Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/types/pagets-disease-breast

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare condition of the nipple that is associated with some breast cancers. […] Pagets disease is a sign that there might be breast cancer in the tissues behind the nipple. […] It is possible for someone to have Pagets of the breast with no underlying cancer, but this is less common. […] Paget’s disease of the breast is rare. It is found in 1 to 3 out of every 100 breast cancers (1 to 3%) diagnosed in women. […] Doctors and researchers are carrying out trials to find better tests and treatments for breast cancer and other conditions such as Pagets disease.

• #2 Paget’s Disease of the Breast: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Paget’s disease of the breast occurs most often in women older than age 50. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. The cancer cells from the original tumor then travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #3 Pagets disease of the breast | The London Clinic

  https://www.thelondonclinic.co.uk/services/conditions/pagets-disease-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast can also affect men, though this is extremely rare. […] The cause of Pagets disease is not fully understood, but the high rate of underlying invasive breast cancer that is found in almost all women with Pagets disease suggests that the Paget cells that develop on the surface of the nipple come from the underlying tumour. As this develops and invades the breast tissue some of the cells migrate to the nipple.

• #4 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Pagets disease of the breast is an uncommon type of breast cancer. […] Its sometimes called Pagets disease of the nipple. […] Pagets disease of the breast happens in less than 5% of women with breast cancer. […] Men can also get Pagets disease, but this is very rare. […] Most people with Pagets disease will have an early form of breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) under the nipple or elsewhere in the breast. […] Some people with Pagets disease will also have an underlying invasive breast cancer. […] Invasive breast cancer has the potential to spread from the breast to other parts of the body. […] Even if theres no lump, its still possible to have an invasive cancer.

• #5 Paget Disease of the Breast – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/paget-breast-fact-sheet

  What causes Paget disease of the breast? […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes Paget disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that cancer cells from a tumor inside the breast travel through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This would explain why Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast are almost always found together. […] A second theory is that cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own. This would explain why a few people develop Paget disease of the breast without having a tumor inside the same breast. Moreover, it may be possible for Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast to develop independently.

• #6 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2422

  Mammary Paget’s Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] This review article discusses Paget’s disease etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up, natural history and prognosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared. […] A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions.

• #7 Paget’s disease of the nipple – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23929251/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a disorder of the nipple-areola complex that, while rare, is often associated with an underlying carcinoma. It is characterized by eczematoid changes of the nipple. Two theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of Paget’s disease. The Epidermotropic, which is the most accepted theory, suggests that Paget’s cells originate from ductal cancer cells that had migrated from the underlying breast parenchyma. It is supported by the predominance of breast cancer markers found in Paget’s disease. […] Paget’s Disease, Mammary / etiology […] Paget’s Disease, Mammary / pathology*

• #8 Paget’s disease of the breast – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast

  Paget’s disease of the breast (also known as mammary Paget’s disease) is a rare skin change at the nipple nearly always associated with underlying breast cancer. Paget’s disease of the breast was first described by Sir James Paget in 1874. The condition is an uncommon disease accounting for 1 to 4% of all breast cancers cases. 92% to 100% of patients with Paget’s disease of the breast have an underlying breast cancer. […] There is some controversy as to whether these cancer cells travel through the ductal system of the breast to the nipple, or whether these cells result from in situ malignant transformation. […] The most widely accepted theory of how Paget’s disease of the breast arises is the migratory theory: ductal carcinoma in situ cancerous cells migrate into the lactiferous sinuses and out of the nipple onto the skin.

• #9 Paget’s disease of the breast: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192362

  Pagets disease of the breast typically occurs as a manifestation of a type of precancerous lesion known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or an underlying invasive cancer. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of Pagets disease of the breast. One theory is that it may be a result of a person already having breast cancer, and that Pagets disease occurs when some cancer cells migrate through the milk ducts. […] Another possible explanation is that the skin cells of the nipple spontaneously transform into cancer cells. Some people with Pagets disease of the breast have no underlying breast cancer or the tumor has no links to the disease in the nipple.

• #10 Paget’s Disease of the Breast: Symptoms, Treatment, Survival

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pagets-disease-of-the-breast-430628

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare cancer of the nipple and areola (the darkened skin around the nipple) closely associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (a cancer of milk ducts). […] The cause of Pagets disease of the breast is not known. According to the American Cancer Society, about 80% to 90% of people with Paget’s also have ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer somewhere else in the breast. […] Sometimes there is no underlying breast cancer. Researchers suggest that in these instances, nipple skin cells may spontaneously change into cancer cells, often for unknown reasons.

• #11

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/120426/paget-disease-of-the-breast

  Paget disease of the breast is a chronic, eczematous rash on the nipple and adjacent areolar skin. […] associated with an underlying breast adenocarcinoma extension of malignant epithelial (Paget) cells through the lactiferous ducts and ductules into the epidermis. […] proliferation of malignant epithelial cells causes thickening of the nipple and surrounding areolar skin. […] underlying carcinoma is present in nearly 100% of cases.

• #12 Inflammatory Breast Cancer Houston | Paget’s Disease of the Nipple

  https://pinkdoorimaging.com/breast-symptoms-may-result-breast-cancer-skin-changes-nipple-inflammation/

  Another rare form of breast cancer that presents as inflammation and itching of the nipple. This rare form of cancer is generally seen in older women (average age of 57 years) but has also been reported in adolescence and women in their 80s. […] The cancer cells travel along the ducts to the nipple areolar complex and cause irritation and inflammation of the skin. […] A diagnostic mammogram and an ultrasound will often find the underlying breast cancer. Skin biopsy will provide a definitive diagnosis by identifying cancer cells in the skin.

• #13 Paget’s disease of the breast causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast_causes

  Mutations predisposing patients to Paget’s disease of the breast have not yet been described in the literature. […] The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying intra-ductal breast carcinoma. The cancer cells are hypothesized to travel through lactiferous ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple as an in-situ carcinoma. […] It is currently hypothesized that intraepidermal cells of Paget’s disease may be intrinsically genetically different than those of the underlying breast carcinoma. […] This has been seen by specific chromosomal alterations identified by loss of heterozygosity and mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence analysis.

• #14 Mammary Paget disease. Paget disease of the nipple

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/mammary-paget-disease

  Mammary Paget disease is an uncommon form of breast cancer, comprising 13% of all breast cancer presentations. […] There are two main theories proposed for the pathogenesis of mammary Paget disease. […] Epidermotropic theory this theory proposes that Paget cells arise in an underlying intraductal carcinoma and migrate along the lactiferous ducts to the nipple epidermis. […] In situ malignant transformation theory this suggests Paget cells are malignant keratinocytes of the nipple epidermis. […] Mammary Paget disease is almost always a skin sign of an underlying breast cancer. This may be an in-situ or invasive intraductal carcinoma. Metastases to lymph nodes and beyond may be present.

• #15 Paget’s Disease of the Breast: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/breast-cancer/guide/paget-disease/

  Pagets disease of the breast also known as Pagets disease of the nipple, mammary Pagets disease, or sometimes Pagets nipple disease is a rare form of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and usually the surrounding areola (the darker circle of skin around the nipple). Its usually only found in one breast. […] Pagets disease occurs in about 1 to 3 percent of breast cancer cases, and is almost always found in the presence of other tumors in the same breast, including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). […] It’s not exactly known what causes Pagets disease of the breast. The best theory researchers have so far is that cancer cells from a tumor in the breast move through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This is possibly why Pagets is almost always found alongside other tumors in the same breast. […] Another theory is that cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own by developing genetic mutations which may explain why some people with Pagets develop the disease without having another type of breast cancer in the same breast.

• #16 Paget’s Disease of the Breast: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast, or of the nipple, is a rare form of breast cancer. […] The exact cause of this type of breast cancer isnt clear. One common theory is that cells from a tumor migrate through the milk ducts to reach the nipple and areola. Some people who develop Pagets disease of the breast dont have breast tumors, however. […] Risk factors specific to Pagets disease of the breast arent clear.

• #17 Paget’s disease of the breast – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/disease-of-the-mammary-gland/

  Paget’s disease of the breast (PDMB) is a rare disorder characterized by erythema, eczema-like changes of the skin around the nipple, which may be accompanied by itching, redness, swelling and discharge. […] PDMB is usually associated with invasive breast cancer, which requires special attention and diagnostics for an accurate assessment of the patient’s condition. […] One of the significant contributions to the study of PPD was made in the 1980s, when it was established that skin changes can be associated with extravasation of malignant cells from the internal activity of the mammary gland. […] In recent years, studies have identified several genes associated with the development of Paget’s disease. The most significant are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are responsible for DNA repair and regulate the cell cycle.

• #17 Paget’s disease of the breast – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/disease-of-the-mammary-gland/

  Mutations in these genes significantly increase the risk of developing both breast cancer and BPC. […] There are various risk factors that may contribute to the development of Paget’s disease of the breast. […] Hormonal factors estrogen levels may influence the risk of developing the disease. […] Diagnosing Paget’s disease can be challenging because its symptoms can resemble other skin conditions. […] It is important to differentiate other diseases such as eczema, dermatitis, and infectious processes. […] Treatment of Paget’s disease of the breast requires a multidisciplinary approach. […] The overall strategy is a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition, including surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and pharmacological therapy. […] Genetic testing is recommended to detect mutations, especially in patients with a family history of breast cancer.

• #18 Paget’s Disease of the Nipple- Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pagets-disease-nipple

  Defects like BRCA1 or BRCA2 are known to genetic defaults that carry a constant of developing cancer, especially in the breast. […] In case a patient receives any radiation treatments in the early stages of life, especially in the chest area. It is very likely for them to develop breast cancer in older ages. […] Weighing more than your ideal Body Mass Index (BMI) can make your breast tissues more dense which heightens the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking medication for estrogen imbalance after menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer in some cases. […] Studies have shown that there is an increased chance of developing breast cancer in white women as compared to black women yet, black women are more susceptible to die from breast cancer. […] Drinking large amounts of alcohol or smoking cigarettes for a very long time can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

• #18 Paget’s Disease of the Nipple- Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pagets-disease-nipple

  The exact cause of this breast cancer is not clear to the medical industry till now, but the test often shows a possibility that the cells from a tumor might have travelled through the milk ducts and infected the nipple and areola region. […] However, in many cases, women still have Paget’s disease of the nipple without any medical history or symptoms of breast tumors. […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is mostly seen in 50+ women. […] If a patient had breast cancer both or one breasts, in the early stage of her life. In that case, there is an increased chance of developing Paget’s cancer relapse. […] Diseases like atypical hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ can increase your risk of developing breast cancer. […] If women or men in your family have a history with breast or ovarian cancer, the offspring will also have a greater chance of developing the same.

• #19 Pathology Outlines – Paget disease

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantpaget.html

  Mammary Paget disease (MPD) is a proliferation of malignant glandular epithelial cells (in situ carcinoma) in the nipple areolar epidermis (Histopathology 2020;77:181) […] Specific risk factors beyond those recognized for breast cancer have not been identified.

• #20 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #21 Paget’s disease of the breast | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast is a condition that causes a scaly rash on the skin of the nipple. This can look like eczema. […] Doctors do not know what causes Paget’s disease. The risk factors are similar to those for DCIS and invasive breast cancer.

• #22

  https://www.iowaclinic.com/specialties/surgery/general-surgery/breast-surgery/pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Pagets disease of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer that primarily affects the skin of the nipple and, often, the areola. It is associated with underlying breast cancer, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. […] The exact cause of Pagets disease of the breast is not fully understood, but it is believed to occur when cancer cells from underlying breast cancer travel through the milk ducts to the nipple surface. […] Factors that increase the risk of Pagets disease of the breast are similar to those for other forms of breast cancer, including: Age, more common in older adults; Personal or family history of breast cancer; Genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.

• #23 Paget’s disease of the breast

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20155351

  Paget’s disease of the breast occurs most often after age 50. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. The cancer cells from the original tumor then travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #24 Paget’s disease of the nipple | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/pagets-disease-nipple

  Paget’s disease of the nipple is a rare condition associated with breast cancer. […] The cause of Paget’s disease of the nipple is unknown. Some women appear to be more at risk of developing breast cancer, but not specifically Paget’s disease. There are no known causes that lead to a specific type of breast cancer. […] You’re more at risk of developing breast cancer if you: are older the risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, have close relatives with breast cancer, have had breast cancer before, have had a special type of benign (non-cancerous) breast disease before certain types of benign breast disease may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but this is rare, are overweight particularly if you’ve been through the menopause, drink a lot of alcohol.

• #25 Paget’s disease of the nipple | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/pagets-disease-of-the-nipple/

  Pagets disease of the nipple, also known as Pagets disease of the breast, is a rare type of breast cancer. […] Pagets disease is usually a sign of breast cancer in tissue behind the nipple, or breast tissue away from the nipple. […] In about half of all cases of Pagets disease of the nipple, a lump is found in the breast. The majority of people with a lump will have invasive breast cancer, although this does not necessarily mean it has spread. […] Most people with Pagets disease of the nipple who dont have a lump will have non-invasive breast cancer.

• #26 Nipple Discharge: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/symptoms-and-conditions/nipple-discharge

  Paget’s disease of the nipple, also known as Paget’s disease of the breast, is a rare type of breast cancer. It typically affects the skin of the nipple and the areola. Around 1–4% of females with breast cancer have Paget’s disease. […] Paget’s disease typically presents as a rash with a similar appearance to psoriasis or eczema. Other symptoms of the condition include: sore and inflamed skin, itchiness, burning sensation, ulcerated skin that can cause a bloody discharge. […] Approximately half of the females with Paget’s disease also have a lump behind their nipples. This typically has associations with invasive breast cancer. Most females who do not have a lump with Paget’s disease have noninvasive breast cancer.

• #27 Paget’s disease of the breast

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare form of breast cancer. Paget’s disease of the breast starts on the nipple and extends to the dark circle of skin (areola) around the nipple. Paget’s disease of the breast isn’t related to Paget’s disease of the bone, a metabolic bone disease. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. The cancer cells from the original tumor then travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #28 Marietta Paget’s Disease Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Acworth, Kennesaw, GA

  https://www.kayaldermatology.com/pagets-disease/

  Although Pagets disease is typically associated with the bones, there are rare forms which affect the genitals and breasts. […] Pagets disease is often caused by both invasive or adnexal malignancy. […] As such, the condition requires immediate attention to determine any underlying cause.

• #29 What Is Paget’s Disease of the Nipple?

  https://info.iowaradiology.com/what-is-pagets-disease-of-the-nipple

  Pagets disease, also called Pagets disease of the nipple or mammary Pagets disease (not to be confused with Paget’s disease of the bone), is a rare form of breast cancer that accounts for about 1% of all breast cancer cases. […] While the causes of Pagets disease are not well understood, a widely accepted theory is that cells from a cancer elsewhere in the breast travel through the milk ducts and begin to affect the nipple. This would explain why additional cancers are frequently found in Pagets disease patients. However, because additional tumors are not always found, it is also possible that the cells of the nipple become cancerous on their own.

• #30 Paget Disease of the Breast – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/skin-cancers/paget-disease-of-the-breast

  Paget disease of the breast occurs mainly on the nipple and results from a cancer of the breast milk ducts that has spread to the skin of the nipple. […] Sometimes Paget disease of the breast develops in areas other than the breast (called extramammary Paget disease). It can develop in the groin or genital area or around the anus as the result of a cancer originating in underlying sweat glands or even in nearby structures such as the bladder, anus, and rectum.

• #31 Causes of Sore Nipples – Breastfeeding Support

  https://breastfeeding.support/causes-of-sore-nipples/

  Pagets disease of the nipple is a skin condition that looks like eczema or psoriasis with flaking skin or itching, but is due to an underlying cancer. It is usually confined to one breast and is diagnosed by nipple biopsy if a week of steroid treatment doesn’t rapidly improve the condition. […] Pagets disease is easily mistaken for eczema because of the flaking skin and itching. Most mothers with eczema get it on both breasts though, while Pagets disease usually involves only one. If treatment with a steroid ointment does not result in rapid resolution (within a week) of the problem, the mother should see her doctor. The diagnosis is made by biopsy of the nipple. This does not mean the mother should stop breastfeeding on that side—she cannot transfer cancer to the baby by breastfeeding.

• #32 What Is Paget’s Disease of the Breast | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is often associated with underlying ductal breast cancer, which can either be in situ (localized and not spread) or invasive (spread beyond the milk ducts). […] Understanding the risk factors associated with Paget’s disease of the breast can aid in early detection and prevention. While the exact causes remain unclear, certain factors may increase the risk: […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is often mistaken for eczema or dermatitis due to its skin-related symptoms. However, unlike these conditions, Paget’s disease is linked to an underlying breast cancer. […] Given that Paget’s disease of the nipple often mimics skin conditions like eczema, distinguishing between them is critical for timely treatment.

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