Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Amenorrhea | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period. Missing a period, when not caused by pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause, may be a sign of a health problem. […] Missing a period is the main sign of amenorrhea. Other symptoms can include excess facial hair, hair loss, headache, lack of breast development, and vision changes. […] Amenorrhea may be a sign of another health problem rather than a disease itself. It also can occur as a natural part of life, such as during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

• #2 Amenorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299

  Amenorrhea (uh-men-o-REE-uh) is the absence of menstruation, often defined as missing one or more menstrual periods. […] Primary amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation in someone who has not had a period by age 15. […] Secondary amenorrhea refers to the absence of three or more periods in a row by someone who has had periods in the past. […] Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience other signs or symptoms along with the absence of periods, such as: Milky nipple discharge, Hair loss, Headache, Vision changes, Excess facial hair, Pelvic pain, Acne. […] Consult your doctor if you’ve missed at least three menstrual periods in a row, or if you’ve never had a menstrual period and you’re age 15 or older. […] Amenorrhea can occur for a variety of reasons. Some are normal, while others may be a side effect of medication or a sign of a medical problem.

• #3 Amenorrhea: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0601/p781.html

  Although amenorrhea may result from a number of different conditions, a systematic evaluation including a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory assessment of selected serum hormone levels can usually identify the underlying cause. Primary amenorrhea, which by definition is failure to reach menarche, is often the result of chromosomal irregularities leading to primary ovarian insufficiency (e.g., Turner syndrome) or anatomic abnormalities (e.g., Mllerian agenesis). Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the cessation of regular menses for three months or the cessation of irregular menses for six months. Most cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, or primary ovarian insufficiency. […] Patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea should be evaluated for eating disorders and are at risk for decreased bone density. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome are at risk for glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and other aspects of metabolic syndrome.

• #4 Amenorrhea: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3924-amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is missing one or more periods. Talk to your healthcare provider if youre older than 15 and havent gotten your first period (primary amenorrhea) or youve missed a period for three or more months (secondary amenorrhea). Amenorrhea is often a sign of a treatable condition. With treatment, your regular menstrual cycle will usually resume. […] The main symptom is the lack of periods. Other symptoms depend on the cause. You may experience: Hot flashes. Nipples leaking milk. Vaginal dryness. Headaches. Vision changes. Acne. Excess hair growth on your face and body. […] Most cases of amenorrhea are treatable. With treatment, your periods should start to happen regularly. It can take a few months for your periods to come back, but in most cases, they will. Talk to your healthcare provider about what you can expect with treatment. […] Typically, your period will return once you treat the underlying cause. However, it may take time to become regular again.

• #5 Secondary Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/secondary-amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea occurs when you’ve had at least one menstrual period and you stop menstruating for three months or longer. […] The primary symptom of secondary amenorrhea is missing several menstrual periods in a row. Women may also experience: acne, vaginal dryness, deepening of the voice, excessive or unwanted hair growth on the body, headaches, changes in vision, nipple discharge. […] Call your doctor if you have missed more than three consecutive periods, or if any of your symptoms become severe.

• #6 Amenorrhea – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation, typically lasting 3-6 months. The main symptom is the absence of menstrual periods. However, other symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause […] The main symptom is the absence of menstrual periods. However, other symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause, including: Menopausal symptoms include hot flashes, increased body hair growth (hirsutism), and vaginal dryness. Galactorrhea. Acne. Headache. Vision change. […] Amenorrhea, or the absence of menstrual periods, can lead to various complications and health risks, especially when it persists over an extended period. Here are some potential complications associated with amenorrhea: You may have infertility if you do not ovulate regularly. You are at higher risk of miscarriage if your amenorrhea is due to hormone imbalance. You are at risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to insufficient estrogen levels. You may have pelvic pain if amenorrhea is secondary to an anatomical problem. You may develop psychological stress from missing periods.

• #7 Amenorrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/amenorrhea-a-to-z

  Amenorrhea is a symptom in itself. […] Any associated symptoms depend on the problem that is causing the amenorrhea. […] For example, hormone imbalances may cause amenorrhea together with: excess body and facial hair, acne, lowering of the voice, altered sex drive, breast milk secretions, weight gain. […] In many teenagers with primary amenorrhea, puberty is late. But there is no permanent problem. […] How long secondary amenorrhea lasts depends on the cause. […] For example: Pregnancy will stop a woman’s menstrual periods until after childbirth. A woman who stops taking birth control pills may not have a period for three months to a year. Emotional or physical stress may cause amenorrhea for as long as the stress remains. Rapid weight loss or gain, medications, and chronic illness can cause missed periods. Amenorrhea is permanent after menopause begins or after hysterectomy. […] In most instances, symptoms and conditions related to amenorrhea are reversible and treatable.

• #8 Amenorrhea (Absent Periods) | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/amenorrhea/

  Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods. Primary amenorrhea refers to when a person has not started their period within three years of breast development or has not experienced a period by age 15. Secondary amenorrhea is defined as no menstrual period for three cycles after already having monthly menstrual periods, or no menstruation for six months if a person was already experiencing irregular menstrual cycles. […] The two primary signs of amenorrhea are: No menstrual period by age 15, commonly referred to as primary amenorrhea; No menstruation for more than three cycles in a row, commonly referred to as secondary amenorrhea. […] Other signs and symptoms depend on the cause of amenorrhea, and include: A blockage in the reproductive system may cause several days of pain and cramping each month even though there is an absence of a menstrual period. In addition to irregular periods, teens with PCOS may experience weight gain, acne and excessive hair on their face and body. Teens or adolescents with primary ovarian insufficiency may have much lighter and skipped periods, or no periods at all.

• #9 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods for at least 3 cycles in individuals with previously regular cycles or for 6 months in those with irregular cycles. […] Secondary amenorrhea occurs due to abnormalities at various points in the „menstrual pathway,” including the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, endometrium, cervix, and vagina. […] Common nonphysiologic causes include functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hyperprolactinemia, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and intrauterine adhesions. […] Despite the numerous potential etiologies discussed in more detail below, nonphysiologic secondary amenorrhea is primarily caused by 1 of 5 conditions: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Hyperprolactinemia, Primary ovarian insufficiency, Intrauterine adhesions.

• #10 Amenorrhea: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/amenorrhea/

  Amenorrhea is the medical term for when a woman doesn’t have menstrual periods. There are two types of amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea is when you are late to start your period for the first time. The normal age range is 14 to 16 years old. Secondary amenorrhea is when you miss a period for 3 months in a row or more. […] The main symptom of amenorrhea is the absence of your monthly period. It often signifies a larger health problem or condition. Related symptoms can include: Headache. Vision changes. Nausea. Extra facial hair. Hair loss. Changes in breast size. Milky fluid, or discharge, from breasts. […] For most women, their monthly periods return following treatment. In some cases, your related health problem may mean you never have a period. Depending on your underlying cause, you may struggle with fertility.

• #11 Amenorrhea > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/amenorrhea

  The absence of monthly menstrual periods, which may be a symptom of other disorders […] Other associated symptoms include excess (or loss of) hair, headache, and lack of breast development […] Amenorrhea is not a disease, but it can be a symptom of other conditions including hormonal, genetic, and structural disorders. […] The absence of menstrual periods is the most common symptom of amenorrhea. Depending on the cause, you may experience these symptoms as well: Excess body hair (hirsutism), Hair loss, Headache, Lack of breast development, Milky discharge from the breasts, Vision changes, Failure to ovulate. […] Amenorrhea can happen naturally in a woman’s life, such as when she is pregnant, breastfeeding, or after menopause. Outside of those circumstances, primary or secondary amenorrhea can be caused by a variety of the below factors: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Hypothalamic amenorrhea, Hyperprolactinemia, Ovarian failure.

• #12 Symptoms and Signs of Amenorrhea (Absence of Menstrual Bleeding): Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/amenorrhea/symptom.htm

  Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. It may be considered primary or secondary. Primary amenorrhea describes when a female has not developed menstrual periods. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods in a woman who had been menstruating but later stops menstruating for three or more months in the absence of pregnancy, lactation, and cycle suppression with hormonal contraceptive (birth control) pills, or menopause. […] Amenorrhea is a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a disorder in and of itself. Symptoms that may accompany amenorrhea include galactorrhea (breast milk production in a woman who is not pregnant or breastfeeding), headache, or reduced peripheral vision can be a sign of an intracranial tumor. […] Symptoms such as vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, or disordered sleep that accompany amenorrhea may be a sign of ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure. Anxiety may be associated with amenorrhea in women with psychiatric illnesses. Weight gain or weight loss may also occur.

• #13 Amenorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299

  Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to amenorrhea, for instance: Low body weight. Excessively low body weight about 10% under normal weight interrupts many hormonal functions in the body, potentially halting ovulation. […] Women who have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal hormonal changes. […] Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. […] If you don’t ovulate and don’t have menstrual periods, you can’t become pregnant. […] Not having periods when your peers are having theirs can be stressful, especially for young people who are transitioning into adulthood. […] Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones.

• #14 Amenorrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/amenorrhea-a-to-z

  Amenorrhea is a symptom in itself. […] Any associated symptoms depend on the problem that is causing the amenorrhea. […] For example, hormone imbalances may cause amenorrhea together with: excess body and facial hair, acne, lowering of the voice, altered sex drive, breast milk secretions, weight gain. […] In many teenagers with primary amenorrhea, puberty is late. But there is no permanent problem. […] How long secondary amenorrhea lasts depends on the cause. […] For example: Pregnancy will stop a woman’s menstrual periods until after childbirth. A woman who stops taking birth control pills may not have a period for three months to a year. Emotional or physical stress may cause amenorrhea for as long as the stress remains. Rapid weight loss or gain, medications, and chronic illness can cause missed periods. Amenorrhea is permanent after menopause begins or after hysterectomy. […] In most instances, symptoms and conditions related to amenorrhea are reversible and treatable.

• #15 Amenorrhea: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3924-amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is missing one or more periods. Talk to your healthcare provider if youre older than 15 and havent gotten your first period (primary amenorrhea) or youve missed a period for three or more months (secondary amenorrhea). Amenorrhea is often a sign of a treatable condition. With treatment, your regular menstrual cycle will usually resume. […] The main symptom is the lack of periods. Other symptoms depend on the cause. You may experience: Hot flashes. Nipples leaking milk. Vaginal dryness. Headaches. Vision changes. Acne. Excess hair growth on your face and body. […] Most cases of amenorrhea are treatable. With treatment, your periods should start to happen regularly. It can take a few months for your periods to come back, but in most cases, they will. Talk to your healthcare provider about what you can expect with treatment. […] Typically, your period will return once you treat the underlying cause. However, it may take time to become regular again.

• #16 Amenorrhea – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/amenorrhea-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment

  Milky discharge from the breasts: When menstrual periods become irregular or stop, milky discharge from the breast may be seen in some patients. Milk production can be influenced by several hormones, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), prolactin, and oestrogens. […] Changes in vision: Pituitary tumours, such as prolactinomas, which emit hormones that directly alter the menstrual cycle, tiny pituitary tumours often don’t affect vision, but larger tumours (typically more than 1 cm) might impair one or both eyes’ ability to see.

• #17 Amenorrhea – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/amenorrhea-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment

  Amenorrhea symptoms, such as missed periods, are the primary indicators of amenorrhea. Depending on the underlying causes, a woman may also experience additional amenorrhoea signs and symptoms, including: […] Excessive facial hair: There is a connection between hirsutism (growth of excessive male-pattern hair in women on certain parts of body) and the androgen hormone class. An increase in these hormones can lead to this condition, which is noticeable in cases of amenorrhea. […] Hair loss: The signs of female pattern hair loss (FPHL), including changes in hair growth, sudden hair loss, and thinning of scalp hair, are closely related to amenorrhea caused by hormonal imbalances. […] Underdeveloped breasts: It is crucial to determine the stage of breast development. Generally, because of the absence of hormonal activity in the ovaries, there is no appearance of breast development and menarche. This disorder is usually identified in adolescence, during the diagnosis of primary amenorrhoea and delay in pubertal signs. No breast growth (such as Tanner stage 1) suggests no oestrogen exposure, while normal maturation indicates oestrogen exposure, likely from functional ovaries.

• #18 Amenorrhea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-clinical

  Symptoms of vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, or disordered sleep may be a sign of ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure. The presence of these symptoms in young women demands further evaluation in a timely manner. A prior history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be associated with ovarian failure. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of secondary amenorrhea. […] Associated galactorrhea, headaches, or reduced peripheral vision could be a sign of an anterior pituitary adenoma. These symptoms require immediate further evaluation. However, secondary amenorrhea may be the only overt symptom of a small prolactinoma. […] An impaired sense of smell in association with primary amenorrhea and failure of normal pubertal development may be related to isolated gonadotropin deficiency, as is observed in persons with Kallmann syndrome.

• #19 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #20 The 5 Most Common Symptoms of Hypothalamic Amenorrhea — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/the-5-most-common-symptoms-of-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when you no longer have a menstrual cycle after having had one before. Once you’ve been missing a period for 3 months onwards and you’re not pregnant, it is classified as amenorrhea. […] Some common symptoms of HA include: […] 1. Not having a period: This is an obvious one, but can often be misdiagnosed as PCOS. […] 2. Cold hands and feet: Are you always cold? When your body doesn’t have enough energy/resources to function optimally it starts to down-regulate nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction (your period), and keeping you warm. […] 3. Hair loss/Hair thinning: Have you noticed clumps of hair in the shower drain or in your hairbrush lately? Hair follicles require energy to maintain and produce healthy hair and are hypersensitive to stress.

• #21 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #22 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments – Hertility Health

  https://hertilityhealth.com/blog/hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is when your menstrual cycle and ovulation are interrupted due to the influence of the hypothalamus gland, located in the brain. In this article we run through common symptoms, the causes and treatment options available. […] Symptoms include missed periods, low sex drive, low energy and more. […] Common symptoms include: Irregular or no period(s) […] Low sex drive […] Low energy. […] If a disruption happens at the hypothalamic level, the hormonal cascade is affected, resulting in low FSH, LH and oestrogen. […] Essentially, this is just your body trying to protect you. Its putting your basic energy needs ahead of your reproductive health, which is why your periods become irregular.

• #23 The 5 Most Common Symptoms of Hypothalamic Amenorrhea — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/the-5-most-common-symptoms-of-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when you no longer have a menstrual cycle after having had one before. Once you’ve been missing a period for 3 months onwards and you’re not pregnant, it is classified as amenorrhea. […] Some common symptoms of HA include: […] 1. Not having a period: This is an obvious one, but can often be misdiagnosed as PCOS. […] 2. Cold hands and feet: Are you always cold? When your body doesn’t have enough energy/resources to function optimally it starts to down-regulate nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction (your period), and keeping you warm. […] 3. Hair loss/Hair thinning: Have you noticed clumps of hair in the shower drain or in your hairbrush lately? Hair follicles require energy to maintain and produce healthy hair and are hypersensitive to stress.

• #24 The 5 Most Common Symptoms of Hypothalamic Amenorrhea — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/the-5-most-common-symptoms-of-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  4. Frequent urination: Are you making frequent trips to the bathroom, but you haven’t increased your water intake? Well, when we have HA, our hormone levels are extremely low, and chronically low levels of estrogen can increase your need to pee. […] 5. Low libido: This can look like being less interested in sex, having painful sex, or feeling less attractive. When the body perceives its under stress and is struggling to use its resources to simplify survival, then our sex drive will drop. […] Don’t worry all of the above symptoms are reversible, including your HA! The body just needs the resources and the right environment to function optimally again.

• #25 Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea Symptoms | CCRM Fertility Clinic

  https://www.ccrmivf.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-infertility/

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is a condition when the menstrual cycle and ovulation is disrupted due to the hypothalamus not working properly. […] Symptoms of hypothalamic amenorrhea include: Missed period(s) or very light bleeding during menstruation, Low libido, Feeling cold often, Depression and anxiety, Difficulty sleeping, Increased hunger, Low energy.

• #26 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #27 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea can lead to low estrogen levels. Estrogen is an important hormone in your body. One function of estrogen is to maintain healthy, strong bones. Without estrogen, females are at risk for osteoporosis and heart disease. Estrogen also helps with your mood. Lack of estrogen may lead to symptoms of depression and anxiety.

• #28 The 5 Most Common Symptoms of Hypothalamic Amenorrhea — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/the-5-most-common-symptoms-of-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when you no longer have a menstrual cycle after having had one before. Once you’ve been missing a period for 3 months onwards and you’re not pregnant, it is classified as amenorrhea. […] Some common symptoms of HA include: […] 1. Not having a period: This is an obvious one, but can often be misdiagnosed as PCOS. […] 2. Cold hands and feet: Are you always cold? When your body doesn’t have enough energy/resources to function optimally it starts to down-regulate nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction (your period), and keeping you warm. […] 3. Hair loss/Hair thinning: Have you noticed clumps of hair in the shower drain or in your hairbrush lately? Hair follicles require energy to maintain and produce healthy hair and are hypersensitive to stress.

• #29 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #30 Secondary Amenorrhea: Treatment and Effects of No Period

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/secondary-amenorrhea-7499914

  Secondary amenorrhea is when people who already menstruate don’t get their period for three months in a row or longer. […] Secondary amenorrhea can be temporary, come and go, or be permanent. Identifying the cause or underlying condition can help healthcare providers determine effective treatment options. […] In addition to missed periods, symptoms of secondary amenorrhea may include: Changes in breast size, Nipple discharge, Weight gain or weight loss, Acne, Increased hair growth, Vaginal dryness, Deepening of the voice, Headaches. […] Symptoms of secondary amenorrhea are often triggered by the underlying condition that’s causing missed periods. […] Treatment for secondary amenorrhea will depend on the cause. Some hormonal therapies can help bring on a regular menstrual cycle. […] Secondary amenorrhea is a condition that happens when a person who menstruates doesn’t get their period for three months in a row or longer. If you’re not pregnant, a variety of medical issues can be triggering missed periods. Treatments for secondary amenorrhea will depend on the cause. Many underlying problems are treatable. Talk to a healthcare provider if you’ve missed your period for three months or longer.

• #31 Amenorrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/amenorrhea-a-to-z

  Amenorrhea is a symptom in itself. […] Any associated symptoms depend on the problem that is causing the amenorrhea. […] For example, hormone imbalances may cause amenorrhea together with: excess body and facial hair, acne, lowering of the voice, altered sex drive, breast milk secretions, weight gain. […] In many teenagers with primary amenorrhea, puberty is late. But there is no permanent problem. […] How long secondary amenorrhea lasts depends on the cause. […] For example: Pregnancy will stop a woman’s menstrual periods until after childbirth. A woman who stops taking birth control pills may not have a period for three months to a year. Emotional or physical stress may cause amenorrhea for as long as the stress remains. Rapid weight loss or gain, medications, and chronic illness can cause missed periods. Amenorrhea is permanent after menopause begins or after hysterectomy. […] In most instances, symptoms and conditions related to amenorrhea are reversible and treatable.

• #32 Amenorrhea – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/amenorrhea-a-to-z

  Amenorrhea is a symptom in itself. […] Any associated symptoms depend on the problem that is causing the amenorrhea. […] For example, hormone imbalances may cause amenorrhea together with: excess body and facial hair, acne, lowering of the voice, altered sex drive, breast milk secretions, weight gain. […] In many teenagers with primary amenorrhea, puberty is late. But there is no permanent problem. […] How long secondary amenorrhea lasts depends on the cause. […] For example: Pregnancy will stop a woman’s menstrual periods until after childbirth. A woman who stops taking birth control pills may not have a period for three months to a year. Emotional or physical stress may cause amenorrhea for as long as the stress remains. Rapid weight loss or gain, medications, and chronic illness can cause missed periods. Amenorrhea is permanent after menopause begins or after hysterectomy. […] In most instances, symptoms and conditions related to amenorrhea are reversible and treatable.

• #33 Missed or late periods

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/missed-or-late-periods/

  Late or missed periods can be caused by many things. Most of the time its nothing to worry about but see a doctor about them just in case. […] Many women will have missed or late periods at some time. Missed or late periods can affect anyone who has periods. […] Common causes of a missed or late period include: being pregnant, stress, the start of menopause (perimenopause), usually between the ages of 45 and 55, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), sudden weight loss, being overweight, doing too much exercise, taking the contraceptive pill, breastfeeding. […] Periods can also sometimes stop as a result of a medical condition, such as heart disease, diabetes or an overactive thyroid. […] See a GP if: you’ve missed your period 3 times in a row, your periods have not started by the time you’re 16, you’ve missed your period and have other symptoms like weight gain or weight loss, tiredness, hair growth on your face and dry or oily skin. […] Treatment for late or missed period depends on what is causing it. […] A GP may refer you to a specialist (gynaecologist or endocrinologist) if you need tests or scans to find out what’s causing you to miss your periods.

• #34 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  The underlying etiologies of secondary amenorrhea vary widely, involving physiologic, hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical etiologies, as well as other endocrine and hormonal causes that can also affect the HPO axis. […] Hormone levels during certain physiologic states result in secondary amenorrhea, including: Pregnancy, Lactation, Menopause. […] Abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland disrupt the HPO axis and thus can suppress menses. […] Numerous potential causes of hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction can result in secondary amenorrhea, including: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, Prolactinomas, Infarction/necrosis (Sheehan syndrome), Infectious, Infiltrative disease, Inherited etiologies (Kallman syndrome), Empty sella syndrome. […] The major acquired causes of uterine and outflow tract abnormalities include: Iatrogenic endometrial suppression, Intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome), Cervical stenosis.

• #35 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  The underlying etiologies of secondary amenorrhea vary widely, involving physiologic, hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical etiologies, as well as other endocrine and hormonal causes that can also affect the HPO axis. […] Hormone levels during certain physiologic states result in secondary amenorrhea, including: Pregnancy, Lactation, Menopause. […] Abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland disrupt the HPO axis and thus can suppress menses. […] Numerous potential causes of hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction can result in secondary amenorrhea, including: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, Prolactinomas, Infarction/necrosis (Sheehan syndrome), Infectious, Infiltrative disease, Inherited etiologies (Kallman syndrome), Empty sella syndrome. […] The major acquired causes of uterine and outflow tract abnormalities include: Iatrogenic endometrial suppression, Intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome), Cervical stenosis.

• #36 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  The prognosis of secondary amenorrhea depends on the underlying etiology. […] Prolonged hypoestrogenic states can result in BMD loss and osteoporotic fractures, as well as sexual dysfunction due to vaginal dryness. Conversely, prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen during anovulatory cycles can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy. […] Secondary amenorrhea also reduces the likelihood of pregnancy until the underlying pathology is corrected, though in most cases, pregnancy is still possible with appropriate management.

• #37 Amenorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299

  Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to amenorrhea, for instance: Low body weight. Excessively low body weight about 10% under normal weight interrupts many hormonal functions in the body, potentially halting ovulation. […] Women who have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal hormonal changes. […] Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. […] If you don’t ovulate and don’t have menstrual periods, you can’t become pregnant. […] Not having periods when your peers are having theirs can be stressful, especially for young people who are transitioning into adulthood. […] Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones.

• #38 Amenorrhea: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0601/p781.html

  Primary amenorrhea is often, but not exclusively, the result of chromosomal irregularities that lead to primary ovarian insufficiency (e.g., Turner syndrome) or anatomic abnormalities (e.g., Mllerian agenesis). Most pathologic cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, or primary ovarian insufficiency. […] Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea occurs when the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is suppressed due to an energy deficit stemming from stress, weight loss (independent of original weight), excessive exercise, or disordered eating. It is characterized by a low estrogen state without other organic or structural disease. […] Treatment of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea involves nutritional rehabilitation as well as reductions in stress and exercise levels. Menses typically return after correction of the underlying nutritional deficit.

• #39 Amenorrhea: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview

  In some cases, loss of menstrual regularity is an early sign of declining fertility and impending premature ovarian failure. […] Approximately 10% of women evaluated for amenorrhea in a tertiary center are found to have premature ovarian failure. […] Women with PCOS have many long-term health issues, including higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, that should be monitored and treated.

• #40 Amenorrhoea & Oligomenorrhoea – Causes – Investigations – TeachMeObGyn

  https://teachmeobgyn.com/gynaecology/menstrual/oligomenorrhoea/

  Premature ovarian failure is defined as primary ovarian insufficiency before the age of 40 associated with menopausal symptoms such as hot sweats or night sweats. Hormone profile tests show low oestrogen levels with high FSH. […] Women present with early development of pubic hair, irregular or absent periods, hirsutism and acne. High levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone are present in the blood. […] There is considerable overlap between oligomenorrhoea and secondary amenorrhoea. […] Treatment will depend upon the exact cause of the oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea. However the general aims include: Regulating Periods. […] Women with premature ovarian failure/insufficiency should receive cyclical hormone replacement therapy with oestrogen (and progesterone if they have a uterus). This treats the symptoms of menopause, decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and maintains bone density to prevent osteoporosis.

• #41 Amenorrhea – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea may also occur if patients have abnormalities that affect menstrual function or obstruct menstrual flow. […] The most common causes of amenorrhea due to reproductive tract abnormalities include congenital anatomic genital abnormalities that obstruct menstrual flow and acquired abnormalities of the female reproductive tract (eg, Asherman syndrome, cervical stenosis). […] Obstructive abnormalities cause primary amenorrhea and are usually accompanied by normal hormonal function. […] Some acquired anatomic abnormalities, such as endometrial scarring after uterine instrumentation (Asherman syndrome), cause secondary ovulatory amenorrhea. […] Treatment is directed at the underlying disorder; with such treatment, menses sometimes resume.

• #42 5 Amenorrhea Recovery Signs + Real Case Studies — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/5-amenorrhea-recovery-signs-real-case-studies

  Today were talking about the top 5 signs that indicate youre making progress in your hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery. […] Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your period is completely missing and has been absent for 3+ months and you do have a history of menstruation. […] This article is dedicated to the signs and symptoms that show your missing period is on the mend! […] Increased hunger once youve started to reintroduce food into your system is one sign that your hormones are kicking back into gear, your metabolism is rising and your whole body is experiencing a much-needed refill of energy. This process is crucial for returning your missing menstrual cycle. […] Once women start eating enough to actually stop being so food focused, you can feel confident that your body is getting the energy and nutrients it needs to turn your reproductive systems back online.

• #43 Hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs | Fertility Nutritionist

  https://fertility-nutritionist.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recovery-signs/

  In most cases, yes! You can recover from HA (see hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs below) and get your period back, so you can get pregnant! […] If you can stick with the recommended lifestyle adjustments, it typically takes 3-6 months to see hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs. […] Here’s what to look for to determine if you’re seeing hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs: Better sleep. As hormones rebalance, many women find they’re able to fall asleep better, then sleep more soundly, and then wake up feeling more refreshed. […] Increased appetite. For many with HA, they have suppressed their hunger cues for so long, they’re no longer discernible. With recovery, comes that grumbling, achy or hollow feeling in your tummy, letting you know your body needs nourishment. […] Increased cervical mucus (a.k.a. Cervical fluid): As you recover from HA, your body produces more estrogen. In response to estrogen, you produce more cervical mucus – which you’ll likely start to notice on your toilet paper or on your underwear.

• #44 5 Amenorrhea Recovery Signs + Real Case Studies — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/5-amenorrhea-recovery-signs-real-case-studies

  Today were talking about the top 5 signs that indicate youre making progress in your hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery. […] Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your period is completely missing and has been absent for 3+ months and you do have a history of menstruation. […] This article is dedicated to the signs and symptoms that show your missing period is on the mend! […] Increased hunger once youve started to reintroduce food into your system is one sign that your hormones are kicking back into gear, your metabolism is rising and your whole body is experiencing a much-needed refill of energy. This process is crucial for returning your missing menstrual cycle. […] Once women start eating enough to actually stop being so food focused, you can feel confident that your body is getting the energy and nutrients it needs to turn your reproductive systems back online.

• #45 5 Amenorrhea Recovery Signs + Real Case Studies — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/5-amenorrhea-recovery-signs-real-case-studies

  This means that when you start to see cervical mucus (creamy white or crystal clear) show up in your underwear or on your toilet paper when you wipe, you can be confident that your brain is signaling to your ovaries to produce estrogen. That means that hormones are getting back on track and so is your period! […] Many women with hypothalamic amenorrhea run cold does that sound familiar? […] As the client and I are making changes to their lifestyle, nutrition and exercise, we can observe their basal body temperature start to rise up to where it should be. […] Once you start to replenish your missing nutrient stores and step back from the rigidity of our routine, be it strict dieting or a heavy workout schedule or similar, we start to see our guard come down a little and more fun and relaxation start to enter our lives. […] When we start to make these observations we know that were on the right track to period recovery.

• #46 5 Amenorrhea Recovery Signs + Real Case Studies — The HA Society

  https://www.thehasociety.com/articles/5-amenorrhea-recovery-signs-real-case-studies

  This means that when you start to see cervical mucus (creamy white or crystal clear) show up in your underwear or on your toilet paper when you wipe, you can be confident that your brain is signaling to your ovaries to produce estrogen. That means that hormones are getting back on track and so is your period! […] Many women with hypothalamic amenorrhea run cold does that sound familiar? […] As the client and I are making changes to their lifestyle, nutrition and exercise, we can observe their basal body temperature start to rise up to where it should be. […] Once you start to replenish your missing nutrient stores and step back from the rigidity of our routine, be it strict dieting or a heavy workout schedule or similar, we start to see our guard come down a little and more fun and relaxation start to enter our lives. […] When we start to make these observations we know that were on the right track to period recovery.

• #47 Hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs | Fertility Nutritionist

  https://fertility-nutritionist.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recovery-signs/

  In most cases, yes! You can recover from HA (see hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs below) and get your period back, so you can get pregnant! […] If you can stick with the recommended lifestyle adjustments, it typically takes 3-6 months to see hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs. […] Here’s what to look for to determine if you’re seeing hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs: Better sleep. As hormones rebalance, many women find they’re able to fall asleep better, then sleep more soundly, and then wake up feeling more refreshed. […] Increased appetite. For many with HA, they have suppressed their hunger cues for so long, they’re no longer discernible. With recovery, comes that grumbling, achy or hollow feeling in your tummy, letting you know your body needs nourishment. […] Increased cervical mucus (a.k.a. Cervical fluid): As you recover from HA, your body produces more estrogen. In response to estrogen, you produce more cervical mucus – which you’ll likely start to notice on your toilet paper or on your underwear.

• #48 Hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs | Fertility Nutritionist

  https://fertility-nutritionist.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recovery-signs/

  Increased breast tenderness. When in the depths of HA, your reproductive hormones are basically flatlined. As you recover, hormonal shifts can cause symptoms typically associated with PMS – like tender breasts. […] Increased moodiness. See above – as hormones begin to shift, so too can our mood, which can show up as increased teariness, irritability, anger or all of the above. […] Cramping. If you have reached the point of HA recovery that your body is ready to ovulate, then it’s common to feel a mild twinge or cramp in your lower abdomen, where you think of menstrual cramps occurring.

• #49 Hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs | Fertility Nutritionist

  https://fertility-nutritionist.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recovery-signs/

  Increased breast tenderness. When in the depths of HA, your reproductive hormones are basically flatlined. As you recover, hormonal shifts can cause symptoms typically associated with PMS – like tender breasts. […] Increased moodiness. See above – as hormones begin to shift, so too can our mood, which can show up as increased teariness, irritability, anger or all of the above. […] Cramping. If you have reached the point of HA recovery that your body is ready to ovulate, then it’s common to feel a mild twinge or cramp in your lower abdomen, where you think of menstrual cramps occurring.

• #50 Hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs | Fertility Nutritionist

  https://fertility-nutritionist.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recovery-signs/

  Increased breast tenderness. When in the depths of HA, your reproductive hormones are basically flatlined. As you recover, hormonal shifts can cause symptoms typically associated with PMS – like tender breasts. […] Increased moodiness. See above – as hormones begin to shift, so too can our mood, which can show up as increased teariness, irritability, anger or all of the above. […] Cramping. If you have reached the point of HA recovery that your body is ready to ovulate, then it’s common to feel a mild twinge or cramp in your lower abdomen, where you think of menstrual cramps occurring.

• #51 Hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs | Fertility Nutritionist

  https://fertility-nutritionist.com/hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recovery-signs/

  In most cases, yes! You can recover from HA (see hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs below) and get your period back, so you can get pregnant! […] If you can stick with the recommended lifestyle adjustments, it typically takes 3-6 months to see hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs. […] Here’s what to look for to determine if you’re seeing hypothalamic amenorrhea recovery signs: Better sleep. As hormones rebalance, many women find they’re able to fall asleep better, then sleep more soundly, and then wake up feeling more refreshed. […] Increased appetite. For many with HA, they have suppressed their hunger cues for so long, they’re no longer discernible. With recovery, comes that grumbling, achy or hollow feeling in your tummy, letting you know your body needs nourishment. […] Increased cervical mucus (a.k.a. Cervical fluid): As you recover from HA, your body produces more estrogen. In response to estrogen, you produce more cervical mucus – which you’ll likely start to notice on your toilet paper or on your underwear.

• #52 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #53 All about amenorrhea

  https://www.pollie.co/blog/amenorrhea

  Mental and emotional stress can trigger changes in cortisol (the stress hormone) secretion and functionality of the hypothalamus a part of the brain associated with hormone regulation. […] Other medical conditions can cause hormonal imbalances that lead to amenorrhea. […] Without menstrual cycles, an individual is unable to become pregnant. […] Prolonged amenorrhea, especially if due to preventable lifestyle factors, can make it more difficult to get pregnant and you will need to factor in time for regulating your cycle into your family planning. […] Low estrogen levels that cause amenorrhea can also put an individual at risk of low bone density, or osteopenia.

• #54 Amenorrhea | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is a symptom missing periods. Depending on whats causing your daughters amenorrhea, she may have other symptoms, too, including excess hair growth, acne, headaches, and pain. […] Without enough estrogen, not only do menstrual cycles stop, but the body does not absorb enough calcium to build strong bones. This can result in low bone mass. Since very little bone mass is added after women are 20 years old, the teen years are very important for building the right amount of bone for a lifetime. […] Everyone, teen girls especially, needs the right balance of exercise, body weight, calcium intake, vitamin D, and estrogen levels to have healthy bones.

• #55 Amenorrhea: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview

  Amenorrhea after puberty can be divided into 2 groups: (1) amenorrhea without evidence of associated androgen excess and (2) amenorrhea with evidence of androgen excess (eg, hirsutism, virilization, sexual ambiguity). […] The incidence of primary amenorrhea in the United States is less than 1%. […] Each year, approximately 5-7% of menstruating women in the United States experience 3 months of secondary amenorrhea. […] About one third of cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. […] Loss of menstrual regularity has been associated with an increased risk of wrist and hip fractures related to reduced bone density, even without the development of amenorrhea. […] A later menarche and menstrual cycle intervals longer than 32 days have both been associated with increased fracture rates in later years.

• #56 Amenorrhea | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is a symptom missing periods. Depending on whats causing your daughters amenorrhea, she may have other symptoms, too, including excess hair growth, acne, headaches, and pain. […] Without enough estrogen, not only do menstrual cycles stop, but the body does not absorb enough calcium to build strong bones. This can result in low bone mass. Since very little bone mass is added after women are 20 years old, the teen years are very important for building the right amount of bone for a lifetime. […] Everyone, teen girls especially, needs the right balance of exercise, body weight, calcium intake, vitamin D, and estrogen levels to have healthy bones.

• #57 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #58 Amenorrhea: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview

  Amenorrhea after puberty can be divided into 2 groups: (1) amenorrhea without evidence of associated androgen excess and (2) amenorrhea with evidence of androgen excess (eg, hirsutism, virilization, sexual ambiguity). […] The incidence of primary amenorrhea in the United States is less than 1%. […] Each year, approximately 5-7% of menstruating women in the United States experience 3 months of secondary amenorrhea. […] About one third of cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. […] Loss of menstrual regularity has been associated with an increased risk of wrist and hip fractures related to reduced bone density, even without the development of amenorrhea. […] A later menarche and menstrual cycle intervals longer than 32 days have both been associated with increased fracture rates in later years.

• #59 All about amenorrhea

  https://www.pollie.co/blog/amenorrhea

  Mental and emotional stress can trigger changes in cortisol (the stress hormone) secretion and functionality of the hypothalamus a part of the brain associated with hormone regulation. […] Other medical conditions can cause hormonal imbalances that lead to amenorrhea. […] Without menstrual cycles, an individual is unable to become pregnant. […] Prolonged amenorrhea, especially if due to preventable lifestyle factors, can make it more difficult to get pregnant and you will need to factor in time for regulating your cycle into your family planning. […] Low estrogen levels that cause amenorrhea can also put an individual at risk of low bone density, or osteopenia.

• #60 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #61 Amenorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299

  Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to amenorrhea, for instance: Low body weight. Excessively low body weight about 10% under normal weight interrupts many hormonal functions in the body, potentially halting ovulation. […] Women who have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal hormonal changes. […] Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. […] If you don’t ovulate and don’t have menstrual periods, you can’t become pregnant. […] Not having periods when your peers are having theirs can be stressful, especially for young people who are transitioning into adulthood. […] Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones.

• #62 Amenorrhea Explained: Key Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://rmanetwork.com/blog/understanding-amenorrhea-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/

  Physical or emotional stress can interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamus, leading to hypothalamic amenorrhea, a type of secondary amenorrhea caused by hypothalamic dysfunction. […] Amenorrhea can sometimes signal health conditions that make getting pregnant more difficult. Understanding the reason behind your missed periods is important for figuring out your best path to parenthood. […] Conditions like PCOS, hypothalamic amenorrhea, or POI can make it harder to conceive naturally because they often disrupt ovulation. […] Sometimes, structural problems like Ashermans Syndrome or anatomical differences in the uterus or vagina can affect your ability to get pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term. […] Amenorrhea can sometimes affect a persons ability to get pregnant. This is because many conditions that cause amenorrhea (like PCOS or hypothalamic amenorrhea) also interfere with ovulation, the process of releasing an egg. […] Additionally, structural issues with the uterus or other reproductive organs, which can sometimes cause amenorrhea, might also make conceiving or carrying a pregnancy difficult.

• #63 Amenorrhea // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea can occur for a variety of reasons. Some are normal, while others may be a side effect of medication or a sign of a medical problem. […] Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience other signs or symptoms along with the absence of periods, such as: Milky nipple discharge, Hair loss, Headache, Vision changes, Excess facial hair, Pelvic pain, Acne. […] If you don’t ovulate and don’t have menstrual periods, you can’t become pregnant. When hormone imbalance is the cause of amenorrhea, this can also cause miscarriage or other problems with pregnancy. […] Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. Ovulation and menstruation may stop as a result. Regular menstrual periods usually resume after your stress decreases.

• #64 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #65 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #66 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea is when your hypothalamus causes your period to stop. Common causes include excessive exercise, stress and undereating. […] Your hormones become unbalanced when your hypothalamus stops producing GnRH. This leads to irregular or absent periods. […] The most common symptom of hypothalamic amenorrhea isnt getting your period for three months or longer. The hormonal imbalance can cause other symptoms such as: Depression and anxiety. Trouble sleeping. Low energy. Hunger. Vaginal dryness. Low sex drive. Hair loss. Headaches. […] Not having a menstrual period may seem harmless; however, it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the ways not getting a period affects your health include: Being unable to get pregnant or having infertility. Decline in bone health, which can lead to osteoporosis. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Skin and hair problems such as hair loss and acne.

• #67 Amenorrhea: No Periods | SheCares

  https://www.shecares.com/menstruation/amenorrhea

  Though at first it might feel like a dream come true for many women, absence of menstruation medically known as amenorrhea is a menstrual disorder that requires prompt attention. Its two types are differentiated by its onset with primary amenorrhea defined as having no periods by the age of 16 and secondary amenorrhea defined as absence of menstruation for at least three months after having periods in the past. Among the most common causes are hormonal imbalances due to unhealthy lifestyle habits or medical conditions, besides natural causes like pregnancy or menopause. Treatment approaches for absence of menses focus on resolving the underlying cause and achieving hormonal balance in order to restore periods and fertility.

• #68 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #69 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #70 What Is Amenorrhea? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/amenorrhea/guide/

  Several underlying conditions that include amenorrhea as a symptom may cause significant complications. […] Untreated PCOS, for instance, may result in excess estrogen production, which may lead to endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. (9) Women with PCOS are also often unable to use insulin effectively, which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (10)

• #71 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #72 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  The prognosis of secondary amenorrhea depends on the underlying etiology. […] Prolonged hypoestrogenic states can result in BMD loss and osteoporotic fractures, as well as sexual dysfunction due to vaginal dryness. Conversely, prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen during anovulatory cycles can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy. […] Secondary amenorrhea also reduces the likelihood of pregnancy until the underlying pathology is corrected, though in most cases, pregnancy is still possible with appropriate management.

• #73 What Is Amenorrhea? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/amenorrhea/guide/

  Several underlying conditions that include amenorrhea as a symptom may cause significant complications. […] Untreated PCOS, for instance, may result in excess estrogen production, which may lead to endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. (9) Women with PCOS are also often unable to use insulin effectively, which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (10)

• #74 All about amenorrhea

  https://www.pollie.co/blog/amenorrhea

  Mental and emotional stress can trigger changes in cortisol (the stress hormone) secretion and functionality of the hypothalamus a part of the brain associated with hormone regulation. […] Other medical conditions can cause hormonal imbalances that lead to amenorrhea. […] Without menstrual cycles, an individual is unable to become pregnant. […] Prolonged amenorrhea, especially if due to preventable lifestyle factors, can make it more difficult to get pregnant and you will need to factor in time for regulating your cycle into your family planning. […] Low estrogen levels that cause amenorrhea can also put an individual at risk of low bone density, or osteopenia.

• #75 Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/absence-periods

  If hypothalamic amenorrhea and low estrogen go untreated for months or years, youre more likely to have heart and blood vessel problems (cardiovascular disease) and serious bone loss (osteoporosis). […] If you dont ovulate (release eggs), its harder to get pregnant. […] Missed periods can lower estrogen, which weakens bones. […] Your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar may go up if you have amenorrhea due to low estrogen. This makes heart disease more likely. […] Stress about missing periods is common. Hormonal imbalances can also cause mood and thinking problems, like depression and anxiety. […] Without regular periods, the uterine lining can become too thick due to excess estrogen. This condition, called endometrial hyperplasia, can sometimes lead to uterine cancer.

• #76 Amenorrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299

  Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to amenorrhea, for instance: Low body weight. Excessively low body weight about 10% under normal weight interrupts many hormonal functions in the body, potentially halting ovulation. […] Women who have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal hormonal changes. […] Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. […] If you don’t ovulate and don’t have menstrual periods, you can’t become pregnant. […] Not having periods when your peers are having theirs can be stressful, especially for young people who are transitioning into adulthood. […] Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones.

• #77 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24431-hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea can lead to low estrogen levels. Estrogen is an important hormone in your body. One function of estrogen is to maintain healthy, strong bones. Without estrogen, females are at risk for osteoporosis and heart disease. Estrogen also helps with your mood. Lack of estrogen may lead to symptoms of depression and anxiety.

• #78 Amenorrhea // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea can occur for a variety of reasons. Some are normal, while others may be a side effect of medication or a sign of a medical problem. […] Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience other signs or symptoms along with the absence of periods, such as: Milky nipple discharge, Hair loss, Headache, Vision changes, Excess facial hair, Pelvic pain, Acne. […] If you don’t ovulate and don’t have menstrual periods, you can’t become pregnant. When hormone imbalance is the cause of amenorrhea, this can also cause miscarriage or other problems with pregnancy. […] Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. Ovulation and menstruation may stop as a result. Regular menstrual periods usually resume after your stress decreases.

• #79 Amenorrhea and Anorexia | The Bulimia Project

  https://bulimia.com/anorexia/anorexia-amenorrhea/

  The absence of body fat also moves the body into starvation mode, which commonly causes metabolic processes to stop. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is often the result. […] Chronic stress can lead to an energy imbalance that can cause internal damage and other health problems, including the hormonal disruptions that lead to amenorrhea. […] Women with hypothalamic amenorrhea or adolescent girls with primary amenorrhea may also be at an increased risk of certain medical complications. […] Amenorrhea has been linked to a number of bone health problems and abnormalities. […] Amenorrhea can also indicate issues with the pituitary gland. […] Reproductive health complications are another potential effect of amenorrhea. […] Many women see a resumption of menses after returning to a healthy weight. […] In cases where anorexia nervosa leads to amenorrhea, the best chance for restoring a regular menstrual cycle is by finding help for AN.

• #80 Amenorrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369304

  Amenorrhea can be a sign of a complex set of hormonal problems. Finding the underlying cause can take time and may require more than one kind of testing. […] For this test, you take a hormonal medication for seven to 10 days to trigger menstrual bleeding. Results from this test can tell your doctor whether your periods have stopped due to a lack of estrogen. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your amenorrhea. In some cases, birth control pills or other hormone therapies can restart your menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea caused by thyroid or pituitary disorders may be treated with medications. If a tumor or structural blockage is causing the problem, surgery may be necessary. […] Some lifestyle factors such as too much exercise or too little food can cause amenorrhea, so strive for balance in work, recreation and rest. Assess areas of stress and conflict in your life. If you can’t decrease stress on your own, ask for help from family, friends or your doctor. […] Be aware of changes in your menstrual cycle and check with your doctor if you have concerns. Keep a record of when your periods occur. Note the date your period starts, how long it lasts and any troublesome symptoms you experience.

• #81 Amenorrhea: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0601/p781.html

  Although amenorrhea may result from a number of different conditions, a systematic evaluation including a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory assessment of selected serum hormone levels can usually identify the underlying cause. Primary amenorrhea, which by definition is failure to reach menarche, is often the result of chromosomal irregularities leading to primary ovarian insufficiency (e.g., Turner syndrome) or anatomic abnormalities (e.g., Mllerian agenesis). Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the cessation of regular menses for three months or the cessation of irregular menses for six months. Most cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, or primary ovarian insufficiency. […] Patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea should be evaluated for eating disorders and are at risk for decreased bone density. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome are at risk for glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and other aspects of metabolic syndrome.

• #82 Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion (2024) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/current-evaluation-of-amenorrhea/

  Amenorrhea is the absence or abnormal cessation of menses (1). […] Secondary amenorrhea, defined as the absence of menses for 3 months in girls or women who previously had regular menstrual cycles or 6 months in girls or women who had irregular menses, requires investigation. […] Most cases of amenorrhea are accounted for by six conditions: polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropic and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and anatomic abnormalities once congenital abnormalities are ruled out. […] History, physical examination, and estimation of serum FSH and estradiol will identify the most common causes of amenorrhea. […] Most patients presenting with amenorrhea should undergo measurements of serum prolactin and TSH, and pregnancy should be excluded. […] The diagnostic yield of physical examination alone may be less for cases of secondary in comparison to primary amenorrhea.

• #83 Amenorrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369304

  Amenorrhea can be a sign of a complex set of hormonal problems. Finding the underlying cause can take time and may require more than one kind of testing. […] For this test, you take a hormonal medication for seven to 10 days to trigger menstrual bleeding. Results from this test can tell your doctor whether your periods have stopped due to a lack of estrogen. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your amenorrhea. In some cases, birth control pills or other hormone therapies can restart your menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea caused by thyroid or pituitary disorders may be treated with medications. If a tumor or structural blockage is causing the problem, surgery may be necessary. […] Some lifestyle factors such as too much exercise or too little food can cause amenorrhea, so strive for balance in work, recreation and rest. Assess areas of stress and conflict in your life. If you can’t decrease stress on your own, ask for help from family, friends or your doctor. […] Be aware of changes in your menstrual cycle and check with your doctor if you have concerns. Keep a record of when your periods occur. Note the date your period starts, how long it lasts and any troublesome symptoms you experience.

• #84 Amenorrhea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-clinical

  Loss of menstrual regularity is an indication for a careful review of systems. The menstrual cycle should be viewed as a vital sign. Loss of menstrual regularity may be the first clear symptom heralding the onset of a major illness or systemic disease. Viewing the menstrual cycle as a vital sign may lead to earlier diagnosis of, and intervention for, several potentially life-threatening disorders. The clinician need not wait for an arbitrarily defined duration of amenorrhea to pass before taking corrective action. […] Amenorrhea can be due to pregnancy, anatomic defects of the outflow tract, ovarian disorders, and pituitary or hypothalamic disorders. In some cases, the cause is functional, meaning that the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator has shut down the reproductive system in its role as an integrator of metabolic and psychogenic stress.

• #85 Amenorrhea: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview

  Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding. […] In females of reproductive age, diagnosing amenorrhea is a matter of first determining whether pregnancy is the etiology. […] In the absence of pregnancy, the challenge is to determine the exact cause of absent menses. […] Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menses to occur by age 16 years, in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics. […] Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the cessation of menses sometime after menarche has occurred. […] Oligomenorrhea is defined as menses occurring at intervals longer than 35 days apart. […] Some authors suggest the absence of menses for 6 months constitutes amenorrhea, but the basis for this recommendation is unclear. […] Practically speaking, this should be an indication for an evaluation to seek the cause.

• #86 Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion (2024) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/current-evaluation-of-amenorrhea/

  Amenorrhea is the absence or abnormal cessation of menses (1). […] Secondary amenorrhea, defined as the absence of menses for 3 months in girls or women who previously had regular menstrual cycles or 6 months in girls or women who had irregular menses, requires investigation. […] Most cases of amenorrhea are accounted for by six conditions: polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropic and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and anatomic abnormalities once congenital abnormalities are ruled out. […] History, physical examination, and estimation of serum FSH and estradiol will identify the most common causes of amenorrhea. […] Most patients presenting with amenorrhea should undergo measurements of serum prolactin and TSH, and pregnancy should be excluded. […] The diagnostic yield of physical examination alone may be less for cases of secondary in comparison to primary amenorrhea.

• #87 Amenorrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369304

  Amenorrhea can be a sign of a complex set of hormonal problems. Finding the underlying cause can take time and may require more than one kind of testing. […] For this test, you take a hormonal medication for seven to 10 days to trigger menstrual bleeding. Results from this test can tell your doctor whether your periods have stopped due to a lack of estrogen. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your amenorrhea. In some cases, birth control pills or other hormone therapies can restart your menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea caused by thyroid or pituitary disorders may be treated with medications. If a tumor or structural blockage is causing the problem, surgery may be necessary. […] Some lifestyle factors such as too much exercise or too little food can cause amenorrhea, so strive for balance in work, recreation and rest. Assess areas of stress and conflict in your life. If you can’t decrease stress on your own, ask for help from family, friends or your doctor. […] Be aware of changes in your menstrual cycle and check with your doctor if you have concerns. Keep a record of when your periods occur. Note the date your period starts, how long it lasts and any troublesome symptoms you experience.

• #88 Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments – Hertility Health

  https://hertilityhealth.com/blog/hypothalamic-amenorrhea

  Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is when your menstrual cycle and ovulation are interrupted due to the influence of the hypothalamus gland, located in the brain. In this article we run through common symptoms, the causes and treatment options available. […] Symptoms include missed periods, low sex drive, low energy and more. […] Common symptoms include: Irregular or no period(s) […] Low sex drive […] Low energy. […] If a disruption happens at the hypothalamic level, the hormonal cascade is affected, resulting in low FSH, LH and oestrogen. […] Essentially, this is just your body trying to protect you. Its putting your basic energy needs ahead of your reproductive health, which is why your periods become irregular.

• #89 Amenorrhea: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0601/p781.html

  Hormone therapy (e.g., 100 mcg of daily transdermal estradiol or 0.625 mg of daily conjugated equine estrogen [Premarin] on days 1 through 26 of the menstrual cycle, and 10 mg of cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate for 12 days [e.g., days 14 through 26] of the menstrual cycle) until the average age of natural menopause is usually recommended to decrease the likelihood of osteoporosis, ischemic heart disease, and vasomotor symptoms. […] There is evidence of genetic predisposition to primary ovarian insufficiency, and patients without evidence of a syndrome should be tested for FMR1 gene premutation (confers risk of fragile X syndrome in their offspring) and thyroid and adrenal autoantibodies.

• #90 Amenorrhea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-clinical

  Symptoms of vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, or disordered sleep may be a sign of ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure. The presence of these symptoms in young women demands further evaluation in a timely manner. A prior history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be associated with ovarian failure. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of secondary amenorrhea. […] Associated galactorrhea, headaches, or reduced peripheral vision could be a sign of an anterior pituitary adenoma. These symptoms require immediate further evaluation. However, secondary amenorrhea may be the only overt symptom of a small prolactinoma. […] An impaired sense of smell in association with primary amenorrhea and failure of normal pubertal development may be related to isolated gonadotropin deficiency, as is observed in persons with Kallmann syndrome.

• #91 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  The underlying etiologies of secondary amenorrhea vary widely, involving physiologic, hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical etiologies, as well as other endocrine and hormonal causes that can also affect the HPO axis. […] Hormone levels during certain physiologic states result in secondary amenorrhea, including: Pregnancy, Lactation, Menopause. […] Abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland disrupt the HPO axis and thus can suppress menses. […] Numerous potential causes of hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction can result in secondary amenorrhea, including: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, Prolactinomas, Infarction/necrosis (Sheehan syndrome), Infectious, Infiltrative disease, Inherited etiologies (Kallman syndrome), Empty sella syndrome. […] The major acquired causes of uterine and outflow tract abnormalities include: Iatrogenic endometrial suppression, Intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome), Cervical stenosis.

• #92 Amenorrhea: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview

  Amenorrhea after puberty can be divided into 2 groups: (1) amenorrhea without evidence of associated androgen excess and (2) amenorrhea with evidence of androgen excess (eg, hirsutism, virilization, sexual ambiguity). […] The incidence of primary amenorrhea in the United States is less than 1%. […] Each year, approximately 5-7% of menstruating women in the United States experience 3 months of secondary amenorrhea. […] About one third of cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. […] Loss of menstrual regularity has been associated with an increased risk of wrist and hip fractures related to reduced bone density, even without the development of amenorrhea. […] A later menarche and menstrual cycle intervals longer than 32 days have both been associated with increased fracture rates in later years.

• #93 Amenorrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369304

  Amenorrhea can be a sign of a complex set of hormonal problems. Finding the underlying cause can take time and may require more than one kind of testing. […] For this test, you take a hormonal medication for seven to 10 days to trigger menstrual bleeding. Results from this test can tell your doctor whether your periods have stopped due to a lack of estrogen. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your amenorrhea. In some cases, birth control pills or other hormone therapies can restart your menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea caused by thyroid or pituitary disorders may be treated with medications. If a tumor or structural blockage is causing the problem, surgery may be necessary. […] Some lifestyle factors such as too much exercise or too little food can cause amenorrhea, so strive for balance in work, recreation and rest. Assess areas of stress and conflict in your life. If you can’t decrease stress on your own, ask for help from family, friends or your doctor. […] Be aware of changes in your menstrual cycle and check with your doctor if you have concerns. Keep a record of when your periods occur. Note the date your period starts, how long it lasts and any troublesome symptoms you experience.

• #94 Amenorrhea – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea may also occur if patients have abnormalities that affect menstrual function or obstruct menstrual flow. […] The most common causes of amenorrhea due to reproductive tract abnormalities include congenital anatomic genital abnormalities that obstruct menstrual flow and acquired abnormalities of the female reproductive tract (eg, Asherman syndrome, cervical stenosis). […] Obstructive abnormalities cause primary amenorrhea and are usually accompanied by normal hormonal function. […] Some acquired anatomic abnormalities, such as endometrial scarring after uterine instrumentation (Asherman syndrome), cause secondary ovulatory amenorrhea. […] Treatment is directed at the underlying disorder; with such treatment, menses sometimes resume.

• #95 Amenorrhea – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea may also occur if patients have abnormalities that affect menstrual function or obstruct menstrual flow. […] The most common causes of amenorrhea due to reproductive tract abnormalities include congenital anatomic genital abnormalities that obstruct menstrual flow and acquired abnormalities of the female reproductive tract (eg, Asherman syndrome, cervical stenosis). […] Obstructive abnormalities cause primary amenorrhea and are usually accompanied by normal hormonal function. […] Some acquired anatomic abnormalities, such as endometrial scarring after uterine instrumentation (Asherman syndrome), cause secondary ovulatory amenorrhea. […] Treatment is directed at the underlying disorder; with such treatment, menses sometimes resume.

• #96 Amenorrhea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-clinical

  Symptoms of vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, or disordered sleep may be a sign of ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure. The presence of these symptoms in young women demands further evaluation in a timely manner. A prior history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be associated with ovarian failure. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of secondary amenorrhea. […] Associated galactorrhea, headaches, or reduced peripheral vision could be a sign of an anterior pituitary adenoma. These symptoms require immediate further evaluation. However, secondary amenorrhea may be the only overt symptom of a small prolactinoma. […] An impaired sense of smell in association with primary amenorrhea and failure of normal pubertal development may be related to isolated gonadotropin deficiency, as is observed in persons with Kallmann syndrome.

• #97 Amenorrhea: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0601/p781.html

  Although amenorrhea may result from a number of different conditions, a systematic evaluation including a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory assessment of selected serum hormone levels can usually identify the underlying cause. Primary amenorrhea, which by definition is failure to reach menarche, is often the result of chromosomal irregularities leading to primary ovarian insufficiency (e.g., Turner syndrome) or anatomic abnormalities (e.g., Mllerian agenesis). Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the cessation of regular menses for three months or the cessation of irregular menses for six months. Most cases of secondary amenorrhea can be attributed to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, or primary ovarian insufficiency. […] Patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea should be evaluated for eating disorders and are at risk for decreased bone density. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome are at risk for glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and other aspects of metabolic syndrome.

• #98 Amenorrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369304

  Amenorrhea can be a sign of a complex set of hormonal problems. Finding the underlying cause can take time and may require more than one kind of testing. […] For this test, you take a hormonal medication for seven to 10 days to trigger menstrual bleeding. Results from this test can tell your doctor whether your periods have stopped due to a lack of estrogen. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your amenorrhea. In some cases, birth control pills or other hormone therapies can restart your menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea caused by thyroid or pituitary disorders may be treated with medications. If a tumor or structural blockage is causing the problem, surgery may be necessary. […] Some lifestyle factors such as too much exercise or too little food can cause amenorrhea, so strive for balance in work, recreation and rest. Assess areas of stress and conflict in your life. If you can’t decrease stress on your own, ask for help from family, friends or your doctor. […] Be aware of changes in your menstrual cycle and check with your doctor if you have concerns. Keep a record of when your periods occur. Note the date your period starts, how long it lasts and any troublesome symptoms you experience.

• #99 Secondary Amenorrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431055/

  The prognosis of secondary amenorrhea depends on the underlying etiology. […] Prolonged hypoestrogenic states can result in BMD loss and osteoporotic fractures, as well as sexual dysfunction due to vaginal dryness. Conversely, prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen during anovulatory cycles can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy. […] Secondary amenorrhea also reduces the likelihood of pregnancy until the underlying pathology is corrected, though in most cases, pregnancy is still possible with appropriate management.

• #100 Amenorrhea – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/amenorrhea

  Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation, typically lasting 3-6 months. The main symptom is the absence of menstrual periods. However, other symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause […] The main symptom is the absence of menstrual periods. However, other symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause, including: Menopausal symptoms include hot flashes, increased body hair growth (hirsutism), and vaginal dryness. Galactorrhea. Acne. Headache. Vision change. […] Amenorrhea, or the absence of menstrual periods, can lead to various complications and health risks, especially when it persists over an extended period. Here are some potential complications associated with amenorrhea: You may have infertility if you do not ovulate regularly. You are at higher risk of miscarriage if your amenorrhea is due to hormone imbalance. You are at risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to insufficient estrogen levels. You may have pelvic pain if amenorrhea is secondary to an anatomical problem. You may develop psychological stress from missing periods.

• #101 Amenorrhea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-clinical

  Symptoms of vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweats, or disordered sleep may be a sign of ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure. The presence of these symptoms in young women demands further evaluation in a timely manner. A prior history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be associated with ovarian failure. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of secondary amenorrhea. […] Associated galactorrhea, headaches, or reduced peripheral vision could be a sign of an anterior pituitary adenoma. These symptoms require immediate further evaluation. However, secondary amenorrhea may be the only overt symptom of a small prolactinoma. […] An impaired sense of smell in association with primary amenorrhea and failure of normal pubertal development may be related to isolated gonadotropin deficiency, as is observed in persons with Kallmann syndrome.

• #102 Amenorrhea // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/amenorrhea

  Treatment depends on the underlying cause of your amenorrhea. In some cases, birth control pills or other hormone therapies can restart your menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea caused by thyroid or pituitary disorders may be treated with medications. If a tumor or structural blockage is causing the problem, surgery may be necessary.

• #103 Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0701/p39.html

  Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may reduce associated vasomotor symptoms, bone mineral density loss, and cardiovascular risk and should be continued until the age of natural menopause (50 to 51 years). […] Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is a disorder of chronic anovulation caused by suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis from body weight loss, excessive exercise, or stress and may result in infertility or bone density loss. […] Treatment should correct the underlying cause to restore ovulatory function through behavior change, nutritional repletion (e.g., caloric intake, vitamin D), stress reduction, and weight gain. […] Patients with severe bradycardia, hypotension, orthostasis, or electrolyte abnormalities may require inpatient treatment. […] Combined oral contraceptives have not been shown to improve bone density; however, after a reasonable trial of nonpharmacologic therapy (i.e., six to 12 months), clinicians may recommend short-term use of transdermal 17-estradiol (e.g., 100-mcg patch if bone age is 15 years or older) and cyclic oral progestin (e.g., medroxyprogesterone, 2.5 mg daily, 10 days per month) for this purpose as it avoids first-pass liver metabolism. […] Amenorrhea may be caused by hypothalamic-pituitary axis damage through inflammation, ischemia, infiltration, infection, or trauma.

• #104 Amenorrhea: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0601/p781.html

  Hormone therapy (e.g., 100 mcg of daily transdermal estradiol or 0.625 mg of daily conjugated equine estrogen [Premarin] on days 1 through 26 of the menstrual cycle, and 10 mg of cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate for 12 days [e.g., days 14 through 26] of the menstrual cycle) until the average age of natural menopause is usually recommended to decrease the likelihood of osteoporosis, ischemic heart disease, and vasomotor symptoms. […] There is evidence of genetic predisposition to primary ovarian insufficiency, and patients without evidence of a syndrome should be tested for FMR1 gene premutation (confers risk of fragile X syndrome in their offspring) and thyroid and adrenal autoantibodies.

• #105 Amenorrhea: Absence of Periods | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/amenorrhea-absence-of-periods

  Talk with your ob-gyn about your symptoms. Amenorrhea may be a sign of an underlying medical issue. If left untreated, it can also lead to other problems, such as low bone density and osteoporosis. […] Most people with amenorrhea benefit from a healthy diet and exercise. Reducing stress also may help. And it is important to consume enough calcium and vitamin D to help prevent osteoporosis.

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