Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

  https://www.vsijournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1349&vmd=Full

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a condition characterized by episodic, excessive vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes, triggered by cold or stress. This leads to a distinctive sequence of color changes in the digits. RP can be primary, with no identifiable underlying cause, or secondary, associated with other conditions. These conditions include autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic sclerosis, vascular diseases; and neurological conditions. Diagnosis of RP is primarily clinical. Recent advancements in imaging techniques have aided in diagnosis and monitoring, but nail fold capillaroscopy remains the gold standard for distinguishing between primary and secondary RP. […] Primary RP is more common in females than in males, although males tend to experience a higher incidence of the disease early in life. Reported prevalence varies widely across studies (2.1%-22.4%) due to factors like geographic location, ethnicity, and differing definitions used.

• #2

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/how-common-is-raynauds-syndrome-2521

  Raynaud’s syndrome affects approximately 3% to 5% of the general population. […] It is more prevalent in colder climates and among women, with a female to male ratio of about 4:1. […] The prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon was found to be 4.85% in a systematic review and meta-analysis. […] Understanding the epidemiology of Raynaud’s is crucial for recognizing its potential implications in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of the syndrome, especially in differential diagnosis and considering underlying systemic diseases. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation and diagnosis of both forms of RP are described in detail in this review article.

• #3 Raynaud phenomenon – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/193/raynaud-phenomenon

  Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is common, affecting between 3% and 5% of the population. […] Part I: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] The occurrence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in a general population: the Framingham Study. […] Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a 5 region comparison. […] Diagnosis and management of Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary diseases.

• #4 Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006389

  Objective To systematically review the literature with regard to the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP). […] The pooled prevalence of PRP was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%) in the general population. The pooled annual incidence of PRP was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19% to 0.32%). […] This is the first systematic review of the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of PRP. […] This is the first meta-analysis of the literature for the global epidemiology of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP). […] The prevalence and incidence of PRP in different countries were estimated. […] Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of PRP in the general population was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%) and the mean incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.17% to 0.33%) per annum.

• #5 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. Attacks may even occur after minor changes in temperature, such as moving into an air-conditioned building from a hot summer day. Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon is common, occurring less frequently in warmer climates). Most cases (80-90%) of Raynaud’s phenomenon are primary. […] A systematic review reported a pooled prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon of 4.85% and a pooled annual incidence of 0.25%. […] The main risk factors identified for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon were female gender, positive family history, smoking and migraine. Smoking and hand-arm vibration syndrome are more commonly implicated in men.

• #6 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. Autoimmune diseases are the most common causes of secondary RP, others may include vibrating tools, drugs, hematologic, vascular, or neurological diseases. A seasonal pattern with worsening RP in winter has been observed. However, the impact on RP hospitalizations in a larger sample has not been studied. The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). The fitted frequency curve showed the peak incidence to be on Jan 19 (peak/low ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.54-1.95). Trends were similar for RP hospitalizations with or without an underlying ARD.

• #7 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  Secondary Raynaud’s is much less common (10-20% of cases) and is the initial manifestation of an associated underlying connective tissue disease, such as scleroderma, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjgren’s syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. Over 90% of people with systemic sclerosis have Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] One UK study among 720 schoolchildren found that 18% of girls and 12% of boys reported a change of colour in their fingers in cold climates at least once a month, or a 'numb or tingly’ sensation in the fingers with cold exposure. The prevalence increased with age, especially among the girls. […] Primary Raynaud’s is more common in women and typically develops at a younger age (second or third decade) than secondary Raynaud’s.

• #8 Part I: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809798/

  Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a relatively common disease with both primary and secondary forms. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation and diagnosis of both forms of RP are described in detail in this review article. […] Secondary RP (SRP) has been described in association with a variety of rheumatologic and nonrheumatologic diseases, environmental exposures, and/or medications.

• #9 Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview

  A 7-year study of Raynaud phenomenon in Whites in the United States showed baseline prevalence rates of 11% in women and 8% in men and yearly incidence rates of 2.2% in women and 1.5% in men. […] Internationally, the prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomenon varies among different populations, from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. As in the United States, the prevalence of secondary Raynaud phenomenon depends on the underlying disorder. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon has no racial predilection. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon approximates the racial prevalence of the underlying disease, if any. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon occurs more frequently in women than in men. The prevalence by sex varies in different populations, ranging from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon usually occurs in the second or third decade of life. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon begins in accordance with the underlying disorder.

• #10 Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006389

  Major risk factors/associations of PRP include female gender, family history of PRP, migraine, smoking, CVD, manual occupation, oestrogen replacement therapy and possibly, marital status. […] Variations in prevalence were observed between countries, though this could reflect use of different diagnostic criteria rather than real differences in prevalence. […] The association of CVD and autoimmune disease is well documented and thought to be due to accelerated atherosclerosis as a result of chronic inflammation, treatment such as glucocorticoids as well as the traditional risk factors for CVD. […] This first systematic review summarises the burden of PRP in the general population using published literature. It is not a rare condition (prevalence 4.85% and annual incidence 0.25%).

• #11 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Common Sense Approach to Diagnosis and Management

  https://practicingclinicians.com/the-exchange/raynaud-s-phenomenon-a-common-sense-approach-to-diagnosis-and-management

  Raynaud’s is estimated to affect between 3% and 4% of the population, but in colder climates this may be as high as 30%. […] Women outnumber men by a ratio of 4:1 to 9:1. […] Most patients respond to common sense measures of avoiding exposure to cold and using warm layered clothing, avoiding tobacco products, and avoiding certain medications. […] For those not responsive to these lifestyle interventions, CCBs are often effective and safe.

• #12 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/dermatology/raynauds-phenomenon/epidemiology

  Prevalence of the condition varies widely from country to country […] in non-population based studies 3-12.5% of men and 6-20% of women report symptoms of Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] a UK general practicebased study reported Raynaud phenomenon in 19% of patients attending surgeries and in 15% of patients responding to a postal survey, with more women being affected than men […] higher prevalence is seen in colder climates.

• #13 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  Secondary Raynaud’s is much less common (10-20% of cases) and is the initial manifestation of an associated underlying connective tissue disease, such as scleroderma, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjgren’s syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. Over 90% of people with systemic sclerosis have Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] One UK study among 720 schoolchildren found that 18% of girls and 12% of boys reported a change of colour in their fingers in cold climates at least once a month, or a 'numb or tingly’ sensation in the fingers with cold exposure. The prevalence increased with age, especially among the girls. […] Primary Raynaud’s is more common in women and typically develops at a younger age (second or third decade) than secondary Raynaud’s.

• #14 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #15 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon in young people is good with little morbidity or mortality. However, if the patient does not change lifestyle or smokes, then ischemia may affect the distal tips of the fingers and lead to necrosis. There are reports that in the elderly population with Raynaud phenomenon, the risk of adverse cardiac events may be increased compared to the general population. For patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon, the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder. In general, the quality of life for these patients is poor as they need to adopt a rigid lifestyle. Plus, many other secondary causes often have no cures and relapses are common.

• #16 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #17

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/how-common-is-raynauds-syndrome-2521

  Raynaud’s syndrome affects approximately 3% to 5% of the general population. […] It is more prevalent in colder climates and among women, with a female to male ratio of about 4:1. […] The prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon was found to be 4.85% in a systematic review and meta-analysis. […] Understanding the epidemiology of Raynaud’s is crucial for recognizing its potential implications in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of the syndrome, especially in differential diagnosis and considering underlying systemic diseases. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation and diagnosis of both forms of RP are described in detail in this review article.

• #18 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon in young people is good with little morbidity or mortality. However, if the patient does not change lifestyle or smokes, then ischemia may affect the distal tips of the fingers and lead to necrosis. There are reports that in the elderly population with Raynaud phenomenon, the risk of adverse cardiac events may be increased compared to the general population. For patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon, the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder. In general, the quality of life for these patients is poor as they need to adopt a rigid lifestyle. Plus, many other secondary causes often have no cures and relapses are common.

• #19 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #20 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Current Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

  https://www.vsijournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1349&vmd=Full

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a condition characterized by episodic, excessive vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes, triggered by cold or stress. This leads to a distinctive sequence of color changes in the digits. RP can be primary, with no identifiable underlying cause, or secondary, associated with other conditions. These conditions include autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic sclerosis, vascular diseases; and neurological conditions. Diagnosis of RP is primarily clinical. Recent advancements in imaging techniques have aided in diagnosis and monitoring, but nail fold capillaroscopy remains the gold standard for distinguishing between primary and secondary RP. […] Primary RP is more common in females than in males, although males tend to experience a higher incidence of the disease early in life. Reported prevalence varies widely across studies (2.1%-22.4%) due to factors like geographic location, ethnicity, and differing definitions used.

• #21 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #22 Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview

  A 7-year study of Raynaud phenomenon in Whites in the United States showed baseline prevalence rates of 11% in women and 8% in men and yearly incidence rates of 2.2% in women and 1.5% in men. […] Internationally, the prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomenon varies among different populations, from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. As in the United States, the prevalence of secondary Raynaud phenomenon depends on the underlying disorder. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon has no racial predilection. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon approximates the racial prevalence of the underlying disease, if any. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon occurs more frequently in women than in men. The prevalence by sex varies in different populations, ranging from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon usually occurs in the second or third decade of life. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon begins in accordance with the underlying disorder.

• #23 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #24 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP) […] Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates) […] 9 times more common in women than men […] 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition […] Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants […] Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness […] More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients.

• #25 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP) […] Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates) […] 9 times more common in women than men […] 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition […] Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants […] Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness […] More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients.

• #26 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #27 POS1412 INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENON IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 2000-2022: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/83/Suppl_1/674

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a disorder of the peripheral vasculature characterised by arteriolar vasospasm, causing distinctive colour changes, numbness, and discomfort. While considered common among the general population, up-to-date population-level epidemiology of the condition is scarce. The objective of this study was to calculate the incidence and prevalence of primary and secondary RP, and to characterise patients suffering from RP at the time of diagnosis. We conducted a cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a large nationally representative database containing primary care records from 17 million individuals in the United Kingdom (UK). In 2021, incidence of primary RP in the adult cohort was 32 per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of both and primary and secondary RP was consistently higher among female individuals in all age groups. Primary RP rates showed a bimodal distribution, peaking first in the 15-20 years age bracket for both men and women, and then older in men (55-60 years) than women (40-45 years). Incidence of primary RP showed significant seasonal variation, with around 3-6 times higher incidence in the winter months compared to the summer. After initially rising over the first half of the study period, the prevalence of primary RP remained relatively steady, affecting an estimated 0.5% of the population in adults, and around 0.75% of older adults in 2021. Our estimates of incidence, which showed significant seasonal variation, are in line with previously published reports, although we calculated lower prevalence rates.

• #28 Raynaud Phenomenon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331197-overview

  A 7-year study of Raynaud phenomenon in Whites in the United States showed baseline prevalence rates of 11% in women and 8% in men and yearly incidence rates of 2.2% in women and 1.5% in men. […] Internationally, the prevalence of primary Raynaud phenomenon varies among different populations, from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. As in the United States, the prevalence of secondary Raynaud phenomenon depends on the underlying disorder. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon has no racial predilection. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon approximates the racial prevalence of the underlying disease, if any. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon occurs more frequently in women than in men. The prevalence by sex varies in different populations, ranging from 4.9%-20.1% in women to 3.8%-13.5% in men. […] Primary Raynaud phenomenon usually occurs in the second or third decade of life. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon begins in accordance with the underlying disorder.

• #29 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP) […] Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates) […] 9 times more common in women than men […] 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition […] Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants […] Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness […] More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients.

• #30 Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006389

  Major risk factors/associations of PRP include female gender, family history of PRP, migraine, smoking, CVD, manual occupation, oestrogen replacement therapy and possibly, marital status. […] Variations in prevalence were observed between countries, though this could reflect use of different diagnostic criteria rather than real differences in prevalence. […] The association of CVD and autoimmune disease is well documented and thought to be due to accelerated atherosclerosis as a result of chronic inflammation, treatment such as glucocorticoids as well as the traditional risk factors for CVD. […] This first systematic review summarises the burden of PRP in the general population using published literature. It is not a rare condition (prevalence 4.85% and annual incidence 0.25%).

• #31 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. Attacks may even occur after minor changes in temperature, such as moving into an air-conditioned building from a hot summer day. Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon is common, occurring less frequently in warmer climates). Most cases (80-90%) of Raynaud’s phenomenon are primary. […] A systematic review reported a pooled prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon of 4.85% and a pooled annual incidence of 0.25%. […] The main risk factors identified for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon were female gender, positive family history, smoking and migraine. Smoking and hand-arm vibration syndrome are more commonly implicated in men.

• #32 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP) […] Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates) […] 9 times more common in women than men […] 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition […] Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants […] Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness […] More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients.

• #33 Raynaud’s Phenomenon – almostadoctor

  https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/raynauds-phenomenon

  Establishing the true prevalence is difficult due to the problem in correctly classifying the disease. Estimates vary from 3-20% with a slightly higher incidence in women. […] Prevalence is higher in colder climates. There is often a family history.

• #34 Raynaud’s Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro

  The most common trigger of Raynaud’s disease is thought to be exposure to cold. Attacks may even occur after minor changes in temperature, such as moving into an air-conditioned building from a hot summer day. Other reported triggers include emotional stress, medications such as beta-blockers, injury due to vibrations or forcible trauma, extended use of digits, smoking and the presence of other arterial diseases, such as vasculitis. […] Raynaud’s phenomenon is common, occurring less frequently in warmer climates). Most cases (80-90%) of Raynaud’s phenomenon are primary. […] A systematic review reported a pooled prevalence of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon of 4.85% and a pooled annual incidence of 0.25%. […] The main risk factors identified for primary Raynaud’s phenomenon were female gender, positive family history, smoking and migraine. Smoking and hand-arm vibration syndrome are more commonly implicated in men.

• #35 ADRA2A and IRX1 are putative risk genes for Raynaud’s phenomenon | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41876-5

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a common vasospastic disorder that causes severe pain and ulcers, but despite its high reported heritability, no causal genes have been robustly identified. […] We conducted a genome-wide association study including 5,147 RP cases and 439,294 controls, based on diagnoses from electronic health records, and identified three unreported genomic regions associated with the risk of RP (p5108). […] RP is highly heritable with estimates of 5564% being reported, but previous candidate gene studies failed to provide evidence for any robustly associated regions or genes. […] Here, we present the so far largest GWAS for RP including 5147 cases in the UK Biobank cohort and report two robust and strong (p4.81013) novel loci. […] We identified a total of 5147 RP cases and 439,294 controls of European descent included in the genetic analyses based on collation and evidence of absence or presence of diagnostic codes from electronic health records.

• #36 SciELO Brazil – Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/RtDP77R5nYBVPbhYwrf5Zbd/

  In general, a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon was found among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, with an increase in the number of cases the higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure. […] According to the list of work-related diseases, adopted as a reference by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, localized vibrations, vinyl chloride, and work in low temperatures are considered etiological agents or occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon. […] The determination of occupational exposures is an essential element in the investigation of all patients with Raynauds phenomenon. Therefore, it is important to know the prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon in workers exposed to occupational risk conditions. […] Localized vibrations of the upper limbs, low temperatures, and vinyl chloride are considered occupational risk factors for the development of Raynauds phenomenon. There is a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers. The higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure to it, the greater the risk of developing the disease. Cold is a triggering and aggravating factor of Raynauds phenomenon and plays an important role in the onset of vascular manifestations of hand-arm vibration syndrome.

• #37 Risk of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Among Workers in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System – Occupational Cancer Research Centre

  https://www.occupationalcancer.ca/resources/risk-of-raynauds-phenomenon-among-workers-in-the-occupational-disease-surveillance-system/

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is linked to occupational exposures such as vibration, cold temperature, and chemicals. However, large cohort studies examining RP by occupation and sex are scarce. To address this gap, this study aimed to assess risk of RP by both occupation and sex in a large cohort of workers in Ontario, Canada. […] A total of 7,131 RP cases were identified among 810,739 workers. Among men, higher risks were observed for truckdrivers (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.081.41), driversalesmen (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.215.34), those in mining and quarryingrelated cutting, handling, and loading (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.295.15), and construction trades laboring and elemental work(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.242.34). Among women, higher risks were observed for those working in waitressing and related(HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.222.38), food and beverage preparation (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.021.76), and electrical equipmentfabricating and assembling (HR 1.96, 95% CI = 1.083.55).

• #38 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  There was an association between leisure-time cold exposure and incident RP (adjusted OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.011.12), but not occupational exposure among working subjects (adjusted OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.961.07), after adjusting for age and gender. […] The annual incidence of cold injuries affecting the hands was 0.7% women and 1.1% for men. […] Importantly, a subgroup analysis on time relations supported that cold injury often preceded or occurred in close conjunction with the onset of RP. In contrast, RP debuted before cold injury in only roughly 78% of cases, suggesting that this is a much rarer event. […] Thus, there is both epidemiological and mechanistic support for the hypothesis that cold injury can be an etiological factor in the development of RP, by altering the microvascular regulation of the hands.

• #39 SciELO Brazil – Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context Raynaud’s phenomenon in the occupational context

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/RtDP77R5nYBVPbhYwrf5Zbd/

  In general, a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon was found among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, with an increase in the number of cases the higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure. […] According to the list of work-related diseases, adopted as a reference by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, localized vibrations, vinyl chloride, and work in low temperatures are considered etiological agents or occupational risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon. […] The determination of occupational exposures is an essential element in the investigation of all patients with Raynauds phenomenon. Therefore, it is important to know the prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon in workers exposed to occupational risk conditions. […] Localized vibrations of the upper limbs, low temperatures, and vinyl chloride are considered occupational risk factors for the development of Raynauds phenomenon. There is a higher prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers. The higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure to it, the greater the risk of developing the disease. Cold is a triggering and aggravating factor of Raynauds phenomenon and plays an important role in the onset of vascular manifestations of hand-arm vibration syndrome.

• #40 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  Raynauds phenomenon is common condition, but little is known about the natural course. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence, remission, and persistence proportions of Raynauds phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden. […] The annual incidence proportion was 0.7% among women and 0.9% among men (gender difference p=0.04). The annual remission proportion was 4.4% and 5.5%, respectively (p=0.05). […] In the general population of northern Sweden, Raynauds phenomenon is a common but variable condition, where symptoms may remit over time. Men had a higher incidence proportion than women. The results support a possible causal pathway where cold injury can precede the onset of Raynauds phenomenon. […] The prevalence of RP in the follow-up survey was 14.5% among women and 12.7% among men. The annual incidence proportion of RP in northern Sweden was 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively. The annual remission proportion was 4.4% for women and 5.5% for men. New-onset cold injury was associated with incident RP (OR 3.92; 95% CI 2.605.90), after adjusting for age and gender.

• #41 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  There was an association between leisure-time cold exposure and incident RP (adjusted OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.011.12), but not occupational exposure among working subjects (adjusted OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.961.07), after adjusting for age and gender. […] The annual incidence of cold injuries affecting the hands was 0.7% women and 1.1% for men. […] Importantly, a subgroup analysis on time relations supported that cold injury often preceded or occurred in close conjunction with the onset of RP. In contrast, RP debuted before cold injury in only roughly 78% of cases, suggesting that this is a much rarer event. […] Thus, there is both epidemiological and mechanistic support for the hypothesis that cold injury can be an etiological factor in the development of RP, by altering the microvascular regulation of the hands.

• #42 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  There was an association between leisure-time cold exposure and incident RP (adjusted OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.011.12), but not occupational exposure among working subjects (adjusted OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.961.07), after adjusting for age and gender. […] The annual incidence of cold injuries affecting the hands was 0.7% women and 1.1% for men. […] Importantly, a subgroup analysis on time relations supported that cold injury often preceded or occurred in close conjunction with the onset of RP. In contrast, RP debuted before cold injury in only roughly 78% of cases, suggesting that this is a much rarer event. […] Thus, there is both epidemiological and mechanistic support for the hypothesis that cold injury can be an etiological factor in the development of RP, by altering the microvascular regulation of the hands.

• #43 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  There was an association between leisure-time cold exposure and incident RP (adjusted OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.011.12), but not occupational exposure among working subjects (adjusted OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.961.07), after adjusting for age and gender. […] The annual incidence of cold injuries affecting the hands was 0.7% women and 1.1% for men. […] Importantly, a subgroup analysis on time relations supported that cold injury often preceded or occurred in close conjunction with the onset of RP. In contrast, RP debuted before cold injury in only roughly 78% of cases, suggesting that this is a much rarer event. […] Thus, there is both epidemiological and mechanistic support for the hypothesis that cold injury can be an etiological factor in the development of RP, by altering the microvascular regulation of the hands.

• #44 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. Autoimmune diseases are the most common causes of secondary RP, others may include vibrating tools, drugs, hematologic, vascular, or neurological diseases. A seasonal pattern with worsening RP in winter has been observed. However, the impact on RP hospitalizations in a larger sample has not been studied. The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). The fitted frequency curve showed the peak incidence to be on Jan 19 (peak/low ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.54-1.95). Trends were similar for RP hospitalizations with or without an underlying ARD.

• #45 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynauds Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US […] The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in the general population is ~3-5%, of which 8090% are primary. Autoimmune diseases are the most common causes of secondary RP, others may include vibrating tools, drugs, hematologic, vascular, or neurological diseases. A seasonal pattern with worsening RP in winter has been observed. However, the impact on RP hospitalizations in a larger sample has not been studied. The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in RP hospitalizations in the U.S and explore the differences in RP hospitalizations based on the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). […] We identified 2,540 hospitalizations with RP (mean age 540.8 years; females 77%), highest in winter (30.31%) and lowest in summer (18.50%). The fitted frequency curve showed the peak incidence to be on Jan 19 (peak/low ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.54-1.95). Trends were similar for RP hospitalizations with or without an underlying ARD.

• #46 POS1412 INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENON IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 2000-2022: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/83/Suppl_1/674

  Raynauds phenomenon (RP) is a disorder of the peripheral vasculature characterised by arteriolar vasospasm, causing distinctive colour changes, numbness, and discomfort. While considered common among the general population, up-to-date population-level epidemiology of the condition is scarce. The objective of this study was to calculate the incidence and prevalence of primary and secondary RP, and to characterise patients suffering from RP at the time of diagnosis. We conducted a cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a large nationally representative database containing primary care records from 17 million individuals in the United Kingdom (UK). In 2021, incidence of primary RP in the adult cohort was 32 per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of both and primary and secondary RP was consistently higher among female individuals in all age groups. Primary RP rates showed a bimodal distribution, peaking first in the 15-20 years age bracket for both men and women, and then older in men (55-60 years) than women (40-45 years). Incidence of primary RP showed significant seasonal variation, with around 3-6 times higher incidence in the winter months compared to the summer. After initially rising over the first half of the study period, the prevalence of primary RP remained relatively steady, affecting an estimated 0.5% of the population in adults, and around 0.75% of older adults in 2021. Our estimates of incidence, which showed significant seasonal variation, are in line with previously published reports, although we calculated lower prevalence rates.

• #47 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Hospitalizations in the US – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-raynauds-phenomenon-hospitalizations-in-the-us/

  Overall, 1,375/2,540 (54%) hospitalized RP had an associated ARD, of which 35% had 2 ARDs. The association with ARDs was higher in RP with gangrene (815, 67%) than without gangrene (560, 42%). Hospitalized RP with ARDs had a significantly higher women: men ratio (6x versus 2x, p 0.001) and Black and Hispanic patients compared to RP without ARDs (25.6 vs 11.7%, and 21.5 vs 8.7%, respectively, p 0.001). […] As expected, the RP hospitalizations in the U.S. peaked in winter and were lowest in summer; such seasonal variation in hospitalizations might have an implication on dynamically tailoring pharmacotherapy by season.

• #48 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Due to diagnostic uncertainties, the precise incidence of Raynaud’s symptoms in the general population is unclear. Although some sources cite an incidence as high as 20%, more recent reviews place the prevalence at 3% to 5%. It most commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. […] Many serious, potentially life-threatening conditions may be associated with secondary Raynaud’s. Secondary Raynaud’s is most commonly associated with scleroderma (system sclerosis) or limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome), occurring in 90% to 95% of all cases. More important, secondary Raynaud’s may be the initial manifestation of disease in 70% of patients with scleroderma, and it may present several years before more obvious signs of connective tissue disease (CTD) are evident. […] An earlier meta-analysis involving 639 patients with presumed primary Raynaud’s documented the development of a secondary disorder in 81 (12.6%) of these patients, at a mean time of 10.4 years from the onset of Raynaud’s symptoms.

• #49 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Due to diagnostic uncertainties, the precise incidence of Raynaud’s symptoms in the general population is unclear. Although some sources cite an incidence as high as 20%, more recent reviews place the prevalence at 3% to 5%. It most commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. […] Many serious, potentially life-threatening conditions may be associated with secondary Raynaud’s. Secondary Raynaud’s is most commonly associated with scleroderma (system sclerosis) or limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome), occurring in 90% to 95% of all cases. More important, secondary Raynaud’s may be the initial manifestation of disease in 70% of patients with scleroderma, and it may present several years before more obvious signs of connective tissue disease (CTD) are evident. […] An earlier meta-analysis involving 639 patients with presumed primary Raynaud’s documented the development of a secondary disorder in 81 (12.6%) of these patients, at a mean time of 10.4 years from the onset of Raynaud’s symptoms.

• #50 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #51 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #52 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Due to diagnostic uncertainties, the precise incidence of Raynaud’s symptoms in the general population is unclear. Although some sources cite an incidence as high as 20%, more recent reviews place the prevalence at 3% to 5%. It most commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. […] Many serious, potentially life-threatening conditions may be associated with secondary Raynaud’s. Secondary Raynaud’s is most commonly associated with scleroderma (system sclerosis) or limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome), occurring in 90% to 95% of all cases. More important, secondary Raynaud’s may be the initial manifestation of disease in 70% of patients with scleroderma, and it may present several years before more obvious signs of connective tissue disease (CTD) are evident. […] An earlier meta-analysis involving 639 patients with presumed primary Raynaud’s documented the development of a secondary disorder in 81 (12.6%) of these patients, at a mean time of 10.4 years from the onset of Raynaud’s symptoms.

• #53 Raynaud Phenomenon | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/raynaud-phenomenon/

  Primary Raynaud phenomenon (PRP): Much more common than secondary RP (SRP) […] Highly prevalent in the general population: 3%21% depending on the climate (higher prevalence in colder climates) […] 9 times more common in women than men […] 25% of patients have a positive family history of the condition […] Typically begins around 15-25 years of age; unusual over the age of 40 years, but can occur at any age, even in infants […] Studies estimate that 13% of primary RP patients eventually developed an autoimmune rheumatic disease. […] Secondary Raynaud phenomenon (SRP): Refers to the presence of the phenomenon in association with an underlying illness […] More rare than PRP, but more common when presenting in older patients.

• #54 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #55 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Secondary Raynaud’s may also be associated with several other rheumatologic or dermatologic conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis. […] In older patients who present with new-onset Raynaud’s symptoms, a malignancy should be strongly considered during diagnostic workup, especially in patients who also present with symptoms consistent with bone pain. […] Patients diagnosed with primary Raynaud’s should be followed closely for clinical or laboratory signs that suggest development of a secondary disorder. If such signs do not develop within a two-year period, some clinicians suggest that a secondary disease is unlikely.

• #56 The Description and Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease/Phenomenon

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-description-and-treatment-of-raynauds-diseasephenomenon

  Secondary Raynaud’s may also be associated with several other rheumatologic or dermatologic conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis. […] In older patients who present with new-onset Raynaud’s symptoms, a malignancy should be strongly considered during diagnostic workup, especially in patients who also present with symptoms consistent with bone pain. […] Patients diagnosed with primary Raynaud’s should be followed closely for clinical or laboratory signs that suggest development of a secondary disorder. If such signs do not develop within a two-year period, some clinicians suggest that a secondary disease is unlikely.

• #57 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  Raynauds phenomenon is common condition, but little is known about the natural course. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence, remission, and persistence proportions of Raynauds phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden. […] The annual incidence proportion was 0.7% among women and 0.9% among men (gender difference p=0.04). The annual remission proportion was 4.4% and 5.5%, respectively (p=0.05). […] In the general population of northern Sweden, Raynauds phenomenon is a common but variable condition, where symptoms may remit over time. Men had a higher incidence proportion than women. The results support a possible causal pathway where cold injury can precede the onset of Raynauds phenomenon. […] The prevalence of RP in the follow-up survey was 14.5% among women and 12.7% among men. The annual incidence proportion of RP in northern Sweden was 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively. The annual remission proportion was 4.4% for women and 5.5% for men. New-onset cold injury was associated with incident RP (OR 3.92; 95% CI 2.605.90), after adjusting for age and gender.

• #58 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  Raynauds phenomenon is common condition, but little is known about the natural course. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence, remission, and persistence proportions of Raynauds phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden. […] The annual incidence proportion was 0.7% among women and 0.9% among men (gender difference p=0.04). The annual remission proportion was 4.4% and 5.5%, respectively (p=0.05). […] In the general population of northern Sweden, Raynauds phenomenon is a common but variable condition, where symptoms may remit over time. Men had a higher incidence proportion than women. The results support a possible causal pathway where cold injury can precede the onset of Raynauds phenomenon. […] The prevalence of RP in the follow-up survey was 14.5% among women and 12.7% among men. The annual incidence proportion of RP in northern Sweden was 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively. The annual remission proportion was 4.4% for women and 5.5% for men. New-onset cold injury was associated with incident RP (OR 3.92; 95% CI 2.605.90), after adjusting for age and gender.

• #59 Raynaud’s Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/raynauds-syndrome/

  Regarding primary Raynauds syndrome, a recent, broad meta-analysis showed a pooled annual incidence of 0.25% and a pooled prevalence was 4.85%.4 US-based population studies suggest a prevalence of 4% to 9% in women and 3% to 6% in men.5 Some estimates suggest a prevalence of up to 20% to 30% in women.1 […] The predominance of the disease in females is clear, with a 9 to 1 female-to-male ratio.1 Primary Raynaud syndrome typically onsets at age 15 to 30, affects females, is transient, and does not limit activities.2,5 In people older than 60, the prevalence is just 0.1% to 1%, and it typically occurs due to obstructive vascular disease.1,2 A prospective study found rates of remission as high as 64% in women and men.2

• #60 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  Raynauds phenomenon is common condition, but little is known about the natural course. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence, remission, and persistence proportions of Raynauds phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden. […] The annual incidence proportion was 0.7% among women and 0.9% among men (gender difference p=0.04). The annual remission proportion was 4.4% and 5.5%, respectively (p=0.05). […] In the general population of northern Sweden, Raynauds phenomenon is a common but variable condition, where symptoms may remit over time. Men had a higher incidence proportion than women. The results support a possible causal pathway where cold injury can precede the onset of Raynauds phenomenon. […] The prevalence of RP in the follow-up survey was 14.5% among women and 12.7% among men. The annual incidence proportion of RP in northern Sweden was 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively. The annual remission proportion was 4.4% for women and 5.5% for men. New-onset cold injury was associated with incident RP (OR 3.92; 95% CI 2.605.90), after adjusting for age and gender.

• #61 Incidence, remission, and persistence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden: a prospective study | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-022-00272-0

  Raynauds phenomenon is common condition, but little is known about the natural course. The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence, remission, and persistence proportions of Raynauds phenomenon in the general population of northern Sweden. […] The annual incidence proportion was 0.7% among women and 0.9% among men (gender difference p=0.04). The annual remission proportion was 4.4% and 5.5%, respectively (p=0.05). […] In the general population of northern Sweden, Raynauds phenomenon is a common but variable condition, where symptoms may remit over time. Men had a higher incidence proportion than women. The results support a possible causal pathway where cold injury can precede the onset of Raynauds phenomenon. […] The prevalence of RP in the follow-up survey was 14.5% among women and 12.7% among men. The annual incidence proportion of RP in northern Sweden was 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively. The annual remission proportion was 4.4% for women and 5.5% for men. New-onset cold injury was associated with incident RP (OR 3.92; 95% CI 2.605.90), after adjusting for age and gender.

• #62 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon in young people is good with little morbidity or mortality. However, if the patient does not change lifestyle or smokes, then ischemia may affect the distal tips of the fingers and lead to necrosis. There are reports that in the elderly population with Raynaud phenomenon, the risk of adverse cardiac events may be increased compared to the general population. For patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon, the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder. In general, the quality of life for these patients is poor as they need to adopt a rigid lifestyle. Plus, many other secondary causes often have no cures and relapses are common.

• #63 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon in young people is good with little morbidity or mortality. However, if the patient does not change lifestyle or smokes, then ischemia may affect the distal tips of the fingers and lead to necrosis. There are reports that in the elderly population with Raynaud phenomenon, the risk of adverse cardiac events may be increased compared to the general population. For patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon, the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder. In general, the quality of life for these patients is poor as they need to adopt a rigid lifestyle. Plus, many other secondary causes often have no cures and relapses are common.

• #64 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon in young people is good with little morbidity or mortality. However, if the patient does not change lifestyle or smokes, then ischemia may affect the distal tips of the fingers and lead to necrosis. There are reports that in the elderly population with Raynaud phenomenon, the risk of adverse cardiac events may be increased compared to the general population. For patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon, the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder. In general, the quality of life for these patients is poor as they need to adopt a rigid lifestyle. Plus, many other secondary causes often have no cures and relapses are common.

• #65 Raynaud phenomenon and mortality: 20+ years of follow-up of the Charle | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/raynaud-phenomenon-and-mortality-20-years-of-follow-up-of-the-charlest-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a temporary vasoconstrictive condition that often manifests itself in the fingers in response to cold or stress. It often co-occurs with certain chronic diseases that impact mortality. Our objective was to determine whether RP has any independent association with survival. […] A number of studies have examined RP in the general population, but none have examined what, if any, association exists between a diagnosis of RP and the timing of all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. This study aims to understand these relationships in a predominantly elderly population with no known connective tissue disease. […] In this study, we identified a potentially significant relationship between RP and all-cause mortality, with the association being stronger among older subjects with RP compared with younger subjects. Interestingly, RP was not significantly associated with CVD mortality in blacks; however, among whites using the broad RP definition, the presence of RP was associated with a 1.6-fold increase in the hazard associated with CVD-related death.

• #66 Raynaud phenomenon and mortality: 20+ years of follow-up of the Charle | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/raynaud-phenomenon-and-mortality-20-years-of-follow-up-of-the-charlest-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a temporary vasoconstrictive condition that often manifests itself in the fingers in response to cold or stress. It often co-occurs with certain chronic diseases that impact mortality. Our objective was to determine whether RP has any independent association with survival. […] A number of studies have examined RP in the general population, but none have examined what, if any, association exists between a diagnosis of RP and the timing of all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. This study aims to understand these relationships in a predominantly elderly population with no known connective tissue disease. […] In this study, we identified a potentially significant relationship between RP and all-cause mortality, with the association being stronger among older subjects with RP compared with younger subjects. Interestingly, RP was not significantly associated with CVD mortality in blacks; however, among whites using the broad RP definition, the presence of RP was associated with a 1.6-fold increase in the hazard associated with CVD-related death.

• #67 Raynaud Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499833/

  Raynaud phenomena occur more frequently in women (about 20% to 30%), particularly in younger age populations (teens to 20s). The female to male ratio is 9 to 1. […] The prognosis for patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon in young people is good with little morbidity or mortality. However, if the patient does not change lifestyle or smokes, then ischemia may affect the distal tips of the fingers and lead to necrosis. There are reports that in the elderly population with Raynaud phenomenon, the risk of adverse cardiac events may be increased compared to the general population. For patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon, the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder. In general, the quality of life for these patients is poor as they need to adopt a rigid lifestyle. Plus, many other secondary causes often have no cures and relapses are common.

• #68 Raynaud’s Phenomenon – almostadoctor

  https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/raynauds-phenomenon

  Establishing the true prevalence is difficult due to the problem in correctly classifying the disease. Estimates vary from 3-20% with a slightly higher incidence in women. […] Prevalence is higher in colder climates. There is often a family history.

• #69 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #70 Epidemiology of Raynaud’s Phenomenon | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_3

  The prevalence of Raynauds phenomenon (RP) in most studies of the general population is between 3 and 5 %. […] The prevalence of primary RP ranges from 2 to 20 % in women and 1-12 % in men depending on geographic location, the population studied, the definition of RP used and the method of case ascertainment. […] The prevalence of secondary RP is related to the underlying disease. […] Progression to secondary RP occurs in 14-37 % of subjects with primary RP. […] Almost 99 % of patients who progress develop an autoimmune disease, most commonly systemic sclerosis (SSc). […] Risk factors for progression include positive ANA, elevated ESR, SSc-specific autoantibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy. […] Studies of risk factors have been hindered by poor methodology such as cross-sectional study design.

• #71 Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006389

  Major risk factors/associations of PRP include female gender, family history of PRP, migraine, smoking, CVD, manual occupation, oestrogen replacement therapy and possibly, marital status. […] Variations in prevalence were observed between countries, though this could reflect use of different diagnostic criteria rather than real differences in prevalence. […] The association of CVD and autoimmune disease is well documented and thought to be due to accelerated atherosclerosis as a result of chronic inflammation, treatment such as glucocorticoids as well as the traditional risk factors for CVD. […] This first systematic review summarises the burden of PRP in the general population using published literature. It is not a rare condition (prevalence 4.85% and annual incidence 0.25%).

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-002-0007-z

  Epidemiologic studies have the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of RP and to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions. […] Her work has facilitated many of the epidemiologic studies of RP that are discussed in this review. […] This study highlighted that risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon differ among men and women and emphasized the importance of performing gender-specific analysis. […] This study supports the presence of gender-specific risk factors in Raynauds phenomenon. […] This study suggested that estrogen replacement therapy may increase the risk of Raynauds phenomenon. […] This study identified potential candidate genes for Raynauds phenomenon. […] An epidemiological survey of Raynauds phenomenon.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-002-0007-z

  Epidemiologic studies have the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of RP and to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions. […] Her work has facilitated many of the epidemiologic studies of RP that are discussed in this review. […] This study highlighted that risk factors for Raynauds phenomenon differ among men and women and emphasized the importance of performing gender-specific analysis. […] This study supports the presence of gender-specific risk factors in Raynauds phenomenon. […] This study suggested that estrogen replacement therapy may increase the risk of Raynauds phenomenon. […] This study identified potential candidate genes for Raynauds phenomenon. […] An epidemiological survey of Raynauds phenomenon.

• #74 Raynaud phenomenon and mortality: 20+ years of follow-up of the Charle | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/raynaud-phenomenon-and-mortality-20-years-of-follow-up-of-the-charlest-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  The results of this study shed new light on RP, a relatively common but understudied condition. RP was independently associated with mortality among older adults in our cohort, and it was associated to some degree with CVD mortality among whites specifically. Physicians may wish to consider increasing the attention given to CVD prevention among their patients who report symptoms consistent with RP. Future studies may consider studying whether any interventions may reduce the risk of future CVD-related events among patients with RP.

• #75 The frequency of Raynaud’s phenomenon, very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis in a large Veteran Health Administration database | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-021-00209-z

  We describe Raynauds phenomenon (RP), potential very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) in Veterans deployed in support of Post-9/11 operations. […] The distribution of sociodemographic, military service branch, job classification, vasodilator use, and comorbidities were examined across the three classifications of disease. […] In this population of 607,665 individual Veteran medical records, 857 had RP, 45 met possible VEDOSS criteria, and 71 had a diagnosis of SSc. […] Less than half of RP and VEDOSS patients were on vasodilators. […] Our data suggests that vasodilator medications are potentially being under-utilized for RP and potential VEDOSS. […] An opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of SSc is properly investigating and treating both RP symptoms and initiating treatment for internal organ involvement.

• #76 The frequency of Raynaud’s phenomenon, very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis in a large Veteran Health Administration database | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-021-00209-z

  Data suggest that earlier diagnosis may improve outcomes. […] The purpose of this project was to assess the prevalence of RP, VEDOSS, and SSc in a cohort of previously deployed Post-9/11 Veterans who received VHA care. […] This study found that in this health system, RP, VEDOSS and SSc occur possibly at a higher rate in men in the VA than the general population. […] Our study suggests an under-diagnosis of these conditions in Veterans and the need for better screening and treatment of vasculopathy. […] Use of vasodilators is standard of care for management of secondary RP, VEDOSS and SSc. […] Our data suggests that vasodilators are potentially being under-utilized in VEDOSS and SSc Veteran population. […] This study highlights the importance of further prospective research on RP, potential VEDOSS, and SSc in the unique Military and Veteran populations that includes assessment of environmental exposures, comorbidity identification, and use of vasodilators.

• #77 The frequency of Raynaud’s phenomenon, very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis in a large Veteran Health Administration database | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-021-00209-z

  We describe Raynauds phenomenon (RP), potential very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) in Veterans deployed in support of Post-9/11 operations. […] The distribution of sociodemographic, military service branch, job classification, vasodilator use, and comorbidities were examined across the three classifications of disease. […] In this population of 607,665 individual Veteran medical records, 857 had RP, 45 met possible VEDOSS criteria, and 71 had a diagnosis of SSc. […] Less than half of RP and VEDOSS patients were on vasodilators. […] Our data suggests that vasodilator medications are potentially being under-utilized for RP and potential VEDOSS. […] An opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of SSc is properly investigating and treating both RP symptoms and initiating treatment for internal organ involvement.

• #78 The frequency of Raynaud’s phenomenon, very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis in a large Veteran Health Administration database | BMC Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41927-021-00209-z

  Data suggest that earlier diagnosis may improve outcomes. […] The purpose of this project was to assess the prevalence of RP, VEDOSS, and SSc in a cohort of previously deployed Post-9/11 Veterans who received VHA care. […] This study found that in this health system, RP, VEDOSS and SSc occur possibly at a higher rate in men in the VA than the general population. […] Our study suggests an under-diagnosis of these conditions in Veterans and the need for better screening and treatment of vasculopathy. […] Use of vasodilators is standard of care for management of secondary RP, VEDOSS and SSc. […] Our data suggests that vasodilators are potentially being under-utilized in VEDOSS and SSc Veteran population. […] This study highlights the importance of further prospective research on RP, potential VEDOSS, and SSc in the unique Military and Veteran populations that includes assessment of environmental exposures, comorbidity identification, and use of vasodilators.

• #79 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/7/849

  RP of the nipple appears to be more common in females, in younger individuals, and those with a family history. […] According to the analyzed cases, only 3.4% reported family history of RP, a fact that probably demonstrates the lack of investigation or even diagnosis of RP in the background and may indicate one of the deficiencies of the studied reports. […] As the articles under review are all case reports/series, generalizations and extrapolations cannot be made. […] RP treatment is not uniform among physicians in the reviewed clinical cases, probably due to the multiple causes of nipple pain episodes in patients, which can be triggered by cold, stress, or nipple trauma. […] The literature reports raise the question of how many women give up breastfeeding due to nipple pain caused by undiagnosed vasospasm, which compromises the quality of feeding and effective immune protection for the newborn as well as mother–infant bonding.

• #80 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Common Sense Approach to Diagnosis and Management

  https://practicingclinicians.com/the-exchange/raynaud-s-phenomenon-a-common-sense-approach-to-diagnosis-and-management

  Raynaud’s is estimated to affect between 3% and 4% of the population, but in colder climates this may be as high as 30%. […] Women outnumber men by a ratio of 4:1 to 9:1. […] Most patients respond to common sense measures of avoiding exposure to cold and using warm layered clothing, avoiding tobacco products, and avoiding certain medications. […] For those not responsive to these lifestyle interventions, CCBs are often effective and safe.

• #81 Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Common Sense Approach to Diagnosis and Management

  https://practicingclinicians.com/the-exchange/raynaud-s-phenomenon-a-common-sense-approach-to-diagnosis-and-management

  Raynaud’s is estimated to affect between 3% and 4% of the population, but in colder climates this may be as high as 30%. […] Women outnumber men by a ratio of 4:1 to 9:1. […] Most patients respond to common sense measures of avoiding exposure to cold and using warm layered clothing, avoiding tobacco products, and avoiding certain medications. […] For those not responsive to these lifestyle interventions, CCBs are often effective and safe.

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