Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum) are a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. These present in clusters or separately and can be found in the genital or anal area. This activity describes the evaluation and management of genital warts and explains the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of biopsy in the evaluation of genital warts. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is usually made visually, although a biopsy may be necessary for confirmation. […] A biopsy is recommended if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis or if the patient is immunocompromised. […] Genital warts are typically diagnosed visually, with confirmatory biopsy generally unnecessary. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is usually made visually, although a biopsy may be necessary for confirmation.

• #2 How Do I Know If I Have Genital Warts? HPV Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/genital-wart-symptoms-diagnosis

  Both men and women can get genital warts, but the symptoms might be different. […] In women, genital warts appear in and around the vagina, vulva, or anus, or on the cervix. […] If you’re a woman who’s had unprotected sex, you’ll want to have your doctor examine you. […] Your doctor will have to examine you to see if you have warts to know for sure. […] In men, the warts may appear on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. […] For men, there’s no reliable test that can find the virus responsible for genital warts. […] You’ll need to ask your doctor for an exam or get regular exams. […] Your doctor will examine you or take a biopsy (a sample of the wart) to see if you have genital warts.

• #3 Genital Warts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4209-genital-warts

  Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes warts (small bumps or growths) to form in and around your genitals and rectum. […] Your healthcare provider can diagnose external genital warts by looking at them and may request a biopsy to confirm. Internal warts are more challenging to diagnose. […] Providers use the following tests to diagnose genital warts: Pelvic exam: You may get a Pap test as part of a pelvic exam to check for cervical changes caused by genital warts. Your provider may also perform a colposcopy to examine and biopsy your vagina and cervix. […] Genital warts may go away on their own because your immune system can fight off the infection that causes it. However, they may get larger, multiply or become increasingly uncomfortable. […] Treatment to remove genital warts doesnt cure you from HPV. Even if you dont have an active outbreak and your warts were removed, you can still spread HPV.

• #4 Diagnosing Genital Warts | See Your GP – Sexual Health Clinic

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/hpv-diagnosis/diagnosing-genital-warts

  Genital warts from HPV are growths or bumps on the skin around the genital area; vulva (the area around the vaginal opening), in or around the vagina or anus, on the cervix, and on the penis, scrotum, groin or thigh. […] Diagnosis of genital warts is by visual recognition by a health care provider, who may use a magnifying lens to find small warts. Tests (e.g. biopsy) are usually not required.

• #5 How Do I Know If I Have Genital Warts? HPV Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/genital-wart-symptoms-diagnosis

  Both men and women can get genital warts, but the symptoms might be different. […] In women, genital warts appear in and around the vagina, vulva, or anus, or on the cervix. […] If you’re a woman who’s had unprotected sex, you’ll want to have your doctor examine you. […] Your doctor will have to examine you to see if you have warts to know for sure. […] In men, the warts may appear on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. […] For men, there’s no reliable test that can find the virus responsible for genital warts. […] You’ll need to ask your doctor for an exam or get regular exams. […] Your doctor will examine you or take a biopsy (a sample of the wart) to see if you have genital warts.

• #6 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

  Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. The warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose genital warts by looking at them. Genital warts can come back, even after treatment. […] There is no test to find out a person’s „HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat. […] Most people with HPV do not know they have the infection. They never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result (during cervical cancer screening). Others may only find out once they’ve developed more serious problems from HPV, such as cancers. […] Genital warts can go away with treatment from your healthcare provider or with prescription medicine. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.

• #7 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test.

• #8 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital warts typically rise above the skin surface, have parakeratosis, and demonstrate nuclear changes typical of HPV infections (nuclear enlargement with perinuclear clearing). […] Some practitioners use an acetic acid solution to help identify small warts and affected skin areas, but this practice is controversial. […] The American Urological Association does not recommend treating sub-clinical (invisible) lesions. […] There is no cure for HPV. Removing visible warts does not necessarily reduce the transmission of the underlying HPV infection. […] About 80% of individuals with HPV will clear the infection spontaneously within 18 to 24 months. […] Treatment varies depending on the number, size, and location of warts. […] Direct surgical excision or physically destructive therapies are considered more effective on keratinized warts, especially if they are larger in size.

• #9 Genital Warts (HPV Infection): Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/genital-warts-hpv-infection

  Genital warts are usually spread by sexual contact. They are the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a virus. […] Most warts are diagnosed by a doctor during an examination. Some warts are the flat type found by a Pap test of the cervix. HPV on a Pap test only means that the virus has been detected. It does not always mean you have warts. […] If the HPV virus was found with a Pap smear, we will schedule you for a colposcopy (kole POSS koe pee). The colposcope magnifies the cervix and lets the doctor look for any abnormal areas.

• #10 What Are Genital Warts? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/genital-warts/guide/

  Genital warts are usually diagnosed by their appearance, but in some cases, a biopsy may be performed by your doctor or dermatologist to be sure. A biopsy involves removing a part or all of a wart and sending it to a laboratory for further testing. […] In women, an abnormal Pap smear (a procedure in which cells removed from the cervix are examined under a microscope) may prompt your doctor to perform a procedure known as colposcopy, which enables the doctor to take a close look at your cervix. A colposcope looks somewhat like a microscope or pair of binoculars thats mounted on a stand. The exam is done by inserting a speculum into a womans vagina, rinsing the cervix with a vinegar-like solution, and positioning the colposcope so that it shines a bright light onto the cervix. The colposcope itself is not inserted into the vagina, nor does it need to touch the womans body at all.

• #11 Genital warts – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/228

  Genital warts are a very common STI. […] Diagnosis is made based on clinical presentation. […] This topic will cover diagnosis and treatment of internal and external warts, excluding cervical warts. […] 1st investigations to order: no initial test. […] Investigations to consider: biopsy, anoscopy, urethroscopy.

• #12 Genital warts – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/228?locale=ja

  Genital warts are a very common STI. […] Diagnosis is made based on clinical presentation. […] This topic will cover diagnosis and treatment of internal and external warts, excluding cervical warts. […] Key diagnostic factors include increased risk of exposure to HPV, immunocompromise, and sessile exophytic papillomas. […] Diagnostic tests include no initial test, and tests to consider are biopsy, anoscopy, and urethroscopy.

• #13 Non-Invasive Imaging for the Diagnosis of Genital Warts and Their Imitators

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1345

  Genital warts are the most frequent sexually transmitted disease. Their clinical diagnosis is not always easy, and invasive skin biopsies for histological examination should be performed in these cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the use of non-invasive imaging techniques for the diagnosis of genital warts and their imitators. […] Non-invasive imaging techniques could also offer clues for the correct diagnosis of the imitators. This study confirmed the usefulness of dermoscopy in recognizing a precise pattern in warts and showed the potential use of RCM and LC-OCT to add additional findings to the clinical and dermoscopic examination. […] The diagnosis is often clinical, without the need for non-invasive imaging and/or a histological examination. However, noninvasive imaging techniques such as dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and colposcopy, after the application of 3–5% of acetic acid, can be used to confirm the clinical diagnosis and exclude other diseases.

• #14 Genital Warts: Everything You Need To Know | APDerm

  https://www.apderm.com/condition/genital-warts/?srsltid=AfmBOop1kVhfeszWrDbaE-mvv0VVaIZeWanWQLtz0B2rGwAIILfP8OMT

  In some instances, a dermatoscope (i.e. a handheld device with magnification and lighting capabilities) may be used by a healthcare professional to closely examine the warts. This technique, known as dermatoscopy, can provide a more detailed assessment of the warts features, including any characteristic black dots. If any uncertainty remains in the diagnosis, the healthcare provider may recommend a skin biopsy. During a skin biopsy, a small sample of the wart is extracted and sent for further analysis under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other potential skin conditions. […] It is important to seek medical advice for an accurate diagnosis of genital warts, as healthcare professionals are trained to differentiate them from other skin conditions. They are also best suited to recommend suitable treatment options based on the diagnosis. If you suspect you have genital warts or require assistance in exploring treatment options, we highly recommend you consult a healthcare professional.

• #15 Genital warts – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240

  Health care professionals often can find genital warts during a physical exam. Sometimes, a small piece of tissue needs to be removed and checked by a lab. This is called a biopsy. […] For women, it’s important to have regular Pap tests. These tests can help find changes in the vagina and cervix caused by genital warts. They also can find the early signs of cervical cancer. […] Only a few types of genital HPV have been linked to cervical cancer. A sample of cervical cells, taken during a Pap test, can be tested for these cancer-causing HPV strains. […] If your warts don’t cause discomfort, you might not need treatment. But medicine or surgery can help you clear an outbreak if you have itching, burning and pain. Treatment also can help if you’re concerned about spreading the infection.

• #16 Genital warts: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/genital-warts-treatment

  People often feel embarrassed by growths in their genital area and do not see a doctor. But seeing a dermatologist can provide peace of mind because you can get a proper diagnosis and treatment. […] A dermatologist can diagnose genital warts by examining the warts during an office visit. Sometimes a dermatologist will remove a wart or part of it and send it to a laboratory. This can confirm that a patient has genital warts.

• #17 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum) are a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. These present in clusters or separately and can be found in the genital or anal area. This activity describes the evaluation and management of genital warts and explains the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of biopsy in the evaluation of genital warts. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is usually made visually, although a biopsy may be necessary for confirmation. […] A biopsy is recommended if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis or if the patient is immunocompromised. […] Genital warts are typically diagnosed visually, with confirmatory biopsy generally unnecessary. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is usually made visually, although a biopsy may be necessary for confirmation.

• #18 Management of Genital Warts | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2335.html

  Genital warts caused by human papillomavirus infection are encountered commonly in primary care. Evidence guiding treatment selection is limited, but treatment guidelines recently have changed. Biopsy, viral typing, acetowhite staining, and other diagnostic measures are not routinely required. […] Diagnosis of genital and anal warts is primarily clinical. The differential diagnosis includes benign or malignant neoplasm (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma in situ, Bowens disease); molluscum contagiosum (especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]); condyloma lata; fibroepitheliomas; and pearly penile papules. Genital warts typically present as flesh-colored, exophytic lesions on the external genitalia, including the penis, vulva, scrotum, perineum, and perianal skin. […] Diagnosis by biopsy and viral typing is not recommended for patients with routine or typical lesions. Biopsy is indicated if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the patient is immunocompromised; has a poor response to appropriate therapy; has warts that are pigmented, indurated, fixed, or ulcerated; or is at high risk for HPV-related malignancy (e.g., chronic genital warts, tobacco use, history of abnormal Papanicolaou [Pap] smears).

• #19 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/anogenital-warts.htm

  Diagnosis of anogenital warts is usually made by visual inspection but can be confirmed by biopsy, which is indicated if lesions are atypical (e.g., pigmented, indurated, affixed to underlying tissue, bleeding, or ulcerated lesions). […] HPV testing is not recommended for anogenital wart diagnosis because test results are not confirmatory and do not guide genital wart management. […] Biopsy of an atypical wart might reveal HSIL or cancer of the anogenital tract. In this instance, referral to a specialist for treatment is recommended.

• #20 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital warts typically rise above the skin surface, have parakeratosis, and demonstrate nuclear changes typical of HPV infections (nuclear enlargement with perinuclear clearing). […] Some practitioners use an acetic acid solution to help identify small warts and affected skin areas, but this practice is controversial. […] The American Urological Association does not recommend treating sub-clinical (invisible) lesions. […] There is no cure for HPV. Removing visible warts does not necessarily reduce the transmission of the underlying HPV infection. […] About 80% of individuals with HPV will clear the infection spontaneously within 18 to 24 months. […] Treatment varies depending on the number, size, and location of warts. […] Direct surgical excision or physically destructive therapies are considered more effective on keratinized warts, especially if they are larger in size.

• #21 EXTERNAL GENITAL WARTS – CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

  https://guidelines.stief.org.nz/hpv-external-genital-warts-clinical-presentation-diagnosis

  Most warts are clinically recognisable. However, some require examination under magnification (e.g. with a dermatoscope or colposcope) to distinguish from other lumps. If the diagnosis is uncertain, it is useful to get a second opinion (either from a colleague or a specialist). […] There is no reliable way to determine whether sexual partners are infected with HPV or not. HPV DNA tests cannot be used for routine screening because commercial assays are only used to detect high-risk HPV types and do not detect low-risk HPV or latent HPV. The differential diagnosis of genital warts requires exclusion of any of the following: Normal anatomic variants in females, such as vestibular papillae, prominent sebaceous glands (Fordyce spots) and skin tags (acrochordans). Normal anatomic variants in males, such as sebaceous glands (Tysons glands), pearly penile papules, skin tags, angiofibroma. Infections such as molluscum contagiosum and condylomata lata (syphilis). Dermatoses and benign neoplasms, such as seborrhoeic keratoses, melanocytic naevus, angioma, lymphangioma, psoriasis and lichen planus. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; previously called vulval intrapepithelial neoplasia [VIN]). HSIL usually presents as white, red or pigmented papules or plaques.

• #22 Management of Genital Warts | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2335.html

  Genital warts caused by human papillomavirus infection are encountered commonly in primary care. Evidence guiding treatment selection is limited, but treatment guidelines recently have changed. Biopsy, viral typing, acetowhite staining, and other diagnostic measures are not routinely required. […] Diagnosis of genital and anal warts is primarily clinical. The differential diagnosis includes benign or malignant neoplasm (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma in situ, Bowens disease); molluscum contagiosum (especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]); condyloma lata; fibroepitheliomas; and pearly penile papules. Genital warts typically present as flesh-colored, exophytic lesions on the external genitalia, including the penis, vulva, scrotum, perineum, and perianal skin. […] Diagnosis by biopsy and viral typing is not recommended for patients with routine or typical lesions. Biopsy is indicated if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the patient is immunocompromised; has a poor response to appropriate therapy; has warts that are pigmented, indurated, fixed, or ulcerated; or is at high risk for HPV-related malignancy (e.g., chronic genital warts, tobacco use, history of abnormal Papanicolaou [Pap] smears).

• #23 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/genital-warts/do-i-have-genital-warts

  Only a nurse or doctor can tell you for sure if you have genital warts. If you think you have warts on your genitals or anus, see a nurse or doctor right away. […] If you think you have warts on or around your genitals or anus, get checked out by a nurse or doctor as soon as you can. Other STDs, like herpes and syphilis, can look like genital warts but need different treatment. […] Your doctor or nurse can often just look at the bumps and make a diagnosis you dont have to get a blood test or anything like that. […] You can get checked for genital warts at your doctors office, a community health clinic, the health department, or your local Planned Parenthood health center. […] Be honest with your nurse or doctor so they can help you figure out which tests are best for you.

• #24 Genital warts – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240

  Health care professionals often can find genital warts during a physical exam. Sometimes, a small piece of tissue needs to be removed and checked by a lab. This is called a biopsy. […] For women, it’s important to have regular Pap tests. These tests can help find changes in the vagina and cervix caused by genital warts. They also can find the early signs of cervical cancer. […] Only a few types of genital HPV have been linked to cervical cancer. A sample of cervical cells, taken during a Pap test, can be tested for these cancer-causing HPV strains. […] If your warts don’t cause discomfort, you might not need treatment. But medicine or surgery can help you clear an outbreak if you have itching, burning and pain. Treatment also can help if you’re concerned about spreading the infection.

• #25 Genital warts – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240

  Health care professionals often can find genital warts during a physical exam. Sometimes, a small piece of tissue needs to be removed and checked by a lab. This is called a biopsy. […] For women, it’s important to have regular Pap tests. These tests can help find changes in the vagina and cervix caused by genital warts. They also can find the early signs of cervical cancer. […] Only a few types of genital HPV have been linked to cervical cancer. A sample of cervical cells, taken during a Pap test, can be tested for these cancer-causing HPV strains. […] If your warts don’t cause discomfort, you might not need treatment. But medicine or surgery can help you clear an outbreak if you have itching, burning and pain. Treatment also can help if you’re concerned about spreading the infection.

• #26 Genital Warts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4209-genital-warts

  Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes warts (small bumps or growths) to form in and around your genitals and rectum. […] Your healthcare provider can diagnose external genital warts by looking at them and may request a biopsy to confirm. Internal warts are more challenging to diagnose. […] Providers use the following tests to diagnose genital warts: Pelvic exam: You may get a Pap test as part of a pelvic exam to check for cervical changes caused by genital warts. Your provider may also perform a colposcopy to examine and biopsy your vagina and cervix. […] Genital warts may go away on their own because your immune system can fight off the infection that causes it. However, they may get larger, multiply or become increasingly uncomfortable. […] Treatment to remove genital warts doesnt cure you from HPV. Even if you dont have an active outbreak and your warts were removed, you can still spread HPV.

• #27 Genital warts Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/genital-warts

  Genital warts must be treated by a provider. Do not use over-the-counter medicines meant for other kinds of warts. […] An office procedure called colposcopy is used to spot warts that cannot be seen with the naked eye. It uses a light and a low-power microscope to help your provider find and then take samples (biopsy) of abnormal areas in your cervix. Colposcopy is usually done in response to an abnormal Pap test. […] An HPV DNA test can tell if you have a high-risk type of HPV known to cause cervical cancer. This test may be done: […] Make sure you are screened for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, or anal cancer if you have been diagnosed with genital warts. […] Routine Pap tests are recommended if you are a woman who has had genital warts, or if your partner had them. If you had warts on your cervix, you may need to have Pap tests every 3 to 6 months for a time after the first treatment.

• #28 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test.

• #29 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  A healthcare provider will typically be able to diagnose genital warts and other bodily warts just by looking. High-risk forms of HPV dont cause symptoms, which means youll likely learn about an infection through a routine Pap smear or HPV test. […] Pap smear: A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may become cancer if left untreated. Cervical cancer is almost always caused by high-risk HPV. […] HPV tests can detect the high-risk strains of the virus that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. […] Other procedures that can detect abnormal cells likely caused by an HPV infection include: Colposcopy: Your provider may order a colposcopy if your Pap smear shows signs of abnormal cells or if you tested positive for HPV. During this procedure, a lighted instrument called a colposcope magnifies your cervix, bringing abnormal cells into view. Your provider may remove the cells and have them tested in a lab for signs of precancer or cancer (biopsy). […] Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA): Providers may use VIA if they provide care in areas without access to Pap smears or HPV tests. With VIA, your provider places a vinegar-based solution on your cervix. The solution turns abnormal cells white so that theyre easier to identify.

• #30 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/anogenital-warts.htm

  Diagnosis of anogenital warts is usually made by visual inspection but can be confirmed by biopsy, which is indicated if lesions are atypical (e.g., pigmented, indurated, affixed to underlying tissue, bleeding, or ulcerated lesions). […] HPV testing is not recommended for anogenital wart diagnosis because test results are not confirmatory and do not guide genital wart management. […] Biopsy of an atypical wart might reveal HSIL or cancer of the anogenital tract. In this instance, referral to a specialist for treatment is recommended.

• #31 Anogenital warts | STI Guidelines Australia

  https://sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/anogenital-warts/

  Diagnosis is usually based on visual appearance. If there are atypical lesions (e.g. variable pigmentation, raised plaque-like lesions or cervical warts), consider biopsy to exclude cancer. […] HPV PCR testing is not used to diagnose Anogenital warts.

• #32 HPV Diagnosis & Detection | HPV DNA Tests Sometimes Used

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/hpv-diagnosis

  Diagnosing Genital Warts […] A person will know if they have HPV if they have visible genital warts or if they have a positive HPV test result as part of cervical screening. Those tests are still limited in terms of which HPV types they test for. […] Unfortunately, there is no test for HPV in either males or females that will test for all the types of HPV. This means that HPV testing is not part of a routine sexual health check up.

• #33 Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts) Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/781735-workup

  As indicated by history and examination, test for other STDs, such as HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis. […] Pap smear: This test is used to look for papillomatosis, acanthosis, koilocytic abnormality, and mild nuclear abnormality. […] Filter hybridization (Southern blot and slot blot hybridization), in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR): These tests may be used for diagnosis and HPV typing. […] Acetowhitening: Subclinical lesions can be visualized by wrapping penis with gauze soaked with 5% acetic acid for 5 minutes. Using a 10-X hand lens or colposcope, warts appear as tiny white papules. A shiny white appearance of skin represents foci of epithelial hyperplasia (subclinical infection). […] Colposcopy (stereoscopic microscopy): This is very useful to identify (mostly) cervical lesions, which are identified better using acetic acid. […] Biopsy: Biopsy is indicated for lesions that are atypical, recurrent after initial success, or resistant to treatment or in patients with a high risk for neoplasia or immunosuppression.

• #34 Management of Genital Warts | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2335.html

  Genital warts caused by human papillomavirus infection are encountered commonly in primary care. Evidence guiding treatment selection is limited, but treatment guidelines recently have changed. Biopsy, viral typing, acetowhite staining, and other diagnostic measures are not routinely required. […] Diagnosis of genital and anal warts is primarily clinical. The differential diagnosis includes benign or malignant neoplasm (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma in situ, Bowens disease); molluscum contagiosum (especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]); condyloma lata; fibroepitheliomas; and pearly penile papules. Genital warts typically present as flesh-colored, exophytic lesions on the external genitalia, including the penis, vulva, scrotum, perineum, and perianal skin. […] Diagnosis by biopsy and viral typing is not recommended for patients with routine or typical lesions. Biopsy is indicated if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the patient is immunocompromised; has a poor response to appropriate therapy; has warts that are pigmented, indurated, fixed, or ulcerated; or is at high risk for HPV-related malignancy (e.g., chronic genital warts, tobacco use, history of abnormal Papanicolaou [Pap] smears).

• #35 How Do I Know If I Have Genital Warts? HPV Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/genital-wart-symptoms-diagnosis

  Both men and women can get genital warts, but the symptoms might be different. […] In women, genital warts appear in and around the vagina, vulva, or anus, or on the cervix. […] If you’re a woman who’s had unprotected sex, you’ll want to have your doctor examine you. […] Your doctor will have to examine you to see if you have warts to know for sure. […] In men, the warts may appear on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. […] For men, there’s no reliable test that can find the virus responsible for genital warts. […] You’ll need to ask your doctor for an exam or get regular exams. […] Your doctor will examine you or take a biopsy (a sample of the wart) to see if you have genital warts.

• #36 Genital warts

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/genital-warts/

  Contact your GP. They will probably refer you to a sexual health clinic if they think you might have genital warts. […] A doctor or nurse can usually diagnose warts by looking at them. […] They will: ask you about your symptoms and sexual partners, look closely at the lumps around your genitals and anus, possibly need to look inside your vagina, anus or urethra (the hole where pee comes out) depending on where your warts are.

• #37 Genital warts Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/genital-warts

  Genital warts must be treated by a provider. Do not use over-the-counter medicines meant for other kinds of warts. […] An office procedure called colposcopy is used to spot warts that cannot be seen with the naked eye. It uses a light and a low-power microscope to help your provider find and then take samples (biopsy) of abnormal areas in your cervix. Colposcopy is usually done in response to an abnormal Pap test. […] An HPV DNA test can tell if you have a high-risk type of HPV known to cause cervical cancer. This test may be done: […] Make sure you are screened for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, or anal cancer if you have been diagnosed with genital warts. […] Routine Pap tests are recommended if you are a woman who has had genital warts, or if your partner had them. If you had warts on your cervix, you may need to have Pap tests every 3 to 6 months for a time after the first treatment.

• #38 Genital warts – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/genital-warts

  You will need to return to your provider after treatment to make sure all the warts are gone. […] Routine Pap tests are recommended if you are a woman who has had genital warts, or if your partner had them. If you had warts on your cervix, you may need to have Pap tests every 3 to 6 months after the first treatment. […] The health care provider will perform a physical exam. In women, this includes a pelvic exam. […] An office procedure called colposcopy is used to spot warts that cannot be seen with the naked eye. […] The warts may also be removed with minor procedures, including: Freezing (cryosurgery), Burning (electrocauterization), Laser therapy, Surgery. […] Even after you have been treated for genital warts, you may still infect others.

• #39 How Do I Know If I Have Genital Warts? HPV Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/genital-wart-symptoms-diagnosis

  Both men and women can get genital warts, but the symptoms might be different. […] In women, genital warts appear in and around the vagina, vulva, or anus, or on the cervix. […] If you’re a woman who’s had unprotected sex, you’ll want to have your doctor examine you. […] Your doctor will have to examine you to see if you have warts to know for sure. […] In men, the warts may appear on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. […] For men, there’s no reliable test that can find the virus responsible for genital warts. […] You’ll need to ask your doctor for an exam or get regular exams. […] Your doctor will examine you or take a biopsy (a sample of the wart) to see if you have genital warts.

• #40 How Do I Know If I Have Genital Warts? HPV Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/genital-wart-symptoms-diagnosis

  Both men and women can get genital warts, but the symptoms might be different. […] In women, genital warts appear in and around the vagina, vulva, or anus, or on the cervix. […] If you’re a woman who’s had unprotected sex, you’ll want to have your doctor examine you. […] Your doctor will have to examine you to see if you have warts to know for sure. […] In men, the warts may appear on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. […] For men, there’s no reliable test that can find the virus responsible for genital warts. […] You’ll need to ask your doctor for an exam or get regular exams. […] Your doctor will examine you or take a biopsy (a sample of the wart) to see if you have genital warts.

• #41 EXTERNAL GENITAL WARTS – CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

  https://guidelines.stief.org.nz/hpv-external-genital-warts-clinical-presentation-diagnosis

  Management of immunocompromised individuals with genital warts should be performed in consultation with a sexual health specialist and any other specialists involved in the care of that individual. Persons who are immunocompromised due to concurrent HIV infection or other causes may respond less well to therapy for genital warts than immunocompetent individuals, and may have more frequent recurrences after treatment.

• #42 Patient education: Genital warts in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genital-warts-in-women-beyond-the-basics/print

  Genital warts are diagnosed based on an examination. If your health care provider is not certain that the area is a wart, he or she may perform a biopsy (remove a small piece of tissue). […] Getting rid of warts does not necessarily mean that the virus causing the warts (HPV) is gone. If warts come back, they usually do so within three to six months of treatment. This problem is more common in people with a weakened immune system (such as diabetes, HIV, or certain medications).

• #43 EXTERNAL GENITAL WARTS – CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

  https://guidelines.stief.org.nz/hpv-external-genital-warts-clinical-presentation-diagnosis

  Management of immunocompromised individuals with genital warts should be performed in consultation with a sexual health specialist and any other specialists involved in the care of that individual. Persons who are immunocompromised due to concurrent HIV infection or other causes may respond less well to therapy for genital warts than immunocompetent individuals, and may have more frequent recurrences after treatment.

• #44 Genital warts: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/genital-warts-treatment

  People often feel embarrassed by growths in their genital area and do not see a doctor. But seeing a dermatologist can provide peace of mind because you can get a proper diagnosis and treatment. […] A dermatologist can diagnose genital warts by examining the warts during an office visit. Sometimes a dermatologist will remove a wart or part of it and send it to a laboratory. This can confirm that a patient has genital warts.

• #45 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/genital-warts/do-i-have-genital-warts

  Only a nurse or doctor can tell you for sure if you have genital warts. If you think you have warts on your genitals or anus, see a nurse or doctor right away. […] If you think you have warts on or around your genitals or anus, get checked out by a nurse or doctor as soon as you can. Other STDs, like herpes and syphilis, can look like genital warts but need different treatment. […] Your doctor or nurse can often just look at the bumps and make a diagnosis you dont have to get a blood test or anything like that. […] You can get checked for genital warts at your doctors office, a community health clinic, the health department, or your local Planned Parenthood health center. […] Be honest with your nurse or doctor so they can help you figure out which tests are best for you.

• #46 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

  Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. The warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose genital warts by looking at them. Genital warts can come back, even after treatment. […] There is no test to find out a person’s „HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat. […] Most people with HPV do not know they have the infection. They never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result (during cervical cancer screening). Others may only find out once they’ve developed more serious problems from HPV, such as cancers. […] Genital warts can go away with treatment from your healthcare provider or with prescription medicine. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.

• #47 Genital Warts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4209-genital-warts

  Genital warts and HPV are common STIs. These types of warts, and the HPV types that cause them, dont increase your risk for getting cancer. […] You should call your healthcare provider if you experience: Genital irritation or itching. […] If you have genital warts, you may want to ask your healthcare provider: What is the best treatment for me? Will warts come back after treatment? […] Yes. Almost all cases of genital warts are caused by HPV, which is a virus spread through sexual contact.

• #48 Genital Warts: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/genital-warts

  If you think you have genital warts, talk with your doctor. They can determine if you have warts and what your best treatment options are. […] Genital warts are a complication of a low risk HPV infection that’s common and treatable. They can disappear over time, but treatment is essential in preventing their return and possible complications.

• #49 Genital Warts and HPV Infection: What You Need to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/genital-warts-and-hpv

  Genital Warts and HPV Diagnosis […] The ways your doctor will check for genital warts, related STDs, or both include: […] HPV test. A specialized test for high-risk HPV (low-risk should not be screened for), collected in a way similar to a Pap smear. This is one way that HPV is diagnosed. […] Your doctor might recommend you have warts removed so that your baby doesn’t come in contact with them during delivery. Although it’s rare, babies exposed to genital warts and HPV are sometimes born with genital warts in their throats. They might need surgery to clear their airways. […] If you have genital warts, it is important to get annual checkups to screen for cancer.

• #50 Genital warts – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/genital-warts

  Genital warts must be treated by a provider. Do not use over-the-counter medicines meant for other kinds of warts. […] Treatment may include: Medicines applied to the genital warts or injected by your provider. […] An HPV DNA test can tell if you have a high-risk type of HPV known to cause cervical cancer. This test may be done: If you have genital warts. […] Make sure you are screened for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, or anal cancer if you have been diagnosed with genital warts. […] The virus that causes genital warts can cause abnormal results on a Pap test. If you have these types of changes, you may need more frequent Pap tests or a colposcopy. […] If you have genital warts, all of your sexual partners should be examined by a provider and treated if warts are found. Even if you do not have symptoms, you should be treated.

• #51 Genital HPV: Diagnosis and Treatment | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/genital-hpv-diagnosis-and-treatment

  If you have genital warts, report them to your health care provider. […] No treatment can completely rid your body of HPV, but it can be treated well in most cases. […] Dysplasia or warts can be removed with heat (cautery), freezing or laser. The procedure is done by your health care provider, usually in the provider’s office. […] Some strains of HPV are linked to cervical cancer, but most people with HPV dont develop cancer. Following up with your health care provider helps reduce the cancer risk even more. […] Schedule follow-up visits as instructed. See your health care provider if you notice any new warts. […] Have Pap tests as often as your provider tells you to. This way any dysplasia is found early, when treatment works best and cancer can be prevented.

• #52 Genital Warts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441884/

  Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum) are a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. These present in clusters or separately and can be found in the genital or anal area. This activity describes the evaluation and management of genital warts and explains the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of biopsy in the evaluation of genital warts. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is usually made visually, although a biopsy may be necessary for confirmation. […] A biopsy is recommended if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis or if the patient is immunocompromised. […] Genital warts are typically diagnosed visually, with confirmatory biopsy generally unnecessary. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is usually made visually, although a biopsy may be necessary for confirmation.

• #53 Genital wart – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_wart

  Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and can be confirmed by biopsy. […] The diagnosis of genital warts is most often made visually, but may require confirmation by biopsy in some cases. […] DNA tests are available for diagnosis of high-risk HPV infections. Because genital warts are caused by low-risk HPV types, DNA tests cannot be used for diagnosis of genital warts or other low-risk HPV infections.

• #54 Genital warts – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240

  Health care professionals often can find genital warts during a physical exam. Sometimes, a small piece of tissue needs to be removed and checked by a lab. This is called a biopsy. […] For women, it’s important to have regular Pap tests. These tests can help find changes in the vagina and cervix caused by genital warts. They also can find the early signs of cervical cancer. […] Only a few types of genital HPV have been linked to cervical cancer. A sample of cervical cells, taken during a Pap test, can be tested for these cancer-causing HPV strains. […] If your warts don’t cause discomfort, you might not need treatment. But medicine or surgery can help you clear an outbreak if you have itching, burning and pain. Treatment also can help if you’re concerned about spreading the infection.

• #55 Genital Warts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4209-genital-warts

  Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes warts (small bumps or growths) to form in and around your genitals and rectum. […] Your healthcare provider can diagnose external genital warts by looking at them and may request a biopsy to confirm. Internal warts are more challenging to diagnose. […] Providers use the following tests to diagnose genital warts: Pelvic exam: You may get a Pap test as part of a pelvic exam to check for cervical changes caused by genital warts. Your provider may also perform a colposcopy to examine and biopsy your vagina and cervix. […] Genital warts may go away on their own because your immune system can fight off the infection that causes it. However, they may get larger, multiply or become increasingly uncomfortable. […] Treatment to remove genital warts doesnt cure you from HPV. Even if you dont have an active outbreak and your warts were removed, you can still spread HPV.

• #56 Patient education: Genital warts in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genital-warts-in-women-beyond-the-basics/print

  Genital warts are diagnosed based on an examination. If your health care provider is not certain that the area is a wart, he or she may perform a biopsy (remove a small piece of tissue). […] Getting rid of warts does not necessarily mean that the virus causing the warts (HPV) is gone. If warts come back, they usually do so within three to six months of treatment. This problem is more common in people with a weakened immune system (such as diabetes, HIV, or certain medications).

• #57 HPV and Genital Warts: Understanding Your Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.wjmc.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Oral/3,87539

  HPV (human papillomavirus) is the virus that causes genital warts. If you have HPV, youre not alone. Millions of people carry this virus. In most cases, the virus goes away without causing problems. But when it does not go away, it can cause problems like genital warts and cancer. Finding out you have HPV may be upsetting for you and your partner. But learning about HPV and its treatments can make you both feel better. Then you can go on with your lives together. […] Some types (strains) of HPV are linked to cervical and other cancers. Taking care of yourself and seeing your healthcare provider as directed reduces the cancer risk. Having a cervical, vaginal, or anal Pap smear can find abnormalities before cancer develops. […] Suggest that your partner get checked. Even if no warts are present, seeing a healthcare provider may make your partner feel better. […] Suggest that your partner ask their provider about the HPV vaccine. And ask your own provider if this vaccine is right for you. […] If you have children, talk with your provider about giving them the HPV vaccine. They will then be less likely to get HPV during their lives.

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