Adenomyoza
Epidemiologia

Adenomyoza, definiowana jako obecność gruczołów endometrialnych i podścieliska w mięśniówce macicy, charakteryzuje się zmienną częstością występowania, szacowaną na 8,8-61,5% wśród pacjentek poddawanych histerektomii, ze średnią około 20-30%. W badaniach ultrasonograficznych częstość ta wynosi około 20,9%, natomiast zapadalność populacyjna oscyluje wokół 1% (29 na 10 000 osobolat w okresie 10 lat). Adenomyoza najczęściej diagnozowana jest u kobiet w wieku 40-45 lat, choć dzięki nowoczesnym technikom obrazowania rozpoznawana jest także u młodszych pacjentek, w tym u kobiet z niepłodnością, bólem czy nieprawidłowym krwawieniem macicznym. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wiek średni, wielorodność, historię zabiegów chirurgicznych macicy (np. cięcie cesarskie, łyżeczkowanie), a także ekspozycję na estrogeny, w tym stosowanie tamoksyfenu. Występują istotne różnice epidemiologiczne między grupami rasowymi i etnicznymi, z wyższą zapadalnością u kobiet rasy czarnej i Latynosek.

Epidemiologia adenomyozy

Adenomyoza (endometrioza-wewnetrzna-macicy/” title=”endometrioza wewnętrzna macicy” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”65560″>endometrioza wewnętrzna macicy) charakteryzuje się obecnością gruczołów endometrialnych i podścieliska w obrębie mięśniówki macicy. Schorzenie to może mieć znaczący wpływ na jakość życia kobiet, jednak postęp w zrozumieniu epidemiologii adenomyozy jest znacznie opóźniony w porównaniu z innymi łagodnymi schorzeniami układu rozrodczego, takimi jak endometrioza czy mięśniaki macicy.12

Częstotliwość występowania adenomyozy

Prawdziwa częstość występowania adenomyozy, definiowana jako odsetek określonej populacji z istniejącą chorobą w danym czasie, pozostaje nieznana.3 Szacowana częstość występowania adenomyozy wśród pacjentek poddawanych histerektomii w ciągu ostatnich 50 lat waha się od 8,8% do 61,5%.45 Średnia częstość występowania adenomyozy w histerektomiach wynosi około 20-30%, co przez niektórych badaczy jest ekstrapolowane na populację ogólną.67

W dużym badaniu z udziałem 985 pacjentek z objawami, leczonych w klinice ginekologicznej, przy zastosowaniu określonych kryteriów diagnostycznych w badaniu ultrasonograficznym, adenomyoza miała częstość występowania 20,9% w badanej populacji (w tym pacjentek przed i po menopauzie, nieródek i wieloródek).8 Natomiast w badaniach histologicznych po histerektomii częstość występowania wynosiła od 10% do 35%.9

Zapadalność na adenomyozę

Rzeczywista zapadalność na adenomyozę, czyli częstość, z jaką osoby zagrożone stają się przypadkami adenomyozy w określonym czasie, również pozostaje nieznana.10 Populacyjne badanie przeprowadzone na grupie 650 000 pacjentek oszacowało ogólną zapadalność na adenomyozę na poziomie 1%, czyli 29 na 10 000 osobolat, w okresie 10 lat, bazując na kodowaniu ICD-10.11

Podobne wyniki uzyskano w retrospektywnym badaniu kohortowym ze Stanów Zjednoczonych, które analizowało dane z systemu ubezpieczenia zdrowotnego obejmującego 333 693 kobiety w wieku 16-60 lat. W tym badaniu stwierdzono, że ogólna zapadalność na adenomyozę wynosiła 1%.12 W badaniu przeprowadzonym w populacji chińskiej standaryzowana zapadalność na podejrzewaną adenomyozę wynosiła 1,32%, a chorobowość 2,35% dla wszystkich grup wiekowych.13

Czynniki wpływające na różnice w danych epidemiologicznych

Duże różnice w szacowaniu częstości występowania i zapadalności na adenomyozę mogą wynikać z braku standardowych kryteriów histologicznych do diagnozy oraz niedawnego wprowadzenia chirurgii laparoskopowej, która tworzy fragmenty tkanek zaburzające ich układ, co utrudnia diagnozę.14 Inne czynniki to różnice w definicjach histologicznych, stosowanych technikach obrazowania oraz charakterystykach badanych grup.15

Ponadto, zależność od histerektomii jako metody diagnostycznej adenomyozy uniemożliwiała ocenę częstości występowania adenomyozy w zależności od wieku.16 Do tej pory nie przeprowadzono badań przesiewowych z użyciem technik obrazowania w populacji ogólnej.17

Rozkład demograficzny adenomyozy

Rozkład wiekowy

Adenomyoza jest najczęściej diagnozowana u kobiet w czwartej i piątej dekadzie życia, prawdopodobnie ze względu na zwiększoną częstość występowania czynników ryzyka w tym przedziale wiekowym oraz czas trwania rozwoju adenomyozy.18 Zapadalność na adenomyozę jest najwyższa w grupie wiekowej 40-45 lat, przy czym kobiety we wczesnych latach czterdziestych najczęściej mają objawową adenomyozę.1920

Wcześniej adenomyoza była diagnozowana niemal wyłącznie w czasie histerektomii i uważano, że dominuje u pacjentek powyżej 40. roku życia. Jednak dzięki ulepszonym metodom obrazowania stało się jasne, że również młodsze pacjentki mogą mieć adenomyozę.21 Obecnie schorzenie to jest coraz częściej diagnozowane u młodych kobiet, pacjentek z niepłodnością lub u tych z bólem czy nieprawidłowym krwawieniem macicznym.22

Adenomyoza jest stosunkowo rzadka u kobiet po menopauzie, jednak wyższą częstość występowania adenomyozy odnotowano u kobiet leczonych tamoksyfenem z powodu raka piersi.232425

Różnice etniczne i geograficzne

Istnieją znaczne różnice w częstości występowania adenomyozy między grupami rasowymi i etnicznymi oraz różnymi regionami geograficznymi.26 Współczynniki zapadalności są nieproporcjonalnie wysokie wśród kobiet rasy czarnej.27 Według populacyjnego badania w Stanach Zjednoczonych, kobiety afroamerykańskie mają blisko dwukrotnie wyższą zapadalność na adenomyozę niż kobiety rasy białej.28

Duże badanie kohortowe obejmujące ponad 80 000 nauczycielek w Kalifornii wykazało większą częstość występowania adenomyozy potwierdzonej chirurgicznie wśród Latynosek w porównaniu z białymi kobietami. W tym badaniu mała liczba kobiet niebędących rasy białej utrudniała ocenę związku między kobietami rasy czarnej/azjatyckiej a ryzykiem adenomyozy.29

W przeciwieństwie do tego, badanie kobiet poddawanych histerektomii w Nowym Jorku wykazało, że kobiety rasy czarnej częściej miały patologiczne znalezisko adenomyozy i mięśniaków niż kobiety pochodzenia hiszpańskiego.30

Czynniki ryzyka i ich wpływ na epidemiologię adenomyozy

Adenomyoza najsilniej wiąże się z wiekiem średnim, wielorodnością i historią operacji ginekologicznych.31 Do czynników ryzyka rozwoju adenomyozy należą: zwiększony wiek, rodność oraz historia zabiegów macicznych.32

Wielorodność i zabiegi maciczne

Klasycznie adenomyoza najczęściej dotyka wieloródki w wieku rozrodczym.3334 Wielorodność jest uważana za czynnik ryzyka adenomyozy.35 Z danych epidemiologicznych wynika, że duża liczba porodów, spontaniczne i indukowane poronienia oraz hiperplazja endometrium są związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem adenomyozy.36

Wyższą częstość występowania adenomyozy obserwuje się u kobiet z historią zabiegów chirurgicznych macicy (np. cięcie cesarskie, łyżeczkowanie).37 Istnieją dowody sugerujące, że historia zabiegów łyżeczkowania jest czynnikiem ryzyka adenomyozy. Zabiegi łyżeczkowania i inne operacje macicy, takie jak cięcie cesarskie i/lub procedury histeroskopowe, mogą zakłócać granicę endo-mięśniową i ułatwiać migrację/inwazję komórek, implantację, złuszczanie i rozwój kolonii endometrialnych w obrębie mięśniówki macicy.38

Ekspozycja na estrogeny

Pacjentki z wysoką ekspozycją na estrogeny (np. krótkie cykle miesiączkowe, wczesne menarche) mają zwiększone ryzyko adenomyozy.39 Hiperestrogenia związana z hiperplazją endometrium lub chorobami mięśniówki jest również powiązana z adenomyozą.40

Kwestia związku między adenomyozą a ekspozycją na estrogeny pozostaje kontrowersyjna. Podczas gdy jedno badanie nie wykazało związku między ryzykiem adenomyozy a stosowaniem doustnych środków antykoncepcyjnych, inne badanie wykazało zwiększoną częstość adenomyozy u pacjentek stosujących doustne środki antykoncepcyjne.41 U kobiet przyjmujących tamoksyfen w leczeniu raka piersi stwierdzono wyższą częstość występowania adenomyozy. Tamoksyfen, jako środek niesteroidowy, wykazuje działanie antyestrogenowe na tkankę piersi, ale ma działanie proestrogenowe na endometrium, ułatwiając proliferację komórek, migrację i rozwój adenomyozy.42

Inne czynniki ryzyka

Profile ryzyka adenomyozy różnią się od profili endometriozy, w której większa rodność jest czynnikiem ochronnym, podczas gdy wczesny wiek menarche i krótki cykl miesiączkowy są uważane za czynniki sprzyjające.43 Inne doniesienie twierdzi, że czynniki ryzyka związane z adenomyozą obejmują wczesną menarche, krótki cykl miesiączkowy, zwiększony wskaźnik masy ciała i historię depresji.44

Podczas gdy palenie jest uważane za czynnik ochronny w porównaniu z kobietami, które nigdy nie paliły, niektóre inne badania wykazały albo wyższe wskaźniki palenia u kobiet z adenomyozą, albo brak związku między nimi.45 Badania dotyczące związku adenomyozy z paleniem tytoniu i ciążą pozamaciczną dają mieszane wyniki.46

Wpływ adenomyozy na zdrowie i płodność

Adenomyoza może mieć niekorzystny wpływ na ryzyko innych wyników zdrowotnych, w tym wyników położniczych.47 Obciążenie zdrowotne związane z adenomyozą jest znaczne: 82,0% kobiet zostaje poddanych histerektomii, prawie 70% ma badania obrazowe sugerujące adenomyozę, a 37,6% stosuje przewlekłe leki przeciwbólowe.48

Współwystępowanie z innymi schorzeniami

Adenomyoza często współistnieje z innymi schorzeniami macicy, takimi jak mięśniaki macicy i/lub endometrioza, co może utrudniać jej diagnozę.4950 Adenomyoza współistnieje z endometriozą w nawet 80% przypadków.51 W różnych badaniach częstość współwystępowania adenomyozy z endometriozą wynosi 20-80%, a z mięśniakami macicy 15-57%.52

W dużej serii kolejnych laparoskopowych nadszyjkowych histerektomii wykonanych w Uniwersyteckiej Klinice Ginekologicznej w Tybindze, adenomyozę zdiagnozowano histologicznie w 8% przypadków (149 kobiet z 1955 kobiet), a jednoczesną adenomyozę i mięśniaki zdiagnozowano histologicznie u 20% kobiet (398 kobiet z 1955 kobiet); 70% kobiet z rozpoznaniem adenomyozy było w wieku przedmenopauzalnym.53

Adenomyoza a płodność

Do niedawna adenomyoza była kojarzona z wielorodnością, a nie z obniżoną płodnością.54 Obecnie adenomyoza jest coraz częściej diagnozowana u pacjentek niepłodnych, ponieważ kobiety odkładają swoją pierwszą ciążę do późnych lat 30. lub wczesnych 40.55

Chociaż związek między adenomyozą a niepłodnością nie został w pełni ustalony, na podstawie dostępnych informacji, ostatnie badania sugerują, że adenomyoza ma negatywny wpływ na płodność kobiet.56 U kobiet poddawanych technikom wspomaganego rozrodu (ART), częstość występowania adenomyozy wynosi 20-25%.57

Dwa niedawne badania prospektywne doszły do wniosku, że adenomyoza zmniejsza implantację i liczbę przeniesionych zarodków, wskaźnik ciąż klinicznych i wskaźnik ciąż trwających u kobiet poddawanych zapłodnieniu in vitro (IVF).58 Odsetek poronień w pierwszym trymestrze był również wyższy u kobiet z adenomyozą w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną.59

U kobiet poddawanych zapłodnieniu in vitro (IVF), kobiety z adenomyozą miały mniejsze szanse na zajście w ciążę i następnie większe prawdopodobieństwo doświadczenia poronienia.60 W związku z tym zachęca się do badania kobiet pod kątem adenomyozy za pomocą przezpochwowego USG lub MRI przed rozpoczęciem metod wspomaganego rozrodu (ART).61

Przegląd systematyczny z 2023 roku wykazał, że około 10% pacjentek z przypisaną biologicznie płcią żeńską z niepłodnością miało wyłącznie adenomyozę (bez współistniejących mięśniaków lub endometriozy).62

Wyzwania i przyszłe kierunki w badaniach epidemiologicznych adenomyozy

Badania epidemiologiczne adenomyozy pozostają w tyle za badaniami innych nienowotworowych schorzeń układu rozrodczego.63 Do tej pory opublikowano trzydzieści dwa badania epidemiologiczne badające czynniki ryzyka adenomyozy.64

Ograniczenia w badaniach epidemiologicznych

Główne ograniczenia w badaniach epidemiologicznych adenomyozy to brak standardowych kryteriów histopatologicznych do diagnostyki oraz zmienna liczba próbek tkanek histologicznych ocenianych na histerektomię.65 Niektórzy badacze sugerują, że prawie połowa przypadków adenomyozy obecnych w usuniętych macicach pozostaje niezdiagnozowana.66

Ponadto, dobór próby w badaniach jest problematyczny. Dane dotyczące częstości występowania adenomyozy w populacji wśród kolejnych pacjentek poddawanych histerektomii w ciągu ostatnich 50 lat wahały się od 8,8% do 61,5%.67 Biorąc pod uwagę szeroki zakres szacunków częstości występowania adenomyozy, dane z badań histerektomii i obrazowania nie ujawniły wyraźnego wzorca częstości występowania choroby wśród kobiet z innymi schorzeniami związanymi z macicą, w tym mięśniakami, wypadaniem narządów miednicy, krwotokiem miesiączkowym/nieprawidłowym krwawieniem macicznym, niepłodnością i endometriozą.68

Nowe metody diagnostyczne i ich wpływ na epidemiologię

Diagnozowanie adenomyozy bez operacji stało się możliwe dzięki obrazowaniu (przezpochwowe USG lub MRI). Zmiany kompatybilne z możliwą adenomyozą są coraz częściej opisywane radiologicznie, ale zależą od specjalisty wykonującego badanie. Podobnie jak w przypadku histologii, nie istnieje znormalizowane radiologiczne kryterium diagnostyczne dla adenomyozy.69

Częstość występowania adenomyozy w badaniu USG przezpochwowym w specjalistycznych klinikach szacuje się na 20,9% do 34%.70 Wprowadzenie technik ultrasonograficznych umożliwiających nieinwazyjną diagnostykę spowodowało, że rola adenomyozy w niepłodności i wczesnych poronieniach została rozpoznana.71

Obraz epidemiologiczny uległ zmianie, a chociaż najczęstszy profil czynnika ryzyka obejmował wiek powyżej 40 lat, wielorodność, wcześniejsze cięcie cesarskie lub operację macicy, choroba jest coraz częściej diagnozowana u młodych kobiet, u pacjentek z niepłodnością lub u tych z bólem lub nieprawidłowym krwawieniem macicznym.72

Przyszłe kierunki badawcze

Istnieje potrzeba jednolitych kryteriów diagnostycznych, zarówno w histopatologii, jak i obrazowaniu, w celu standaryzacji diagnozy i uzyskania wiarygodnych, aktualnych danych.73 Badacze sugerują, że standaryzowane diagnozy histopatologiczne i obrazowe są niezaspokojoną potrzebą i stanowią główną barierę dla pełnego zrozumienia adenomyozy.74

Przyszłe badania epidemiologiczne powinny wykorzystywać postępy w technologii obrazowania do wykrywania adenomyozy i zapewniać pełniejszy obraz występowania i czynników ryzyka choroby.75 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) określa długoterminowe wyniki farmakologicznych lub oszczędzających macicę metod leczenia obfitych krwawień miesiączkowych związanych z adenomyozą jako lukę w dowodach naukowych, będącą priorytetem badawczym.76

Istnieją również nowe kierunki badań dotyczące biomarkerów adenomyozy. Optymalna wartość graniczna CA125 dla nowej podejrzewanej adenomyozy wynosi 10,714 U/ml, a nie 35 U/ml, co może stanowić podstawę do profilowania cech epidemiologicznych adenomyozy.77

Niewiele wiadomo o tym, jak często adenomyoza jest dokumentowana, spotykana lub leczona w warunkach podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej.78 Potrzebne są dalsze badania, aby w pełni zrozumieć epidemiologię tego schorzenia i opracować skuteczne strategie diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne dla kobiet cierpiących na adenomyozę.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Progress on understanding the epidemiology of adenomyosis lags considerably behind other benign reproductive conditions. […] The surgical removal of the uterus, warranted by serious medical indications or severe symptoms including heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain, indicates that adenomyosis has a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Adenomyosis appears to have an adverse impact on the risk of other health outcomes, including obstetrical outcomes. […] The true prevalence of adenomyosis, defined as the proportion of a defined population with existing disease at a given time, is unknown. […] The estimated prevalence among consecutive hysterectomy patients over the past 50 years has ranged from 8.8% to 61.5%.
  • #2 Thieme E-Journals – Seminars in Reproductive Medicine / Abstract
    https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0040-1718920
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of women’s lives. […] Despite this, the epidemiologic research on this condition lags considerably behind that of other noncancerous reproductive health conditions. […] This review describes the available data on the frequency of this condition and the epidemiologic investigation thus far into the risk factors for disease highlighting the methodologic and inference challenges primarily around study sample selection. […] We conclude with providing recommendations for approaches to future epidemiologic study that capitalize on the advancements in imaging technology to detect adenomyosis and provide a fuller picture of the occurrence and risk factors for disease.
  • #3 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Progress on understanding the epidemiology of adenomyosis lags considerably behind other benign reproductive conditions. […] The surgical removal of the uterus, warranted by serious medical indications or severe symptoms including heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain, indicates that adenomyosis has a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Adenomyosis appears to have an adverse impact on the risk of other health outcomes, including obstetrical outcomes. […] The true prevalence of adenomyosis, defined as the proportion of a defined population with existing disease at a given time, is unknown. […] The estimated prevalence among consecutive hysterectomy patients over the past 50 years has ranged from 8.8% to 61.5%.
  • #4 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Progress on understanding the epidemiology of adenomyosis lags considerably behind other benign reproductive conditions. […] The surgical removal of the uterus, warranted by serious medical indications or severe symptoms including heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain, indicates that adenomyosis has a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Adenomyosis appears to have an adverse impact on the risk of other health outcomes, including obstetrical outcomes. […] The true prevalence of adenomyosis, defined as the proportion of a defined population with existing disease at a given time, is unknown. […] The estimated prevalence among consecutive hysterectomy patients over the past 50 years has ranged from 8.8% to 61.5%.
  • #5 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    The incidence rate of adenomyosis is widely variable. Histological examination of hysterectomy specimens revealed that the prevalence of adenomyosis varies between 5% and 70%. This variation may be due to the difference in diagnostic criteria used and the techniques used to procure myometrial samples. A separate study with data over the last 50 years demonstrated that the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis among consecutive hysterectomy patients ranged from 8.8 to 61.5%. All these studies have a similar opinion that lack of standardized histopathologic criteria for diagnosis, and the variable number of histologic tissue samples evaluated per hysterectomy, may be attributed to this wide range in incidence rate. A variable prevalence rate has been reported in other studies based on histopathologic criteria. A prevalence of 10% is reported with the diagnostic criteria of ≥5 mm distance between endometrial glands and endo-myometrial junction and the presence of myometrial hyperplasia. In another report, the prevalence was higher at 18% with an endometrial gland depth of only ≥1 mm and no myometrial hyperplasia. Based on these findings, it has been suggested that nearly half of adenomyosis present in extirpated uteri remains undiagnosed.
  • #6 Adenomyosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500101-overview
    Adenomyosis has been most strongly associated with middle age, multiparous status, and a history of gynecologic surgery. […] Adenomyosis is most frequently diagnosed in women in their fourth and fifth decades, likely because of the increased prevalence of risk factors by that age range and the duration of adenomyotic development. […] Prevalence of adenomyosis at the time of hysterectomy has been estimated anywhere between 14% and 66%, dependent upon the pathologists diagnostic criteria. A mean frequency of 20-30% has been reported and has been extrapolated to suggest the same incidence in the general population. […] Risk factors include increased parity, spontaneous abortions, uterine surgery, and middle age.
  • #7 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang=us
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. However, this is based on the results of studies with pathologic examinations of hysterectomy specimens, therefore biased towards patients who had surgery. Similarly, this may be the reason adenomyosis is seen with higher frequency in women with a history of uterine surgical procedures (e.g. Cesarean section, dilatation and curettage). Patients with high estrogen exposure (e.g. short menstrual cycles, early menarche) have an increased risk of adenomyosis. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #8 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    Adenomyosis is a clinical condition where endometrial glands are found in the myometrium of the uterus. […] Risk factors for developing adenomyosis include increasing age, parity, and history of uterine procedures. […] The diagnosis of adenomyosis was previously confirmed in only post-hysterectomy cases, and it was thought to predominate in patients older than 40 years. Improved imaging makes it clear that younger patients also have adenomyosis. […] In one study of 985 symptomatic patients seen in a gynecology clinic using specific ultrasound diagnostic criteria, adenomyosis had a 20.9% prevalence in the study population (including pre- and postmenopausal, nulligravid, and multiparous patients), with a range of 10% to 35% in histology reports after hysterectomy. […] A population-based study of 650,000 patients estimated the overall incidence of adenomyosis at 1%, or 29 per 10,000 person-years, over a 10-year period based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. (ICD-10) coding.
  • #9 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    Adenomyosis is a clinical condition where endometrial glands are found in the myometrium of the uterus. […] Risk factors for developing adenomyosis include increasing age, parity, and history of uterine procedures. […] The diagnosis of adenomyosis was previously confirmed in only post-hysterectomy cases, and it was thought to predominate in patients older than 40 years. Improved imaging makes it clear that younger patients also have adenomyosis. […] In one study of 985 symptomatic patients seen in a gynecology clinic using specific ultrasound diagnostic criteria, adenomyosis had a 20.9% prevalence in the study population (including pre- and postmenopausal, nulligravid, and multiparous patients), with a range of 10% to 35% in histology reports after hysterectomy. […] A population-based study of 650,000 patients estimated the overall incidence of adenomyosis at 1%, or 29 per 10,000 person-years, over a 10-year period based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. (ICD-10) coding.
  • #10 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    The reliance on hysterectomy for the diagnosis of adenomyosis has precluded the assessment of the prevalence of adenomyosis by age. […] To date, screening by imaging has not been conducted in the general population. […] Given the wide range of adenomyosis prevalence estimates, data from hysterectomy and imaging studies have not revealed a clear pattern of disease prevalence among women with other uterine-related conditions, including leiomyomas, pelvic organ prolapse, menorrhagia/abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and endometriosis. […] The true incidence of adenomyosis, or the frequency at which at-risk individuals become adenomyosis cases over a specified time period, is also unknown. […] Thirty-two epidemiologic studies investigating risk factors for adenomyosis have been published. […] The epidemiologic study of adenomyosis has lagged behind the study of other non-cancerous reproductive conditions such as endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas.
  • #11 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    Adenomyosis is a clinical condition where endometrial glands are found in the myometrium of the uterus. […] Risk factors for developing adenomyosis include increasing age, parity, and history of uterine procedures. […] The diagnosis of adenomyosis was previously confirmed in only post-hysterectomy cases, and it was thought to predominate in patients older than 40 years. Improved imaging makes it clear that younger patients also have adenomyosis. […] In one study of 985 symptomatic patients seen in a gynecology clinic using specific ultrasound diagnostic criteria, adenomyosis had a 20.9% prevalence in the study population (including pre- and postmenopausal, nulligravid, and multiparous patients), with a range of 10% to 35% in histology reports after hysterectomy. […] A population-based study of 650,000 patients estimated the overall incidence of adenomyosis at 1%, or 29 per 10,000 person-years, over a 10-year period based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. (ICD-10) coding.
  • #12 Uterine adenomyoma—what we know, and what we don’t know: a narrative review – Latif – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine
    https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/8440/html
    A retrospective cohort study from the United States with data from a mixed-model health insurance and care delivery system in 333,693 women aged 16-60 years found that the overall incidence of adenomyosis was 1%. The incidence was highest for women aged 40-45 years, with women in their early 40s most likely to have symptomatic adenomyosis. Incidence rates were found to be disproportionately high among black women. The healthcare burden associated with adenomyosis was substantial, with 82% of women requiring hysterectomy and 38% using chronic pain medication. […] While adenomyosis was previously diagnosed almost exclusively at the time of hysterectomy, modern ultrasound techniques now allow for non-invasive diagnosis. […] Adenomyosis is present in a significant proportion of women presenting with HMB and infertility. Current research is limited regarding its effect on fertility, but available data suggests it has a detrimental impact on natural fertility and fertility treatment outcomes. Its involvement in HMB is better established. Historically treatment was limited to hysterectomy but the contemporary approach includes a number of medical and surgical options to preserve fertility and the uterus.
  • #13 Epidemiological characteristics of suspected adenomyosis in the Chinese physical examination population: a nested case-control study | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e074488
    Objectives We aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of suspected adenomyosis within a physical examination population in China. […] A total of 30629 women had uterus-related imaging examinations; 877 had suspected adenomyosis. The standardised incidence and prevalence of suspected adenomyosis was 1.32% and 2.35%, respectively, for all age groups. […] The disease burden of suspected adenomyosis remains huge and can be informed by biomarkers. The disease-specific threshold of CA125 will support further preventive strategy development in population. […] We aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of age-specific suspected AM in a female Chinese population and to examine the association between biochemical indicators and the presence of AM, using a matched case-control design. […] Our study evaluated a standardised incidence of 1.32% and a standardised prevalence of 2.35% for suspected AM. […] The optimal cut-off value of CA125 for new suspected AM is 10.714U/mL, not 35U/mL. Our data may provide a basis for profiling epidemiological features of AM.
  • #14 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    The incidence of adenomyosis in the study was highest among patients 41 to 45 years of age. […] The overall prevalence of adenomyosis in 2015 was 0.8%, with a high of 1.5% among patients 41 to 45 years of age. […] The large variations in estimating incidence and prevalence of adenomyosis could be because there are no standard histologic criteria for diagnosis, as well as the recent advent of laparoscopic surgery creating morcellating specimens that alter the arrangement of tissue, leading to a more difficult diagnosis.
  • #15 Recent advances in understanding and managing… | F1000Research
    https://f1000research.com/articles/8-283
    Adenomyosis is increasingly identified in young women with pain, AUB, infertility, or no symptoms by using imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance. […] The epidemiological scenario has changed, and although the most common risk factor profile included age of more than 40 years, multiparity, prior cesarean section, or uterine surgery, the disease is increasingly diagnosed in young women, in infertility patients, or in those with pain or AUB or both. […] In women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), the prevalence of adenomyosis is 20% to 25%, whereas in those with a history of endometriosis, the percentage is widely variable, ranging from 20% to 80%. […] Data from ultrasound units show a 20.9% prevalence of sonographic signs of adenomyosis in the general population, whereas the figures range from 10% to 35% in histological reports after hysterectomy. […] However, uniform diagnostic criteria, in both histopathology and imaging, are needed in order to standardize the diagnosis and to have reliable updated figures.
  • #16 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    The reliance on hysterectomy for the diagnosis of adenomyosis has precluded the assessment of the prevalence of adenomyosis by age. […] To date, screening by imaging has not been conducted in the general population. […] Given the wide range of adenomyosis prevalence estimates, data from hysterectomy and imaging studies have not revealed a clear pattern of disease prevalence among women with other uterine-related conditions, including leiomyomas, pelvic organ prolapse, menorrhagia/abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and endometriosis. […] The true incidence of adenomyosis, or the frequency at which at-risk individuals become adenomyosis cases over a specified time period, is also unknown. […] Thirty-two epidemiologic studies investigating risk factors for adenomyosis have been published. […] The epidemiologic study of adenomyosis has lagged behind the study of other non-cancerous reproductive conditions such as endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas.
  • #17 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    The reliance on hysterectomy for the diagnosis of adenomyosis has precluded the assessment of the prevalence of adenomyosis by age. […] To date, screening by imaging has not been conducted in the general population. […] Given the wide range of adenomyosis prevalence estimates, data from hysterectomy and imaging studies have not revealed a clear pattern of disease prevalence among women with other uterine-related conditions, including leiomyomas, pelvic organ prolapse, menorrhagia/abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and endometriosis. […] The true incidence of adenomyosis, or the frequency at which at-risk individuals become adenomyosis cases over a specified time period, is also unknown. […] Thirty-two epidemiologic studies investigating risk factors for adenomyosis have been published. […] The epidemiologic study of adenomyosis has lagged behind the study of other non-cancerous reproductive conditions such as endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas.
  • #18 Adenomyosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500101-overview
    Adenomyosis has been most strongly associated with middle age, multiparous status, and a history of gynecologic surgery. […] Adenomyosis is most frequently diagnosed in women in their fourth and fifth decades, likely because of the increased prevalence of risk factors by that age range and the duration of adenomyotic development. […] Prevalence of adenomyosis at the time of hysterectomy has been estimated anywhere between 14% and 66%, dependent upon the pathologists diagnostic criteria. A mean frequency of 20-30% has been reported and has been extrapolated to suggest the same incidence in the general population. […] Risk factors include increased parity, spontaneous abortions, uterine surgery, and middle age.
  • #19 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    The incidence of adenomyosis in the study was highest among patients 41 to 45 years of age. […] The overall prevalence of adenomyosis in 2015 was 0.8%, with a high of 1.5% among patients 41 to 45 years of age. […] The large variations in estimating incidence and prevalence of adenomyosis could be because there are no standard histologic criteria for diagnosis, as well as the recent advent of laparoscopic surgery creating morcellating specimens that alter the arrangement of tissue, leading to a more difficult diagnosis.
  • #20 Uterine adenomyoma—what we know, and what we don’t know: a narrative review – Latif – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine
    https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/8440/html
    A retrospective cohort study from the United States with data from a mixed-model health insurance and care delivery system in 333,693 women aged 16-60 years found that the overall incidence of adenomyosis was 1%. The incidence was highest for women aged 40-45 years, with women in their early 40s most likely to have symptomatic adenomyosis. Incidence rates were found to be disproportionately high among black women. The healthcare burden associated with adenomyosis was substantial, with 82% of women requiring hysterectomy and 38% using chronic pain medication. […] While adenomyosis was previously diagnosed almost exclusively at the time of hysterectomy, modern ultrasound techniques now allow for non-invasive diagnosis. […] Adenomyosis is present in a significant proportion of women presenting with HMB and infertility. Current research is limited regarding its effect on fertility, but available data suggests it has a detrimental impact on natural fertility and fertility treatment outcomes. Its involvement in HMB is better established. Historically treatment was limited to hysterectomy but the contemporary approach includes a number of medical and surgical options to preserve fertility and the uterus.
  • #21 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    Adenomyosis is a clinical condition where endometrial glands are found in the myometrium of the uterus. […] Risk factors for developing adenomyosis include increasing age, parity, and history of uterine procedures. […] The diagnosis of adenomyosis was previously confirmed in only post-hysterectomy cases, and it was thought to predominate in patients older than 40 years. Improved imaging makes it clear that younger patients also have adenomyosis. […] In one study of 985 symptomatic patients seen in a gynecology clinic using specific ultrasound diagnostic criteria, adenomyosis had a 20.9% prevalence in the study population (including pre- and postmenopausal, nulligravid, and multiparous patients), with a range of 10% to 35% in histology reports after hysterectomy. […] A population-based study of 650,000 patients estimated the overall incidence of adenomyosis at 1%, or 29 per 10,000 person-years, over a 10-year period based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. (ICD-10) coding.
  • #22 Recent advances in understanding and managing… | F1000Research
    https://f1000research.com/articles/8-283
    Adenomyosis is increasingly identified in young women with pain, AUB, infertility, or no symptoms by using imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance. […] The epidemiological scenario has changed, and although the most common risk factor profile included age of more than 40 years, multiparity, prior cesarean section, or uterine surgery, the disease is increasingly diagnosed in young women, in infertility patients, or in those with pain or AUB or both. […] In women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), the prevalence of adenomyosis is 20% to 25%, whereas in those with a history of endometriosis, the percentage is widely variable, ranging from 20% to 80%. […] Data from ultrasound units show a 20.9% prevalence of sonographic signs of adenomyosis in the general population, whereas the figures range from 10% to 35% in histological reports after hysterectomy. […] However, uniform diagnostic criteria, in both histopathology and imaging, are needed in order to standardize the diagnosis and to have reliable updated figures.
  • #23 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang=us
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. However, this is based on the results of studies with pathologic examinations of hysterectomy specimens, therefore biased towards patients who had surgery. Similarly, this may be the reason adenomyosis is seen with higher frequency in women with a history of uterine surgical procedures (e.g. Cesarean section, dilatation and curettage). Patients with high estrogen exposure (e.g. short menstrual cycles, early menarche) have an increased risk of adenomyosis. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #24 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. […] Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #25 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    A controversial issue still remains regarding the relationship between adenomyosis and estrogen exposure. Information on this issue is diverse. While one study failed to find a link between the risk of adenomyosis and use of oral contraceptives, another study reported increased rates of adenomyosis in patients using oral contraceptives. Further investigation is required to confirm this information, because oral contraceptives are commonly used for symptoms of adenomyosis. Women given tamoxifen to treat breast cancer showed a higher prevalence of adenomyosis. As a non-steroidal agent, while tamoxifen exhibits anti-estrogenic effects on breast tissue, it has a pro-estrogenic effect on the endometrium, thereby facilitating cell proliferation, migration and development of adenomyosis. In addition to the risk factors mentioned above, some designated genetic and epigenetic alterations have also been detected in adenomyosis.
  • #26
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3859152/
    There appear to be wide variations in the incidence of adenomyosis between racial and ethnic groups and different geographic regions. […] Thus, it is unclear whether a history of previous uterine surgery is a risk factor for adenomyosis. […] Despite the clinical importance of adenomyosis, there is little evidence on which to base treatment decisions. […] The objective of this review was to summarize the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical phenotype and to evaluate the accrued experience with surgical and interventional alternatives to hysterectomy.
  • #27 Uterine adenomyoma—what we know, and what we don’t know: a narrative review – Latif – Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine
    https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/8440/html
    A retrospective cohort study from the United States with data from a mixed-model health insurance and care delivery system in 333,693 women aged 16-60 years found that the overall incidence of adenomyosis was 1%. The incidence was highest for women aged 40-45 years, with women in their early 40s most likely to have symptomatic adenomyosis. Incidence rates were found to be disproportionately high among black women. The healthcare burden associated with adenomyosis was substantial, with 82% of women requiring hysterectomy and 38% using chronic pain medication. […] While adenomyosis was previously diagnosed almost exclusively at the time of hysterectomy, modern ultrasound techniques now allow for non-invasive diagnosis. […] Adenomyosis is present in a significant proportion of women presenting with HMB and infertility. Current research is limited regarding its effect on fertility, but available data suggests it has a detrimental impact on natural fertility and fertility treatment outcomes. Its involvement in HMB is better established. Historically treatment was limited to hysterectomy but the contemporary approach includes a number of medical and surgical options to preserve fertility and the uterus.
  • #28 Adenomyosis: Causes and Treatment
    https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/adenomyosis-what-african-women-need-to-know
    Adenomyosis is a condition in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows abnormally into and develops within the muscle wall (myometrium) of the uterus. It is a benign, non-cancerous condition and does not threaten a woman’s health or her life. […] According to a population-based study in the United States, African American women have close to two times higher incidence of adenomyosis than their white counterparts. […] The burden of adenomyosis in African women is unknown, but deserves study to inform care, given the high burden of fibroids in this population. […] Studies have shown that women with adenomyosis have poorer reproductive outcomes than women without it. However, the exact reason has not been concluded, as many who have adenomyosis also have endometriosis, which is a known cause of infertility. […] Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines to treat adenomyosis that are minimally invasive.
  • #29 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #30 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #31 Adenomyosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500101-overview
    Adenomyosis has been most strongly associated with middle age, multiparous status, and a history of gynecologic surgery. […] Adenomyosis is most frequently diagnosed in women in their fourth and fifth decades, likely because of the increased prevalence of risk factors by that age range and the duration of adenomyotic development. […] Prevalence of adenomyosis at the time of hysterectomy has been estimated anywhere between 14% and 66%, dependent upon the pathologists diagnostic criteria. A mean frequency of 20-30% has been reported and has been extrapolated to suggest the same incidence in the general population. […] Risk factors include increased parity, spontaneous abortions, uterine surgery, and middle age.
  • #32 Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p33.html
    Adenomyosis is a clinical condition where endometrial glands are found in the myometrium of the uterus. […] Risk factors for developing adenomyosis include increasing age, parity, and history of uterine procedures. […] The diagnosis of adenomyosis was previously confirmed in only post-hysterectomy cases, and it was thought to predominate in patients older than 40 years. Improved imaging makes it clear that younger patients also have adenomyosis. […] In one study of 985 symptomatic patients seen in a gynecology clinic using specific ultrasound diagnostic criteria, adenomyosis had a 20.9% prevalence in the study population (including pre- and postmenopausal, nulligravid, and multiparous patients), with a range of 10% to 35% in histology reports after hysterectomy. […] A population-based study of 650,000 patients estimated the overall incidence of adenomyosis at 1%, or 29 per 10,000 person-years, over a 10-year period based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. (ICD-10) coding.
  • #33 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang=us
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. However, this is based on the results of studies with pathologic examinations of hysterectomy specimens, therefore biased towards patients who had surgery. Similarly, this may be the reason adenomyosis is seen with higher frequency in women with a history of uterine surgical procedures (e.g. Cesarean section, dilatation and curettage). Patients with high estrogen exposure (e.g. short menstrual cycles, early menarche) have an increased risk of adenomyosis. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #34 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. […] Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #35 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #36
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Until recently, adenomyosis has been associated with multiparity, not impaired fertility. […] Currently, adenomyosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in infertile patients since women delay their first pregnancy until their late 30s or early 40s. […] Although an association between adenomyosis and infertility has not been fully established, based on the available information, recent studies suggested that adenomyosis has a negative impact on female fertility. […] From the epidemiologic data, a large number of births, spontaneous and induced abortions, and endometrial hyperplasia are related to increased risk of adenomyosis. […] Diagnosing adenomyosis was difficult until recently, and in the past, it was associated with multiparous women not with infertility. […] When nonsurgical diagnosis, such as TVS and MRI, became possible, the role of adenomyosis in infertility and early miscarriage was recognized.
  • #37 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang=us
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. However, this is based on the results of studies with pathologic examinations of hysterectomy specimens, therefore biased towards patients who had surgery. Similarly, this may be the reason adenomyosis is seen with higher frequency in women with a history of uterine surgical procedures (e.g. Cesarean section, dilatation and curettage). Patients with high estrogen exposure (e.g. short menstrual cycles, early menarche) have an increased risk of adenomyosis. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #38 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #39 Adenomyosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenomyosis?lang=us
    Classically, adenomyosis most commonly affects multiparous women of reproductive age. However, this is based on the results of studies with pathologic examinations of hysterectomy specimens, therefore biased towards patients who had surgery. Similarly, this may be the reason adenomyosis is seen with higher frequency in women with a history of uterine surgical procedures (e.g. Cesarean section, dilatation and curettage). Patients with high estrogen exposure (e.g. short menstrual cycles, early menarche) have an increased risk of adenomyosis. […] The reported incidence ranges widely from 5-70% (mean 20-30%), depending on the histological definition or the imaging modality used. Adenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but a higher incidence of adenomyosis has been reported in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.
  • #40 Clinical Characteristics Indicating Uterine Leiomyoma, Adenomyosis, and Uterine Leiomyoma Coexisting with Adenomyosis: Retrospective Study
    https://jsms.sch.ac.kr/journal/view.php?number=508
    Uterine leiomyomas and adenomyosis are the most common gynecologic disorders in reproductive aged women. […] Both uterine leiomyomas and adenomyosis are serious gynecological pathologies that may require hysterectomy in premenopausal women. […] The most common symptoms of adenomyosis are menorrhagia in about 50% of affected patients and dysmenorrhea in 30% of patients. […] Since these two disorders frequently occur concurrently, they cannot be cleanly distinguished by symptoms alone. […] The prevalence estimates vary widely from study to study, ranging from 5% to 70%, and the median rate is approximately 20% to 30%. […] Hyperestrogenemia related to endometrial hyperplasia or myometrium diseases is also linked to adenomyosis. […] The most common symptoms of adenomyosis are abnormal uterine bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, and dysmenorrhea.
  • #41 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    A controversial issue still remains regarding the relationship between adenomyosis and estrogen exposure. Information on this issue is diverse. While one study failed to find a link between the risk of adenomyosis and use of oral contraceptives, another study reported increased rates of adenomyosis in patients using oral contraceptives. Further investigation is required to confirm this information, because oral contraceptives are commonly used for symptoms of adenomyosis. Women given tamoxifen to treat breast cancer showed a higher prevalence of adenomyosis. As a non-steroidal agent, while tamoxifen exhibits anti-estrogenic effects on breast tissue, it has a pro-estrogenic effect on the endometrium, thereby facilitating cell proliferation, migration and development of adenomyosis. In addition to the risk factors mentioned above, some designated genetic and epigenetic alterations have also been detected in adenomyosis.
  • #42 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    A controversial issue still remains regarding the relationship between adenomyosis and estrogen exposure. Information on this issue is diverse. While one study failed to find a link between the risk of adenomyosis and use of oral contraceptives, another study reported increased rates of adenomyosis in patients using oral contraceptives. Further investigation is required to confirm this information, because oral contraceptives are commonly used for symptoms of adenomyosis. Women given tamoxifen to treat breast cancer showed a higher prevalence of adenomyosis. As a non-steroidal agent, while tamoxifen exhibits anti-estrogenic effects on breast tissue, it has a pro-estrogenic effect on the endometrium, thereby facilitating cell proliferation, migration and development of adenomyosis. In addition to the risk factors mentioned above, some designated genetic and epigenetic alterations have also been detected in adenomyosis.
  • #43 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #44 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #45 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    Compared to white women, a greater prevalence of surgically confirmed adenomyosis among Latinas was reported by a large cohort study of over 80,000 female teachers in California. In this study, a small sample size of non-white women impeded the evaluation of the association between black/Asian women and adenomyosis risk. In contrast, black women were more likely to have a pathologic finding of adenomyosis and leiomyomas than Hispanic women, as confirmed by a study of women undergoing hysterectomy in New York. In a rare population-based study, the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis in Northeast Italy is reported to be 0.18%, much lower than that of endometriosis (1.14%). […] The risk profiles of adenomyosis are different from that of endometriosis, in which greater parity is a protective factor, while early age at menarche and short menstrual cycle are considered as promoting factors. A different report claimed that risk factors associated with adenomyosis include early menarche, short menstrual cycle, increased body mass index, and a history of depression. While parity is considered to be a risk factor for adenomyosis, smoking is shown to be a protective factor, compared with women who had never smoked. Some other studies showed either higher rates of smoking in women with adenomyosis or no association between them. Two studies with lactating mothers found that breastfeeding is associated with the absence of ovulatory cycles and estrogen-deficiency. Therefore, it is possible that among parous women, breastfeeding could be associated with a decreased risk of adenomyosis. A line of evidence suggests that a history of D and C procedures is a risk factor for adenomyosis. The D and C procedures, and other uterine surgeries, such as Caesarian section and/or hysteroscopic procedure, may disrupt the EMI and facilitate the cellular migration/invasion, implantation, shedding, and development of endometrial colonies with the myometrium. These biological events of tissue injury/damage at EMI may clarify the higher risk of adenomyosis. The uninterrupted menstrual cycle and degradation of functionalis endometria until a later age of the women eliciting constant tissue stress reaction and/or tissue damage at EMI could be another added contributory factor in the development of adenomyosis.
  • #46 Adenomyosis vs. Endometriosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/adenomyosis-vs-endometriosis
    Studies of an adenomyosis association with smoking and ectopic pregnancy have mixed results. […] Adenomyosis is difficult to diagnose. In the past, it was diagnosed only by examining tissue samples, for example after uterine surgery. […] Adenomyosis causes the uterus to become enlarged, so your doctor will perform a physical exam to feel whether your uterus is swollen or tender. […] The good news is that there are many ongoing studies on adenomyosis and endometriosis. We likely find out more about what causes these disorders in the future, and new therapies will continue to be developed.
  • #47 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Progress on understanding the epidemiology of adenomyosis lags considerably behind other benign reproductive conditions. […] The surgical removal of the uterus, warranted by serious medical indications or severe symptoms including heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain, indicates that adenomyosis has a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Adenomyosis appears to have an adverse impact on the risk of other health outcomes, including obstetrical outcomes. […] The true prevalence of adenomyosis, defined as the proportion of a defined population with existing disease at a given time, is unknown. […] The estimated prevalence among consecutive hysterectomy patients over the past 50 years has ranged from 8.8% to 61.5%.
  • #48 Classifying Adenomyosis: Progress and Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12386
    The incidence of adenomyosis in the population is unknown. Adenomyosis is identified in 10–70% of hysterectomy specimens and was diagnosed using ultrasound in 20.9% (95% CI: 18.5–23.6) of women attending a general gynecology clinic in a teaching hospital. […] However, the high incidence in these selected populations does not provide an indication of the population incidence. Morassutto et al. examined records of women attending health care facilities in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Based on histological diagnosis following hysterectomy, the incidence of adenomyosis in women aged 15–50 years was 0.027% and the calculated population prevalence was 0.17%. […] Yu et al. reported on the incidence of adenomyosis among women enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Health Plan in the State of Washington. The cohort of 333,693 women contributed 1,185,855 woman-years. The diagnosis of adenomyosis was obtained based on diagnostic coding of health episodes. Most instances were confirmed following hysterectomy. The overall incidence of adenomyosis was 1.03% (28.9 per 10,000 woman-years). However, the estimates varied from 30.6 in 2007 to a low of 24.4 per 10,000 woman-years in 2014. […] The health care burden was substantial: 82.0% of women had hysterectomies, nearly 70% had imaging studies suggestive of adenomyosis and 37.6% used chronic pain medications.
  • #49 Uterine Adenomyosis: An Uncommonly Oversized Uterus in a 30-Year-Old Patient
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-9-226.php?jid=cmil
    Uterine adenomyosis is a disorder in which endometrial glands and stroma are present within the myometrium, resulting in hypertrophy of the surrounding myometrium. Its exact epidemiology is uncertain as data regarding this condition has often relied on the assessment of the uterus following hysterectomy. However, studies have reported that it seems to be present in a wide range of individuals undergoing hysterectomy (9-62%). […] It was previously described as a disease that developed in women in their 40-50s; nevertheless, studies using imaging diagnosis of adenomyosis suggest that it can frequently be detected at younger ages (with a reported prevalence of 20-35%). […] Adenomyosis often coexists with other uterine disorders, such as uterine leiomyoma and/or endometriosis, which can obscure its diagnosis. […] With this clinical case portrait, the authors propose to highlight the importance of approaching the patient as a whole; furthermore, it is also intended to warn that adenomyosis can affect young patients and have an important impact, which can result in significant uterus’ growth.
  • #50 Adenomyosis | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/adenomyosis/
    Adenomyosis is a common condition, affecting 20%35% of women […] Prevalence up to 20%35% of reproductive-age women […] ~20% of the general population is diagnosed via ultrasound […] Associated with: Age 40 years, Multiparity, Prior uterine surgery […] Often coexists with other uterine pathology, especially: Leiomyomas, Endometriosis.
  • #51 Managing adenomyosis
    https://www.healthcert.com/blog/managing-adenomyosis
    Adenomyosis is a benign condition characterised by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue within the myometrium of the uterus. It is most common in women in their 30s and 40s and is estimated to affect up to 15% of women. […] Adenomyosis coexists with endometriosis in up to 80% of cases. […] The first-line investigation in suspected adenomyosis is pelvic ultrasonography. […] A competent primary care practitioner may perform this; however, it is recommended to be performed via hysteroscopy for women with heavy menstrual bleeding. […] Management of adenomyosis is dependent upon symptom severity and the womans reproductive goals. […] Chronic pelvic pain, including adenomyosis, is often underdiagnosed in women and can have a significant effect of quality of life.
  • #52 Impaired fertility in adenomyosis: a murine model reveals endometrial receptivity and progesterone resistance imbalances in: Reproduction Volume 167 Issue 5 (2024)
    https://rep.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/rep/167/5/REP-24-0019.xml
    The impact of adenomyosis on reproductive health needs to be fully understood. By using a murine model, this study provides novel insights into the nuanced mechanisms associated with fertility challenges and offers a foundation for targeted interventions. […] Adenomyosis, characterized by the invasive growth of endometrial tissue into the myometrium, is believed to negatively impact fertility. […] Accurate prevalence assessment remains challenging due to the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, protocols, and patient populations. […] Nevertheless, numerous studies suggest a prevalence ranging from 20% to 35%. […] Given that adenomyosis often coexists with other gynecological diseases such as endometriosis (20-80%) and uterine fibroids (15-57%), the direct causal relationship between adenomyosis and infertility remains challenging to establish.
  • #53
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3859152/
    Adenomyosis is an important clinical challenge in gynecology and healthcare economics; in its fully developed form, hysterectomy is often used to treat it in premenopausal and perimenopausal women. […] Although it has been recognized for over a century, reliable epidemiological studies on this condition are limited, because only postoperative diagnoses were possible in the past. […] The objective of this review is to summarize the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical phenotype and to evaluate the accrued experience with surgical and interventional alternatives to hysterectomy. […] Estimates of the prevalence of adenomyosis vary widely, from 5 to 70%, with the mean frequency of adenomyosis at hysterectomy given as approximately 20 to 30%. […] In a large series of consecutive laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomies performed in the Gynecological University Clinic in Tbingen, adenomyosis was diagnosed histologically in 8% of cases (149 women out of 1955 women), and concomitant adenomyosis and leiomyomas was diagnosed histologically in 20% of the women (398 women out of 1955 women); 70% of the women with a diagnosis of adenomyosis were premenopausal.
  • #54
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Until recently, adenomyosis has been associated with multiparity, not impaired fertility. […] Currently, adenomyosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in infertile patients since women delay their first pregnancy until their late 30s or early 40s. […] Although an association between adenomyosis and infertility has not been fully established, based on the available information, recent studies suggested that adenomyosis has a negative impact on female fertility. […] From the epidemiologic data, a large number of births, spontaneous and induced abortions, and endometrial hyperplasia are related to increased risk of adenomyosis. […] Diagnosing adenomyosis was difficult until recently, and in the past, it was associated with multiparous women not with infertility. […] When nonsurgical diagnosis, such as TVS and MRI, became possible, the role of adenomyosis in infertility and early miscarriage was recognized.
  • #55
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Until recently, adenomyosis has been associated with multiparity, not impaired fertility. […] Currently, adenomyosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in infertile patients since women delay their first pregnancy until their late 30s or early 40s. […] Although an association between adenomyosis and infertility has not been fully established, based on the available information, recent studies suggested that adenomyosis has a negative impact on female fertility. […] From the epidemiologic data, a large number of births, spontaneous and induced abortions, and endometrial hyperplasia are related to increased risk of adenomyosis. […] Diagnosing adenomyosis was difficult until recently, and in the past, it was associated with multiparous women not with infertility. […] When nonsurgical diagnosis, such as TVS and MRI, became possible, the role of adenomyosis in infertility and early miscarriage was recognized.
  • #56
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Until recently, adenomyosis has been associated with multiparity, not impaired fertility. […] Currently, adenomyosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in infertile patients since women delay their first pregnancy until their late 30s or early 40s. […] Although an association between adenomyosis and infertility has not been fully established, based on the available information, recent studies suggested that adenomyosis has a negative impact on female fertility. […] From the epidemiologic data, a large number of births, spontaneous and induced abortions, and endometrial hyperplasia are related to increased risk of adenomyosis. […] Diagnosing adenomyosis was difficult until recently, and in the past, it was associated with multiparous women not with infertility. […] When nonsurgical diagnosis, such as TVS and MRI, became possible, the role of adenomyosis in infertility and early miscarriage was recognized.
  • #57 Recent advances in understanding and managing… | F1000Research
    https://f1000research.com/articles/8-283
    Adenomyosis is increasingly identified in young women with pain, AUB, infertility, or no symptoms by using imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance. […] The epidemiological scenario has changed, and although the most common risk factor profile included age of more than 40 years, multiparity, prior cesarean section, or uterine surgery, the disease is increasingly diagnosed in young women, in infertility patients, or in those with pain or AUB or both. […] In women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), the prevalence of adenomyosis is 20% to 25%, whereas in those with a history of endometriosis, the percentage is widely variable, ranging from 20% to 80%. […] Data from ultrasound units show a 20.9% prevalence of sonographic signs of adenomyosis in the general population, whereas the figures range from 10% to 35% in histological reports after hysterectomy. […] However, uniform diagnostic criteria, in both histopathology and imaging, are needed in order to standardize the diagnosis and to have reliable updated figures.
  • #58
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Many studies reported reproductive outcome after ART in women with adenomyosis. […] Most concluded that adenomyosis causes infertility, but more prospective studies with a large population should be performed to further evaluate this causal interaction and unravel the mechanisms responsible for this negative effect. […] Two recent prospective studies concluded that adenomyosis reduces implantation and number of embryos transferred, clinical pregnancy rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate in women undergoing IVF. […] The first trimester miscarriage rate was also higher in women with adenomyosis compared with the control group. […] Adenomyosis is strongly associated with lifelong infertility (P 0.001) and was maintained even after excluding coexisting endometriosis cases. […] In summary, adenomyosis is a common gynecological disorder with unclear etiology.
  • #59
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Many studies reported reproductive outcome after ART in women with adenomyosis. […] Most concluded that adenomyosis causes infertility, but more prospective studies with a large population should be performed to further evaluate this causal interaction and unravel the mechanisms responsible for this negative effect. […] Two recent prospective studies concluded that adenomyosis reduces implantation and number of embryos transferred, clinical pregnancy rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate in women undergoing IVF. […] The first trimester miscarriage rate was also higher in women with adenomyosis compared with the control group. […] Adenomyosis is strongly associated with lifelong infertility (P 0.001) and was maintained even after excluding coexisting endometriosis cases. […] In summary, adenomyosis is a common gynecological disorder with unclear etiology.
  • #60 Adenomyosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomyosis
    Recent data suggest a prevalence of 20 to 35%.[1] […] Adenomyosis is an often progressing condition. It is advocated that adenomyosis poses no increased risk for cancer development. However, both entities could coexist and the endometrial tissue within the myometrium could harbor endometrioid adenocarcinoma, with potentially deep myometrial invasion.[35] […] In sub-fertile women who received in-vitro fertilization (IVF), women with adenomyosis were less likely to become pregnant and subsequently more likely to experience a miscarriage.[36] Given this, it is encouraged to screen women for adenomyosis by TVUS or MRI before starting assisted reproduction treatments (ART).[36]
  • #61 Adenomyosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomyosis
    Recent data suggest a prevalence of 20 to 35%.[1] […] Adenomyosis is an often progressing condition. It is advocated that adenomyosis poses no increased risk for cancer development. However, both entities could coexist and the endometrial tissue within the myometrium could harbor endometrioid adenocarcinoma, with potentially deep myometrial invasion.[35] […] In sub-fertile women who received in-vitro fertilization (IVF), women with adenomyosis were less likely to become pregnant and subsequently more likely to experience a miscarriage.[36] Given this, it is encouraged to screen women for adenomyosis by TVUS or MRI before starting assisted reproduction treatments (ART).[36]
  • #62 Uterine adenomyosis: an update for GPs | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/73/736/524
    A 2023 systematic review reported that approximately 10% of patients assigned female at birth with subfertility had adenomyosis alone (without coexistent fibroids or endometriosis). Findings that may look like adenomyosis can be reported in adolescents with menstrual pain or heavy bleeding. In general practice, as in the scenario (Box 1), an ultrasound scan is typically arranged in the context of a clinically relevant concern, with subsequent management in line with symptoms and the patients priorities. However, possible adenomyosis may be encountered incidentally in the context of imaging done for another reason. This offers an opportunity to proactively ask about symptoms and consider support options. […] NICE identifies the long-term outcomes of pharmacological or uterine-sparing treatments for heavy menstrual bleeding associated with adenomyosis as a research priority evidence gap.
  • #63 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    The reliance on hysterectomy for the diagnosis of adenomyosis has precluded the assessment of the prevalence of adenomyosis by age. […] To date, screening by imaging has not been conducted in the general population. […] Given the wide range of adenomyosis prevalence estimates, data from hysterectomy and imaging studies have not revealed a clear pattern of disease prevalence among women with other uterine-related conditions, including leiomyomas, pelvic organ prolapse, menorrhagia/abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and endometriosis. […] The true incidence of adenomyosis, or the frequency at which at-risk individuals become adenomyosis cases over a specified time period, is also unknown. […] Thirty-two epidemiologic studies investigating risk factors for adenomyosis have been published. […] The epidemiologic study of adenomyosis has lagged behind the study of other non-cancerous reproductive conditions such as endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas.
  • #64 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    The reliance on hysterectomy for the diagnosis of adenomyosis has precluded the assessment of the prevalence of adenomyosis by age. […] To date, screening by imaging has not been conducted in the general population. […] Given the wide range of adenomyosis prevalence estimates, data from hysterectomy and imaging studies have not revealed a clear pattern of disease prevalence among women with other uterine-related conditions, including leiomyomas, pelvic organ prolapse, menorrhagia/abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and endometriosis. […] The true incidence of adenomyosis, or the frequency at which at-risk individuals become adenomyosis cases over a specified time period, is also unknown. […] Thirty-two epidemiologic studies investigating risk factors for adenomyosis have been published. […] The epidemiologic study of adenomyosis has lagged behind the study of other non-cancerous reproductive conditions such as endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas.
  • #65 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    The incidence rate of adenomyosis is widely variable. Histological examination of hysterectomy specimens revealed that the prevalence of adenomyosis varies between 5% and 70%. This variation may be due to the difference in diagnostic criteria used and the techniques used to procure myometrial samples. A separate study with data over the last 50 years demonstrated that the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis among consecutive hysterectomy patients ranged from 8.8 to 61.5%. All these studies have a similar opinion that lack of standardized histopathologic criteria for diagnosis, and the variable number of histologic tissue samples evaluated per hysterectomy, may be attributed to this wide range in incidence rate. A variable prevalence rate has been reported in other studies based on histopathologic criteria. A prevalence of 10% is reported with the diagnostic criteria of ≥5 mm distance between endometrial glands and endo-myometrial junction and the presence of myometrial hyperplasia. In another report, the prevalence was higher at 18% with an endometrial gland depth of only ≥1 mm and no myometrial hyperplasia. Based on these findings, it has been suggested that nearly half of adenomyosis present in extirpated uteri remains undiagnosed.
  • #66 Pathogenesis of Human Adenomyosis: Current Understanding and Its Association with Infertility
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/4057
    The incidence rate of adenomyosis is widely variable. Histological examination of hysterectomy specimens revealed that the prevalence of adenomyosis varies between 5% and 70%. This variation may be due to the difference in diagnostic criteria used and the techniques used to procure myometrial samples. A separate study with data over the last 50 years demonstrated that the estimated prevalence of adenomyosis among consecutive hysterectomy patients ranged from 8.8 to 61.5%. All these studies have a similar opinion that lack of standardized histopathologic criteria for diagnosis, and the variable number of histologic tissue samples evaluated per hysterectomy, may be attributed to this wide range in incidence rate. A variable prevalence rate has been reported in other studies based on histopathologic criteria. A prevalence of 10% is reported with the diagnostic criteria of ≥5 mm distance between endometrial glands and endo-myometrial junction and the presence of myometrial hyperplasia. In another report, the prevalence was higher at 18% with an endometrial gland depth of only ≥1 mm and no myometrial hyperplasia. Based on these findings, it has been suggested that nearly half of adenomyosis present in extirpated uteri remains undiagnosed.
  • #67 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Progress on understanding the epidemiology of adenomyosis lags considerably behind other benign reproductive conditions. […] The surgical removal of the uterus, warranted by serious medical indications or severe symptoms including heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain, indicates that adenomyosis has a substantial impact on the quality of womens lives. […] Adenomyosis appears to have an adverse impact on the risk of other health outcomes, including obstetrical outcomes. […] The true prevalence of adenomyosis, defined as the proportion of a defined population with existing disease at a given time, is unknown. […] The estimated prevalence among consecutive hysterectomy patients over the past 50 years has ranged from 8.8% to 61.5%.
  • #68 Epidemiology of Adenomyosis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7927213/
    The reliance on hysterectomy for the diagnosis of adenomyosis has precluded the assessment of the prevalence of adenomyosis by age. […] To date, screening by imaging has not been conducted in the general population. […] Given the wide range of adenomyosis prevalence estimates, data from hysterectomy and imaging studies have not revealed a clear pattern of disease prevalence among women with other uterine-related conditions, including leiomyomas, pelvic organ prolapse, menorrhagia/abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and endometriosis. […] The true incidence of adenomyosis, or the frequency at which at-risk individuals become adenomyosis cases over a specified time period, is also unknown. […] Thirty-two epidemiologic studies investigating risk factors for adenomyosis have been published. […] The epidemiologic study of adenomyosis has lagged behind the study of other non-cancerous reproductive conditions such as endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas.
  • #69 Uterine adenomyosis: an update for GPs | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/73/736/524
    Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial-like tissue and stroma within the myometrium. Historically, the diagnosis of adenomyosis was made on the basis of histopathology following hysterectomy, meaning the community prevalence of adenomyosis and prevalence in younger women are unknown. The likelihood of identifying adenomyosis following hysterectomy varies widely, with reports ranging from 8.8% to 61.5%. There is no unified histological diagnostic definition of adenomyosis. Rates are likely influenced by care setting variables, for example, access to or indications for surgery. The evolution of alternative treatments to hysterectomy, including less invasive surgery (for example, endometrial ablation techniques) and hormonal coil treatments, influence hysterectomy rates, which in turn will impact on histology-based adenomyosis diagnoses. Diagnosis without surgery has become possible through imaging (transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) or MRI). Changes compatible with possible adenomyosis are increasingly described radiologically, but are dependent on the specialist performing the scan. As with histology, there is no standardised radiological diagnostic criterion for adenomyosis. Adenomyosis prevalence on TVUS in specialist clinics is estimated at 20.9% to 34%. Little is known about how often adenomyosis is documented, encountered, or managed in GP settings.
  • #70 Uterine adenomyosis: an update for GPs | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/73/736/524
    Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial-like tissue and stroma within the myometrium. Historically, the diagnosis of adenomyosis was made on the basis of histopathology following hysterectomy, meaning the community prevalence of adenomyosis and prevalence in younger women are unknown. The likelihood of identifying adenomyosis following hysterectomy varies widely, with reports ranging from 8.8% to 61.5%. There is no unified histological diagnostic definition of adenomyosis. Rates are likely influenced by care setting variables, for example, access to or indications for surgery. The evolution of alternative treatments to hysterectomy, including less invasive surgery (for example, endometrial ablation techniques) and hormonal coil treatments, influence hysterectomy rates, which in turn will impact on histology-based adenomyosis diagnoses. Diagnosis without surgery has become possible through imaging (transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) or MRI). Changes compatible with possible adenomyosis are increasingly described radiologically, but are dependent on the specialist performing the scan. As with histology, there is no standardised radiological diagnostic criterion for adenomyosis. Adenomyosis prevalence on TVUS in specialist clinics is estimated at 20.9% to 34%. Little is known about how often adenomyosis is documented, encountered, or managed in GP settings.
  • #71
    https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/fulltext/2016/09000/the_impact_of_adenomyosis_on_women_s_fertility.20.aspx
    Until recently, adenomyosis has been associated with multiparity, not impaired fertility. […] Currently, adenomyosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in infertile patients since women delay their first pregnancy until their late 30s or early 40s. […] Although an association between adenomyosis and infertility has not been fully established, based on the available information, recent studies suggested that adenomyosis has a negative impact on female fertility. […] From the epidemiologic data, a large number of births, spontaneous and induced abortions, and endometrial hyperplasia are related to increased risk of adenomyosis. […] Diagnosing adenomyosis was difficult until recently, and in the past, it was associated with multiparous women not with infertility. […] When nonsurgical diagnosis, such as TVS and MRI, became possible, the role of adenomyosis in infertility and early miscarriage was recognized.
  • #72 Recent advances in understanding and managing… | F1000Research
    https://f1000research.com/articles/8-283
    Adenomyosis is increasingly identified in young women with pain, AUB, infertility, or no symptoms by using imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance. […] The epidemiological scenario has changed, and although the most common risk factor profile included age of more than 40 years, multiparity, prior cesarean section, or uterine surgery, the disease is increasingly diagnosed in young women, in infertility patients, or in those with pain or AUB or both. […] In women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), the prevalence of adenomyosis is 20% to 25%, whereas in those with a history of endometriosis, the percentage is widely variable, ranging from 20% to 80%. […] Data from ultrasound units show a 20.9% prevalence of sonographic signs of adenomyosis in the general population, whereas the figures range from 10% to 35% in histological reports after hysterectomy. […] However, uniform diagnostic criteria, in both histopathology and imaging, are needed in order to standardize the diagnosis and to have reliable updated figures.
  • #73 Recent advances in understanding and managing… | F1000Research
    https://f1000research.com/articles/8-283
    Adenomyosis is increasingly identified in young women with pain, AUB, infertility, or no symptoms by using imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance. […] The epidemiological scenario has changed, and although the most common risk factor profile included age of more than 40 years, multiparity, prior cesarean section, or uterine surgery, the disease is increasingly diagnosed in young women, in infertility patients, or in those with pain or AUB or both. […] In women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), the prevalence of adenomyosis is 20% to 25%, whereas in those with a history of endometriosis, the percentage is widely variable, ranging from 20% to 80%. […] Data from ultrasound units show a 20.9% prevalence of sonographic signs of adenomyosis in the general population, whereas the figures range from 10% to 35% in histological reports after hysterectomy. […] However, uniform diagnostic criteria, in both histopathology and imaging, are needed in order to standardize the diagnosis and to have reliable updated figures.
  • #74 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Adenomyosis.aspx
    Adenomyosis is most common in the 4th and 5th decades of life. […] Moreover, adenomyosis is a difficult condition to diagnose as it is commonly misdiagnosed as endometriosis. […] The diagnostic sensitivity ultrasound results in suboptimal imaging, ranging from 50 to 87%; consequently, magnetic resonance is considered to be a superior tool that can show the presence of adenomyomas more clearly. […] Adenomyosis continues to remain a challenge to identify and treat due to the lack of research and failure to develop and adopt standardized diagnostic criteria, particularly in patients who wish to retain their fertility. […] Researchers suggest that standardized histopathologic and imaging diagnoses are an unmet need and present the main barrier to obtaining a full understanding of adenomyosis.
  • #75 Thieme E-Journals – Seminars in Reproductive Medicine / Abstract
    https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0040-1718920
    Adenomyosis, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, can have a substantial impact on the quality of women’s lives. […] Despite this, the epidemiologic research on this condition lags considerably behind that of other noncancerous reproductive health conditions. […] This review describes the available data on the frequency of this condition and the epidemiologic investigation thus far into the risk factors for disease highlighting the methodologic and inference challenges primarily around study sample selection. […] We conclude with providing recommendations for approaches to future epidemiologic study that capitalize on the advancements in imaging technology to detect adenomyosis and provide a fuller picture of the occurrence and risk factors for disease.
  • #76 Uterine adenomyosis: an update for GPs | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/73/736/524
    A 2023 systematic review reported that approximately 10% of patients assigned female at birth with subfertility had adenomyosis alone (without coexistent fibroids or endometriosis). Findings that may look like adenomyosis can be reported in adolescents with menstrual pain or heavy bleeding. In general practice, as in the scenario (Box 1), an ultrasound scan is typically arranged in the context of a clinically relevant concern, with subsequent management in line with symptoms and the patients priorities. However, possible adenomyosis may be encountered incidentally in the context of imaging done for another reason. This offers an opportunity to proactively ask about symptoms and consider support options. […] NICE identifies the long-term outcomes of pharmacological or uterine-sparing treatments for heavy menstrual bleeding associated with adenomyosis as a research priority evidence gap.
  • #77 Epidemiological characteristics of suspected adenomyosis in the Chinese physical examination population: a nested case-control study | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e074488
    Objectives We aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of suspected adenomyosis within a physical examination population in China. […] A total of 30629 women had uterus-related imaging examinations; 877 had suspected adenomyosis. The standardised incidence and prevalence of suspected adenomyosis was 1.32% and 2.35%, respectively, for all age groups. […] The disease burden of suspected adenomyosis remains huge and can be informed by biomarkers. The disease-specific threshold of CA125 will support further preventive strategy development in population. […] We aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of age-specific suspected AM in a female Chinese population and to examine the association between biochemical indicators and the presence of AM, using a matched case-control design. […] Our study evaluated a standardised incidence of 1.32% and a standardised prevalence of 2.35% for suspected AM. […] The optimal cut-off value of CA125 for new suspected AM is 10.714U/mL, not 35U/mL. Our data may provide a basis for profiling epidemiological features of AM.
  • #78 Uterine adenomyosis: an update for GPs | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/73/736/524
    Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial-like tissue and stroma within the myometrium. Historically, the diagnosis of adenomyosis was made on the basis of histopathology following hysterectomy, meaning the community prevalence of adenomyosis and prevalence in younger women are unknown. The likelihood of identifying adenomyosis following hysterectomy varies widely, with reports ranging from 8.8% to 61.5%. There is no unified histological diagnostic definition of adenomyosis. Rates are likely influenced by care setting variables, for example, access to or indications for surgery. The evolution of alternative treatments to hysterectomy, including less invasive surgery (for example, endometrial ablation techniques) and hormonal coil treatments, influence hysterectomy rates, which in turn will impact on histology-based adenomyosis diagnoses. Diagnosis without surgery has become possible through imaging (transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) or MRI). Changes compatible with possible adenomyosis are increasingly described radiologically, but are dependent on the specialist performing the scan. As with histology, there is no standardised radiological diagnostic criterion for adenomyosis. Adenomyosis prevalence on TVUS in specialist clinics is estimated at 20.9% to 34%. Little is known about how often adenomyosis is documented, encountered, or managed in GP settings.