Some types of chemotherapy […] Drugs that narrow your blood vessels, such as over-the-counter cold medications

• #1

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/raynaud.html

  Raynaud’s phenomenon has many different causes, including workplace exposures. Occupationally, it is most commonly associated with „hand-arm vibration syndrome,” but it is also involved in other occupational diseases. […] People can also get Raynaud’s phenomenon because of certain underlying diseases (e.g., connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus; diseases of the arteries; carpal tunnel syndrome; certain medications; or smoking) or injuries. This form is known as „secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon.” […] Within the workplace, several hazards can cause secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Exposure to vibration from power tools is the greatest concern. Hand-held power tools such as chain saws, jackhammers, pneumatic rock drillers and chippers can cause „hand-arm vibration syndrome.”

• #1 Raynaud’s Disease – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/raynauds-disease/

  Some medicines may also trigger secondary Raynaud’s. These include: Certain beta blockers used to treat high blood pressure; Migraine medicines that contain ergotamine; Medicines that contain estrogen, such as birth control pills; Chemotherapy medicine, such as cisplatin or vinblastine; Certain cold medicines that cause blood vessels to narrow, such as those containing pseudoephedrine. […] Raynaud’s disease affects about 3% to 5% of people. Primary Raynaud’s usually occurs between 15 and 25 years of age. It is more common in women and people who live in colder climates. People who have a family history of the disease are at a greater risk. Secondary Raynaud’s usually occurs later in life, in people 30 years of age and older.

• #1 Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview

  The cause of primary Raynaud phenomenon remains unknown. Ascherman et al propose an autoimmune etiology, with cytokeratin 10 (K10) as a candidate autoantigen; their study in mice showed that anti-K10 antibodies can mediate ischemia similar to that seen in Raynaud phenomenon. […] A study from northern Sweden found that cold injury may precede the onset of Raynaud’s phenomenon, suggesting this as a possible causal factor. […] Possible causes for secondary Raynaud can be divided into several broad categories, including the following: Occupational, Hematologic, Collagen-vascular (autoimmune), Medication-induced (eg, cisplatin, bleomycin, beta-blockers, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, methylphenidate) […] Rarely, secondary Raynaud phenomenon may be a paraneoplastic syndrome. Cases have been reported in patients with hematologic, lung, breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers, principally adenocarcinomas. […] A study using data from the population-based LifeLines Cohort Study from the Netherlands found an association between low body weight and prior involuntary weight loss and risk of Raynaud phenomenon in both men and women.

• #1 Raynaud phenomenon Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/raynaud-phenomenon

  Raynaud phenomenon is a condition in which cold temperatures or strong emotions cause blood vessel spasms. This blocks blood flow to the affected regions and causes discoloration […] When Raynaud phenomenon is a primary condition, meaning it occurs by itself and not in association with other diseases, it is referred to as Raynaud disease. It most often begins in women younger than age 30. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is when the condition is linked to other conditions and can occur at any age. […] Common causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon are: Diseases of the arteries (such as atherosclerosis and Buerger disease), Drugs that cause narrowing of arteries (such as amphetamines, certain types of beta-blockers, some cancer drugs, certain drugs used for migraine headaches), Arthritis and autoimmune conditions (such as scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus), Certain blood disorders, such as cold agglutinin disease or cryoglobulinemia, Repeated injury or usage such as from heavy use of hand tools or vibrating machines, Smoking, Frostbite, Thoracic outlet syndrome. […] It is vital to treat the condition causing Raynaud phenomenon.

• #1 Raynaud syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynaud_syndrome

  Patients with secondary Raynaud’s can also have symptoms related to their underlying diseases. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon is the initial symptom that presents for 70% of patients with scleroderma, a skin and joint disease. […] When Raynaud’s phenomenon is limited to one hand or one foot, it is referred to as unilateral Raynaud’s. […] Three main changes are seen in the mechanism of Raynaud’s phenomenon which are reduced blood flow, blood vessel constriction, and neurogenic, inflammatory, and immune responses. […] The primary cause is an underlying hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. […] In the primary type, there is an increase in sensitivity due to the reasons mentioned above resulting in vasoconstriction. […] In the secondary type, normal activity of blood vessels is disrupted due to the same reasons mentioned above causing vasoconstriction which leads to ischemia and tissue death.

• #1 Raynaud’s Disease & Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/raynauds-phenomenon

  Raynauds Disease Causes […] When its cold, your body tries to conserve heat. One way it does that is to slow down blood flow to the areas farthest from your heart — your hands, feet, and other extremities. To do that, the network of small arteries that carry blood to those points gets narrower, moving them away from your skin. This is called the vasomotor response. […] If you have Raynauds, your response is off. Those arteries shrink more than normal, and faster than normal. That can make your fingers and toes feel numb and change color to white or blue. This usually lasts about 15 minutes. When the arteries relax and your body warms back up, your fingers feel tingly and turn red before returning to normal. […] Recent research has focused on identifying the genes that cause Raynaud’s, and low blood sugar levels or blood disorders may add to your risk of getting it. The exact cause is still unknown.

• #1 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

  https://www.vsijournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1349&vmd=Full

  Primary RP originates from a functional abnormality of thermoregulatory AVAs. This leads to exaggerated vasospasm after cold exposure, while the structurally intact nutritional capillaries prevent tissue ischemia, explaining the absence of such damage in primary RP. […] In contrast, secondary RP is characterized by structural abnormalities in the nutritional capillaries, leading to frequent tissue ischemia and thermoregulatory dysfunction. […] Endothelial dysfunction, a key factor in secondary RP, particularly SSc, disrupts the endotheliums normal function. […] The neural pathogenic mechanism may originate from cold-induced increased sympathetic tone or, in some cases, peripheral nerve compression. […] Regarding intravascular factors, both primary and secondary RP involve platelet activation and the subsequent release of vasoactive substances like thromboxane and serotonin, which further promote platelet aggregation. […] While fibrinolysis is impaired in SSc and other connective tissue diseases (CTD)-associated RP, it remains normal in primary RP. […] A summary of the factors involved in RP pathogenesis is presented in Fig. 1.

• #1 Raynaud’s Syndrome (Phenomenon): Symptoms and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/raynauds-phenomenon

  Raynauds disease is a primary condition that isnt linked to any other underlying condition. Symptoms of Raynauds disease can also be caused by different underlying conditions. This is known as a secondary condition and is colloquially known as Raynauds syndrome, Raynauds phenomenon, or just Raynauds. For example, vasospasms provoked by other conditions, such as arthritis, frostbite, or autoimmune disease, are called secondary Raynauds. […] Doctors dont fully understand the cause of primary Raynauds. Your body responds to cold temperatures or emotional stress by restricting the blood flow to the skin. […] Even though the cause isnt known, some factors appear to impact when it occurs. These factors include: Genetics. An estimated 50 percent of those with Raynauds have close family members with the same condition. Impaired circulation. If you have increased vascular tone, also known as the amount of constriction your blood vessels create, you are prone to Raynauds phenomenon. Nervous system miscommunication. Your nervous system controls your bodys automatic temperature regulation response, but it may not be responding to stress and temperature changes as it should, leading to delayed vasoconstriction. Blood thickness. Our blood consists of different cells that affect its viscosity and consistency. Any abnormalities or blood disorders may make you more prone to primary Raynauds syndrome.

• #1 Patient education: Raynaud phenomenon (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/raynaud-phenomenon-beyond-the-basics/print

  The normal control of blood vessel responses to cold and other stimuli is complex, involving the central nervous system, peripheral sensory nerves, and molecules released by circulating cells or from the inner lining of the blood vessel itself (called the endothelium). Raynaud phenomenon (RP) occurs when this complex and delicate system of control is disrupted, which alters the normal responses to the environment. […] A Raynaud attack can be triggered by exposure to cold temperature or even by a shift in temperature from warm to cool. As a result, even mildly cold exposures, such as those caused by air conditioning or the cold of the refrigerated food section in a grocery store, can cause an attack. Experiencing a general body chill can trigger an attack, even if the hands and feet are kept warm. Feeling emotional stress and being startled can cause an attack of RP due to the release of nerve transmitter substances; these substances activate certain proteins in the blood vessels, which signal the vessels to narrow (constrict).

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw180981

  Raynaud’s may be a symptom of another disease, such as lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, or atherosclerosis. […] Often Raynaud’s has no known cause. (This is sometimes called primary Raynaud’s.) […] It may also be caused by taking certain medicines, using vibrating power tools for several years, smoking, or having frostbite. (This is sometimes called secondary Raynaud’s.) […] Certain things can trigger an attack of symptoms. The most common trigger is exposure to cold. […] But with Raynaud’s, the body restricts blood flow to the skin more than it needs to. […] Other triggers can include emotional stress and things that affect the flow of blood, such as smoking and some medicines.

• #1 Raynaud’s Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/65457-raynauds-disease.html

  Raynaud’s disease (also known as Raynaud’s phenomenon, Raynaud’s syndrome or simply Raynaud’s) is a blood vessel disorder that causes the vessels in the body’s extremities to constrict more than necessary when experiencing stress or cold temperatures. The constricted vessels prevent blood from reaching the surface of the skin. This causes the affected areas, typically fingers and toes, to turn white, blue, then red, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine. […] Scientists aren’t sure what causes primary Raynaud’s, but about 75% of those diagnosed with the disease are women between ages 15 and 40, according to the Cleveland Clinic. People who live in colder climates are also more susceptible to primary Raynaud’s. […] Secondary Raynaud’s occurs as a result of another disease or health condition, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or carpal tunnel syndrome. Smoking and exposure to certain medications such as beta blockers, chemotherapy drugs or some cold medications may also initiate secondary Raynaud’s, according to the Mayo Clinic.

• #1 ¿Qué es el síndrome de Raynaud? Síntomas y tratamientos

  https://elgeaditraumatologia.com/en/enfermedad-raynaud-gravedad-causas-tratamiento/

  There are several Risk factors that may increase the chance of developing Raynaud’s disease. Some of the main ones are: Gender: Women are more likely to develop Raynaud’s disease than men. Age: Raynaud’s disease usually develops in people under 30 years of age, although it can occur at any age. Family history: If one family member has Raynaud’s disease, other members are more likely to develop it as well. Cold exposure: Exposure to cold can trigger the symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome, so people who work outdoors or in cold environments are at greater risk of developing the disease. Autoimmune disorders: People with autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or scleroderma, are at increased risk of developing secondary Raynaud’s syndrome. Tobacco consumption: Tobacco use may increase the risk of developing Raynaud’s disease, as tobacco reduces blood flow and may increase sensitivity to cold.

• #1 First Genetic Causes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Discovered – News – BIH at Charité

  https://www.bihealth.org/en/notices/first-genetic-causes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-discovered

  For example, the scientists were able to show that people with a genetic predisposition to low blood sugar levels have an increased risk of Raynaud’s phenomenon and therefore patients should possibly avoid longer episodes of low blood sugar. […] „They can explain well why the blood vessels of patients with Raynaud’s quickly become narrow and only slowly widen again.”

• #1 Raynaud’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363572

  Blood tests can help find out whether another condition, such as an autoimmune condition or a connective tissue disease, is causing Raynaud’s. […] A positive test result often means that your immune system is mistakenly attacking body tissue. This is called an autoimmune reaction. Such immune system activity is common in people who have connective tissue diseases or other autoimmune disorders. […] A faster than typical rate might signal an inflammatory or autoimmune disease. […] Other tests, such as those that rule out diseases of the blood vessels, can help find a condition that can be related to Raynaud’s. […] Depending on the cause of symptoms, medicines might help. […] If you have secondary Raynaud’s, talk to your healthcare professional before exercising outdoors in the cold.

• #2 Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9849-raynauds-phenomenon

  Raynauds disease (primary) Cause Unknown. Not linked with an underlying disease. […] Raynauds phenomenon (secondary) Underlying disease, condition, medication or lifestyle factor. […] Primary Raynauds syndrome has no identifiable underlying cause. […] An underlying disease or condition usually causes secondary Raynauds syndrome (Raynauds phenomenon). Its especially common in people with connective tissue diseases. Some of these diseases reduce blood flow to your fingers and toes. […] Diseases and conditions that can cause Raynauds phenomenon include: Buergers disease (especially in males who smoke), Cancer, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Hypothyroidism, Lupus, Mixed connective tissue disease, Peripheral artery disease (especially in males over age 50), Polymyositis, Pulmonary hypertension, Rheumatoid arthritis, Scleroderma and CREST syndrome, Sjgrens syndrome, Thoracic outlet syndrome, Vasculitis. […] Other causes include repetitive motions and some medications.

• #2 Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview

  The cause of primary Raynaud phenomenon remains unknown. Ascherman et al propose an autoimmune etiology, with cytokeratin 10 (K10) as a candidate autoantigen; their study in mice showed that anti-K10 antibodies can mediate ischemia similar to that seen in Raynaud phenomenon. […] A study from northern Sweden found that cold injury may precede the onset of Raynaud’s phenomenon, suggesting this as a possible causal factor. […] Possible causes for secondary Raynaud can be divided into several broad categories, including the following: Occupational, Hematologic, Collagen-vascular (autoimmune), Medication-induced (eg, cisplatin, bleomycin, beta-blockers, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, methylphenidate) […] Rarely, secondary Raynaud phenomenon may be a paraneoplastic syndrome. Cases have been reported in patients with hematologic, lung, breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers, principally adenocarcinomas. […] A study using data from the population-based LifeLines Cohort Study from the Netherlands found an association between low body weight and prior involuntary weight loss and risk of Raynaud phenomenon in both men and women.

• #2 What causes Raynaud’s | SRUK

  https://www.sruk.co.uk/raynauds/what-causes-raynauds/

  Raynaud’s phenomenon occurs when the small blood vessels within the body’s extremities, such as the fingers and toes, are over-sensitive. This oversensitivity causes a more extreme reaction in response to certain triggers, such as cold weather. This is known as a Raynaud’s attack. […] In primary Raynaud’s the condition occurs by itself, and is not associated with any other health issues. It is likely that primary Raynaud’s is caused by certain disruptions to the way that the nervous system controls blood vessels, although exactly what causes these disruptions remains unknown. […] There is evidence that primary Raynaud’s may sometimes be an inherited condition, since multiple cases can arise within the same family. […] In some cases, it is another health condition that causes the blood vessels to overreact, leading to Raynaud’s symptoms. This is called secondary Raynaud’s.

• #2 Raynaud’s: Causes, Symptoms, and Genetics

  https://www.geneticlifehacks.com/raynauds-causes-symptoms-genetics/

  Raynauds can be one of the first symptoms of certain autoimmune diseases, giving doctors and patients a heads-up to look for diseases early. […] Research shows that Raynauds runs in families and seems to be about 30-55% hereditary. […] This means that genetic variants increase the susceptibility to Raynauds, but there isn’t a single gene mutation or variant that causes it by itself. […] The ADRA2A gene encodes the 2A-adrenoreceptor, which is part of how the body modulates vasoconstriction in response to stress in the peripheral nervous system (e.g. cold). The variants in the gene are thought to cause increased expression and therefore an increased vasoconstriction response in the periphery, such as in the hands and feet. […] The IRX1 gene is expressed in skeletal muscles and arteries. It is believed to be involved in embryonic development and the way that cells differentiate.

• #2 Raynaud’s Syndrome (Phenomenon): Symptoms and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/raynauds-phenomenon

  Raynauds disease is a primary condition that isnt linked to any other underlying condition. Symptoms of Raynauds disease can also be caused by different underlying conditions. This is known as a secondary condition and is colloquially known as Raynauds syndrome, Raynauds phenomenon, or just Raynauds. For example, vasospasms provoked by other conditions, such as arthritis, frostbite, or autoimmune disease, are called secondary Raynauds. […] Doctors dont fully understand the cause of primary Raynauds. Your body responds to cold temperatures or emotional stress by restricting the blood flow to the skin. […] Even though the cause isnt known, some factors appear to impact when it occurs. These factors include: Genetics. An estimated 50 percent of those with Raynauds have close family members with the same condition. Impaired circulation. If you have increased vascular tone, also known as the amount of constriction your blood vessels create, you are prone to Raynauds phenomenon. Nervous system miscommunication. Your nervous system controls your bodys automatic temperature regulation response, but it may not be responding to stress and temperature changes as it should, leading to delayed vasoconstriction. Blood thickness. Our blood consists of different cells that affect its viscosity and consistency. Any abnormalities or blood disorders may make you more prone to primary Raynauds syndrome.

• #2 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is associated with different etiologies. It is most commonly associated with connective tissue disorders such as scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, and antiphospholipid syndrome. […] Drugs, such as antimigraine medications, interferon alpha and beta, cyclosporine, and nonselective beta blockers, can cause secondary Raynaud phenomenon. […] Occupations that result in overt vibrational exposure from vibrating machinery mostly affect males. This is known as hand-arm vibration syndrome. Exposure to polyvinyl chloride, cold injury from work, or ammunition work are other occupational-associated causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon. […] In the population of patients older than 60 years, the obstructive vascular disease is a frequent cause of Raynaud phenomenon. Obstructive vascular disease causes include thromboangiitis obliterans, microemboli, diabetic angiopathy, or atherosclerosis. […] Infections associated with secondary Raynaud phenomenon include parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. […] Other causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon include fibromyalgia, polycythemia, arteriovenous fistula, myalgic encephalitis, or malignancy.

• #2 Raynaud’s Phenomenon | Services | Willis-Knighton Cardiology | TOP Cardiologists | The Most Advanced Cariovascular Specialists in Shreveport – Bossier City Louisiana and the Ark-La-Tex

  https://www.wkcardiology.com/services/conditions/Raynauds-Phenomenon

  Two types of the condition exist depending on the cause. Primary or idiopathic Raynauds phenomenon, which doctors call Raynauds disease or Raynauds syndrome, is not associated with another known condition and has no known cause other than a malfunction of the nerves controlling the muscles responsible for changing blood vessel diameter. […] Secondary Raynauds phenomenon is a disorder that is associated with another condition, typically an autoimmune disease. […] Various diseases can accompany secondary Raynauds phenomenon, but two of the most common are scleroderma and mixed connective-tissue disease. Between 85 to 95% of patients with these conditions also have Raynauds phenomenon. Other possible causes for Raynauds include lupus, frostbite, vibration injury, polyvinyl chloride exposure, cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, some cancers, hormone imbalance, and smoking.

• #2 Raynaud phenomenon Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/raynaud-phenomenon

  Raynaud phenomenon is a condition in which cold temperatures or strong emotions cause blood vessel spasms. This blocks blood flow to the affected regions and causes discoloration […] When Raynaud phenomenon is a primary condition, meaning it occurs by itself and not in association with other diseases, it is referred to as Raynaud disease. It most often begins in women younger than age 30. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is when the condition is linked to other conditions and can occur at any age. […] Common causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon are: Diseases of the arteries (such as atherosclerosis and Buerger disease), Drugs that cause narrowing of arteries (such as amphetamines, certain types of beta-blockers, some cancer drugs, certain drugs used for migraine headaches), Arthritis and autoimmune conditions (such as scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus), Certain blood disorders, such as cold agglutinin disease or cryoglobulinemia, Repeated injury or usage such as from heavy use of hand tools or vibrating machines, Smoking, Frostbite, Thoracic outlet syndrome. […] It is vital to treat the condition causing Raynaud phenomenon.

• #2 What causes Raynaud’s | SRUK

  https://www.sruk.co.uk/raynauds/what-causes-raynauds/

  Most cases of secondary Raynaud’s are linked to autoimmune diseases, meaning that the immune system is overactive, causing it to attack healthy tissues within the body. […] Scleroderma is one example of an autoimmune condition that is known to be associated with secondary Raynaud’s, however there are a number of other possibilities, including: rheumatoid arthritis which causes joint pain and swelling, Sjogren’s syndrome where the immune system affects the body’s sweat and tear glands, lupus which causes tiredness, joint pain and skin rashes, diseases affecting the arteries, including atherosclerosis, meaning the build-up of plaques within the blood vessels that feed the heart; or Buerger’s disease, a disorder whereby the blood vessels of the hands and feet become inflamed. […] Smoking is a factor in developing Raynaud’s as this constricts the blood vessels.

• #2 Raynaud phenomenon

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/raynaud-phenomenon

  Raynaud phenomenon also occurs in systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Sjgren syndrome, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. […] Medications that may aggravate or cause Raynaud phenomenon include beta-blockers (widely used for angina, high blood pressure, or anxiety), migraine remedies containing ergotamine or methysergide, bleomycin and other chemotherapy agents (for cancer treatment), clonidine (for high blood pressure, migraine, or flushing), bromocriptine (for Parkinsonism and some other conditions), imipramine (for depression), and rarely, the oral contraceptive pill. […] Raynaud phenomenon may sometimes indicate underlying atherosclerosis and Buerger disease, especially in smokers. […] Raynaud phenomenon may develop in a limb affected by a stroke and can also occur in multiple sclerosis and polio. […] Disorders that increase the viscosity (thickness) of the blood can also cause Raynaud phenomenon, by reducing blood flow through the small blood vessels in the fingers and toes. […] Raynaud phenomenon has been associated with hypothyroidism.

• #2 Understanding Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/understanding-raynauds-syndrome-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  Researchers have not identified the root cause of Raynaud’s attacks. However, risk factors for primary Raynaud’s include being female, aged between 15 and 30, living in a cold climate, and having a family history of Raynaud’s in a close relative. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon, also called Raynaud’s disease or Raynaud’s syndrome, is a rare disease that occurs due to reduced blood flow in affected body parts, most commonly the fingers or toes, in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress. […] Raynaud’s occurs in primary or secondary form. The primary form is the more common type. Primary Raynaud’s disease occurs by itself for unclear reasons and is not linked to other health conditions. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is associated with an underlying disease or other risk factors such as autoimmune and connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjogren’s syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #2 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  Raynaud’s disease is characterised by a paroxysmal vasospastic and subsequent vasodilatory chain of events affecting peripheral arterioles, usually in the hands and feet. […] The pathogenesis of Raynaud’s disease is complex but abnormalities of the blood vessel wall, of neural control mechanisms and of intravascular circulating factors are known to interact and contribute. […] The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. […] Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Secondary Raynaud’s is much less common (10-20% of cases) and is the initial manifestation of an associated underlying connective tissue disease, such as scleroderma, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjgren’s syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. […] An underlying disorder develops in 13% of cases of the primary form.

• #2

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/raynaud.html

  Raynaud’s phenomenon has many different causes, including workplace exposures. Occupationally, it is most commonly associated with „hand-arm vibration syndrome,” but it is also involved in other occupational diseases. […] People can also get Raynaud’s phenomenon because of certain underlying diseases (e.g., connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus; diseases of the arteries; carpal tunnel syndrome; certain medications; or smoking) or injuries. This form is known as „secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon.” […] Within the workplace, several hazards can cause secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Exposure to vibration from power tools is the greatest concern. Hand-held power tools such as chain saws, jackhammers, pneumatic rock drillers and chippers can cause „hand-arm vibration syndrome.”

• #2 What causes Raynaud’s | SRUK

  https://www.sruk.co.uk/raynauds/what-causes-raynauds/

  Injuries to the hands or feet, such as a wrist fracture, surgery or frostbite can all lead to Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] Certain medications including beta blockers used to treat high blood pressure, migraine medications containing ergotamine or sumatriptan, medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, certain chemotherapy agents and other drugs that cause blood vessels to narrow have also been linked to Raynaud’s.

• #2

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/raynaud.html

  Raynaud’s phenomenon is also seen in typists and professional pianists from repeated finger stress and in dentists and dental technicians. Frostbite injury with damage to the blood vessels can also cause Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] Other studies have identified Raynaud’s phenomenon in workers who injured their hands by using them for hammering, pushing or twisting heavy objects. In these cases, Raynaud’s phenomenon was part of a disorder called hypothenar hammer syndrome.

• #2 Raynaud’s Phenomenon | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/raynauds-phenomenon

  The precise cause of Raynauds is unknown. Its possible that certain disorders in which the blood is thicker than normal due to excess platelets or red blood cells may cause Raynauds. Or, receptors in the blood that control the narrowing of blood vessels may be more sensitive in people with this condition. […] Certain factors can increase your risk of developing Raynauds, including: A connective-tissue or autoimmune disease, Chemical exposure, Cigarette smoking, Injury or trauma, Repetitive actions, such as typing or using vibrating tools like a jack hammer, Side effects from certain medicines.

• #2 Raynaud Phenomenon | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/raynaud-phenomenon

  For children with primary Raynauds, we dont know what causes their blood vessels to react in such a vigorous way to cold and emotional stress. […] However, there are concrete causes for secondary Raynauds, and in children its most often an underlying autoimmune disease. The illnesses we tend to see with secondary Raynauds are: […] Diseases like arteriosclerosis and hypertension can also damage the blood vessels and cause secondary Raynauds, though almost always in adults. Other potential causes of secondary Raynauds include: […] Certain kinds of drugs have been linked to Raynauds, such as beta blockers (used to treat high blood pressure), migraine prescriptions with ergotamine, medications with estrogen, drugs containing caffeine (such as Excedrin), medications used for ADHD, and some over-the-counter decongestants.

• #2 Raynaud’s Disease – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/raynauds-disease/

  Some medicines may also trigger secondary Raynaud’s. These include: Certain beta blockers used to treat high blood pressure; Migraine medicines that contain ergotamine; Medicines that contain estrogen, such as birth control pills; Chemotherapy medicine, such as cisplatin or vinblastine; Certain cold medicines that cause blood vessels to narrow, such as those containing pseudoephedrine. […] Raynaud’s disease affects about 3% to 5% of people. Primary Raynaud’s usually occurs between 15 and 25 years of age. It is more common in women and people who live in colder climates. People who have a family history of the disease are at a greater risk. Secondary Raynaud’s usually occurs later in life, in people 30 years of age and older.

• #2 Raynaud’s Phenomenon Disease Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/raynauds_phenomenon/article.htm

  Raynaud’s phenomenon can be prevented by avoiding the precipitating factors, such as cold or heat exposure, smoking, etc. […] Certain medications should be avoided. Medications that can aggravate symptoms of RP by leading to increased blood-vessel spasms include over-the-counter cold and weight-control preparations, such as pseudoephedrine (Actifed, Chlor-Trimeton, CoTylenol, and Sudafed). Beta-blockers, medicines used for high blood pressure and heart disease, can also worsen RP. These include atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor), nadolol (Corgard), and propranolol.

• #2 Raynaud’s Syndrome | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://surgery.ucsf.edu/condition/raynauds-syndrome

  Other examples of diseases and conditions that can cause Raynaud’s include: Rheumatoid (RU-ma-toyd) arthritis, Atherosclerosis (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis), Blood disorders such as cryoglobulinemia (KRI-o-GLOB-yu-li-NE-me-ah) and polycythemia (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah), Sjgren’s (SHOW-gren’s) syndrome, dermatomyositis (DER-ma-to-mi-o-SI-tis), and polymyositis (POL-e-mi-o-SI-tis), Buerger’s disease. […] Thyroid problems and pulmonary hypertension may also cause Raynaud’s. […] Repetitive actions that damage the arteries or the nerves that control the arteries in the hands and feet may lead to Raynaud’s. […] Certain medicines can cause secondary Raynaud’s, including: Migraine headache medicines that contain ergotamine. This substance causes the arteries to narrow. […] Certain cancer medicines, such as cisplatin and vinblastine. […] Some over-the-counter cold and allergy medicines and diet aids. Some of these medicines can narrow your arteries. […] Beta blockers. These medicines slow your heart rate and lower your blood pressure. […] Birth control pills. These medicines can affect blood flow.

• #2 Raynaud’s Disease – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/raynauds-disease/

  Raynaud’s disease is a rare condition. It is a temporary narrowing of your blood vessels caused by spasm. The condition affects the blood to your skin, mainly to your fingers and toes. It is sometimes called Raynaud’s phenomenon or syndrome. […] There are two types of Raynaud’s disease. Primary Raynaud’s disease is more common. It represents about 80% of cases. The cause of this type is unknown. It can occur when the blood vessels in your hands or feet overreact to stress and/or cold temperatures. Symptoms are mild with this type. You can treat these with lifestyle changes. […] Secondary Raynaud’s disease is more serious. It may require both medicine and lifestyle changes. Other health issues can cause this type, including: Connective tissue disorders, such as polymyositis/dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, or lupus; Glandular disorders, such as hypothyroidism; Blood disorders, such as cold agglutinin disease or polycythemia vera; Neoplastic (cell growth) disorders, such as carcinoid syndrome or paraneoplastic syndrome; Problems that affect the nervous system, such as carpal tunnel syndrome; Vascular disorders, such as thoracic outlet syndrome; Artery diseases, such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), Buerger’s disease, or pulmonary hypertension.

• #2 Raynaud’s phenomenon | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/

  Some types of cancer can cause secondary Raynauds. […] Secondary Raynauds can also be a side effect of taking certain medicines, including some types of anti-migraine medication, beta-blockers, and some chemotherapy medicines. […] Raynauds sometimes results from a physical injury. […] Smoking cigarettes also increases your risk of developing Raynauds.

• #2 Raynaud’s: Causes, Symptoms, and Genetics

  https://www.geneticlifehacks.com/raynauds-causes-symptoms-genetics/

  Raynauds is caused by vasoconstriction that decreases blood flow to the extremities. […] Spasms or constrictions in the blood vessels seem to be the cause of Raynauds. It is an exaggeration of the typical response of blood vessels to either cold or emotional stress. […] Some researchers theorize that the cause of the spasms in the blood vessels comes from the impaired functioning of the adrenergic receptors in the vascular muscle cells. […] Primary Raynauds, often referred to as idiopathic, meaning the cause is unknown. This unknown reason causes the overreaction of the blood vessel constriction to the extremities. […] Secondary Raynauds is associated with autoimmune diseases, connective tissue disorders, or medication interactions. […] Autoimmune diseases that are more likely to cause Raynauds include: systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgrens syndrome, fibromyalgia.

• #2 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

  https://www.vsijournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1349&vmd=Full

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a condition characterized by episodic, excessive vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes, triggered by cold or stress. […] RP can be primary, with no identifiable underlying cause, or secondary, associated with other conditions. These conditions include autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic sclerosis, vascular diseases; and neurological conditions. […] While the exact cause of RP remains unclear, genetic and hormonal (estrogen) factors are likely contributors. […] The pathogenesis of RP involves a complex interaction between the vascular wall, nerves, hormones, and humoral factors, disrupting the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation. […] In primary RP, the vascular abnormalities are primarily functional. However, in secondary RP, both functional and structural components occur in blood vessels.

• #2 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

  https://www.vsijournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1349&vmd=Full

  Primary RP originates from a functional abnormality of thermoregulatory AVAs. This leads to exaggerated vasospasm after cold exposure, while the structurally intact nutritional capillaries prevent tissue ischemia, explaining the absence of such damage in primary RP. […] In contrast, secondary RP is characterized by structural abnormalities in the nutritional capillaries, leading to frequent tissue ischemia and thermoregulatory dysfunction. […] Endothelial dysfunction, a key factor in secondary RP, particularly SSc, disrupts the endotheliums normal function. […] The neural pathogenic mechanism may originate from cold-induced increased sympathetic tone or, in some cases, peripheral nerve compression. […] Regarding intravascular factors, both primary and secondary RP involve platelet activation and the subsequent release of vasoactive substances like thromboxane and serotonin, which further promote platelet aggregation. […] While fibrinolysis is impaired in SSc and other connective tissue diseases (CTD)-associated RP, it remains normal in primary RP. […] A summary of the factors involved in RP pathogenesis is presented in Fig. 1.

• #2 Patient education: Raynaud phenomenon (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/raynaud-phenomenon-beyond-the-basics/print

  The normal control of blood vessel responses to cold and other stimuli is complex, involving the central nervous system, peripheral sensory nerves, and molecules released by circulating cells or from the inner lining of the blood vessel itself (called the endothelium). Raynaud phenomenon (RP) occurs when this complex and delicate system of control is disrupted, which alters the normal responses to the environment. […] A Raynaud attack can be triggered by exposure to cold temperature or even by a shift in temperature from warm to cool. As a result, even mildly cold exposures, such as those caused by air conditioning or the cold of the refrigerated food section in a grocery store, can cause an attack. Experiencing a general body chill can trigger an attack, even if the hands and feet are kept warm. Feeling emotional stress and being startled can cause an attack of RP due to the release of nerve transmitter substances; these substances activate certain proteins in the blood vessels, which signal the vessels to narrow (constrict).

• #2 Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/blood-disorders/raynauds-syndrome/

  The idea here is simple: Anything that causes the blood vessels to become overreactive to the environment and anything that can cut off oxygen supply in the bloodstream can cause Raynauds, Furst says. […] In primary Raynauds disease, there is no known cause and isnt tied to other conditions. However, secondary Raynauds can be caused by factors such as lupus, Sjogrens disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, medications, and regularly operating heavy machinery that vibrates, such as a jackhammer.

• #2 ¿Qué es el síndrome de Raynaud? Síntomas y tratamientos

  https://elgeaditraumatologia.com/en/enfermedad-raynaud-gravedad-causas-tratamiento/

  There are several Risk factors that may increase the chance of developing Raynaud’s disease. Some of the main ones are: Gender: Women are more likely to develop Raynaud’s disease than men. Age: Raynaud’s disease usually develops in people under 30 years of age, although it can occur at any age. Family history: If one family member has Raynaud’s disease, other members are more likely to develop it as well. Cold exposure: Exposure to cold can trigger the symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome, so people who work outdoors or in cold environments are at greater risk of developing the disease. Autoimmune disorders: People with autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or scleroderma, are at increased risk of developing secondary Raynaud’s syndrome. Tobacco consumption: Tobacco use may increase the risk of developing Raynaud’s disease, as tobacco reduces blood flow and may increase sensitivity to cold.

• #2 Raynaud’s Syndrome: Autoimmune, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, & Test

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/raynaud_phenomenon/article_em.htm

  Blood disorders that cause the blood to thicken or turn to sludge (polycythemia). […] Trauma. […] Miscellaneous disorders such as hypothyroidism. […] Medications that may cause or worsen Raynaud’s syndrome include: These include ergot derivatives, used for migraine headaches (ergotamine), beta-adrenergic blockers, amphetamines or other drugs that constrict (make the blood vessels smaller), and some chemotherapeutic agents (vinblastine, bleomycin). […] Birth control pills are also known to affect circulation. […] Over-the-counter drugs for the treatment of the common cold (Sudafed contains pseudoephedrine). […] Certain cancers, such as lung cancer or pheochromocytoma. […] Some people are more likely to develop Raynaud’s syndrome compared to others. Risk factors that have been identified include the following: Gender: Primary Raynaud’s is more common in women than men.

• #2 Raynaud’s Syndrome: Autoimmune, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, & Test

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/raynaud_phenomenon/article_em.htm

  Raynaud’s syndrome may occur at any age but is most common between the ages 15-35. […] The disorder is more common in populations of people who reside in cooler climates. […] If someone in the family has Raynaud’s syndrome, then there is an increased risk of a family member developing the disorder. Approximately one-third of Raynaud’s syndrome occurs in first-degree relatives. […] Preventing the arteries from narrowing is the key to living successfully with Raynaud’s syndrome. […] Avoid cold weather. Dress in warm, loose-fitted layers of clothing. […] If you smoke, work with your doctor to try to stop the habit. […] Try to identify and lower stressors in your life that worsen the symptoms and signs. […] Remain active and exercise regularly because this also improves blood flow to the hands and feet.

• #2 Raynaud’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/raynauds-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363572

  Stress can trigger Raynaud’s symptoms. […] Certain practices and supplements that help blood flow better might help manage Raynaud’s. […] If you’re interested, talk to your healthcare professional about: […] Taking fish oil supplements could increase blood flow. […] Ginkgo supplements could help lessen the number of Raynaud’s attacks. […] This practice seems to improve blood flow, so it may help Raynaud’s attacks. […] Your primary health care provider will likely be able to diagnose Raynaud’s based on your symptoms. […] If I have Raynaud’s, is it primary or secondary? […] What is likely causing my symptoms?

• #3 Raynaud’s Phenomenon or Disease Treatment & Types | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/raynauds-phenomenon

  Raynauds phenomenon is a condition that causes the blood vessels in the extremities to narrow, restricting blood flow. […] The primary form has no known cause, but the secondary form is related to another health issue, especially autoimmune diseases like lupus or scleroderma. […] The primary form of Raynauds phenomenon, which is of unknown cause, has been linked to: […] The secondary form of Raynauds phenomenon occurs in combination with another disease or an environmental exposure. Factors that have been linked to secondary Raynauds phenomenon include: […] Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon has no known cause. […] Secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon is associated with another problem, such as a rheumatic disease like lupus or scleroderma. […] Scientists do not know exactly why Raynauds phenomenon develops in some people, but they do understand how attacks happen.

• #3 Raynaud’s phenomenon | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/

  Raynauds phenomenon is the result of over-sensitive blood vessels in the bodys extremities. In many cases, no cause is identified, although its sometimes linked to other health conditions. […] The most common form of Raynauds is primary Raynauds phenomenon. This means the condition occurs by itself, without being associated with another health condition. […] It seems that primary Raynauds is caused by disruptions in how the nervous system controls blood vessels. Exactly what causes these disruptions is unclear. […] The majority of cases of secondary Raynauds are associated with autoimmune conditions, which cause the immune system to attack healthy tissue. […] Around 1 in 10 people with primary Raynauds go on to develop an autoimmune condition. […] In some cases, an underlying health condition could be causing the blood vessels to overreact. This is called secondary Raynauds.

• #3 Raynaud’s Disease – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/raynauds-disease/

  Some medicines may also trigger secondary Raynaud’s. These include: Certain beta blockers used to treat high blood pressure; Migraine medicines that contain ergotamine; Medicines that contain estrogen, such as birth control pills; Chemotherapy medicine, such as cisplatin or vinblastine; Certain cold medicines that cause blood vessels to narrow, such as those containing pseudoephedrine. […] Raynaud’s disease affects about 3% to 5% of people. Primary Raynaud’s usually occurs between 15 and 25 years of age. It is more common in women and people who live in colder climates. People who have a family history of the disease are at a greater risk. Secondary Raynaud’s usually occurs later in life, in people 30 years of age and older.

• #3 Raynaud phenomenon Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/raynaud-phenomenon

  Raynaud phenomenon is a condition in which cold temperatures or strong emotions cause blood vessel spasms. This blocks blood flow to the affected regions and causes discoloration […] When Raynaud phenomenon is a primary condition, meaning it occurs by itself and not in association with other diseases, it is referred to as Raynaud disease. It most often begins in women younger than age 30. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is when the condition is linked to other conditions and can occur at any age. […] Common causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon are: Diseases of the arteries (such as atherosclerosis and Buerger disease), Drugs that cause narrowing of arteries (such as amphetamines, certain types of beta-blockers, some cancer drugs, certain drugs used for migraine headaches), Arthritis and autoimmune conditions (such as scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus), Certain blood disorders, such as cold agglutinin disease or cryoglobulinemia, Repeated injury or usage such as from heavy use of hand tools or vibrating machines, Smoking, Frostbite, Thoracic outlet syndrome. […] It is vital to treat the condition causing Raynaud phenomenon.

• #3 Understanding Raynaud’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/understanding-raynauds-syndrome-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  Researchers have not identified the root cause of Raynaud’s attacks. It appears that in people with this condition, the blood vessels in the hands and feet overreact to cold temperatures or stress, causing them to narrow. This limits blood flow to the area, causing Raynaud’s symptoms. With time, the small blood vessels can thicken, further restricting blood flow and making the symptoms worse. […] About 1 in 10 people with primary Raynaud’s disease go on to develop autoimmune disorders such as lupus. Secondary Raynaud’s disease is frequently associated with autoimmune diseases, including lupus, in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.

• #3 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/raynauds-phenomenon-leaflet

  Hand-arm vibration syndrome (vibration white finger) is another common cause of secondary Raynaud’s. This is caused by using vibrating tools regularly over a long time. For example, it occurs in some shipyard workers, mine workers, road diggers, etc. It is thought that repeated vibrations over time may damage the small blood vessels or their nerve supply.

• #3 Raynaud syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynaud_syndrome

  Raynaud’s disease, or primary Raynaud’s, is diagnosed if the symptoms are idiopathic, that is, if they occur by themselves and not in association with other diseases. […] Primary Raynaud’s is thought to be at least partly hereditary. […] In a large genetic study two genes were identified that predispose for the condition: ADRA2A (alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor for adrenaline) and the transcription factor IRX1. […] Smoking increases the frequency and intensity of attacks, and a hormonal component exists. […] Secondary Raynaud’s occurs secondary to a wide variety of other conditions. […] Secondary Raynaud’s has a number of associations: Connective tissue disorders, eating disorders, obstructive disorders, drugs, occupation, and others. […] Raynaud syndrome can precede these other diseases by many years, making it the first presenting symptom.

• #3 Raynaud’s Syndrome | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://surgery.ucsf.edu/condition/raynauds-syndrome

  Other examples of diseases and conditions that can cause Raynaud’s include: Rheumatoid (RU-ma-toyd) arthritis, Atherosclerosis (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis), Blood disorders such as cryoglobulinemia (KRI-o-GLOB-yu-li-NE-me-ah) and polycythemia (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah), Sjgren’s (SHOW-gren’s) syndrome, dermatomyositis (DER-ma-to-mi-o-SI-tis), and polymyositis (POL-e-mi-o-SI-tis), Buerger’s disease. […] Thyroid problems and pulmonary hypertension may also cause Raynaud’s. […] Repetitive actions that damage the arteries or the nerves that control the arteries in the hands and feet may lead to Raynaud’s. […] Certain medicines can cause secondary Raynaud’s, including: Migraine headache medicines that contain ergotamine. This substance causes the arteries to narrow. […] Certain cancer medicines, such as cisplatin and vinblastine. […] Some over-the-counter cold and allergy medicines and diet aids. Some of these medicines can narrow your arteries. […] Beta blockers. These medicines slow your heart rate and lower your blood pressure. […] Birth control pills. These medicines can affect blood flow.

• #3 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

  https://www.vsijournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1349&vmd=Full

  Primary RP originates from a functional abnormality of thermoregulatory AVAs. This leads to exaggerated vasospasm after cold exposure, while the structurally intact nutritional capillaries prevent tissue ischemia, explaining the absence of such damage in primary RP. […] In contrast, secondary RP is characterized by structural abnormalities in the nutritional capillaries, leading to frequent tissue ischemia and thermoregulatory dysfunction. […] Endothelial dysfunction, a key factor in secondary RP, particularly SSc, disrupts the endotheliums normal function. […] The neural pathogenic mechanism may originate from cold-induced increased sympathetic tone or, in some cases, peripheral nerve compression. […] Regarding intravascular factors, both primary and secondary RP involve platelet activation and the subsequent release of vasoactive substances like thromboxane and serotonin, which further promote platelet aggregation. […] While fibrinolysis is impaired in SSc and other connective tissue diseases (CTD)-associated RP, it remains normal in primary RP. […] A summary of the factors involved in RP pathogenesis is presented in Fig. 1.

• #3 Raynaud’s phenomenon | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/raynauds-phenomenon/

  Raynauds phenomenon mainly affects hands and feet. […] We dont fully understand why some people develop Raynauds phenomenon. However, we do know that the colour changes and pain of Raynaud’s are due to a short-term reduction in blood supply. […] People with Raynauds phenomenon probably respond too much to cold temperatures and shut off the blood supply more quickly than normal. […] Emotional changes, such as feeling worried, can also cause an attack of Raynauds by triggering the nerves to shut down the blood supply. […] Raynauds phenomenon can occur as a result of using vibrating machinery, for example pneumatic drills, hammer drills, hedge cutters and other power tools. […] Raynauds may also develop as a side effect of some drugs such as beta blockers, which are used in the treatment of high blood pressure and angina.

Zobacz więcej