Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chondrosarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chondrosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354196

  Most chondrosarcomas grow slowly and may not cause many signs and symptoms at first. […] Chondrosarcoma tends to grow slowly, so it might not cause signs and symptoms at first. When they occur, signs and symptoms of chondrosarcoma may include: […] Increasing pain […] A growing lump or area of swelling […] Weakness or bowel and bladder control problems, if the cancer presses on the spinal cord.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/chondrosarcoma/

  Chondrosarcoma is a rare cancer that most often forms in the bone, but can also very rarely appear in the soft tissue. […] The majority of chondrosarcomas are slow growing and do not spread, but occasionally the cancer cells can spread (metastasise) away from the bone in which they start. […] The most commonly-reported symptoms of chondrosarcoma are: Localised pain. This can be dull in nature, occurring when a patient is at rest, and may become worse at night. Pain may also become progressively worse. Local swelling. Walking with a limp or having restricted movement of a joint (if near the affected bone). […] 20-30% of chondrosarcomas are painless and may only be found when a patient suffers with a fractured bone caused by a mild injury, such as from a minor fall or accident. […] Around 50% of patients with spinal chondrosarcoma will experience neurological symptoms, which result from the tumour pressing on the nerves in the spine. […] The symptoms of chondrosarcoma are all common to other conditions, which makes it hard for doctors to reach the correct diagnosis. […] The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis is thought to be between 1 and 2 years.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma – New insights in 2023

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/79627

  Chondrosarcoma symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Here are some common symptoms along with the reasons why they occur: […] One of the most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma is pain. This pain is typically deep, dull, and aching. It tends to worsen gradually over time and can become quite severe. Patients often notice that the pain is more intense at night, which can disrupt sleep. […] Another noticeable symptom is swelling or the presence of a lump in the affected area. This lump can be felt under the skin and may be tender to the touch. The swelling is due to the tumor growing and pushing against surrounding tissues. […] If the tumor is located near a joint, it can significantly restrict movement and impair joint function. For example, a chondrosarcoma in the hip or knee can make walking difficult and painful. Patients may notice stiffness and a reduced range of motion in the affected joint.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/chondrosarcoma

  Symptoms of chondrosarcoma may vary depending on the location of the tumor. Symptoms may include: […] Pain that increases slowly over time. It is often worse at night. It may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen. It is not often relieved by rest. […] Pain that is often worse at night. This may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen. […] Local swelling.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/pediatric-adult-rare-tumor/rare-tumors/rare-bone-tumors/chondrosarcoma

  Symptoms of CS can differ depending on where the tumor is growing. Symptoms can include: Pain that does not go away with rest […] A large mass on the affected bone. The average 5-year survival rate for patients with CS is different depending on the subtype of CS the patient has. Different types of CS may grow more quickly or come back after the tumor is removed. In cases where the tumor grows back, called recurrence, or has spread to other parts of the body, the survival rate may be lower.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment

  https://medtour.help/disease/what-is-chondrosarcoma-and-why-is-it-dangerous/

  Deep, dull, aching pain is a common symptom of chondrosarcoma. It usually gets worse at night. According to the Rizzoli Institute, the average time interval from the onset of pain to diagnosis is 19.4 months for grade I and II chondrosarcomas and 15.5 months for grade III chondrosarcomas. […] If the tumor is located near a neurovascular bundle, such as in the pelvis, the patient may experience dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus nerves, as well as the sciatic or femoral nerves. […] When chondrosarcoma is located close to a joint, it can limit range of motion and impair joint function. Many patients are also prone to pathological fractures. Clear cell and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas may not manifest themselves for a year or more due to the slow development of the tumor.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/chondrosarcoma

  Many people with chondrosarcoma dont have any signs of the disease at first. […] Others may have one or more of the following chondrosarcoma symptoms: A fracture after a minor fall or injury. A limp or restricted movement of a joint. A mass that can be felt on the affected bone. Numbness or tingling (if the tumor is pressing on nerves of the spine). Pain that gets worse at night and doesnt go away with rest. Pain with activity. Swelling around the tumor. […] Complications of chondrosarcoma include increasing pain or a growing lump where the tumor is. You may have a hard time moving the affected limb. Conventional chondrosarcomas grow slowly, but some aggressive forms can metastasize (spread) into other organs of the body. […] If the tumor is pressing on the spine, you may experience memory problems or issues with bladder or bowel control. If the tumor metastasizes into the lungs, you may have trouble breathing. The cancer can eventually lead to death.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-signs-symptoms-and-complications-5206241

  The most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma are bone pain (which can be quite severe), redness, and swelling near the thigh, arm, pelvis, or knee the areas most commonly affected by the condition. […] Since chondrosarcomas grow from tumors inside of bones, they can cause bone pain, a severe form of pain. […] Along with bone pain, the most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma are redness and swelling that occur near the thigh, arm, pelvis, or knee. […] The most frequently reported symptoms of chondrosarcoma are: Pain, Bone pain, Fatigue, Pressure, Swelling, Redness, Decreased Range of Motion, Decreased Mobility. […] Chondrosarcomas are invasive tumors that carry a risk of spreading. […] When chondrosarcoma spreads (cancer metastasis), it can compromise the function of the organs it spreads to.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Survival, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-5225686

  Symptoms will depend on the type of chondrosarcoma and the location in which it develops. Still, there are common symptoms that present with all types, such as: A large mass that forms on the bone […] A feeling of pressure in the area affected […] A gradual increase in pain in the area that may be worse at night […] Swelling in the area […] Feeling weak or as if you have limited mobility in a specific joint or limb […] Joint stiffness […] Bowel and bladder issues can arise if the tumor is localized in the pelvis. […] While the types vary in terms of where they develop and how dangerous they are, they all have one symptom in common: pain in the affected area. […] Symptoms of Chondrosarcoma by Type Conventional Mostly found in the lower extremity bones such as the femur, tibia, and bones of the feet Pain and swelling in the affected area Bone fractures Neurological symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, or weakness […] Clear Cell Found mostly in the femur but can develop in the chest, spine, and at the ends of long bones Pain in the affected area Increased risk of bone fractures […] Dedifferentiated Mainly found in the pelvis, femur, and the bone that connects the elbow and shoulder Pain in the affected area Mass formation in the area […] Mesenchymal Mainly located in the jaw, femur, spine, or ribs Can also appear in soft tissue outside of the bone Pain and swelling in the affected area Nerve compression in the affected area.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cancer/symptoms/

  Bone pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer. Some people experience other symptoms as well. […] Pain caused by bone cancer usually begins with a feeling of tenderness in the affected bone. This gradually progresses to a persistent ache or an ache that comes and goes, which continues at night and when resting. […] Some people also experience swelling and redness (inflammation) or notice a lump on or around the affected bone. […] In some cases, the cancer can weaken a bone, causing it to break (fracture) easily after a minor injury or fall. […] See your GP if you or your child experiences persistent, severe or worsening bone pain, or if you’re worried you have any of the other symptoms of bone cancer.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/types/symptoms

  Chondrosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that typically occurs in the bones of the limbs and pelvis. However, it can also occur in the bones of the skull and spine. Chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine is a rare form of the disease that starts in the cartilage cells of the bones. […] Chondrosarcomas located at the skull base may cause one or more of the following symptoms: Headaches, Loss of vision or double vision, Vertigo, Hearing loss, Numbness, Facial pain, Difficulty swallowing. […] Chondrosarcomas located at the base of the spine may cause other symptoms, including: Low back pain, Changes in bowel habits, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Impotence in men, Numbness in the lower back or extremities, Difficulty walking or standing. […] Chondrosarcoma can cause pain and stiffness in the affected area. Pain from chondrosarcoma may feel dull, achy, or tingly and may be worse at night or with activity. The affected joint may also be stiff and difficult to move. As the tumor grows, it can compress or invade nearby nerves or blood vessels, causing loss of function or swelling in the affected limb or other parts of the body.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/types/symptoms

  Depending on the size and location of your tumor, chondrosarcoma of the brain or spine can cause a variety of signs and symptoms, including: Headaches: The tumor may cause pressure on the brain, leading to headaches that may be severe or persistent. Vision problems: The tumor may press on the optic nerves, leading to double vision, loss of vision, or other visual disturbances. Neurological symptoms: The tumor may press on the spinal cord or nerves, leading to weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arms or legs. Seizures: The tumor may press on the brain, leading to seizures. Pain or discomfort in the affected area: The tumor may cause pain or discomfort in the area where it is located. Difficulty with movement or coordination: The tumor may press on the spinal cord or nerves, leading to difficulty with movement or coordination. Loss of bladder or bowel control: The tumor may press on the spinal cord, leading to loss of bladder or bowel control. Fatigue and nausea: You may feel fatigue or experience nausea due to the tumor’s effects on the body and/or the treatments used to treat it.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC | Pittsburgh, PA

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/chondrosarcoma

  Chondrosarcoma most often occurs in people between 50 and 70 years old. It rarely affects people younger than 20. Males and females are at equal risk of developing chondrosarcoma. […] Symptoms can include a large lump or mass on a bone, pressure surrounding the mass, or severe pain. Symptoms of chondrosarcoma of the skull base are neurological, and may include headaches, as well as vision or hearing disturbances. […] Symptoms of chondrosarcoma of the skull base (petro-clival synchondrosis) may include: Headache, Double vision, Ringing in the ears (tinnitus).

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/chondrosarcoma

  Low grade cancers have a good outlook with a 5-year survival rate of around 83 percent. High grade cancers have a less favorable outlook. The 5-year survival is 53 percent for grades 2 and 3. […] The difference in outlook is largely due to the chances of the cancer spreading to distant organs: Grade 1 tumors have about a 10 percent chance of spreading. Grade 2 tumors have a 10 to 50 percent chance of spreading. Grade 3 tumors have a 50 to 70 percent chance of spreading. […] Where the chondrosarcoma is located also affects outlook. Tumors of the pelvis tend to be the most aggressive and are associated with the lowest survival rate. […] Even if surgery is successful, chondrosarcoma often negatively affects a person’s quality of life and physical function. Your surgical team can give you an idea of what to expect after treatment and how you can minimize your chances of complications.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22112-chondrosarcoma

  Chondrosarcomas are a group of rare bone cancer tumors that begin in your cartilage. Symptoms include bone pain, a lump or swelling in an area of your body and fatigue. […] The most common symptoms are: Bone pain in a specific area of your body that comes and goes and gets worse at night. Swollen spot or lump on a bone, like on your arm, leg or ribs. Fatigue. Unintentional weight loss. […] Fast-growing chondrosarcomas like mesenchymal chondrosarcoma or dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma can be life-threatening because theyre quick to spread and affect other areas of your body. […] Survival rates for chondrosarcoma vary depending on the tumor type and whether the tumor is spreading to other parts of your body. Overall, 79% of people with chondrosarcoma were alive five years after diagnosis.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chondrosarcoma

  Chondrosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that forms in the cells of cartilage. Symptoms can vary but may include swelling and pain in the area of the tumor. […] The most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma are pain and swelling in the area of the tumor. […] Other symptoms can include pain that does not go away when a person rests, and a large lump on the bone that has chondrosarcoma. […] Symptoms of chondrosarcoma typically last for a long period. A person may experience symptoms for several months or years. […] Typical symptoms of chondrosarcoma are pain and swelling at the site of the tumor. A person may experience pain for a number of months or years.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538132/

  Local swelling and pain are the most common presenting symptoms. The symptoms are usually of long duration (months to years). Tumors located in the skull base can cause neurological symptoms. […] Histological grade is the single most important predictor of local recurrence and metastasis. Low-grade chondrosarcomas, which grow insidiously and rarely metastasize, have a good prognosis. The 5-year survival of grade I chondrosarcomas is 83%. High-grade chondrosarcoma and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, by comparison, have an inferior prognosis due to the rapid growth of the tumor and the propensity for early metastasis. The 5-year survival of grade II and III chondrosarcomas is of 53%. […] Distant metastases: the primary site of metastasis is the lung. The rate of metastasis varies according to the grade of chondrosarcoma. Low-grade: less than 10%. Intermediate-grade: 10%-50%. High-grade: 50%-70%.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma in adults | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/chondrosarcoma/chondrosarcoma-in-adults/

  Chondrosarcoma is a bone sarcoma that develops in the cartilage cells. […] The most common symptom of chondrosarcoma is bone pain. […] Other symptoms may include: A mass or swelling, Restricted movement in a joint. […] Symptoms can sometimes be confused with more common problems such as a sports injury or in children and young people, growing pains. […] A recurrence of cancer may appear in other parts of the body. This is called a metastasis or secondary cancer. […] In people with bone sarcoma, these secondary cancers may appear in the lungs. A chest x-ray is taken at follow-up appointments to look for secondary cancers in the lung.

• #1 A system-level approach identifies HIF-2α as a critical regulator of chondrosarcoma progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18817-7

  Chondrosarcomas, malignant cartilaginous neoplasms, are capable of transitioning to highly aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-refractory states, resulting in significant patient mortality. […] High-grade chondrosarcomas contribute to significant patient morbidity as they are often highly metastatic. […] Chondrosarcomas frequently recur after excision surgery, and recurrent tumors tend to attain a higher malignancy status than the original neoplasm. […] Moreover, chondrosarcoma can further transition into dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, a subtype with the highest mortality rate. […] High-grade chondrosarcomas are typically treatment-refractory as they are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] We expect that our insights into the pathogenesis of chondrosarcoma will provide guidelines for the development of molecular targeted therapeutics for chondrosarcoma.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1258236-overview

  Grade I tumors do not metastasize, whereas 66% of grade III tumors do. The most common sites for metastases are the lungs. Recurrences typically appear 5-10 years or longer after surgery. […] Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is highly lethal. It is associated with a 10% survival rate after 1 year. Even with early surgical treatment, disseminated hematogenous metastasis occurs in most patients.

• #1 Understanding chondrosarcoma: symptoms, treatment and prognosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/understanding-chondrosarcoma–symptoms–treatment-and-prognosis.h00-159699123.html

  The most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma are: a lump, pain or swelling near the tumor, change in function, such as the ability to move your arm or leg correctly. […] Its easy for people to tolerate pain to a certain extent, but you should see a doctor if you feel a lump on your body thats new and/or growing quickly, says Conley. Some doctors may assume its benign, like a lipoma. But if it continues to grow, cause pain or change in any way, go back to your doctor or seek a second opinion. At the end of the day, you are your best advocate. […] Prognosis becomes a bit trickier for patients who develop recurrent disease. […] The higher the grade, the higher the chance the chondrosarcoma will recur, says Bird. Low-grade tumors are less likely to recur, and when they do, they often grow back as low-grade. But sometimes things can change, and over time a low-grade tumor can transform and come back more aggressive.

• #1 Low grade chondrosarcoma: is long-term follow-up necessary?

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1681-150X2011000300010

  Currently, the follow-up regimen for patients treated for low-grade chondrosarcoma is similar to that of all chondrosarcomas. It is possible that low-grade chondrosarcoma may have a far more benign course than other chondrosarcomas and, if treated adequately, may require a far less vigorous follow-up regimen. […] The behaviour of chondrosarcoma varies from slow-growing, nonmetastasising tumours to highly aggressive metastasising sarcomas. […] The clinical symptoms range from pain and tenderness, with or without a mass, to patients being completely asymptomatic. The signs and symptoms at presentation of each tumour may overlap, but the presence of pain, especially at night, is more predictive of a malignant cartilaginous lesion. […] Recurrence in low-grade chondrosarcoma usually presents as local recurrence, and generally no distant metastases are encountered. […] It has been demonstrated that adequately treated low-grade chondrosarcomas have a very low local recurrence rate. Any recurrence usually occurs within the first five years, in and around the original tumour site, and rarely presents with distant metastases.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1258236-overview

  Chondrosarcoma is a collective term for a group of tumors that consist predominantly of cartilage and that range from low-grade tumors with low metastatic potential to high-grade, aggressive tumors characterized by early metastasis. […] The higher the grade, the more likely the tumor is to spread and metastasize. Grade I lesions rarely metastasize, whereas 10-15% of grade II lesions and more than 50% grade III lesions metastasize. […] Clinical features of chondrosarcomas are as follows: Deep, dull, achy pain; Pain at night; Nerve dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus or the sciatic or femoral nerves, with pelvic lesions near a neurovascular bundle; Limitation of joint range of motion and disturbance of joint function, with chondrosarcomas close to a joint; Pathologic fracture. […] Recurrence and distant metastasis may develop. The metastasis rate for primary chondrosarcoma is higher than that for secondary chondrosarcoma, and the rate of distant metastasis is higher in patients with local recurrence than in those without local recurrence.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma – Macmillan Cancer Support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bone-cancer/chondrosarcoma

  Pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer, including chondrosarcoma. But symptoms may vary, depending on what part of the body the cancer is in. […] The area may be swollen, painful when touched. […] Primary bone cancer is sometimes found when a bone breaks after a minor fall or accident. This is because it has been weakened by the cancer. […] Most of the time, these symptoms are caused by other conditions that are more common than bone cancer. But if you have any swelling or unexplained bone pain, get it checked by your GP. […] Tell your GP if the pain happens at night and when you are resting. […] Chondrosarcomas are usually low-grade tumours. They can sometimes develop into a high-grade type of bone sarcoma called a de-differentiated chondrosarcoma. These grow more quickly than grade 3 chondrosarcomas.

• #1 Central Chondrosarcoma, Grades 2 and 3 – SFA

  https://curesarcoma.org/sarcoma-subtypes/central-chondrosarcoma-grades-2-and-3/

  Patients present with pain and/or swelling. Occasionally, the lesion is found as a consequence of a pathological fracture. Especially when arising in the pelvis, but also in the ribs, chondrosarcomas can grow to a large size before becoming symptomatic. […] About half of these tumors carry IDH1 or IDH2 mutations, suggesting that they have progressed from enchondroma and ACT/CS1. […] The reported 5-year overall survival rate for grade 2 chondrosarcoma is 74–99% and for grade 3 tumors 31–77%. The 10-year overall survival rate for grade 2 is 58–86% and for grade 3 tumors 26–55%. Even after 10 years, deaths due to disease can still occur. Local recurrence rates are 19% for grade 2 and 26% for grade 3 chondrosarcoma; 10–30% of the grade 2 tumors and 32–71% of the grade 3 tumors metastasize. Chondrosarcomas with axial localization have a significantly lower survival than extremity chondrosarcoma. It is unclear at present whether the IDH mutation is associated with outcome.

• #1 Integrated molecular characterization of chondrosarcoma reveals critical determinants of disease progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12525-7

  The analysis of chondrosarcomas molecular profiles uncovered three major molecular features involved in cartilage tumor progression: IDH mutations implicating broad hypermethylation of the genome, the regional loss of expression of the 14q32 locus and in particular of the cluster of microRNAs at this location, and a transcriptomic state indicator of high mitotic potential. […] The proposed multi-omics classification was highly associated with overall survival. […] The analysis of relapsed samples suggests that chondrosarcoma tumors may progress to acquire aggressive features, potentially leading to adverse outcomes. […] Overall, our results support the importance of molecular diagnostic of chondrosarcomas for an accurate prognosis.

• #1 Genetics and Molecular Pathogenesis of the Chondrosarcoma: A Review of the Literature

  https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/11/751

  The chondrosarcoma, a cartilage-forming bone tumor, presents significant clinical challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment, but high-grade chondrosarcomas are prone to recurrence and metastasis, necessitating the identification of reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. […] The histological grading of CHS is primarily based on nuclear size, hyperchromasia, cellularity, and mitoses. Low-grade (grade 1) lesions are poorly cellular with small, hyperchromatic nuclei, and they lack mitotic figures. Intermediate (grade 2) tumors are more cellular, with nuclear enlargement and rare mitotic activity, while high-grade (grade 3) tumors show increased mitotic figures and necrosis. Genetic aberrations become more prevalent as CHS progresses from low- to high-grade, with p53 mutations and loss of INK4A/p16 expression commonly associated with high-grade CHS. For prognosis, the histological grade is the most important predictor of recurrence and metastasis, with higher-grade tumors significantly linked to a higher probability of metastasis.

• #1 A system-level approach identifies HIF-2α as a critical regulator of chondrosarcoma progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18817-7

  HIF-2 is predicted to be the most potent transcription factor activating this module. […] Our gene set enrichment analysis indicated that overexpression of HIF-2 in chondrocytes elicits overall upregulation of M1 module genes at the transcriptome level. […] Notably, using a panel of chondrosarcoma biopsies, we observed that high expression of HIF-2 was more significantly associated with grade III than grade I chondrosarcoma. […] Results show that patients in group 1 tended to be more frequently associated with grade III chondrosarcoma and to have a poorer prognosis. […] In contrast, amplification of the EPAS1 gene was significantly associated with decreased overall survival rates. […] Patients carrying an amplified EPAS1 gene tended to exhibit increased dedifferentiation and recurrence.

• #1 A system-level approach identifies HIF-2α as a critical regulator of chondrosarcoma progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18817-7

  HIF-2 expression may confer chondrosarcoma cells a selective advantage for escaping their primary site and becoming metastatic. […] Knockdown of HIF-2 not only reduced proliferation of implanted chondrosarcoma cells, but also effectively reduced the occurrence of extraosseous outgrowth and pulmonary metastases. […] HIF-2 overexpression caused substantial upregulation of MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9 and induced an approximately 3-fold increase in total MMP activity. […] HIF-2 knockout effectively suppressed all stemness-relevant behaviors and invasive phenotypes. […] Our results collectively demonstrate the efficacy of HIF-2-targeted therapy in combination with conventional chemotherapy in treating chondrosarcoma.

• #1 EZH2/hSULF1 axis mediates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling to shape cartilage tumor progression | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/79432

  Until now, there are no effective treatments for patients with inoperable or metastatic disease (70%), and therefore, it is an un-met medical need to develop new treatment modalities. […] The results not only established a signal pathway promoting malignancy of chondrosarcoma but also provided a therapeutic potential for further development of effective target therapy to treat chondrosarcoma. […] The regulation of EZH2/SULF1/cMET axis were further validated in patient samples with chondrosarcoma. […] The results indicated that SULF1 is the direct targeted gene of EZH2 in chondrosarcoma cell lines. […] The results offer an opportunity for the development of effective target therapy to treat chondrosarcoma. […] The expression of EZH2 correlated well with poor survival of sarcoma patients.

• #1 EZH2/hSULF1 axis mediates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling to shape cartilage tumor progression | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/79432

  Knockdown of EZH2 reduced the proliferative, migrated, and colony-forming capacity of chondrosarcoma cell lines. […] SULF1 ectopic-expression inhibited chondrosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and colony-forming capacity. […] The stable transfection of CH2879 cells with SULF1 markedly repressed the growth of chondrosarcoma tumors with smaller size and weight compared with the control counterparts. […] We demonstrated that EZH2/SULF1 axis mediates cMET in chondrosarcoma, and inhibition of cMET at low dose for long-term administration effectively alleviates tumor growth of chondrosarcoma and prolongs survival in mice.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Survival, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-5225686

  In some cases, it can be hard to diagnose chondrosarcoma, especially the type that grows slowly. This is because it will often appear similar to other types of benign growths. […] Treating chondrosarcoma may be difficult because research has shown that this type of cancer does not properly respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, both of which are first-line cancer treatments. […] In cases that are caught early and haven’t metastasized (spread to other parts of the body), the five-year survival rate is as high as 75.2%. […] Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma has a poor prognosis because it has the ability to spread quickly to other areas of the body. […] Similar to other types of chondrosarcomas, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma can have a negative prognosis depending on several of the aforementioned factors. Generally, the overall five-year survival rate of this type of chondrosarcoma sits at roughly 51%.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1258236-clinical

  Deep, dull, achy pain is a common symptom in chondrosarcomas. Pain at night is another feature. […] If the lesion is near a neurovascular bundle, as pelvic lesions are, the patient may present with nerve dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus or the sciatic or femoral nerves. If a chondrosarcoma is close to a joint, it may limit the joints range of motion and disturb its function. These signs are common with juxtacortical chondrosarcomas, though they can also be present with pathologic fractures. More than half of all patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas present with a pathologic fracture. […] The mean interval from pain to diagnosis is 19.4 months for grade I and grade II chondrosarcomas and 15.5 months for grade III chondrosarcomas, as per the Rizzoli institute experience. […] Clear cell chondrosarcomas and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas can produce symptoms for longer than 1 year because of their low-grade nature. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas can manifest as a soft-tissue mass.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-signs-symptoms-and-complications-5206241

  For example, chondrosarcoma that spreads to the lungs may impact your ability to breathe. […] Chondrosarcoma that spreads to the brain can cause altered levels of consciousness and impaired memory. […] Chondrosarcoma can also damage the bones and disrupt the integrity of the bone structure where the tumor is located. […] When the bones are damaged, they can break or fracture, which can lead to problems with mobility. […] Chondrosarcoma that affects the bones in the spine can impact the spinal cord. […] Chondrosarcoma is a rare tumor that grows near the bones in the body. […] Chondrosarcomas can cause symptoms such as bone pain, redness, pressure, and swelling.

• #1 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/types/symptoms

  Chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine is a rare type of cancer and there may be other conditions that cause similar symptoms, so it is important to be evaluated by an experienced specialist. Your doctor may also consider other diagnostic tests depending on the signs and symptoms you are experiencing. It is important to follow your doctor’s recommendations for monitoring and follow-up care, including regular imaging and physical exams. […] Chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine is a rare form of cancer that affects the bones of the skull and spine. Symptoms of chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine include headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and loss of balance, weakness or numbness in the limbs, loss of vision or double vision, seizures, difficulty walking or standing, unusual sensations such as tingling or pain, and loss of bladder or bowel control.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22112-chondrosarcoma

  Chondrosarcomas are a group of rare bone cancer tumors that begin in your cartilage. Symptoms include bone pain, a lump or swelling in an area of your body and fatigue. […] The most common symptoms are: Bone pain in a specific area of your body that comes and goes and gets worse at night. Swollen spot or lump on a bone, like on your arm, leg or ribs. Fatigue. Unintentional weight loss. […] Fast-growing chondrosarcomas like mesenchymal chondrosarcoma or dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma can be life-threatening because theyre quick to spread and affect other areas of your body. […] Survival rates for chondrosarcoma vary depending on the tumor type and whether the tumor is spreading to other parts of your body. Overall, 79% of people with chondrosarcoma were alive five years after diagnosis.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, & Types | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/chondrosarcoma-cancer-symptoms

  Chondrosarcoma tends to grow slowly and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as it progresses, it can start producing symptoms. […] Chondrosarcoma symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. However, common symptoms may include: Pain or tenderness in the affected bone. Swelling or a noticeable lump near the affected area. Limited range of motion or stiffness in nearby joints. Weakness or numbness in the affected area if the tumor is pressing on nerves. […] It’s important to note that chondrosarcoma can sometimes be asymptomatic, especially in the early stages. If you experience any persistent or worsening symptoms, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment

  https://medtour.help/disease/what-is-chondrosarcoma-and-why-is-it-dangerous/

  Deep, dull, aching pain is a common symptom of chondrosarcoma. It usually gets worse at night. According to the Rizzoli Institute, the average time interval from the onset of pain to diagnosis is 19.4 months for grade I and II chondrosarcomas and 15.5 months for grade III chondrosarcomas. […] If the tumor is located near a neurovascular bundle, such as in the pelvis, the patient may experience dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus nerves, as well as the sciatic or femoral nerves. […] When chondrosarcoma is located close to a joint, it can limit range of motion and impair joint function. Many patients are also prone to pathological fractures. Clear cell and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas may not manifest themselves for a year or more due to the slow development of the tumor.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma – Macmillan Cancer Support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bone-cancer/chondrosarcoma

  Pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer, including chondrosarcoma. But symptoms may vary, depending on what part of the body the cancer is in. […] The area may be swollen, painful when touched. […] Primary bone cancer is sometimes found when a bone breaks after a minor fall or accident. This is because it has been weakened by the cancer. […] Most of the time, these symptoms are caused by other conditions that are more common than bone cancer. But if you have any swelling or unexplained bone pain, get it checked by your GP. […] Tell your GP if the pain happens at night and when you are resting. […] Chondrosarcomas are usually low-grade tumours. They can sometimes develop into a high-grade type of bone sarcoma called a de-differentiated chondrosarcoma. These grow more quickly than grade 3 chondrosarcomas.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1258236-overview

  Chondrosarcoma is a collective term for a group of tumors that consist predominantly of cartilage and that range from low-grade tumors with low metastatic potential to high-grade, aggressive tumors characterized by early metastasis. […] The higher the grade, the more likely the tumor is to spread and metastasize. Grade I lesions rarely metastasize, whereas 10-15% of grade II lesions and more than 50% grade III lesions metastasize. […] Clinical features of chondrosarcomas are as follows: Deep, dull, achy pain; Pain at night; Nerve dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus or the sciatic or femoral nerves, with pelvic lesions near a neurovascular bundle; Limitation of joint range of motion and disturbance of joint function, with chondrosarcomas close to a joint; Pathologic fracture. […] Recurrence and distant metastasis may develop. The metastasis rate for primary chondrosarcoma is higher than that for secondary chondrosarcoma, and the rate of distant metastasis is higher in patients with local recurrence than in those without local recurrence.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms of Chondrosarcoma – Illinois Chiropractic Society

  https://ilchiro.org/signs-and-symptoms-of-chondrosarcoma/

  Clinically, chondrosarcomas cause a dull, deep achy type pain. Night pain may be a prominent feature. Pain may be present for up to one year before diagnosis. If near a joint, there may be a limitation of joint motion. Pathologic fractures may occur due to local weakening of the bone. […] Pain that develops in a previously non-symptomatic cartilaginous lesion may be a clinical symptom of malignant degeneration.

• #2

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/chondrosarcoma-symptoms

  Symptoms of chondrosarcoma may vary depending on the location of the tumor. The following are the most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma. Symptoms may include: […] pain that is usually worse at night and may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen […] pain that is not usually relieved through rest […] pain that may be present for years but increases gradually over time.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-chondrosarcoma

  It isn’t like other cancers that can make you feel sick and wiped out. Instead, you get symptoms right in the area of the tumor. […] You might feel an aching pain that slowly gets worse. It can be especially bad at night or with physical activity, and rest doesn’t usually help. […] It may limit how well you can move that part of your body, and it might cause you to limp. […] You might also have: A large lump or growth on your bone, Problems peeing if the tumor is in your pelvis, Stiffness, swelling, tenderness, or a feeling of pressure around the tumor.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1258236-clinical

  Deep, dull, achy pain is a common symptom in chondrosarcomas. Pain at night is another feature. […] If the lesion is near a neurovascular bundle, as pelvic lesions are, the patient may present with nerve dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus or the sciatic or femoral nerves. If a chondrosarcoma is close to a joint, it may limit the joints range of motion and disturb its function. These signs are common with juxtacortical chondrosarcomas, though they can also be present with pathologic fractures. More than half of all patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas present with a pathologic fracture. […] The mean interval from pain to diagnosis is 19.4 months for grade I and grade II chondrosarcomas and 15.5 months for grade III chondrosarcomas, as per the Rizzoli institute experience. […] Clear cell chondrosarcomas and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas can produce symptoms for longer than 1 year because of their low-grade nature. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas can manifest as a soft-tissue mass.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Survival, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-5225686

  Symptoms will depend on the type of chondrosarcoma and the location in which it develops. Still, there are common symptoms that present with all types, such as: A large mass that forms on the bone […] A feeling of pressure in the area affected […] A gradual increase in pain in the area that may be worse at night […] Swelling in the area […] Feeling weak or as if you have limited mobility in a specific joint or limb […] Joint stiffness […] Bowel and bladder issues can arise if the tumor is localized in the pelvis. […] While the types vary in terms of where they develop and how dangerous they are, they all have one symptom in common: pain in the affected area. […] Symptoms of Chondrosarcoma by Type Conventional Mostly found in the lower extremity bones such as the femur, tibia, and bones of the feet Pain and swelling in the affected area Bone fractures Neurological symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, or weakness […] Clear Cell Found mostly in the femur but can develop in the chest, spine, and at the ends of long bones Pain in the affected area Increased risk of bone fractures […] Dedifferentiated Mainly found in the pelvis, femur, and the bone that connects the elbow and shoulder Pain in the affected area Mass formation in the area […] Mesenchymal Mainly located in the jaw, femur, spine, or ribs Can also appear in soft tissue outside of the bone Pain and swelling in the affected area Nerve compression in the affected area.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/chondrosarcoma

  Symptoms of chondrosarcoma may vary depending on the location of the tumor. Symptoms may include: […] Pain that increases slowly over time. It is often worse at night. It may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen. It is not often relieved by rest. […] Pain that is often worse at night. This may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen. […] Local swelling.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma | Sarcoma Oncology Center

  https://sarcomaoncology.com/types-of-sarcoma/bone-sarcomas/chondrosarcoma/

  Chondrosarcoma typically affects the femur (thighbone), arm, pelvis, knee, and shoulder. […] Most subtypes of chondrosarcoma grow slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms at first. […] The tumor typically grows slowly, so it may not initially cause any visible symptoms. Once the tumor is large enough, you may experience pain and discomfort, especially after physical activity. […] In most cases, the symptoms of chondrosarcoma persist for a long duration. These symptoms may include: Increasing pain and weakness, Growing lump or swelling on your bone, Feeling of pressure around the tumor, Bowel and bladder control problems if the tumor is in your pelvis. […] These subtypes of chondrosarcoma typically grow fast and can spread to other parts of the body.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma | The National Canine Cancer Foundation

  https://wearethecure.org/learn-more-about-canine-cancer/canine-cancer-library/chondrosarcoma/

  Chondrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm accounting for 5%-10% of all primary bone tumors reported in dogs that impacts the cartilage of the bone, typically in the femur and hips. […] Symptoms depend upon the site of skeletal involvement. In the case of nasal chondrosarcoma, the signs may include sneezing, unilateral and sometimes bilateral purulent (pus), bloody discharge, and nasal obstruction followed by bone destruction. Bone deformity may occur sometimes. […] Chondrosarcoma of the vertebrae leads to compression of the nervous tissue but there are no visible signs. Rib tumors on the other hand are not so painful unless there is a pathological fracture (bone fracture caused by a disease in the body). These tumors grow rather quickly and some part of the tumor mass protrudes into the thorax and causes some amount of pulmonary atelectasis (medical condition in which the lungs are not inflated). Sometimes large pelvic tumors may cause lameness in the hind limbs of dogs.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/chondrosarcoma/

  Chondrosarcoma is a rare cancer that most often forms in the bone, but can also very rarely appear in the soft tissue. […] The majority of chondrosarcomas are slow growing and do not spread, but occasionally the cancer cells can spread (metastasise) away from the bone in which they start. […] The most commonly-reported symptoms of chondrosarcoma are: Localised pain. This can be dull in nature, occurring when a patient is at rest, and may become worse at night. Pain may also become progressively worse. Local swelling. Walking with a limp or having restricted movement of a joint (if near the affected bone). […] 20-30% of chondrosarcomas are painless and may only be found when a patient suffers with a fractured bone caused by a mild injury, such as from a minor fall or accident. […] Around 50% of patients with spinal chondrosarcoma will experience neurological symptoms, which result from the tumour pressing on the nerves in the spine. […] The symptoms of chondrosarcoma are all common to other conditions, which makes it hard for doctors to reach the correct diagnosis. […] The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis is thought to be between 1 and 2 years.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma in adults | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/chondrosarcoma/chondrosarcoma-in-adults/

  Chondrosarcoma is a bone sarcoma that develops in the cartilage cells. […] The most common symptom of chondrosarcoma is bone pain. […] Other symptoms may include: A mass or swelling, Restricted movement in a joint. […] Symptoms can sometimes be confused with more common problems such as a sports injury or in children and young people, growing pains. […] A recurrence of cancer may appear in other parts of the body. This is called a metastasis or secondary cancer. […] In people with bone sarcoma, these secondary cancers may appear in the lungs. A chest x-ray is taken at follow-up appointments to look for secondary cancers in the lung.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma

  https://healthlibrary.somc.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Spine/85,P00113

  Chondrosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that starts in cartilage cells. Cartilage is the smooth connective tissue that protects the ends of bones and lines most joints. […] Symptoms of chondrosarcoma depend on where the tumor is and how big it is. These are the most common symptoms of chondrosarcoma, but they can be different for each person: Large lump (mass) on a bone, Feeling of pressure around the lump, Pain that gets worse over time, Weakness and limited movement in a limb or joint, Local swelling, Joint stiffness, Tumors in the pelvis can cause bowel and/or bladder problems. […] Symptoms can include a large mass on the affected bone, and pain that gets worse over time.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/chondrosarcoma

  Many people with chondrosarcoma dont have any signs of the disease at first. […] Others may have one or more of the following chondrosarcoma symptoms: A fracture after a minor fall or injury. A limp or restricted movement of a joint. A mass that can be felt on the affected bone. Numbness or tingling (if the tumor is pressing on nerves of the spine). Pain that gets worse at night and doesnt go away with rest. Pain with activity. Swelling around the tumor. […] Complications of chondrosarcoma include increasing pain or a growing lump where the tumor is. You may have a hard time moving the affected limb. Conventional chondrosarcomas grow slowly, but some aggressive forms can metastasize (spread) into other organs of the body. […] If the tumor is pressing on the spine, you may experience memory problems or issues with bladder or bowel control. If the tumor metastasizes into the lungs, you may have trouble breathing. The cancer can eventually lead to death.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/types/symptoms

  Chondrosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that typically occurs in the bones of the limbs and pelvis. However, it can also occur in the bones of the skull and spine. Chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine is a rare form of the disease that starts in the cartilage cells of the bones. […] Chondrosarcomas located at the skull base may cause one or more of the following symptoms: Headaches, Loss of vision or double vision, Vertigo, Hearing loss, Numbness, Facial pain, Difficulty swallowing. […] Chondrosarcomas located at the base of the spine may cause other symptoms, including: Low back pain, Changes in bowel habits, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Impotence in men, Numbness in the lower back or extremities, Difficulty walking or standing. […] Chondrosarcoma can cause pain and stiffness in the affected area. Pain from chondrosarcoma may feel dull, achy, or tingly and may be worse at night or with activity. The affected joint may also be stiff and difficult to move. As the tumor grows, it can compress or invade nearby nerves or blood vessels, causing loss of function or swelling in the affected limb or other parts of the body.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma – New insights in 2023

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/79627

  Chondrosarcomas that grow near nerves can cause additional symptoms due to nerve compression. For instance, a tumor in the pelvis can press on nerves that run down the legs, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs. […] In addition to the primary symptoms mentioned above, patients with chondrosarcoma may experience other signs depending on the tumor’s location and size. These can include: […] It is crucial for patients to seek medical attention if they experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, especially if the symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with chondrosarcoma.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/overview

  Chondrosarcoma is a tumor that affects the cartilage cells of bone. If located at the base of the skull, the patient may experience headaches, dizziness, hearing loss, numbness, facial pain, and difficulty swallowing. […] Tumors that arise at the base of the skull typically present with one or more of the following signs/symptoms: Vision problems (such as double vision), Headaches, Vertigo, Hearing loss, Numbness, Facial pain, Difficulty swallowing. […] Symptom onset can be gradual (as with most low-grade chordomas and chondrosarcomas) or relatively rapid (as with aggressive chordomas and chondrosarcomas). […] The prognosis depends on a host of factors, including tumor size and location, presence and degree of metastasis, patient age, and tumor grade. Neoplasms (the medical term for growths) classified as low-grade tumors are slow growing, less invasive, and correlated with better patient outcomes than tumors considered high grade or fast growing.

• #2 Skull Base Chondrosarcoma | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/skull-base-chondrosarcoma

  Most symptoms of chondrosarcoma of the skull base are neurological and may include: […] Headaches […] Dizziness […] Double vision and other vision changes […] Hearing loss […] Facial pain and numbness […] Difficulty swallowing.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/chondrosarcoma

  Symptoms of chondrosarcoma depend on where the cancer develops and how large it is. The most common places that develop chondrosarcoma are your pelvis or the long bones in your arms and legs. […] Symptoms may include: a large lump on a bone, progressively worsening pain, pressure around the lump, swelling around the lump, joint stiffness, joint weakness or limited movement, bowel or bladder problems, if a tumor develops in your pelvis. […] Although rare, neurological symptoms can develop if the cancer forms in your skull and causes pressure on your brain and cranial nerves. Double vision and headaches are the most reported symptoms. […] Most people with chondrosarcoma have a good outlook, but about 6 percent of people have cancer that has spread to distant organs at the time of diagnosis.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/types/symptoms

  Chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine is a rare type of cancer and there may be other conditions that cause similar symptoms, so it is important to be evaluated by an experienced specialist. Your doctor may also consider other diagnostic tests depending on the signs and symptoms you are experiencing. It is important to follow your doctor’s recommendations for monitoring and follow-up care, including regular imaging and physical exams. […] Chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine is a rare form of cancer that affects the bones of the skull and spine. Symptoms of chondrosarcoma of the brain and spine include headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and loss of balance, weakness or numbness in the limbs, loss of vision or double vision, seizures, difficulty walking or standing, unusual sensations such as tingling or pain, and loss of bladder or bowel control.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538132/

  Local swelling and pain are the most common presenting symptoms. The symptoms are usually of long duration (months to years). Tumors located in the skull base can cause neurological symptoms. […] Histological grade is the single most important predictor of local recurrence and metastasis. Low-grade chondrosarcomas, which grow insidiously and rarely metastasize, have a good prognosis. The 5-year survival of grade I chondrosarcomas is 83%. High-grade chondrosarcoma and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, by comparison, have an inferior prognosis due to the rapid growth of the tumor and the propensity for early metastasis. The 5-year survival of grade II and III chondrosarcomas is of 53%. […] Distant metastases: the primary site of metastasis is the lung. The rate of metastasis varies according to the grade of chondrosarcoma. Low-grade: less than 10%. Intermediate-grade: 10%-50%. High-grade: 50%-70%.

• #2 A system-level approach identifies HIF-2α as a critical regulator of chondrosarcoma progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18817-7

  Chondrosarcomas, malignant cartilaginous neoplasms, are capable of transitioning to highly aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-refractory states, resulting in significant patient mortality. […] High-grade chondrosarcomas contribute to significant patient morbidity as they are often highly metastatic. […] Chondrosarcomas frequently recur after excision surgery, and recurrent tumors tend to attain a higher malignancy status than the original neoplasm. […] Moreover, chondrosarcoma can further transition into dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, a subtype with the highest mortality rate. […] High-grade chondrosarcomas are typically treatment-refractory as they are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] We expect that our insights into the pathogenesis of chondrosarcoma will provide guidelines for the development of molecular targeted therapeutics for chondrosarcoma.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/chondrosarcoma/

  People with tumors often experience swelling and discomfort as the main symptoms. These symptoms can last for a long time, from several months to even years. If the tumor is located at the base of the skull, it may cause symptoms related to the nervous system. […] The histological grade, or the microscopic examination of cancer cells, is the most crucial determinant of local recurrence and cancer spread. Low-grade chondrosarcomas, a type of bone cancer that grow slowly and rarely spread to other areas, typically have a favorable outcome. For these cancers, the 5-year survival rate is 83%. However, high-grade or dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, which grow rapidly and are more likely to spread early, have a less favorable outcome. For these types, the 5-year survival rate drops to 53%. […] The tumor can come back after treatment. It can also spread to other parts of the body a process called metastasis. The most common place for this cancer to spread to is the lungs. How likely the cancer is to spread or come back depends on how aggressive (its grade) it is: Low-grade: less than 10% chance of metastasis, Intermediate-grade: 10% to 50% chance of metastasis, High-grade: 50% to 70% chance of metastasis.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1258236-overview

  Grade I tumors do not metastasize, whereas 66% of grade III tumors do. The most common sites for metastases are the lungs. Recurrences typically appear 5-10 years or longer after surgery. […] Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is highly lethal. It is associated with a 10% survival rate after 1 year. Even with early surgical treatment, disseminated hematogenous metastasis occurs in most patients.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-signs-symptoms-and-complications-5206241

  For example, chondrosarcoma that spreads to the lungs may impact your ability to breathe. […] Chondrosarcoma that spreads to the brain can cause altered levels of consciousness and impaired memory. […] Chondrosarcoma can also damage the bones and disrupt the integrity of the bone structure where the tumor is located. […] When the bones are damaged, they can break or fracture, which can lead to problems with mobility. […] Chondrosarcoma that affects the bones in the spine can impact the spinal cord. […] Chondrosarcoma is a rare tumor that grows near the bones in the body. […] Chondrosarcomas can cause symptoms such as bone pain, redness, pressure, and swelling.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma of the skull base | Skull Base Surgery | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/skullbasesurgery/conditions-we-treat/chondrosarcoma-of-the-skull-base.html

  Symptoms […] Encasement of critical vessels and cranial nerves by a tumor involving the skull base may result in headaches, visual and hearing loss, difficulty with balance, facial numbness and other cranial neuropathies. Nasal congestion and rhinorrhea can be a sign of skull base erosion. […] Chondrosarcomas, on the other hand, are classified based on the World Health Organization (WHO) grading system (grade 1, 2 and 3). For patients with chondrosarcoma, metastases occur in about 10 percent of cases. […] Although chordomas and chondrosarcomas are slow growing, they are locally invasive tumors and there is a high incidence of local recurrence that can result in death due to uncontrolled local disease. Local recurrence has been shown to be significantly associated with an increased risk of metastasis and tumor-related death.

• #2 Low grade chondrosarcoma: is long-term follow-up necessary?

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1681-150X2011000300010

  Currently, the follow-up regimen for patients treated for low-grade chondrosarcoma is similar to that of all chondrosarcomas. It is possible that low-grade chondrosarcoma may have a far more benign course than other chondrosarcomas and, if treated adequately, may require a far less vigorous follow-up regimen. […] The behaviour of chondrosarcoma varies from slow-growing, nonmetastasising tumours to highly aggressive metastasising sarcomas. […] The clinical symptoms range from pain and tenderness, with or without a mass, to patients being completely asymptomatic. The signs and symptoms at presentation of each tumour may overlap, but the presence of pain, especially at night, is more predictive of a malignant cartilaginous lesion. […] Recurrence in low-grade chondrosarcoma usually presents as local recurrence, and generally no distant metastases are encountered. […] It has been demonstrated that adequately treated low-grade chondrosarcomas have a very low local recurrence rate. Any recurrence usually occurs within the first five years, in and around the original tumour site, and rarely presents with distant metastases.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/chondrosarcoma

  Low grade cancers have a good outlook with a 5-year survival rate of around 83 percent. High grade cancers have a less favorable outlook. The 5-year survival is 53 percent for grades 2 and 3. […] The difference in outlook is largely due to the chances of the cancer spreading to distant organs: Grade 1 tumors have about a 10 percent chance of spreading. Grade 2 tumors have a 10 to 50 percent chance of spreading. Grade 3 tumors have a 50 to 70 percent chance of spreading. […] Where the chondrosarcoma is located also affects outlook. Tumors of the pelvis tend to be the most aggressive and are associated with the lowest survival rate. […] Even if surgery is successful, chondrosarcoma often negatively affects a person’s quality of life and physical function. Your surgical team can give you an idea of what to expect after treatment and how you can minimize your chances of complications.

• #2 Central Chondrosarcoma, Grades 2 and 3 – SFA

  https://curesarcoma.org/sarcoma-subtypes/central-chondrosarcoma-grades-2-and-3/

  Patients present with pain and/or swelling. Occasionally, the lesion is found as a consequence of a pathological fracture. Especially when arising in the pelvis, but also in the ribs, chondrosarcomas can grow to a large size before becoming symptomatic. […] About half of these tumors carry IDH1 or IDH2 mutations, suggesting that they have progressed from enchondroma and ACT/CS1. […] The reported 5-year overall survival rate for grade 2 chondrosarcoma is 74–99% and for grade 3 tumors 31–77%. The 10-year overall survival rate for grade 2 is 58–86% and for grade 3 tumors 26–55%. Even after 10 years, deaths due to disease can still occur. Local recurrence rates are 19% for grade 2 and 26% for grade 3 chondrosarcoma; 10–30% of the grade 2 tumors and 32–71% of the grade 3 tumors metastasize. Chondrosarcomas with axial localization have a significantly lower survival than extremity chondrosarcoma. It is unclear at present whether the IDH mutation is associated with outcome.

• #2 Integrated molecular characterization of chondrosarcoma reveals critical determinants of disease progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12525-7

  Chondrosarcomas are primary cancers of cartilaginous tissue with highly contrasting prognoses. […] Chondrosarcomas may be distinguished by the body-location of the bone from which they arise, which may have an impact on the surgical resectability. […] Regardless of location, all chondrosarcomas are classified by their histology in three grades from the well-differentiated lowly cellular exceptionally metastatic grade I chondrosarcoma to the poorly differentiated and highly cellular grade III chondrosarcoma with 70% of patients developing metastasis. […] Decisive for clinical and surgical course of treatment, histological grading is to date the best predictor of clinical behavior. […] This important limitation of histological analysis to select the most appropriate clinical management uncovers an urgent need for molecular markers to more robustly predict clinical behavior.

• #2 Integrated molecular characterization of chondrosarcoma reveals critical determinants of disease progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12525-7

  The analysis of chondrosarcomas molecular profiles uncovered three major molecular features involved in cartilage tumor progression: IDH mutations implicating broad hypermethylation of the genome, the regional loss of expression of the 14q32 locus and in particular of the cluster of microRNAs at this location, and a transcriptomic state indicator of high mitotic potential. […] The proposed multi-omics classification was highly associated with overall survival. […] The analysis of relapsed samples suggests that chondrosarcoma tumors may progress to acquire aggressive features, potentially leading to adverse outcomes. […] Overall, our results support the importance of molecular diagnostic of chondrosarcomas for an accurate prognosis.

• #2 A system-level approach identifies HIF-2α as a critical regulator of chondrosarcoma progression | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18817-7

  HIF-2 is predicted to be the most potent transcription factor activating this module. […] Our gene set enrichment analysis indicated that overexpression of HIF-2 in chondrocytes elicits overall upregulation of M1 module genes at the transcriptome level. […] Notably, using a panel of chondrosarcoma biopsies, we observed that high expression of HIF-2 was more significantly associated with grade III than grade I chondrosarcoma. […] Results show that patients in group 1 tended to be more frequently associated with grade III chondrosarcoma and to have a poorer prognosis. […] In contrast, amplification of the EPAS1 gene was significantly associated with decreased overall survival rates. […] Patients carrying an amplified EPAS1 gene tended to exhibit increased dedifferentiation and recurrence.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma: Symptoms, Survival, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chondrosarcoma-5225686

  In some cases, it can be hard to diagnose chondrosarcoma, especially the type that grows slowly. This is because it will often appear similar to other types of benign growths. […] Treating chondrosarcoma may be difficult because research has shown that this type of cancer does not properly respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, both of which are first-line cancer treatments. […] In cases that are caught early and haven’t metastasized (spread to other parts of the body), the five-year survival rate is as high as 75.2%. […] Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma has a poor prognosis because it has the ability to spread quickly to other areas of the body. […] Similar to other types of chondrosarcomas, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma can have a negative prognosis depending on several of the aforementioned factors. Generally, the overall five-year survival rate of this type of chondrosarcoma sits at roughly 51%.

• #2

  https://tumorsurgery.org/tumor-education/bone-tumors/types-of-bone-tumors/dedifferentiated-chondrosarcoma.aspx

  Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma consists of a low grade malignant hyaline cartilage tumor associated with a high-grade nonchondroid spindle sarcoma. The two components are juxtaposed with abrupt clear demarcation line. […] It is an extremely aggressive tumor with a high metastatic rate and dismal prognosis. […] Signs/Symptoms: Pain, with or without pathological fracture, Swelling, Parasthesias, Symptoms usually last around 6-10 months. […] Very aggressive locally. […] Extremely high metastatic rate. […] Prognosis almost hopeless, regardless of extent of resection. […] 90% of patients are dead of metastatic disease within 2 years. […] Metastases consist solely of high-grade dedifferentiated component.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma Symptoms | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/chondrosarcoma/types/symptoms

  Depending on the size and location of your tumor, chondrosarcoma of the brain or spine can cause a variety of signs and symptoms, including: Headaches: The tumor may cause pressure on the brain, leading to headaches that may be severe or persistent. Vision problems: The tumor may press on the optic nerves, leading to double vision, loss of vision, or other visual disturbances. Neurological symptoms: The tumor may press on the spinal cord or nerves, leading to weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arms or legs. Seizures: The tumor may press on the brain, leading to seizures. Pain or discomfort in the affected area: The tumor may cause pain or discomfort in the area where it is located. Difficulty with movement or coordination: The tumor may press on the spinal cord or nerves, leading to difficulty with movement or coordination. Loss of bladder or bowel control: The tumor may press on the spinal cord, leading to loss of bladder or bowel control. Fatigue and nausea: You may feel fatigue or experience nausea due to the tumor’s effects on the body and/or the treatments used to treat it.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/chondrosarcoma

  Symptoms of a chondrosarcoma depend on a variety of factors including the type of tumor, location of the tumor, and your child’s age and general health. Indications of a chondrosarcoma may include: […] Most chondrosarcomas are slow to grow and spread. […] Malignant tumors can reoccur — even after being successfully treated — so it is important for your child to see a physician regularly, especially if any symptoms recur.

• #2 Chondrosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrosarcoma

  Chondrosarcoma is a bone sarcoma, a primary cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage. A chondrosarcoma can present at any age. It more often affects the axial skeleton than the appendicular skeleton. […] Symptoms and signs include back or thigh pain, sciatica, bladder symptoms, and unilateral edema. […] Nearly all chondrosarcoma patients appear to be in good health. Often, patients are not aware of the growing tumor until there is a noticeable lump or pain. Occasionally the first symptom will be a broken bone at the cancerous site. […] Prognosis depends on how early the cancer is discovered and treated. For the least aggressive grade, about 90% of patients survive more than five years after diagnosis. For the most aggressive grade, only 10% of patients will survive one year. Tumors may recur in the future. Follow up scans are extremely important for chondrosarcoma to make sure there has been no recurrence or metastasis, which usually occurs in the lungs.

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