Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. The economic cost of mental illness in the United States is substantial, approximately $300 billion in 2002. […] Population-based surveys and surveillance systems provide much of the evidence needed to guide effective mental health promotion, mental illness prevention, and treatment programs. […] This report summarizes data from selected CDC surveillance systems that measure the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population. CDC surveillance systems provide several types of mental health information: estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed mental illness from self-report or recorded diagnosis, estimates of the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental illness, and estimates of the impact of mental illness on health and well-being. […] Future surveillance should pay particular attention to changes in the prevalence of depression both nationwide and at the state and county levels. In addition, national and state-level mental illness surveillance should measure a wider range of psychiatric conditions and should include anxiety disorders.

• #2 Mental Illness – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness

  Mental illnesses are common in the United States and around the world. It is estimated that more than one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness (59.3 million in 2022; 23.1% of the U.S. adult population). […] The data presented here are from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). […] Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder. […] Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 59.3 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with AMI. This number represented 23.1% of all U.S. adults.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health

  Mental health conditions can be effectively treated at relatively low cost, yet health systems remain significantly under-resourced and treatment gaps are wide all over the world. […] In 2019, 970 million people globally were living with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depression the most common. […] Globally, mental disorders account for 1 in 6 years lived with disability. […] WHO’s Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) similarly aims to scale up services for mental, neurological and substance use disorders, especially in low- and middle-income countries. […] Strengthening surveillance of suicide and self-harm. […] Monitoring and sharing suicide data and statistics.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health

  Mental health conditions can be effectively treated at relatively low cost, yet health systems remain significantly under-resourced and treatment gaps are wide all over the world. […] In 2019, 970 million people globally were living with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depression the most common. […] Globally, mental disorders account for 1 in 6 years lived with disability. […] WHO’s Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) similarly aims to scale up services for mental, neurological and substance use disorders, especially in low- and middle-income countries. […] Strengthening surveillance of suicide and self-harm. […] Monitoring and sharing suicide data and statistics.

• #5 Mental Health – What We Do – Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health – U-M School of Public Health

  https://sph.umich.edu/cseph/what-we-do/mental-health.html

  Approximately 1 in 2 people in the US will experience a mental health condition at some point in their life. These conditions (e.g., autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, dementia) are among the leading causes of disability globally. […] Psychiatric and substance use disorders increase risk of suicide, which is the 10th leading cause of death in the US. […] Population mental health is a complex area of study for many reasons: Psychiatric and substance use disorders are stigmatized and therefore under-reported. Most people with a mental health condition never receive adequate treatment, which means that studies which rely on healthcare records under-estimate prevalence. […] A comprehensive understanding of the determinants of population mental health requires bridging multiple disciplines and leveraging innovative methodologic tools. […] CSEPH faculty are leading several research projects aimed at understanding the determinants of population mental health over the life course.

• #6 Mental health

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/health-risks-issues/mental-health

  Mental disorders are among the top 10 leading causes of health loss worldwide, with anxiety and depressive disorders ranked as the most common across all age groups and locations. […] 18% more people experienced depressive disorders and 15% more people experienced anxiety disorders as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared to 2019. 13.9% of the worlds population experienced mental disorders in 2021. 71% of global anxiety disorder burden could be avoided if all people with anxiety disorders accessed optimal treatment. 17.2% of the total years lived with disability in the world were due to mental disorders in 2021. […] The countries with the highest age-standardized prevalence rates of mental disorders in the world are Portugal, Iran, and Lebanon. We also see high prevalence and disability in Australia, Western Europe, and parts of the Americas, including the US and Brazil.

• #7 Mental health

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/health-risks-issues/mental-health

  Mental disorders are among the top 10 leading causes of health loss worldwide, with anxiety and depressive disorders ranked as the most common across all age groups and locations. […] 18% more people experienced depressive disorders and 15% more people experienced anxiety disorders as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared to 2019. 13.9% of the worlds population experienced mental disorders in 2021. 71% of global anxiety disorder burden could be avoided if all people with anxiety disorders accessed optimal treatment. 17.2% of the total years lived with disability in the world were due to mental disorders in 2021. […] The countries with the highest age-standardized prevalence rates of mental disorders in the world are Portugal, Iran, and Lebanon. We also see high prevalence and disability in Australia, Western Europe, and parts of the Americas, including the US and Brazil.

• #8 Epidemiology and mental illness in old age | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/epidemiology-and-mental-illness-in-old-age/C4F44C77F636B64A6779D884A44041F2

  This is an overview of epidemiology relevant to mental health problems in old age. […] Epidemiology is the study of disease and its determinants in populations. Epidemiological studies investigate what the patterns of diseases are and why they develop in particular populations. […] Epidemiology is important in improving our understanding of what causes disease. […] There are exciting developments in epidemiology that will guide our knowledge about the determinants of psychiatric disease. […] The prevalence of dementia increases significantly with age, therefore prevalence for this condition is often expressed for age brackets. […] The prevalence of dementia worldwide has been increasing. […] The prevalence of vascular dementia rises with age: across 11 cohorts in Europe the prevalence is 1.6% among people 65 years and over; but it rises from 0.1% in females and 0.5% in males between 65 and 69 years to 5.8% in females and 3.6% in males who are 90 years old or above.

• #9 Epidemiology of mental health disorders in the citizens of Tehran: a report from Tehran Cohort Study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04773-1

  Mental health disorders (MHD) impose a considerable burden on public health systems. With an increasing worldwide trend in urbanization, urban mental health stressors are affecting a larger population. In this study, we evaluated the epidemiology of mental health disorders in the citizens of Tehran using the Tehran Cohort Study (TeCS) data. […] Almost 37.1% of Tehran residents suffered mental health problems (45.0% of women and 28.0% of men). The greatest incidence of MHDs was seen in the 2534 and over 75 age groups. The most common mental health disorders were depression (43%) and anxiety (40%), followed by somatization (30%) and social dysfunction (8.1%). Mental health disorders were more frequent in the southeast regions of the city. […] Tehran residents have a significantly higher rate of mental health disorders compared to nationwide studies, with an estimated 2.7 million citizens requiring mental health care services. Awareness of mental health disorders and identifying vulnerable groups are crucial in developing mental health care programs by public health authorities.

• #10 Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/su/su7102a1.htm

  Estimates from previous surveillance efforts and research studies indicate that approximately one in five children and adolescents experience a mental disorder each year; approximately two in five children and adolescents will meet criteria for a mental disorder by age 18 years, and one half of mental disorders have an onset before age 14 years. […] Although children in all sociodemographic groups are affected by mental disorders, the prevalence of different disorders varies by the child’s sex, age, residence (e.g., urban versus rural areas), race or ethnicity, and other sociodemographic characteristics. […] These findings can be used by public health professionals, health care providers, state health officials, policymakers, and educators to understand the prevalence of specific mental disorders and other indicators of mental health and the challenges related to mental health surveillance.

• #11 Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/su/su7102a1.htm

  Estimates from previous surveillance efforts and research studies indicate that approximately one in five children and adolescents experience a mental disorder each year; approximately two in five children and adolescents will meet criteria for a mental disorder by age 18 years, and one half of mental disorders have an onset before age 14 years. […] Although children in all sociodemographic groups are affected by mental disorders, the prevalence of different disorders varies by the child’s sex, age, residence (e.g., urban versus rural areas), race or ethnicity, and other sociodemographic characteristics. […] These findings can be used by public health professionals, health care providers, state health officials, policymakers, and educators to understand the prevalence of specific mental disorders and other indicators of mental health and the challenges related to mental health surveillance.

• #12 JMIR Research Protocols – A Mental Health Surveillance System for the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Multiwave Cross-sectional Survey Study

  https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/11/e23748/

  Background: The COVID-19 outbreak can potentially be categorized as a traumatic event. Public health surveillance is one of the cornerstones of public health practice, and it empowers decision makers to lead and manage public health crises and programs more effectively by providing timely and useful evidence. […] Objective: This paper presents the protocol for a study that aims to identify, track, and monitor trends in the population in Saudi Arabia at risk of major depressive disorders and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Public health surveillance is one of the cornerstones of public health practice, and it empowers decision makers to lead and manage public health programs more effectively by providing timely and useful evidence. […] Routine surveillance systems for mental health in many countries in the eastern Mediterranean region are rudimentary or absent, which makes it difficult to understand the needs of local populations and to plan accordingly.

• #13 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Surveillance data are essential to the public health goals of reducing the incidence, prevalence, severity, and economic impact of mental illnesses. Public health officials, academicians, health-care providers, and advocacy groups need accurate and timely information on the prevalence and effects of mental illness to detect and characterize trends in mental illness prevalence and severity; assess associations between mental illness and other chronic medical conditions; identify populations at high risk for mental illness and target interventions, treatment, and prevention measures; and provide outcome measures for evaluating mental illness interventions. […] CDC systems for measuring the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population fall into two categories: 1) population surveys, which are used to estimate mental illness prevalence, and 2) national health-care surveys that include a diagnosed psychiatric condition based on ICD-9 codes, which are used to estimate outpatient visits and hospitalizations and reflect access to and use of health care by persons with mental illness.

• #14 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. The economic cost of mental illness in the United States is substantial, approximately $300 billion in 2002. […] Population-based surveys and surveillance systems provide much of the evidence needed to guide effective mental health promotion, mental illness prevention, and treatment programs. […] This report summarizes data from selected CDC surveillance systems that measure the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population. CDC surveillance systems provide several types of mental health information: estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed mental illness from self-report or recorded diagnosis, estimates of the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental illness, and estimates of the impact of mental illness on health and well-being. […] Future surveillance should pay particular attention to changes in the prevalence of depression both nationwide and at the state and county levels. In addition, national and state-level mental illness surveillance should measure a wider range of psychiatric conditions and should include anxiety disorders.

• #15 Fact Sheet | MIS | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/mentalhealthsurveillance/fact_sheet.html

  CDC Report: Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States […] Mental illness surveillance is a critically important part of disease prevention and control. […] Surveillance activities that monitor mental illness are essential because mental illness is a significant public health problem. […] CDC surveillance systems provide several types of mental health information, such as estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed mental illness from self-report or recorded diagnosis, estimates of the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental illness, and estimates of the effect of mental illness on health and well-being. […] The authors stress the importance of initiating national-level anxiety disorder surveillance activities to help guide public health policy. They also call for anxiety disorder surveillance to be conducted at the state and local levels so that public health services addressing this condition can be designed, implemented, and evaluated.

• #16 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Surveillance data are essential to the public health goals of reducing the incidence, prevalence, severity, and economic impact of mental illnesses. Public health officials, academicians, health-care providers, and advocacy groups need accurate and timely information on the prevalence and effects of mental illness to detect and characterize trends in mental illness prevalence and severity; assess associations between mental illness and other chronic medical conditions; identify populations at high risk for mental illness and target interventions, treatment, and prevention measures; and provide outcome measures for evaluating mental illness interventions. […] CDC systems for measuring the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population fall into two categories: 1) population surveys, which are used to estimate mental illness prevalence, and 2) national health-care surveys that include a diagnosed psychiatric condition based on ICD-9 codes, which are used to estimate outpatient visits and hospitalizations and reflect access to and use of health care by persons with mental illness.

• #17 RKI – Health surveys – National Mental Health Surveillance at the Robert Koch Institute (MHS)

  https://www.rki.de/EN/Topics/Noncommunicable-diseases/Health-surveys/Studies/mental-health-surveillance.html

  The RKI monitors the mental health of Germanys population. A dedicated national Mental Health Surveillance (MHS) has been in development since 2019 and is currently being integrated into a superordinate Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance (NCD Surveillance). The establishment of the MHS has taken place in three project phases funded by the Federal Ministry of Health. […] The aim of the MHS is to provide systematic and continuous reporting on a selection of core indicators of mental health in Germanys population. Time series consisting of regular estimates for these indicators are the basis of reliable and up-to-date assessments on the state and development of the mental health of the population. […] A dashboard with monthly updates shows developments in the mental health of adults in Germany on the basis of continuously collected survey data.

• #18 WHO EMRO | Mental health surveillance and information systems | Volume 21, issue 7 | EMHJ volume 21, 2015

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-21-2015/volume-21-issue-7/mental-health-surveillance-and-information-systems.html

  Routine information systems for mental health in many Eastern Mediterranean Region countries are rudimentary or absent, making it difficult to understand the needs of local populations and to plan accordingly. Key components for mental health surveillance and information systems are: national commitment and leadership to ensure that relevant high quality information is collected and reported; a minimum data set of key mental health indicators; intersectoral collaboration with appropriate data sharing; routine data collection supplemented with periodic surveys; quality control and confidentiality; and technology and skills to support data collection, sharing and dissemination. […] Preliminary findings from the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental health atlas survey 2014 [in press] shows that more than one-third of Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries have not published a specific mental health information report in the past 2 years.

• #19 Existing public health surveillance systems for mental health in China | International Journal of Mental Health Systems | Full Text

  https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-4458-9-3

  Mental health is a challenging public health issue worldwide and surveillance is crucial for it. […] Surveillance is crucial for mental health, as it is the foundation for well-informed and evidence-based decision-making on disease control and prevention, services provision and delivery. […] Unlike the above countries which develop mental health surveillance on well-developed public health surveillance, many other countries, especially developing countries, have poor or even no health information systems, let alone mental health information systems. […] Existing problems of Chinese surveillance related to mental health are discussed from the perspective of data utilization and suggestions for future development are proposed accordingly. […] Although China has a basic knowledge of mental health prevalence and mental health services through epidemiological surveys, the National System of Basic Information Collection and Analysis for Psychoses is the only mental-health-themed surveillance system in China.

• #20 WHO EMRO | Mental health surveillance and information systems | Volume 21, issue 7 | EMHJ volume 21, 2015

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-21-2015/volume-21-issue-7/mental-health-surveillance-and-information-systems.html

  Routine information systems for mental health in many Eastern Mediterranean Region countries are rudimentary or absent, making it difficult to understand the needs of local populations and to plan accordingly. Key components for mental health surveillance and information systems are: national commitment and leadership to ensure that relevant high quality information is collected and reported; a minimum data set of key mental health indicators; intersectoral collaboration with appropriate data sharing; routine data collection supplemented with periodic surveys; quality control and confidentiality; and technology and skills to support data collection, sharing and dissemination. […] Preliminary findings from the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental health atlas survey 2014 [in press] shows that more than one-third of Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries have not published a specific mental health information report in the past 2 years.

• #21 Psychiatric epidemiology – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology

  Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. […] Today, epidemiological studies focus on the etiology of mental disorders, i.e. the identification and quantification of causes underlying psychiatric problems and their mechanisms, rather than mere estimation of prevalence. […] Many different instruments are used to assess mental disorders in epidemiological studies depending on the age of the participants, available recourses and other considerations. […] A combination of family and molecular studies are used within psychiatric epidemiology to uncover the effects of genetics on mental health. […] Next to genetic exposures, a wide variety of environmental exposures are being studied as well, such as nutrition, urbanicity, stressful life events, and bullying. […] Population-based imaging studies attempt to find neurobiological substrates to explain psychiatric symptomatology.

• #22 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=730

  Psychiatric epidemiology traditionally seems to be insufficient to definite measurement and case definition. Since 1900s, there had been numerable studies on prevalence and incidence of mental disorders according to diagnostic measurements. However, there is no consistent and clear consensus on psychiatric epidemiologic findings. […] In spite of difficulties in measurement issues, psychiatric epidemiology has advanced from vague case definition by expert’s bias to relatively concise method using scientific technology. […] Especially, biological advancement and genetic epidemiology made psychiatric epidemiology clearer than past several decades. […] In the future direction of psychiatric epidemiology, collaborating measurements biological markers with psychosocial factors will make explain the etiological background of mental disorder easier than past years.

• #23 Psychiatric epidemiology – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology

  Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. […] Today, epidemiological studies focus on the etiology of mental disorders, i.e. the identification and quantification of causes underlying psychiatric problems and their mechanisms, rather than mere estimation of prevalence. […] Many different instruments are used to assess mental disorders in epidemiological studies depending on the age of the participants, available recourses and other considerations. […] A combination of family and molecular studies are used within psychiatric epidemiology to uncover the effects of genetics on mental health. […] Next to genetic exposures, a wide variety of environmental exposures are being studied as well, such as nutrition, urbanicity, stressful life events, and bullying. […] Population-based imaging studies attempt to find neurobiological substrates to explain psychiatric symptomatology.

• #24 Mental health surveillance in elite Para athletes: early identification and follow-up of athletes at risk of mental health problems | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/58/16/902

  Objective There is a lack of prospective data on mental health of elite Para athletes. The objective was to identify and follow elite Para athletes at risk of mental health problems. […] Our screening and follow-up system revealed high rates of mental health problems in elite Para athletes. Programmes for early identification with mental health monitoring under the supervision of mental health professionals should be considered by sports federations for Para athletes. […] Mental health disorders are frequent among elite athletes across sports and cultures. […] Recently, we presented the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), a globally established, short and easy-to-use screening tool for depression and anxiety, to be a valid instrument for weekly mental health monitoring in elite Para athletes with the potential of identifying athletes at risk of mental health problems.

• #25 Global Insights: Major Epidemiological Studies on Mental Health • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/global-insights-epidemiological-studies-mental-health/

  Epidemiological studies form the backbone of our understanding of mental health on a global scale. These large-scale investigations provide crucial insights into how mental disorders manifest across different populations, helping researchers, clinicians, and policymakers develop more effective approaches to prevention and treatment. By examining patterns of illness across diverse communities, these studies have revolutionized our comprehension of mental health burden worldwide. […] The results of the ECA study proved eye-opening and challenged many existing assumptions about mental health. Among the most significant findings: […] The NCS yielded several significant findings that expanded our understanding of mental health epidemiology: […] The NESARC has made several important contributions to our understanding of substance use disorders and their relationship to mental health:

• #26 Global Insights: Major Epidemiological Studies on Mental Health • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/global-insights-epidemiological-studies-mental-health/

  Epidemiological studies form the backbone of our understanding of mental health on a global scale. These large-scale investigations provide crucial insights into how mental disorders manifest across different populations, helping researchers, clinicians, and policymakers develop more effective approaches to prevention and treatment. By examining patterns of illness across diverse communities, these studies have revolutionized our comprehension of mental health burden worldwide. […] The results of the ECA study proved eye-opening and challenged many existing assumptions about mental health. Among the most significant findings: […] The NCS yielded several significant findings that expanded our understanding of mental health epidemiology: […] The NESARC has made several important contributions to our understanding of substance use disorders and their relationship to mental health:

• #27 Global Insights: Major Epidemiological Studies on Mental Health • Psychology Town

  https://psychology.town/mental-disorders/global-insights-epidemiological-studies-mental-health/

  The WMH surveys have revealed fascinating patterns of both similarity and difference in mental health across cultures: […] Perhaps most importantly, the WMH surveys have demonstrated that mental disorders represent a major public health challenge in all regions of the world, challenging the notion that psychiatric conditions are primarily concerns of wealthy, Western nations. […] The findings from these groundbreaking epidemiological studies have had far-reaching implications for mental health research, practice, and policy around the world. […] By identifying the true scale and impact of mental disorders, these studies have helped legitimize mental health as a serious research priority. […] For mental health practitioners, these studies have provided crucial information about the conditions they are likely to encounter, the populations at highest risk, and the complex patterns of comorbidity that complicate treatment.

• #28 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=730

  However once such markers are identified, integration of psychiatric epidemiology with population genetics will be valuable in a number of ways, but it is not clear when this will occur. […] The first two aims refer to descriptive research that counter the bias in clinical samples- enumerating disease frequency and describing the range of symptomatology and the natural history of psychiatric disorders as found in the general population. […] The fourth aim is to prove which interventions might be helpful- using strategies to eliminate the investigator’s own prejudice and the biases involved in recruiting selected subjects for study. […] On the other hand, Wittchen described the major progresses of psychiatric epidemiology in the 1990s as follows: 1) availability of large general population studies, 2) increasingly sophisticated sampling, design and statistical procedures, 3) international collaboration, 4) crude documentation of impairments and disabilities, 5) crude documentation of poor recognition and interventions, 6) improvements in diagnostic instruments and contributions to psychology and diagnostic classification, 7) slowly increasing number of prospective-longitudinal and family genetic studies, and 8) contributions to nosological research.

• #29 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=730

  The next decade will witness shifts in approaches of both epidemiology and genetics to address sources of complexity of the mental disorders. […] Major advances in descriptive psychiatric epidemiology in recent years include the development of reliable and valid fully structured diagnostic interviews, the implementation of parallel cross-national surveys of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders, and the initiation of research in clinical epidemiology. […] Despite encouraging advances, much work still needs to be conducted before psychiatric epidemiology can realize its potential to improve the mental health of populations. […] The current, 'fourth generation’ of psychiatric epidemiological research is characterized by a strong emphasis on the search for specific risk factors, both biological and psychosocial.

• #30 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=730

  Current psychiatric epidemiological research is increasingly orientated towards so-called 'strategic populations’ that may be more informative with regard to teasing out causative pathways in psychiatric illness such as genetic isolates, samples of specifically configured pedigrees and groups known to be at an increased risk of morbidity. […] Ultimately, establishing the epidemiological 'signature’ of a disease should provide guidance for laboratory research into its molecular mechanisms. […] However, psychiatric epidemiology faces challenges that are rarely encountered in other epidemiological investigations. […] This puts researchers into a sort of 'double bind’ on one hand, epidemiological leads are important signposts for etiological or pathogenetic research in the laboratory; on the other hand, the value of epidemiological data would be greatly enhanced if valid disease markers for use in the field were generated by laboratory research. […] Complementing the human genome project, the human envirome project represents the proper agenda for psychiatric epidemiology in the next decade and beyond.

• #31 Natural language processing of multi-hospital electronic health records for public health surveillance of suicidality | npj Mental Health Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-023-00046-7

  We aim at demonstrating that mental health indicators can be computed timely at a population level analysing jointly millions of clinical reports collected in multiple hospitals. […] Our study validated retrospectively the feasibility of analysing automatically EHR contained in multi-hospital clinical data warehouses to provide epidemiological insights on mental health of populations and early identify at-risk groups during crises. […] The methodology of this study could moreover be extended to further process clinical notes using NLP algorithms, for instance to extract information related to the consumption of care (medications, previous visits, etc.) or to socioeconomic determinants (unemployment, dwelling type, etc.). […] In conclusion, we demonstrated that naturalistic data collected in the EHR of multiple hospitals, both structured and unstructured, could be leveraged to compute indicators describing mental health conditions of populations.

• #32 Natural language processing of multi-hospital electronic health records for public health surveillance of suicidality | npj Mental Health Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-023-00046-7

  We aim at demonstrating that mental health indicators can be computed timely at a population level analysing jointly millions of clinical reports collected in multiple hospitals. […] Our study validated retrospectively the feasibility of analysing automatically EHR contained in multi-hospital clinical data warehouses to provide epidemiological insights on mental health of populations and early identify at-risk groups during crises. […] The methodology of this study could moreover be extended to further process clinical notes using NLP algorithms, for instance to extract information related to the consumption of care (medications, previous visits, etc.) or to socioeconomic determinants (unemployment, dwelling type, etc.). […] In conclusion, we demonstrated that naturalistic data collected in the EHR of multiple hospitals, both structured and unstructured, could be leveraged to compute indicators describing mental health conditions of populations.

• #33 Big Brother Meets Bedlam: Resisting Mental Health Surveillance Tech – Center for Democracy and Technology

  https://cdt.org/insights/big-brother-meets-bedlam-resisting-mental-health-surveillance-tech/

  People with mental health disabilities are routinely not trusted, and, as a result, they are increasingly surveilled by caretakers, doctors, family, and others. […] Despite the pushback, there has been a growing use of predictive policing tools and other surveillance technologies at school, at home, and in the workplace, which has led to a rush among researchers and developers to create new systems that can assess or predict a diagnosis of mental illness. […] New surveillance technologies are a continuation of past discrimination. […] Specific treatments are different. […] Technology is changing faster than policy. […] Algorithms are not value-neutral, they carry baked-in bias. […] Companies can use algorithms to track people and make dangerous predictions about their lives. […] Algorithms used to predict whether someone has a mental health disability constitute surveillance.

• #34 Big Brother Meets Bedlam: Resisting Mental Health Surveillance Tech – Center for Democracy and Technology

  https://cdt.org/insights/big-brother-meets-bedlam-resisting-mental-health-surveillance-tech/

  People with mental health disabilities are routinely not trusted, and, as a result, they are increasingly surveilled by caretakers, doctors, family, and others. […] Despite the pushback, there has been a growing use of predictive policing tools and other surveillance technologies at school, at home, and in the workplace, which has led to a rush among researchers and developers to create new systems that can assess or predict a diagnosis of mental illness. […] New surveillance technologies are a continuation of past discrimination. […] Specific treatments are different. […] Technology is changing faster than policy. […] Algorithms are not value-neutral, they carry baked-in bias. […] Companies can use algorithms to track people and make dangerous predictions about their lives. […] Algorithms used to predict whether someone has a mental health disability constitute surveillance.

• #35 Little evidence to support increasing use of surveillance technology on mental health wards | King’s College London

  https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/little-evidence-to-support-increasing-use-of-surveillance-technology-on-mental-health-wards

  The review included 32 studies of varying methodological quality, with half of the studies rated as low quality. […] Our analysis has produced a number of worrying findings. Primarily, despite widespread claims of the benefits that surveillance technologies would bring to inpatient mental health services, there is little evidence to back this up. […] The claim that surveillance technology is beneficial to service user care is, right now, unsubstantiated and needs more investigations by independent researchers and to a higher quality. Few studies examined the impact of surveillance technologies on important outcomes such as patients’ mental health, self-harm, or the quality of care. None of the studies looked at other outcomes such as treatment satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, or impact on further service use. This needs to change if the NHS intends to place greater responsibility on the role of technology within these services.

• #36 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Through the surveys and surveillance systems described in this report, CDC provides prevalence estimates on current depression, postpartum depression, psychological distress, number of mentally unhealthy days, and lifetime diagnosis of depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in the U.S. adult population. CDC health-care surveys provide health services information about physician, hospital outpatient, and emergency department visits related to mental illness. All of these CDC systems can provide data for national-level estimates by sex, age, race, and ethnicity. BRFSS and PRAMS data also can be used for state-level estimates. […] The prevalence of current depression varies substantially by state, as does the prevalence of serious psychological distress. These variations might reflect regional differences, including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, availability of and access to health-care services, and patterns of reimbursement for mental health services, that would be useful in planning.

• #37 Epidemiology of mental health disorders in the citizens of Tehran: a report from Tehran Cohort Study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04773-1

  The prevalence of all MHDs was estimated at 37.1% in the Tehran population. The age-adjusted prevalence of MHDs was significantly higher in women (45.0%) compared to men (28.0%). […] According to these results, nearly 2.7 million Tehran residents are possible cases of MHDs requiring mental health care services, of which 1.6 million are women. […] The highest rate of anxiety was seen in the age group 2534 years, followed by a relatively neutral trend in the following age groups. […] The southeast region of Tehran reported a significantly higher prevalence of all major MHDs. Various factors may contribute to this discrepancy, including lower socio-economic status, cultural factors, and migration from other cities to this area.

• #38 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mental Illness in Canada, 2015 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mental-illness-canada-2015.html

  Approximately five million Canadians (or about one in seven people) use health services for a mental illness annually. […] In 2009/10, the age-standardized prevalence of the use of health services for mental illness among those one year of age and older was highest in Nova Scotia (16.8%) and British Columbia (15.1%), and lowest in Newfoundland and Labrador (10.5%), Quebec (11.0%) and the Northwest Territories (11.0%). […] The age-specific prevalence rates for the use of health services for mental illness differed by sex in 2009/10. […] The largest relative differences in prevalence of the use of health services for mental illness by sex were observed among women in their peak childbearing and childrearing years, where the prevalence was at least 50% higher in women than in men. […] The Canadian age-standardized prevalence rate of the use of health services for mental illness remained relatively stable from 1996/97 to 2009/10. […] The CCDSS is a valuable source of information for the surveillance of health care contacts for mental illness in Canada.

• #39 Changing trends in the global burden of mental disorders from 1990 to 2019 and predicted levels in 25 years | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/changing-trends-in-the-global-burden-of-mental-disorders-from-1990-to-2019-and-predicted-levels-in-25-years/57DCF2F39E8DC9DD19250C1CE95C24F8

  Mental disorders contribute substantially to the global disease burden. […] According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, about 1 billion people in the world suffer from mental illness. […] Mental disorders have become an important public health problem. […] Given the limited epidemiological information on mental disorders in the global population, estimates must be updated to help guide future research on disease control and prevention strategies. […] This study analysed data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Survey in 2019 to verify the time trends of mental disorder incidence worldwide, and to explore age, period and cohort effects by using the age-period-cohort framework. […] The global incidence of mental illness among males and women was predicted to show a similar trend of continuous decline. […] Although the trend was similar between females and males, it remained higher. […] These findings emphasize the importance of preventing and treating mental disorders. […] The results of this research show that mental disorders pose a large burden.

• #40 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  Anxiety disorders comprise some of the most common mental health conditions. This study examined the global and regional burden of anxiety disorders over the last three decades. Epidemiological data relating to anxiety disorders from the latest Global Burden of Disease dataset were analyzed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates from 1990 to 2019 for 204 countries and regions. […] The prevalence of anxiety disorders has been rising over the last three decades. […] Disease epidemiology is critical for understanding population trends, such as whether or not anxiety is increasing, covariates associated with changing trends, and factors involved in the control and management of anxiety disorders. […] A comprehensive epidemiological study of the global burden of anxiety disorders, as well as their sociodemographic associations, is needed to evaluate population-wide trends and potential factors associated with anxiety, as well as to more efficiently target health promotion efforts to reduce the economic and social burden associated with this mental health issue. […] The global prevalence of anxiety continues to increase, along with the associated social and economic burdens of anxiety disorders. Higher rates of anxiety disorders were associated with more economic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization.

• #41 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Surveillance data are essential to the public health goals of reducing the incidence, prevalence, severity, and economic impact of mental illnesses. Public health officials, academicians, health-care providers, and advocacy groups need accurate and timely information on the prevalence and effects of mental illness to detect and characterize trends in mental illness prevalence and severity; assess associations between mental illness and other chronic medical conditions; identify populations at high risk for mental illness and target interventions, treatment, and prevention measures; and provide outcome measures for evaluating mental illness interventions. […] CDC systems for measuring the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population fall into two categories: 1) population surveys, which are used to estimate mental illness prevalence, and 2) national health-care surveys that include a diagnosed psychiatric condition based on ICD-9 codes, which are used to estimate outpatient visits and hospitalizations and reflect access to and use of health care by persons with mental illness.

• #42 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  CDC surveys focus on depression, and they lack sufficient data on anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are as common in the population as depression and, like depression and severe psychological distress, can result in high levels of impairment. […] Future mental illness surveillance surveys should measure both depression and anxiety disorders and include more detailed questions concerning their impact on quality of life, associated chronic medical conditions, and issues such as family violence, alcohol and substance abuse, and access to and use of health care.

• #43 Mental illness surveillance among adults in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21881550/

  Future surveillance should pay particular attention to changes in the prevalence of depression both nationwide and at the state and county levels. In addition, national and state-level mental illness surveillance should measure a wider range of psychiatric conditions and should include anxiety disorders. Many mental illnesses can be managed successfully, and increasing access to and use of mental health treatment services could substantially reduce the associated morbidity.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-014-0847-7

  People with mental health conditions are at higher risk of developing physical illness, have those conditions diagnosed later and have much higher mortality rates. […] Conversely, people with a diagnosis of physical illness, especially cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer have a greater chance of developing a mental health problem. […] When both mental and physical illnesses conditions are present together, there are higher overall rates of morbidity, healthcare utilisation, and poorer quality of life. […] Physicians and psychiatrists need to be aware of the co-occurrence of mental and physical health problems and the challenges posed for both general and mental health services. […] There is a need to screen appropriately in both settings to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment. […] There is a need for public policy to drive this forward to overcome the institutional barriers to equitable access to healthcare and for educators to reverse the tendency to teach mind and body as separate systems.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-014-0847-7

  People with mental health conditions are at higher risk of developing physical illness, have those conditions diagnosed later and have much higher mortality rates. […] Conversely, people with a diagnosis of physical illness, especially cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer have a greater chance of developing a mental health problem. […] When both mental and physical illnesses conditions are present together, there are higher overall rates of morbidity, healthcare utilisation, and poorer quality of life. […] Physicians and psychiatrists need to be aware of the co-occurrence of mental and physical health problems and the challenges posed for both general and mental health services. […] There is a need to screen appropriately in both settings to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment. […] There is a need for public policy to drive this forward to overcome the institutional barriers to equitable access to healthcare and for educators to reverse the tendency to teach mind and body as separate systems.

• #46 Psychiatric epidemiology – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology

  Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. […] Today, epidemiological studies focus on the etiology of mental disorders, i.e. the identification and quantification of causes underlying psychiatric problems and their mechanisms, rather than mere estimation of prevalence. […] Many different instruments are used to assess mental disorders in epidemiological studies depending on the age of the participants, available recourses and other considerations. […] A combination of family and molecular studies are used within psychiatric epidemiology to uncover the effects of genetics on mental health. […] Next to genetic exposures, a wide variety of environmental exposures are being studied as well, such as nutrition, urbanicity, stressful life events, and bullying. […] Population-based imaging studies attempt to find neurobiological substrates to explain psychiatric symptomatology.

• #47 Psychiatric epidemiology – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology

  Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. […] Today, epidemiological studies focus on the etiology of mental disorders, i.e. the identification and quantification of causes underlying psychiatric problems and their mechanisms, rather than mere estimation of prevalence. […] Many different instruments are used to assess mental disorders in epidemiological studies depending on the age of the participants, available recourses and other considerations. […] A combination of family and molecular studies are used within psychiatric epidemiology to uncover the effects of genetics on mental health. […] Next to genetic exposures, a wide variety of environmental exposures are being studied as well, such as nutrition, urbanicity, stressful life events, and bullying. […] Population-based imaging studies attempt to find neurobiological substrates to explain psychiatric symptomatology.

• #48 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=730

  Quantitative genetic studies indicate that genetic influences are important for both psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits. […] Therefore, advances in quantitative and molecular genetics now permit more careful examination of genotype-environment interaction and correlation. […] Nowadays, there is also another area in psychiatric epidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiological studies investigate the effects of pharmacological agents in human populations, applying the same designs: case-control, prospective cohort and measures of association as other epidemiological studies. […] In the absence of consensus about how to identify and classify psychiatric disorders, first and second generation studies tended to pioneer its own unique methods and procedures for identifying cases, with very little attention to problems of validity.

• #49 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  CDC surveys focus on depression, and they lack sufficient data on anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are as common in the population as depression and, like depression and severe psychological distress, can result in high levels of impairment. […] Future mental illness surveillance surveys should measure both depression and anxiety disorders and include more detailed questions concerning their impact on quality of life, associated chronic medical conditions, and issues such as family violence, alcohol and substance abuse, and access to and use of health care.

• #50 Natural language processing of multi-hospital electronic health records for public health surveillance of suicidality | npj Mental Health Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-023-00046-7

  There is an urgent need to monitor the mental health of large populations, especially during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, to timely identify the most at-risk subgroups and to design targeted prevention campaigns. […] We therefore developed and validated surveillance indicators related to suicidality: the monthly number of hospitalisations caused by suicide attempts and the prevalence among them of five known risks factors. […] Our study demonstrates that textual clinical data collected in multiple hospitals can be jointly analysed to compute timely indicators describing mental health conditions of populations. […] Our findings also highlight the need to better take into account the violence imposed on women, especially at early ages and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #51 Translational Epidemiology & Mental Health Equity | Columbia University Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/research/research-areas/translational-epidemiology-mental-health-equity

  This area is comprised of two divisions: Translational Epidemiology, directed by Myrna Weissman, PhD, and Mental Health Equity, directed by Milton Wainberg, MD. […] The mission of this research area is to advance the understanding, prevention, and treatment of psychiatric disorders using a broad range of epidemiologic methods. […] Large scale surveys to determine risks, rates, and inform health care policy are carried out. […] To use population data to monitor emerging public health threats such as opioid misuse, overdose deaths, and suicide for health planning and identifying needs for mental health resources and disparities. […] Studies on the extent, at-risk populations, course, causes and consequences of the opioid epidemic. […] Epidemiology of substance abuse, including opioids, and post-traumatic stress disorder and molecular basis of epidemiological paradigms: Denise Kandel, PhD.

• #52 Surveillance of athlete mental health symptoms and disorders: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee’s consensus statement on injury and illness surveillance | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/21/1351

  Establishing and normalising mental health surveillance as an integrated component of athletes overall routine health assessment has the potential to reduce stigma, improve mental health literacy and help-seeking, contribute to greater psychological safety and generate preventative effects by identifying mental health concerns at an earlier stage when they are easier to resolve. […] To uphold the duty to protect athletes health, epidemiological studies identifying sport-related health concerns are fundamental. […] Therefore, there is a need to compile a specific supplement to standardise the surveillance methodology for mental health symptoms and disorders among athletes. We encourage sport organisations to adapt the recommendations in this consensus statement to their own sporting contexts.

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