Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of human papillomavirus, or HPV. […] HPV infection is extremely common throughout the world. Most sexually active adults will have an HPV infection at some point during their lives, although they may be unaware of their infection. […] Humans are the only natural reservoir for HPV. Other viruses in the papillomavirus family affect other species. […] HPV is transmitted through intimate, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Transmission is most common during vaginal, penile, anal, or oral sex. […] HPV is presumed to be communicable during both acute and persistent infections. Communicability can be presumed high because of the large number of new infections estimated to occur each year.

• #2 Genital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763014-overview

  Genital warts are an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 100 types of double-stranded HPV papovaviruses have been isolated thus far, and, of these, about 35 types have affinity to genital sites. Many have been linked directly to an increased neoplastic risk in men and women. […] Annual incidence is 1%, and genital warts are considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A four-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last two decades; prevalence reportedly exceeds 50%. The lifetime risk of infection is 50% in sexually active individuals. […] Reports vary on international prevalence, but available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries show HPV infections to be at least as common internationally as in the United States. […] Both sexes are susceptible to infection. Overt disease may be more common in men (reported in 75% of cases); however, infection may be more prevalent in women. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with a peak incidence in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #3 Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781735-overview

  Approximately 90% of condylomata acuminata are related to HPV types 6 and 11. These 2 types are the least likely to have a neoplastic potential. Risk for neoplastic conversion has been determined to be moderate (types 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51-56, 58) or high (types 16, 18) […] Annual incidence of condyloma acuminatum is 1%. It is considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). Prevalence has been reported to exceed 50%. Highest prevalence and risk is among young adults in the third decade and in older teenagers. A 4-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last 2 decades. […] International prevalence has been reported variably. Available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries report HPV infections to be at least as common as in the United States.

• #4 Condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts) in adults: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/condylomata-acuminata-anogenital-warts-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Condylomata acuminata (CA; singular: condyloma acuminatum), also known as anogenital warts, are manifestations of HPV infection that occur in a subset of individuals with anogenital HPV infection. […] The etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of external CA will be reviewed here. […] Genital HPV types are divided into low-risk and high-risk types based upon associated risk for cancer in any body area. […] The low-risk types HPV 6 and/or HPV 11 are detected in around 90 percent of anogenital warts, although coinfection with other low-risk or high-risk types of HPV is common. […] Anogenital HPV infection is almost always acquired through sexual contact.

• #5 Genital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763014-overview

  Genital warts are an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 100 types of double-stranded HPV papovaviruses have been isolated thus far, and, of these, about 35 types have affinity to genital sites. Many have been linked directly to an increased neoplastic risk in men and women. […] Annual incidence is 1%, and genital warts are considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A four-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last two decades; prevalence reportedly exceeds 50%. The lifetime risk of infection is 50% in sexually active individuals. […] Reports vary on international prevalence, but available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries show HPV infections to be at least as common internationally as in the United States. […] Both sexes are susceptible to infection. Overt disease may be more common in men (reported in 75% of cases); however, infection may be more prevalent in women. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with a peak incidence in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #6 Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-39

  Anogenital warts (AGWs) are a common, highly infectious disease caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), whose high recurrence rates contribute to direct medical costs, productivity loss and increased psychosocial impact. […] This study reviewed the published medical literature on the incidence and prevalence of AGWs. […] The overall (females and males combined) reported annual incidence of any AGWs (including new and recurrent) ranged from 160 to 289 per 100,000, with a median of 194.5 per 100,000. […] The reported incidence of recurrent AGWs was as high as 110 per 100,000 among females and 163 per 100,000 among males. […] The overall prevalence of AGWs based on retrospective administrative databases or medical chart reviews or prospectively collected physician reports ranged from 0.13% to 0.56%, whereas it ranged from 0.2% to 5.1% based on genital examinations.

• #7 External Genital Warts – Verrica Pharmaceuticals

  https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/external-genital-warts/

  The observed declines in the prevalence of AGW suggest that HPV morbidity is declining among populations attending STD clinics, including MSW, MSM, and women. Declines in younger age groups are consistent with what would be expected following the implementation of HPV vaccination. However, declines were also observed in older age groups and are not likely to be the result of vaccination. […] The overall (females and males combined) reported annual incidence of any AGWs (including new and recurrent) ranged from 160 to 289 per 100,000, with a median of 194.5 per 100,000. […] The literature suggests that AGWs are widespread and the prevalence depends on study methodology as suggested by higher rates reported from routine genital examinations versus those from treatment records. However, there remains a need for more population-based studies from certain regions including Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia to further elucidate the global epidemiology of this disease.

• #8 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence of 10% to 20%, with clinical manifestations in 1%. The incidence of HPV infection has been increasing. About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33 years, with the peak age group being 20 to 24. It has been estimated that 2.9% of the US male population will have genital HPV DNA. […] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove HPV. Warts may sometimes spontaneously regress. Traditional theories postulate that the virus remains in the body for a lifetime. However, it is now believed that the virus may be either cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. […] HPV infection appears to be the cause of most cases of anal cancer (about 90%) and virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women, with HPV type 16 accounting for about 50% of these.

• #9 Genital wart – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_wart

  Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence in the US of 10-20% and clinical manifestations in 1% of the sexually active adult population. […] US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006. […] About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33. […] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove the HPV, so warts can recur after treatment (about 50-73% of the time). […] Warts can also spontaneously regress (with or without treatment). […] Traditional theories postulated that the virus remained in the body for a lifetime. […] However, studies using sensitive DNA techniques have shown that through immunological response, the virus can either be cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. […] One study testing genital skin for subclinical HPV using PCR found a prevalence of 10%.

• #10 External Genital Warts – Verrica Pharmaceuticals

  https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/external-genital-warts/

  External genital warts (EGW) are a sexually transmitted infection caused by various strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Several studies have described the direct and indirect costs of EGW, while others have reported on the burden of EGW in terms of the impact on the quality of life (QOL) of patients. […] Most sexually active persons will have detectable HPV at least once in their lifetime; 14 million persons are infected annually, and 79 million persons have prevalent infection. HPV is transmitted frequently between partners; more frequent transmission has been reported from females to males than from males to females. […] During 2010-2016, significant declines in the prevalence of AGW were observed in women aged 40 years, men who have sex with women only (MSW) aged 40 years, and MSM of all age categories.

• #11 Genital Warts in the United States – Market Insights, Epidemiology and Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200610005573/en/Genital-Warts-in-the-United-States—Market-Insights-Epidemiology-and-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  According to the report, the total number of diagnosed incident cases of Genital Warts (GWs) in the US was found to be 465,000 in the year 2017. […] According to the report, the market of Genital Warts in the US was found to be USD 694 Million in 2017, and is expected to increase during the course of the study period (2017-2030). […] […] […] 7. Epidemiology and Patient Population […] 7.2. Country Wise-Epidemiology […] 7.3. United States […] 7.3.2. Diagnosed incidence of GWs in the United States […] 7.3.3. Gender Specific Diagnosed Cases of GWs in the United States […] 7.3.4. Age Specific Diagnosed Cases of GWs in the United States […] 7.3.5. Anatomical Location of Genital Warts in the United States

• #12 Pulsenotes | Anogenital warts notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/gum/notes/anogenital-warts

  Anogenital warts are very common, but most infections do not result in visible lesions and self-resolve. The estimated annual prevalence of anogenital warts is 0.15% in the adult population of the developed world. In the UK, it is estimated that 130,000 cases of anogenital warts are treated in sexual health clinics each year. […] HPV infection with genotypes 16 and 18 is strongly linked with cervical cancer. The UK has a national screening programme for cervical cancer including assessment for these genotypes and CIN.

• #13 Genital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763014-overview

  Genital warts are an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 100 types of double-stranded HPV papovaviruses have been isolated thus far, and, of these, about 35 types have affinity to genital sites. Many have been linked directly to an increased neoplastic risk in men and women. […] Annual incidence is 1%, and genital warts are considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A four-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last two decades; prevalence reportedly exceeds 50%. The lifetime risk of infection is 50% in sexually active individuals. […] Reports vary on international prevalence, but available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries show HPV infections to be at least as common internationally as in the United States. […] Both sexes are susceptible to infection. Overt disease may be more common in men (reported in 75% of cases); however, infection may be more prevalent in women. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with a peak incidence in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #14 Epidemiology of genital warts in the British population: implications for HPV vaccination programmes | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/95/5/386

  Epidemiology of genital warts in the British population: implications for HPV vaccination programmes […] To estimate the prevalence of, and describe risk factors for, genital warts (GWs) in the British population, following the introduction of the bivalent (human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18) vaccination programme in girls, and prior to the switch to quadrivalent (HPV-6/11/16/18) vaccine (offering direct protection against GWs) and compare this with GW diagnoses in the prevaccination era. […] In Natsal-3, 3.8% and 4.6% of sexually experienced men and women reported ever having a diagnosis of GWs, with 1.3% of men and 1.7% of woman reporting a GWs diagnosis in the past 5 years. […] GWs were strongly associated with increasing partner numbers and condomless sex. […] Diagnoses were more frequent in men who have sex with men (MSM) (11.6% ever, 3.3% past 5 years) and in women reporting sex with women (10.8% ever, 3.6% past 5 years).

• #15 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence of 10% to 20%, with clinical manifestations in 1%. The incidence of HPV infection has been increasing. About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33 years, with the peak age group being 20 to 24. It has been estimated that 2.9% of the US male population will have genital HPV DNA. […] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove HPV. Warts may sometimes spontaneously regress. Traditional theories postulate that the virus remains in the body for a lifetime. However, it is now believed that the virus may be either cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. […] HPV infection appears to be the cause of most cases of anal cancer (about 90%) and virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women, with HPV type 16 accounting for about 50% of these.

• #16 Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781735-overview

  Mortality is secondary to malignant transformation to carcinoma in both males and females. This oncogenic potential has been reported to triple the risk of genitourinary cancer among infected males. […] HPV infection appears to be more common and worse in patients with various types of immunologic deficiencies. Recurrence rates, size, discomfort, and risk of oncologic progression are highest among those patients. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with incidence peaking in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2013/07000/incidence_of_genital_warts_in_adolescents_and.4.aspx?generateEpub=Article%7Cstdjournal:2013:07000:00004%7C10.1097/olq.0b013e3182953ce0%7C

  Information on genital wart incidence in adolescents and young adults before human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is important for understanding the impact of the vaccine on the epidemiology of this early outcome of HPV infection. […] We found that the incidence of genital warts before human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations was highest among women (6.3/1000 person-years) and men (2.9/1000 person-years) aged 20 to 24 years. […] Our study found that the incidence of genital warts was highest among persons aged 20 to 24 years using a unique method to identify the location of the wart. Information on incidence of genital warts before vaccine use provides baseline data that can be used to measure HPV vaccine impact.

• #18 Anogenital warts guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/anogenital-warts/etiology-epidemiology.html

  In the United States, the incidence of AGW among people with private insurance in 2001 was 205 per 100,000 person-years at risk. […] Studies in Manitoba in 2004 and in British Columbia (B.C.) in 2006 found incidence rates of AGW of 154 and 131 per 100,000 males and 120 and 121 per 100,000 females, respectively. […] AGW incidence in both studies was highest for males aged 25-to-29 years, and females aged 20 to 24 years. […] A systematic review found that, 5 to 8 years after vaccination in high-income countries, diagnoses of AGW decreased by 67% among girls aged 15 to 19 years, by 54% among women aged 20 to 24 years, and by 31% among women aged 25 to 29 years. In parallel, diagnoses of AGW decreased by 48% among boys 15 to 19 years, and by 32% among men aged 20 to 24 years. […] A systematic review of studies published between September 1, 2006 and September 1, 2016 found that the incidence of AGW decreased by up to 45% in cohorts eligible for publicly funded quadrivalent HPV vaccines. A subsequent Manitoba study documented a decline in incident AGW of 72% among 16- to 18-year-old females and 51% among males after the introduction of a publicly-funded, school-based quadrivalent HPV vaccination program for females in 2008.

• #19 Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781735-overview

  Approximately 90% of condylomata acuminata are related to HPV types 6 and 11. These 2 types are the least likely to have a neoplastic potential. Risk for neoplastic conversion has been determined to be moderate (types 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51-56, 58) or high (types 16, 18) […] Annual incidence of condyloma acuminatum is 1%. It is considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). Prevalence has been reported to exceed 50%. Highest prevalence and risk is among young adults in the third decade and in older teenagers. A 4-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last 2 decades. […] International prevalence has been reported variably. Available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries report HPV infections to be at least as common as in the United States.

• #20 Genital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763014-overview

  Genital warts are an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 100 types of double-stranded HPV papovaviruses have been isolated thus far, and, of these, about 35 types have affinity to genital sites. Many have been linked directly to an increased neoplastic risk in men and women. […] Annual incidence is 1%, and genital warts are considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A four-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last two decades; prevalence reportedly exceeds 50%. The lifetime risk of infection is 50% in sexually active individuals. […] Reports vary on international prevalence, but available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries show HPV infections to be at least as common internationally as in the United States. […] Both sexes are susceptible to infection. Overt disease may be more common in men (reported in 75% of cases); however, infection may be more prevalent in women. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with a peak incidence in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #21 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  Risk factors for HPV infection are primarily related to sexual behavior, including higher numbers of lifetime and recent sex partners. […] Genital HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and worldwide. […] The National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries provide data on the number of HPV cancers in the United States. […] HPV infection is not a nationally notifiable condition. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #22 Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781735-overview

  Mortality is secondary to malignant transformation to carcinoma in both males and females. This oncogenic potential has been reported to triple the risk of genitourinary cancer among infected males. […] HPV infection appears to be more common and worse in patients with various types of immunologic deficiencies. Recurrence rates, size, discomfort, and risk of oncologic progression are highest among those patients. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with incidence peaking in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #23 Anogenital warts – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/anogenital-warts/

  Prevalence: 1% of the sexually active population [1] […] Prevalence is higher among immunocompromised individuals with HIV compared to the overall population. [2] […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified.

• #24 Prevalence and incidence of genital warts and cervical Human Papillomavirus infections in Nigerian women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-018-3582-y

  Genital warts are important causes of morbidity and their prevalence and incidence can be used to evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination in a population. […] Prevalence of genital warts at enrolment was 1% (4/535) among HIV-negative women, and 5% (23/427) among HIV-positive women. […] HIV was associated with higher risk of prevalent genital warts (OR:7.14, 95% CI:2.4128.7, p0.001) while higher number of sex partners in the past year was associated with increased risk of incident genital warts (OR:2.86, 95% CI:1.046.47. p=0.04). […] Genital warts are common in Nigeria and our results provide important parameters for monitoring the impact of future HPV vaccination programs in the country. […] We identified HIV infection as a risk factor for prevalent genital warts and higher number of sex partners in the past year as a risk factor for incident genital warts in this study.

• #25 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Risk factors for HPV persistence include age, smoking, immunosuppression, and simultaneous infection with multiple HPV types. […] The current standard of care emphasizes treatment and primary prevention strategies, including vaccination, to prevent this devastating outcome. […] It remains to be seen if the more extensive use of vaccines can reduce the prevalence and penetration of HPV exposure, infections, and complications.

• #26 Genital Warts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22202

  Risk factors for HPV persistence include age, smoking, immunosuppression, and simultaneous infection with multiple HPV types. […] An HPV vaccination is available. […] For previously unvaccinated adults, the CDC suggests vaccinations for those 27 to 45 years of age. […] It remains to be seen if the more extensive use of vaccines can reduce the prevalence and penetration of HPV exposure, infections, and complications.

• #27 SciELO Brazil – Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections: epidemiology pathogenesis, clinic, morphology, important differential diagnostic aspects, current diagnostic and treatment options Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections: epidemiolog

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/TKSXnk4f3c4VXWcbfnTwWpp/?lang=en

  From an epidemiologic point of view, the number of sexual partners and the presence of recrudescent chlamydia infections are the most important factors for the clinical manifestations of anogenital warts. […] The infection may be transmitted during childbirth to the newborn and this may subsequently cause laryngeal papillomatosis. […] The presence of high-risk papilloma strains, such as HPV-16 or -18 in Bowen’s disease, Querat’s erythroplasia, as well as in bowenoid papulosis, undoubtedly shows the malignant potential of the papilloma viruses. […] The development of genital and anal carcinomas on the basis of long-persisting venereal warts is considered to be rare. More often, these cases involve verrucous carcinomas, which are HPV-6 and -11 positive. […] The early prevention by regular clinical control, information to the patient about the risk of transmission of certain „carcinoma forms” by sexual intercourse and the opportune vaccination, will probably lead to a drastic reduction of the cases of papilloma virus-associated anogenital warts.

• #28 Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781735-overview

  Approximately 90% of condylomata acuminata are related to HPV types 6 and 11. These 2 types are the least likely to have a neoplastic potential. Risk for neoplastic conversion has been determined to be moderate (types 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51-56, 58) or high (types 16, 18) […] Annual incidence of condyloma acuminatum is 1%. It is considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). Prevalence has been reported to exceed 50%. Highest prevalence and risk is among young adults in the third decade and in older teenagers. A 4-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last 2 decades. […] International prevalence has been reported variably. Available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries report HPV infections to be at least as common as in the United States.

• #29 Genital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763014-overview

  Genital warts are an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 100 types of double-stranded HPV papovaviruses have been isolated thus far, and, of these, about 35 types have affinity to genital sites. Many have been linked directly to an increased neoplastic risk in men and women. […] Annual incidence is 1%, and genital warts are considered the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). A four-fold or more increase in prevalence has been reported in the last two decades; prevalence reportedly exceeds 50%. The lifetime risk of infection is 50% in sexually active individuals. […] Reports vary on international prevalence, but available data from England, Panama, Italy, the Netherlands, and other developed and underdeveloped countries show HPV infections to be at least as common internationally as in the United States. […] Both sexes are susceptible to infection. Overt disease may be more common in men (reported in 75% of cases); however, infection may be more prevalent in women. […] Prevalence is greatest in persons aged 17-33 years, with a peak incidence in persons aged 20-24 years.

• #30 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Globally, 12% of women are positive for HPV DNA, with rates varying by age and country. The highest rates of HPV are in younger women, with a rate of 24% in women under 25 years. Rates decline in older age groups in Europe and the Americas, but less so in Africa and Asia. The rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) and Eastern Europe (21%) and lowest in North America (5%) and Western Asia (2%). […] The most common types of HPV worldwide are HPV16 (3.2%), HPV18 (1.4%), HPV52 (0.9%), HPV31 (0.8%), and HPV58 (0.7%). High-risk types of HPV are also distributed unevenly, with HPV16 having a rate of around 13% in Africa and 30% in West and Central Asia. […] Like many diseases, HPV disproportionately affects low-income and resource-poor countries. The higher rates of HPV in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, may be related to high exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the region. A factor which impacts the global spread of the disease is sexual behavior – including age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and ease of access to barrier contraception, all of which vary globally. […] The papilloma virus is not only widespread among women, but is also behind most cases of oropharyngeal cancer, which is the fastest growing cancer among young adults in Western countries. […] Moreover, as of 2025, papilloma virus is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world.

• #31

  https://bjstd.org/revista/article/view/873

  Genital warts are benign lesions caused by sexual transmission of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11, with significant impact on healthcare resource use and patients quality of life. […] To describe the epidemiology of genital warts in adults visiting a physician office for any reason, physician practice patterns, and healthcare resource use and costs in Colombia. […] Among 6,393 patients logged by physicians, the genital warts prevalence was 2.03% (95%CI 1.69-2.38) and incidence 1.30% (95%CI 1.02-1.58). […] The overall mean cost of an episode of care was USD558.13 (SD=507.30). […] Much of the genital warts health care utilization and costs reported could be prevented by immunization with the quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine.

• #32 Prevalence and incidence of genital warts and cervical Human Papillomavirus infections in Nigerian women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-018-3582-y

  Genital warts are important causes of morbidity and their prevalence and incidence can be used to evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination in a population. […] Prevalence of genital warts at enrolment was 1% (4/535) among HIV-negative women, and 5% (23/427) among HIV-positive women. […] HIV was associated with higher risk of prevalent genital warts (OR:7.14, 95% CI:2.4128.7, p0.001) while higher number of sex partners in the past year was associated with increased risk of incident genital warts (OR:2.86, 95% CI:1.046.47. p=0.04). […] Genital warts are common in Nigeria and our results provide important parameters for monitoring the impact of future HPV vaccination programs in the country. […] We identified HIV infection as a risk factor for prevalent genital warts and higher number of sex partners in the past year as a risk factor for incident genital warts in this study.

• #33 Prevalence and incidence of genital warts and cervical Human Papillomavirus infections in Nigerian women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-018-3582-y

  Cervical HPV11, but not HPV6 infection was associated with prevalent genital warts. […] The incidence rates of 515 in HIV negative and 1370 per 100,000 person-years in HIV positive women in our study are higher than that from European and North American studies. […] Our study provides important information on the epidemiology of genital warts among women in Nigeria.

• #34 90% decline in genital warts in young Australians | Kirby Institute

  https://www.kirby.unsw.edu.au/news/90-decline-genital-warts-young-Australians

  In the last 10 years, there has been a 90% reduction in genital warts in young Australians aged between 15-20 years, according to new Kirby Institute data presented today at the 32nd International Papillomavirus Conference in Sydney. […] The Genital Warts Surveillance Network, led by the Kirby Institute in partnership with a network of Australian sexual health clinics, is the world’s largest study monitoring the impact of national-level HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccination. […] Since the introduction of the HPV vaccine, genital warts have decreased markedly in young heterosexuals aged 15-20 years, with a 92% reduction in females (from 9.0% to 0.7%) and 90% in males (from 6.3% to 0.6%), said Professor Donovan. […] The reduction in genital warts is a fantastic outcome, but importantly, we’re also seeing significant reductions in HPV prevalence and cervical pre-cancer. […] These reductions in genital warts support this modelling, and clearly demonstrate the unprecedented success of Australia’s National HPV Vaccination Program.

• #35 Genital Warts Surveillance Network Report 2004 – 2015 | Kirby Institute

  https://www.kirby.unsw.edu.au/research/reports/genital-warts-surveillance-network-report-2004-2015

  The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is a sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in the diagnosis of genital warts in Australia. The aim of the network is to determine the population effects of the national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program by monitoring the proportion of patients diagnosed with genital warts, from various populations. […] The results show that among Australian born women, aged 21 years or younger and thus eligible for free HPV vaccine, 11.7% were diagnosed with genital warts in 2007; declining to 0.8% in 2015. […] Among Australian born women, aged 21 30 years, most of whom had been eligible for free HPV vaccine by the later years, 12.1% were diagnosed with genital warts in 2007; declining to 2.4% in 2015. […] The proportion of women aged 30 years diagnosed with genital warts declined slightly from 5.9% in 2007 to 3.8% in 2015.

• #36 Population-level Impact of HPV Vaccination On the Incidence of Genital Warts in Sweden | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.24313952v1

  Sweden introduced HPV vaccination in 2006, administered through opportunistic, subsidized, catch-up and school-based programs. Notably, genital warts (GW) are the first observable clinical outcome following infection by HPV-6/11, targeted by vaccination. We aim to gain knowledge of the population incidence of GW in Sweden and evaluate its change throughout vaccination programs. […] The incidence of GW decreased during periods following HPV vaccination. In 2016-2018, over a decade after vaccination availability, incidence decreased by 89% (95% CI 83-93), 73% (95% CI 71-75), 50% (95% CI 43-56) and 20% (95% CI 10-28) in women aged 15-19, 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34, respectively. A similar reduction was observable in men, although of lesser magnitude. We estimated 18,890 and 12,343 GW cases averted among vaccinated cohorts of women and men, respectively.

• #37 Population-level Impact of HPV Vaccination On the Incidence of Genital Warts in Sweden | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.24313952v1

  Sweden introduced HPV vaccination in 2006, administered through opportunistic, subsidized, catch-up and school-based programs. Notably, genital warts (GW) are the first observable clinical outcome following infection by HPV-6/11, targeted by vaccination. We aim to gain knowledge of the population incidence of GW in Sweden and evaluate its change throughout vaccination programs. […] The incidence of GW decreased during periods following HPV vaccination. In 2016-2018, over a decade after vaccination availability, incidence decreased by 89% (95% CI 83-93), 73% (95% CI 71-75), 50% (95% CI 43-56) and 20% (95% CI 10-28) in women aged 15-19, 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34, respectively. A similar reduction was observable in men, although of lesser magnitude. We estimated 18,890 and 12,343 GW cases averted among vaccinated cohorts of women and men, respectively.

• #38 Anogenital warts guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/anogenital-warts/etiology-epidemiology.html

  In the United States, the incidence of AGW among people with private insurance in 2001 was 205 per 100,000 person-years at risk. […] Studies in Manitoba in 2004 and in British Columbia (B.C.) in 2006 found incidence rates of AGW of 154 and 131 per 100,000 males and 120 and 121 per 100,000 females, respectively. […] AGW incidence in both studies was highest for males aged 25-to-29 years, and females aged 20 to 24 years. […] A systematic review found that, 5 to 8 years after vaccination in high-income countries, diagnoses of AGW decreased by 67% among girls aged 15 to 19 years, by 54% among women aged 20 to 24 years, and by 31% among women aged 25 to 29 years. In parallel, diagnoses of AGW decreased by 48% among boys 15 to 19 years, and by 32% among men aged 20 to 24 years. […] A systematic review of studies published between September 1, 2006 and September 1, 2016 found that the incidence of AGW decreased by up to 45% in cohorts eligible for publicly funded quadrivalent HPV vaccines. A subsequent Manitoba study documented a decline in incident AGW of 72% among 16- to 18-year-old females and 51% among males after the introduction of a publicly-funded, school-based quadrivalent HPV vaccination program for females in 2008.

• #39 Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-39

  The annual incidence of recurrent AGWs ranged between 47 and 163 cases per 100,000 males and between 23 and 110 per 100,000 females in population-based studies. […] The high incidence of AGWs and the substantial economic and psychosocial burden of this condition and its treatment indicate that it would be more beneficial to prevent rather than treat AGWs. […] AGWs are common in both males and females across the world but data is limited, partially because, in contrast to some other STDs, their reporting is not mandatory. […] Further population-based studies are required to arrive at a more accurate representation of the global epidemiology of AGWs, to help policy makers make informative decisions about adopting effective treatment and preventative practices.

• #40 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  Risk factors for HPV infection are primarily related to sexual behavior, including higher numbers of lifetime and recent sex partners. […] Genital HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and worldwide. […] The National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries provide data on the number of HPV cancers in the United States. […] HPV infection is not a nationally notifiable condition. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #41 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  Risk factors for HPV infection are primarily related to sexual behavior, including higher numbers of lifetime and recent sex partners. […] Genital HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and worldwide. […] The National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries provide data on the number of HPV cancers in the United States. […] HPV infection is not a nationally notifiable condition. For information on guidance for state and local health department staff who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases, please consult the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases.

• #42

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/genital-warts-and-human-papillomavirus-hpv-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Genital warts are the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosed in the UK. Genital warts are largely caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Public Health England (PHE) routinely collects data on STIs (including genital warts) from genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. […] PHE also undertakes surveillance to inform the design, implementation and evaluation of HPV vaccination. This includes assessing the impact on: […] diagnoses of genital warts.

• #43 Genital Warts Surveillance Network Report 2004 – 2015 | Kirby Institute

  https://www.kirby.unsw.edu.au/research/reports/genital-warts-surveillance-network-report-2004-2015

  The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is a sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in the diagnosis of genital warts in Australia. The aim of the network is to determine the population effects of the national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program by monitoring the proportion of patients diagnosed with genital warts, from various populations. […] The results show that among Australian born women, aged 21 years or younger and thus eligible for free HPV vaccine, 11.7% were diagnosed with genital warts in 2007; declining to 0.8% in 2015. […] Among Australian born women, aged 21 30 years, most of whom had been eligible for free HPV vaccine by the later years, 12.1% were diagnosed with genital warts in 2007; declining to 2.4% in 2015. […] The proportion of women aged 30 years diagnosed with genital warts declined slightly from 5.9% in 2007 to 3.8% in 2015.

• #44 HPV REPORTING IN CONNECTICUT AND OTHER STATES

  https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0358.htm

  HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. […] HPV infections are not nationally reportable by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, two states, Florida and New Mexico, require healthcare providers and laboratories to report HPV infections. […] Delaware and Massachusetts require the reporting of genital warts and Florida requires the reporting of HPV-associated recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in children under age six. […] HPV is not a reportable disease in Connecticut, but DPH tracks cervical precancerous lesions. […] According to DPH, the goal of this surveillance is to monitor the impact of the HPV vaccine on HPV-related pre-cancerous cervical lesions. […] In addition, the Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, which is a joint project between DPH and the Yale University School of Public Health, is conducting enhanced surveillance for CIN 2/3 and AIS in women ages 18 to 39 years old living in New Haven County.

• #45 HPV REPORTING IN CONNECTICUT AND OTHER STATES

  https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0358.htm

  We found two states, Florida and New Mexico, that require the reporting of HPV infections. […] Delaware and Massachusetts require the reporting of genital warts and Florida requires the reporting of HPV-associated RRP in children under age six. […] While HPV infections are not nationally reportable by the CDC, cervical and other HPV-related cancers are measured by state cancer registries participating in CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program.

• #46

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication521705

  Although non-life threatening, even low-risk HPV-type infections such as EGW carry a substantial psychosocial and economic burden. Stressors include the shame and embarrassment related to diagnosis, as well as the inconvenience and discomfort of treatment and the fear of recurrence, transmission, and the possible threat of cancer. Costs relate to routine screening for cervical cancer, treatment of genital warts, and the management and follow-up of malignancies.

• #47 Understanding Genital Warts: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Burden of Disease of Human Papillomavirus | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/5423896

  As the most commonly sexually transmitted disease worldwide, human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] HPV infections most commonly affect young adults, women under 25 in particular. […] Over 100 HPV types have been identified to date and are classified according to their level of oncogenic potential. […] HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts; HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of invasive cervical cancers. […] External genital warts (EGWs) are the most common clinical manifestation of nononcogenic HPV infection. […] Although non-life threatening, even low-risk HPV-type infections such as EGW carry a substantial psychosocial and economic burden. […] Costs relate to routine screening for cervical cancer, treatment of genital warts, and the management and follow-up of malignancies.

• #48

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication521705

  Although non-life threatening, even low-risk HPV-type infections such as EGW carry a substantial psychosocial and economic burden. Stressors include the shame and embarrassment related to diagnosis, as well as the inconvenience and discomfort of treatment and the fear of recurrence, transmission, and the possible threat of cancer. Costs relate to routine screening for cervical cancer, treatment of genital warts, and the management and follow-up of malignancies.

• #49 Management of External Genital Warts | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0901/p312.html

  Genital warts are clinically present in 1% of the sexually active U.S. population, with an estimated lifetime risk of about 10%. Prevalence varies with age; the highest prevalence is in sexually active women 20 to 24 years of age and in men 25 to 29 years of age. […] A study of privately insured patients found an average cost of $436 over three office visits for treatment of an episode of genital warts. […] The quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine is active against virus subtypes that cause genital warts in men and women. […] In population-wide data from Australia, a 59% reduction in external genital warts was observed in the vaccinated population in the second year of implementation. […] A recent double-blind RCT involving more than 4,000 males 16 to 26 years of age from 18 countries demonstrated an 83.8% decrease in the incidence of external genital warts at 36 months.

• #50

  https://bjstd.org/revista/article/view/873

  Genital warts are benign lesions caused by sexual transmission of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11, with significant impact on healthcare resource use and patients quality of life. […] To describe the epidemiology of genital warts in adults visiting a physician office for any reason, physician practice patterns, and healthcare resource use and costs in Colombia. […] Among 6,393 patients logged by physicians, the genital warts prevalence was 2.03% (95%CI 1.69-2.38) and incidence 1.30% (95%CI 1.02-1.58). […] The overall mean cost of an episode of care was USD558.13 (SD=507.30). […] Much of the genital warts health care utilization and costs reported could be prevented by immunization with the quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine.

• #51 External Genital Warts – Verrica Pharmaceuticals

  https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/external-genital-warts/

  Data on the psychosocial burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related diseases other than cervical cancer are scarce. The objectives of this study were to measure and compare the psychosocial burden and the impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of HPV-related lower genital tract diseases and genital warts (GW) using several generic and disease-specific instruments. […] A significant psychosocial impact was found in women diagnosed with HPV-related genital diseases, particularly in those with GW. The health state of younger adults with GW was significantly impaired compared with UK normal values (mean EQ-5D index score 0.86 vs 0.94, p 0.001 for 18-24-year-olds; 0.87 vs 0.93, p = 0.030 for 25-34-year-olds). […] HPV-related lower genital tract lesions and GW significantly impair psychosocial wellbeing and HRQoL. The psychosocial aspects of HPV-related diseases need to be considered when evaluating the potential benefit of HPV vaccination.

• #52 Genital wart – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_wart

  Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence in the US of 10-20% and clinical manifestations in 1% of the sexually active adult population. […] US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006. […] About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33. […] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove the HPV, so warts can recur after treatment (about 50-73% of the time). […] Warts can also spontaneously regress (with or without treatment). […] Traditional theories postulated that the virus remained in the body for a lifetime. […] However, studies using sensitive DNA techniques have shown that through immunological response, the virus can either be cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. […] One study testing genital skin for subclinical HPV using PCR found a prevalence of 10%.

• #53 CSIRO PUBLISHING | Sexual Health

  https://www.publish.csiro.au/sh/sh09145

  In this Review, we describe the recent epidemiology of genital warts and postulate what the future may hold as a result of the introduction of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. […] Surveillance data, cohort studies and cross-sectional surveys suggest that the annual incidence of genital warts exceeds 1% and serological studies suggest cumulative risk up to 40 years of age for HPV 6 or 11 is over 25%. […] Australian surveillance data in the 2 years after the introduction of the vaccine have shown large declines in younger women and to a lesser degree heterosexual men. […] Given the success of Australia’s catch-up program it will not be long before we know if the basic reproductive number for genital warts holds the prospect of elimination.

• #54 Management of External Genital Warts | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0901/p312.html

  Genital warts are clinically present in 1% of the sexually active U.S. population, with an estimated lifetime risk of about 10%. Prevalence varies with age; the highest prevalence is in sexually active women 20 to 24 years of age and in men 25 to 29 years of age. […] A study of privately insured patients found an average cost of $436 over three office visits for treatment of an episode of genital warts. […] The quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine is active against virus subtypes that cause genital warts in men and women. […] In population-wide data from Australia, a 59% reduction in external genital warts was observed in the vaccinated population in the second year of implementation. […] A recent double-blind RCT involving more than 4,000 males 16 to 26 years of age from 18 countries demonstrated an 83.8% decrease in the incidence of external genital warts at 36 months.

• #55 Management of External Genital Warts | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0901/p312.html

  Genital warts are clinically present in 1% of the sexually active U.S. population, with an estimated lifetime risk of about 10%. Prevalence varies with age; the highest prevalence is in sexually active women 20 to 24 years of age and in men 25 to 29 years of age. […] A study of privately insured patients found an average cost of $436 over three office visits for treatment of an episode of genital warts. […] The quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine is active against virus subtypes that cause genital warts in men and women. […] In population-wide data from Australia, a 59% reduction in external genital warts was observed in the vaccinated population in the second year of implementation. […] A recent double-blind RCT involving more than 4,000 males 16 to 26 years of age from 18 countries demonstrated an 83.8% decrease in the incidence of external genital warts at 36 months.

• #56 External Genital Warts – Verrica Pharmaceuticals

  https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/external-genital-warts/

  The observed declines in the prevalence of AGW suggest that HPV morbidity is declining among populations attending STD clinics, including MSW, MSM, and women. Declines in younger age groups are consistent with what would be expected following the implementation of HPV vaccination. However, declines were also observed in older age groups and are not likely to be the result of vaccination. […] The overall (females and males combined) reported annual incidence of any AGWs (including new and recurrent) ranged from 160 to 289 per 100,000, with a median of 194.5 per 100,000. […] The literature suggests that AGWs are widespread and the prevalence depends on study methodology as suggested by higher rates reported from routine genital examinations versus those from treatment records. However, there remains a need for more population-based studies from certain regions including Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia to further elucidate the global epidemiology of this disease.

• #57 External Genital Warts – Verrica Pharmaceuticals

  https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/external-genital-warts/

  The observed declines in the prevalence of AGW suggest that HPV morbidity is declining among populations attending STD clinics, including MSW, MSM, and women. Declines in younger age groups are consistent with what would be expected following the implementation of HPV vaccination. However, declines were also observed in older age groups and are not likely to be the result of vaccination. […] The overall (females and males combined) reported annual incidence of any AGWs (including new and recurrent) ranged from 160 to 289 per 100,000, with a median of 194.5 per 100,000. […] The literature suggests that AGWs are widespread and the prevalence depends on study methodology as suggested by higher rates reported from routine genital examinations versus those from treatment records. However, there remains a need for more population-based studies from certain regions including Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia to further elucidate the global epidemiology of this disease.

• #58 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence of 10% to 20%, with clinical manifestations in 1%. The incidence of HPV infection has been increasing. About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33 years, with the peak age group being 20 to 24. It has been estimated that 2.9% of the US male population will have genital HPV DNA. […] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove HPV. Warts may sometimes spontaneously regress. Traditional theories postulate that the virus remains in the body for a lifetime. However, it is now believed that the virus may be either cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. […] HPV infection appears to be the cause of most cases of anal cancer (about 90%) and virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women, with HPV type 16 accounting for about 50% of these.

• #59 Genital Warts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22202

  Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence of 10% to 20%, with clinical manifestations in 1%. The incidence of HPV infection has been increasing. About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33 years, with the peak age group being 20 to 24. It has been estimated that 2.9% of the US male population will have genital HPV DNA. […] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove HPV. Warts may sometimes spontaneously regress. Traditional theories postulate that the virus remains in the body for a lifetime. However, it is now believed that the virus may be either cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. […] HPV infection appears to be the cause of most cases of anal cancer (about 90%) and virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women, with HPV type 16 accounting for about 50% of these.

• #60 Genital warts a marker for increased risk of anogenital cancers, cancers of the head and neck as well as some other malignancies | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2012/genital-warts-marker-increased-risk-anogenital-cancers-cancers-head-and-neck-well

  Infection with genital warts is associated with an increased risk of ano-genital cancers, malignancies of the head and neck and cancers in some other sites, according to the results of a large Danish study published in the online edition of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. […] Many of these cancers were associated with high-risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV), and the risk of these cancers remained elevated up to ten years after diagnosis with genital warts. […] They believe their findings have implications for HPV surveillance and vaccination programmes. […] Overall, patients with genital warts were 30% more likely to develop a cancer compared to individuals without this malignancy. […] This elevated risk was mainly attributable to an increased incidence of cancers at HPV-related sites.

• #61 Genital warts a marker for increased risk of anogenital cancers, cancers of the head and neck as well as some other malignancies | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2012/genital-warts-marker-increased-risk-anogenital-cancers-cancers-head-and-neck-well

  Infection with genital warts is associated with an increased risk of ano-genital cancers, malignancies of the head and neck and cancers in some other sites, according to the results of a large Danish study published in the online edition of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. […] Many of these cancers were associated with high-risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV), and the risk of these cancers remained elevated up to ten years after diagnosis with genital warts. […] They believe their findings have implications for HPV surveillance and vaccination programmes. […] Overall, patients with genital warts were 30% more likely to develop a cancer compared to individuals without this malignancy. […] This elevated risk was mainly attributable to an increased incidence of cancers at HPV-related sites.

• #62 Genital warts a marker for increased risk of anogenital cancers, cancers of the head and neck as well as some other malignancies | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2012/genital-warts-marker-increased-risk-anogenital-cancers-cancers-head-and-neck-well

  Infection with genital warts is associated with an increased risk of ano-genital cancers, malignancies of the head and neck and cancers in some other sites, according to the results of a large Danish study published in the online edition of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. […] Many of these cancers were associated with high-risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV), and the risk of these cancers remained elevated up to ten years after diagnosis with genital warts. […] They believe their findings have implications for HPV surveillance and vaccination programmes. […] Overall, patients with genital warts were 30% more likely to develop a cancer compared to individuals without this malignancy. […] This elevated risk was mainly attributable to an increased incidence of cancers at HPV-related sites.

• #63 Risk of cancer in patients with genital warts: A nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183183

  We found a significantly increased risk of anogenital cancers (especially HPV-related cancers) in the patients with genital warts. We also observed a moderately increased risk of smoking-related cancers, lung, liver, kidney, and prostate cancers. Men with genital warts had a slightly higher risk of developing cancer at all sites compared to women. […] This study demonstrated a significantly increased risk of both anogenital cancers and cancers of other sites among patients with genital warts. However, the elevated risks of smoking-related cancers, liver, lung, prostate, and kidney cancers may indicate differences in exposure and risk factors in patients with genital warts compared to the general population. Further studies taking confounders into consideration and direct detection of HPV oncogenic pathways among various cancers are needed.

• #64 Patient education: Genital warts in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genital-warts-in-women-beyond-the-basics

  Genital warts are diagnosed based on an examination. If your health care provider is not certain that the area is a wart, he or she may perform a biopsy (remove a small piece of tissue). […] Getting rid of warts does not necessarily mean that the virus causing the warts (HPV) is gone. If warts come back, they usually do so within three to six months of treatment. This problem is more common in people with a weakened immune system (such as diabetes, HIV, or certain medications). […] HPV vaccine—Two vaccines, quadrivalent (commercial name Gardasil) and 9-valent (commercial name Gardasil 9), are available for prevention of genital warts. Gardasil helps prevent infection from four types of HPV (types 6, 11, 16, and 18), and Gardasil 9 adds five additional types of HPV prevention. These vaccines will help prevent most cases of genital warts (caused by HPV 6 and 11) and cervical cancer (caused by HPV 16, 18, and the other five HPV types). Only Gardasil 9 is available in the United States. The vaccines will not treat an HPV infection or warts that have already occurred.

• #65 Genital warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20355234

  Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. The virus that causes the warts is called human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 40 strains of HPV that affect the genital area. Genital warts almost always are spread through sexual contact. Even if your warts are too small to be seen, you could spread the infection to your sexual partner. […] Most people who are sexually active get infected with genital HPV at some time. Factors that can raise your risk of infection include: […] An HPV infection can lead to health problems such as: […] Cervical cancer has been closely linked with genital HPV infection. Certain types of HPV also are linked with cancers of the vulva, anus, penis, and mouth and throat. […] The CDC now recommends catch-up HPV vaccinations for all people through age 26 who aren’t fully vaccinated.

• #66 Genital Warts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22202

  Risk factors for HPV persistence include age, smoking, immunosuppression, and simultaneous infection with multiple HPV types. […] An HPV vaccination is available. […] For previously unvaccinated adults, the CDC suggests vaccinations for those 27 to 45 years of age. […] It remains to be seen if the more extensive use of vaccines can reduce the prevalence and penetration of HPV exposure, infections, and complications.

• #67 Patient education: Genital warts in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genital-warts-in-women-beyond-the-basics

  Avoiding people who have genital warts or HPV can reduce your risk of becoming infected with HPV. However, from a practical standpoint this is difficult, as many people are infected with HPV and do not have any visible warts. Condoms do not provide complete protection against warts or HPV; areas not covered by the condom can spread HPV from one person to another.

• #68 Patient education: Genital warts in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genital-warts-in-women-beyond-the-basics

  Avoiding people who have genital warts or HPV can reduce your risk of becoming infected with HPV. However, from a practical standpoint this is difficult, as many people are infected with HPV and do not have any visible warts. Condoms do not provide complete protection against warts or HPV; areas not covered by the condom can spread HPV from one person to another.

• #69

  https://bjstd.org/revista/article/view/873

  Genital warts are benign lesions caused by sexual transmission of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11, with significant impact on healthcare resource use and patients quality of life. […] To describe the epidemiology of genital warts in adults visiting a physician office for any reason, physician practice patterns, and healthcare resource use and costs in Colombia. […] Among 6,393 patients logged by physicians, the genital warts prevalence was 2.03% (95%CI 1.69-2.38) and incidence 1.30% (95%CI 1.02-1.58). […] The overall mean cost of an episode of care was USD558.13 (SD=507.30). […] Much of the genital warts health care utilization and costs reported could be prevented by immunization with the quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine.

• #70 Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-39

  The annual incidence of recurrent AGWs ranged between 47 and 163 cases per 100,000 males and between 23 and 110 per 100,000 females in population-based studies. […] The high incidence of AGWs and the substantial economic and psychosocial burden of this condition and its treatment indicate that it would be more beneficial to prevent rather than treat AGWs. […] AGWs are common in both males and females across the world but data is limited, partially because, in contrast to some other STDs, their reporting is not mandatory. […] Further population-based studies are required to arrive at a more accurate representation of the global epidemiology of AGWs, to help policy makers make informative decisions about adopting effective treatment and preventative practices.

• #71 Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-39

  The annual incidence of recurrent AGWs ranged between 47 and 163 cases per 100,000 males and between 23 and 110 per 100,000 females in population-based studies. […] The high incidence of AGWs and the substantial economic and psychosocial burden of this condition and its treatment indicate that it would be more beneficial to prevent rather than treat AGWs. […] AGWs are common in both males and females across the world but data is limited, partially because, in contrast to some other STDs, their reporting is not mandatory. […] Further population-based studies are required to arrive at a more accurate representation of the global epidemiology of AGWs, to help policy makers make informative decisions about adopting effective treatment and preventative practices.

• #72 Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-39

  The literature suggests that AGWs are widespread and the prevalence depends on study methodology as suggested by higher rates reported from routine genital examinations versus those from treatment records. […] However, there remains a need for more population-based studies from certain regions including Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia to further elucidate the global epidemiology of this disease. […] Although AGWs rank among the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases (STD) the epidemiology of AGWs is not well characterized. […] Given the lack of systematic reviews focusing on the epidemiology of AGWs in the literature, the objective of this study was to review the recent published literature on the global epidemiology (incidence and prevalence) of AGWs in the general adult population.

• #73 External Genital Warts – Verrica Pharmaceuticals

  https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/external-genital-warts/

  The observed declines in the prevalence of AGW suggest that HPV morbidity is declining among populations attending STD clinics, including MSW, MSM, and women. Declines in younger age groups are consistent with what would be expected following the implementation of HPV vaccination. However, declines were also observed in older age groups and are not likely to be the result of vaccination. […] The overall (females and males combined) reported annual incidence of any AGWs (including new and recurrent) ranged from 160 to 289 per 100,000, with a median of 194.5 per 100,000. […] The literature suggests that AGWs are widespread and the prevalence depends on study methodology as suggested by higher rates reported from routine genital examinations versus those from treatment records. However, there remains a need for more population-based studies from certain regions including Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia to further elucidate the global epidemiology of this disease.

• #74 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Risk factors for HPV persistence include age, smoking, immunosuppression, and simultaneous infection with multiple HPV types. […] The current standard of care emphasizes treatment and primary prevention strategies, including vaccination, to prevent this devastating outcome. […] It remains to be seen if the more extensive use of vaccines can reduce the prevalence and penetration of HPV exposure, infections, and complications.

• #75 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Risk factors for HPV persistence include age, smoking, immunosuppression, and simultaneous infection with multiple HPV types. […] The current standard of care emphasizes treatment and primary prevention strategies, including vaccination, to prevent this devastating outcome. […] It remains to be seen if the more extensive use of vaccines can reduce the prevalence and penetration of HPV exposure, infections, and complications.

• #76 Genital Warts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22202

  Risk factors for HPV persistence include age, smoking, immunosuppression, and simultaneous infection with multiple HPV types. […] An HPV vaccination is available. […] For previously unvaccinated adults, the CDC suggests vaccinations for those 27 to 45 years of age. […] It remains to be seen if the more extensive use of vaccines can reduce the prevalence and penetration of HPV exposure, infections, and complications.

• #77 Epidemiology of genital warts in the British population: implications for HPV vaccination programmes | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/95/5/386

  There was no evidence of population protection against GWs conferred by the bivalent vaccine. […] Even with vaccination of adolescent boys, vaccination should be offered to MSM attending sexual health clinics. […] In the British population, 3.8% of sexually experienced men and 4.6% of sexually experienced women aged 1644 reported ever having a diagnosis of genital warts (GWs). […] GWs were more common in men and women reporting same-sex behaviour (11% ever diagnosed with GWs). […] There was no evidence of the bivalent vaccine conferring a cross-protective effect against GWs. […] Cost-effectiveness analyses, and real-world evaluation, will continue to be needed to inform UK human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation policy, as changes are made to the vaccination programme (eg, vaccinating boys) and new vaccines enter the market (eg, nonavalent HPV vaccine).

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