Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #2 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #3 AAHS – The Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Fractures in the United States

  https://meeting.handsurgery.org/abstracts/2020/HSEP225.cgi

  The incidence of the most common fracture, the radius/ulna fractures at the wrist, is 165.3 (95% CI 153.3-177.4)/100,000 people and occurs most commonly in the 5-14 age group. […] The change in incidence of treatment of distal radius/ulna fractures is not well understood as newer coding schemes have only recently enabled more focused fracture localization. […] Our analysis represents a valid cross-sectional estimate of the incidence of new presentations to an emergency department for an upper extremity fracture in the United States. […] This is also the first study to use ICD10 coding to facilitate accurate anatomic description of fractures along long bones.

• #4 Wrist Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499972/

  A distal radius fracture is the most common fracture of the upper extremity. These fractures happen in all patient populations and are the most common orthopedic injury with a bimodal distribution. More than 450,000 fractures occur annually in the United States, and that number continues to rise. Fractures of the distal radius represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. Younger patients tend to be involved in higher energy trauma mechanisms, whereas older patients tend to be involved with lower energy falls. The incidence in the elderly population correlates with osteopenia and rises in incidence with increasing age which corresponds to the increased incidence of hip fractures. […] Risk factors in the elderly include decreased bone mineral density, female gender, white race, family history, and early menopause.

• #5 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  By analyzing data from NHANES, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and associated factors of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above. […] Wrist fractures, whose prevalence increases with age, are one of the most common fractures in the United States. However, epidemiological studies on the prevalence of wrist fractures of certain ages were limited. […] The prevalence of wrist fractures among Americans whose age was 50 or above was 12%, which was similar between men and women (men 12.8% vs. women 11.4%, p = 0.267). […] The top two causes of the first wrist fracture were a fall from a standing height (56%) or a hard fall (34.8%). […] Multivariate analysis showed that obesity, frequent drinking, current smoking, high serum phosphate level, non-Hispanic white women, and osteoporosis were independently associated with wrist fractures.

• #6 Wrist Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499972/

  A distal radius fracture is the most common fracture of the upper extremity. These fractures happen in all patient populations and are the most common orthopedic injury with a bimodal distribution. More than 450,000 fractures occur annually in the United States, and that number continues to rise. Fractures of the distal radius represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. Younger patients tend to be involved in higher energy trauma mechanisms, whereas older patients tend to be involved with lower energy falls. The incidence in the elderly population correlates with osteopenia and rises in incidence with increasing age which corresponds to the increased incidence of hip fractures. […] Risk factors in the elderly include decreased bone mineral density, female gender, white race, family history, and early menopause.

• #7 Epidemiology of fall related forearm and wrist fractures among adults treated in US hospital emergency departments | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/17/1/33

  Objective To examine national estimates of forearm and wrist fractures among adults treated in US emergency departments. […] The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program was used to estimate emergency department visits for unintentional fall related forearm and/or wrist fractures among adults aged 50years or older between 2001 and 2007. […] Based on 14771 cases, an estimated 1045008 adults aged 50years were treated in US hospital emergency departments for fall related forearm and/or wrist fractures during the study period. Of these, an estimated 832591 (80%) fractures occurred among women. The incidence of fractures among women increased gradually with age from the age of 50years. In men, fracture rates remained low until later in life. Between 2001 and 2007, fracture rates increased predominantly among women in the age group 5059years at an annual rate of 3.9% (95% CI 0.1 to 8.2).

• #8 Wrist Fractures: Types and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/wrist-fractures

  Fractures of the wrist are common, representing about a quarter of all fractures of limbs. […] They also become more common with advancing age, partly because advancing age is related to an increased risk of falls and partly because of osteoporosis. […] Wrist fractures in the elderly are associated with deformity and significant and prolonged/permanent loss of dependence, especially in frail patients.

• #9 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. We hypothesised this global pattern of non-fatal injury would be demonstrated in regard to bony hand and wrist trauma over the 27-year study period. […] The global incidence of hand trauma has only modestly decreased since 1990. In 2017, the age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fractures was 179 per 100000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 146 to 217), whereas the less common injuries of thumb and non-thumb digit amputation were 24 (95% UI 17 to 34) and 56 (95% UI 43 to 74) per 100 000, respectively. […] Certain regions are noted to have high rates of hand trauma over the study period. Low-middle and middle SDI countries, however, have demonstrated increasing rates of fracture and amputation over the last 27 years. This trend is concerning as access to quality and subspecialised surgical hand care is often limiting in these resource-limited regions.

• #10 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. We hypothesised this global pattern of non-fatal injury would be demonstrated in regard to bony hand and wrist trauma over the 27-year study period. […] The global incidence of hand trauma has only modestly decreased since 1990. In 2017, the age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fractures was 179 per 100000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 146 to 217), whereas the less common injuries of thumb and non-thumb digit amputation were 24 (95% UI 17 to 34) and 56 (95% UI 43 to 74) per 100 000, respectively. […] Certain regions are noted to have high rates of hand trauma over the study period. Low-middle and middle SDI countries, however, have demonstrated increasing rates of fracture and amputation over the last 27 years. This trend is concerning as access to quality and subspecialised surgical hand care is often limiting in these resource-limited regions.

• #11 Trends in incidence and costs of injuries to the shoulder, arm and wrist in The Netherlands between 1986 and 2008 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-531

  Upper extremity injuries account for a large proportion of attendances to the Emergency Department. The aim of this study was to assess population-based trends in the incidence of upper extremity injuries in the Dutch population between 1986 and 2008, and to give a detailed overview of the associated health care costs. […] The overall age-adjusted incidence of upper extremity injuries increased from 970 to 1,098 per 100,000 persons (13%). […] The overall incidence of upper extremity injury in the Netherlands increased by 13% in the period 19862008. […] Upper extremity injuries accounted for 42% of all injury-related visits to the Emergency Departments (EDs). […] The increase in incidence of upper extremity injuries is most evident in patients aged 60 years and above. […] Fractures are the most expensive type of injury, especially in women.

• #12 Trends in incidence and costs of injuries to the shoulder, arm and wrist in The Netherlands between 1986 and 2008 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-531

  Women with wrist fractures accounted for 21% of total costs of upper extremity injuries. […] The total health care costs for wrist fractures were 83 million making them the most expensive injuries. […] Over 75% of total costs were attributable to fractures, making them the most expensive injuries.

• #13 Common Fractures of the Radius and Ulna | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0315/p345.html

  Fractures of the radius and ulna are the most common fractures of the upper extremity, with distal fractures occurring more often than proximal fractures. A fall onto an outstretched hand is the most common mechanism of injury for fractures of the radius and ulna. […] The rate of distal radius fractures is highest (nearly double) in people younger than 18 years and older than 65 years. […] The most common mechanism of injury for radius and ulna fractures is sudden axial loading onto the radius/ulna, often from a fall onto an outstretched hand with wrist extension. […] Most fractures of the radius or ulna seen by family physicians are distal radius, midshaft, or radial head fractures. […] Distal radius fracture, the most common forearm fracture in adults, typically results from a fall on an outstretched hand. There is a bimodal age distribution in those most affected: young, healthy men who sustain high-energy injuries (e.g., from athletic collisions or motor vehicle crashes), and older women who have osteoporotic fractures from low-energy falls. […] Combined fractures involving both the radius and ulna are usually the result of a high-energy injury (e.g., from athletic collisions or motor vehicle crashes).

• #14 Wrist Injuries Emergency Imaging And Management

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal/wrist-injuries

  Injuries to the wrist account for about 2.5% of orthopedic injuries seen in the average community ED. In one study, the incidence of wrist injuries that prompted radiography was 26 per 10,000 per year. In more practical terms, the average emergency physician sees wrist injuries at least several times each month, if not every day or week. […] Most wrist injuries (90%) are the result of a fall on an outstretched hand. While the characteristics of wrist injuries vary with age, no age group is spared. Children fall at play; the elderly fall in their homes. A recent study also suggests that wrist fractures in the elderly may be strongly associated with falls due to vestibular dysfunction. […] While falls are the predominant cause of wrist injuries among patients of all ages, the type and outcomes of the injuries sustained do vary by age. Young children almost never have carpal fractures but may sustain distal radial fractures (especially torus [bulging of the cortex] and greenstick fractures). A fall on an outstretched hand in a toddler or young child may also result in a radial head or supercondylar humerus fracture. Adolescents and young adults are more likely to injure the carpal bones, especially the scaphoid. When they do sustain a distal radius fracture, it is often complex and associated with other injuries. With increasing patient age, scaphoid fractures become less common, while distal radius fractures become more so.

• #15 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #16 Overview of finger, hand, and wrist fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-finger-hand-and-wrist-fractures

  Fractures of the phalanges and metacarpals are among the most common fractures of the skeletal system and account for 10 percent of all fractures. Along with fractures of the carpal bones, they represent a substantial portion of upper extremity fractures. The distal phalanx is the most commonly fractured bone in the hand, followed by the metacarpals. […] Metacarpal fractures are seen more often in adults, whereas phalangeal fractures are more common in children. Approximately 20 percent of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures are intra-articular.

• #17 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #18 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  The prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. Falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, obesity, and non-Hispanic women were more likely to experience wrist fractures. […] The prevalence of wrist fractures was higher in men than in women (13.7% versus 8.7%, p = 0.023) aged 60, but higher in women than in men aged 60 (11.8% versus 14.3%, p = 0.007). […] Among the total 5,842 US participants 50 years of age, 554 patients with wrist fractures were identified via standard questionnaire described above. […] The first wrist fracture was mostly caused by a fall from a standing height (56%) or a hard fall (34.8%). […] Obesity, frequent drinking, current smoking, high serum phosphate level, non-Hispanic white women, and osteoporosis in women in the wrist fracture population were positively associated with wrist fractures.

• #19 Wrist Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499972/

  A distal radius fracture is the most common fracture of the upper extremity. These fractures happen in all patient populations and are the most common orthopedic injury with a bimodal distribution. More than 450,000 fractures occur annually in the United States, and that number continues to rise. Fractures of the distal radius represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. Younger patients tend to be involved in higher energy trauma mechanisms, whereas older patients tend to be involved with lower energy falls. The incidence in the elderly population correlates with osteopenia and rises in incidence with increasing age which corresponds to the increased incidence of hip fractures. […] Risk factors in the elderly include decreased bone mineral density, female gender, white race, family history, and early menopause.

• #20 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Distal radius fractures in fact, most wrist fractures are almost always the result of falling onto an outstretched hand. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1 Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3

  Long-term physical functioning trajectories following distal forearm fracture are unknown. […] Physical functioning trajectory following lower arm or wrist fracture is not well understood. […] Women with lower arm or wrist fracture, particularly those aged 80 and older, were more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without such fractures, independent of baseline physical functioning level. […] The incidence of forearm fractures in women rises rapidly after the menopause transition and then reaches a plateau after approximately age 65 years. […] Wrist fractures are the most common type of clinical fracture among younger postmenopausal women. […] Compared to women without lower arm or wrist fracture, women with lower arm or wrist fracture were 33% more likely to experience declining physical functioning.

• #22 Wrist Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499972/

  A distal radius fracture is the most common fracture of the upper extremity. These fractures happen in all patient populations and are the most common orthopedic injury with a bimodal distribution. More than 450,000 fractures occur annually in the United States, and that number continues to rise. Fractures of the distal radius represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. Younger patients tend to be involved in higher energy trauma mechanisms, whereas older patients tend to be involved with lower energy falls. The incidence in the elderly population correlates with osteopenia and rises in incidence with increasing age which corresponds to the increased incidence of hip fractures. […] Risk factors in the elderly include decreased bone mineral density, female gender, white race, family history, and early menopause.

• #23 Wrist Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499972/

  A distal radius fracture is the most common fracture of the upper extremity. These fractures happen in all patient populations and are the most common orthopedic injury with a bimodal distribution. More than 450,000 fractures occur annually in the United States, and that number continues to rise. Fractures of the distal radius represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. Younger patients tend to be involved in higher energy trauma mechanisms, whereas older patients tend to be involved with lower energy falls. The incidence in the elderly population correlates with osteopenia and rises in incidence with increasing age which corresponds to the increased incidence of hip fractures. […] Risk factors in the elderly include decreased bone mineral density, female gender, white race, family history, and early menopause.

• #24 Wrist Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499972/

  A distal radius fracture is the most common fracture of the upper extremity. These fractures happen in all patient populations and are the most common orthopedic injury with a bimodal distribution. More than 450,000 fractures occur annually in the United States, and that number continues to rise. Fractures of the distal radius represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. Younger patients tend to be involved in higher energy trauma mechanisms, whereas older patients tend to be involved with lower energy falls. The incidence in the elderly population correlates with osteopenia and rises in incidence with increasing age which corresponds to the increased incidence of hip fractures. […] Risk factors in the elderly include decreased bone mineral density, female gender, white race, family history, and early menopause.

• #25 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. The prevalence was similar between male and female patients. Moreover, falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, and obesity were the risk factors for wrist fractures.

• #26 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. The prevalence was similar between male and female patients. Moreover, falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, and obesity were the risk factors for wrist fractures.

• #27 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. The prevalence was similar between male and female patients. Moreover, falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, and obesity were the risk factors for wrist fractures.

• #28 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. The prevalence was similar between male and female patients. Moreover, falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, and obesity were the risk factors for wrist fractures.

• #29 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Distal radius fractures in fact, most wrist fractures are almost always the result of falling onto an outstretched hand. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1 Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #30 Wrist Injuries Emergency Imaging And Management

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal/wrist-injuries

  Injuries to the wrist account for about 2.5% of orthopedic injuries seen in the average community ED. In one study, the incidence of wrist injuries that prompted radiography was 26 per 10,000 per year. In more practical terms, the average emergency physician sees wrist injuries at least several times each month, if not every day or week. […] Most wrist injuries (90%) are the result of a fall on an outstretched hand. While the characteristics of wrist injuries vary with age, no age group is spared. Children fall at play; the elderly fall in their homes. A recent study also suggests that wrist fractures in the elderly may be strongly associated with falls due to vestibular dysfunction. […] While falls are the predominant cause of wrist injuries among patients of all ages, the type and outcomes of the injuries sustained do vary by age. Young children almost never have carpal fractures but may sustain distal radial fractures (especially torus [bulging of the cortex] and greenstick fractures). A fall on an outstretched hand in a toddler or young child may also result in a radial head or supercondylar humerus fracture. Adolescents and young adults are more likely to injure the carpal bones, especially the scaphoid. When they do sustain a distal radius fracture, it is often complex and associated with other injuries. With increasing patient age, scaphoid fractures become less common, while distal radius fractures become more so.

• #31 Common Fractures of the Radius and Ulna | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0315/p345.html

  Fractures of the radius and ulna are the most common fractures of the upper extremity, with distal fractures occurring more often than proximal fractures. A fall onto an outstretched hand is the most common mechanism of injury for fractures of the radius and ulna. […] The rate of distal radius fractures is highest (nearly double) in people younger than 18 years and older than 65 years. […] The most common mechanism of injury for radius and ulna fractures is sudden axial loading onto the radius/ulna, often from a fall onto an outstretched hand with wrist extension. […] Most fractures of the radius or ulna seen by family physicians are distal radius, midshaft, or radial head fractures. […] Distal radius fracture, the most common forearm fracture in adults, typically results from a fall on an outstretched hand. There is a bimodal age distribution in those most affected: young, healthy men who sustain high-energy injuries (e.g., from athletic collisions or motor vehicle crashes), and older women who have osteoporotic fractures from low-energy falls. […] Combined fractures involving both the radius and ulna are usually the result of a high-energy injury (e.g., from athletic collisions or motor vehicle crashes).

• #32 Slip and Fall Wrist & Arm Fracture Lawsuits | Get Legal Help in Michigan

  https://theclarklawoffice.com/slip-and-fall-attorneys/wrist-and-arm-fractures/

  Wrist and arm fractures are some of the most frequent injuries in slip and fall accidents. […] These injuries can be painful, disabling, and costly to treat, especially if they require surgery or physical therapy. […] When people lose their balance, their first instinct is to reach out with their hands to break the fall. […] Falls that happen on hard surfaces or at awkward angles only increase the risk. […] These types of injuries are especially common among older adults with reduced bone density, but they can happen to anyone, anywhere especially when property owners fail to maintain safe conditions. […] Slip and fall accidents can cause a range of injuries to the wrist, forearm, elbow, and upper arm depending on how the person lands and how much force is absorbed. […] Common types of wrist and arm fractures from slip and falls include: Distal radius fracture: A break near the wrist, often called a Colles fracture; Scaphoid fracture: A small bone in the wrist that’s vulnerable when falling on an outstretched hand; Ulnar fracture: Fracture of the inner forearm bone, often occurring with radius breaks; Humerus fracture: A break in the upper arm bone near the shoulder or elbow; Elbow fracture: May involve the olecranon or radial head, common in direct-impact falls; Wrist dislocation or ligament injury: Often occurs alongside fractures and can complicate healing.

• #33 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  By analyzing data from NHANES, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and associated factors of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above. […] Wrist fractures, whose prevalence increases with age, are one of the most common fractures in the United States. However, epidemiological studies on the prevalence of wrist fractures of certain ages were limited. […] The prevalence of wrist fractures among Americans whose age was 50 or above was 12%, which was similar between men and women (men 12.8% vs. women 11.4%, p = 0.267). […] The top two causes of the first wrist fracture were a fall from a standing height (56%) or a hard fall (34.8%). […] Multivariate analysis showed that obesity, frequent drinking, current smoking, high serum phosphate level, non-Hispanic white women, and osteoporosis were independently associated with wrist fractures.

• #34 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #35 Common Fractures of the Radius and Ulna | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0315/p345.html

  Fractures of the radius and ulna are the most common fractures of the upper extremity, with distal fractures occurring more often than proximal fractures. A fall onto an outstretched hand is the most common mechanism of injury for fractures of the radius and ulna. […] The rate of distal radius fractures is highest (nearly double) in people younger than 18 years and older than 65 years. […] The most common mechanism of injury for radius and ulna fractures is sudden axial loading onto the radius/ulna, often from a fall onto an outstretched hand with wrist extension. […] Most fractures of the radius or ulna seen by family physicians are distal radius, midshaft, or radial head fractures. […] Distal radius fracture, the most common forearm fracture in adults, typically results from a fall on an outstretched hand. There is a bimodal age distribution in those most affected: young, healthy men who sustain high-energy injuries (e.g., from athletic collisions or motor vehicle crashes), and older women who have osteoporotic fractures from low-energy falls. […] Combined fractures involving both the radius and ulna are usually the result of a high-energy injury (e.g., from athletic collisions or motor vehicle crashes).

• #36 The epidemiology of wrist and hand injury in two hospitals in Jerusalem: substantial differences between population subgroups | Israel Journal of Health Policy Research | Full Text

  https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13584-018-0278-0

  Wrist and hand injuries are common and constitute a major economic burden. General injury prevention programs have failed to demonstrate a decrease in injury rates. […] Few studies have been published on the epidemiology, determinants and distribution of hand and wrist injuries. These have indicated considerable geographic differences in the settings in which hand injuries take place. […] The trauma registry has demonstrated nationwide differences between ethnic subpopulations in Israel, in different trauma types. […] Our hypothesis was that in hand trauma patients, there are significant differences between subpopulations within the same municipality, not only in comparison with other countries or on a national scale. Finding these differences in wrist and hand injuries between subpopulations and settings within a specific geographic area, may be crucial to the development of effective prevention programs.

• #37 The epidemiology of wrist and hand injury in two hospitals in Jerusalem: substantial differences between population subgroups | Israel Journal of Health Policy Research | Full Text

  https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13584-018-0278-0

  In this emergency department-based study of patients with acute trauma of the wrist and hand, differences emerged in terms of patterns of injury across gender, age, level of education, religious groups and degree of religiosity. Future studies should confirm these findings, and more importantly aim at planning effective, targeted interventions to prevent these injuries.

• #38 Arm Wrestling Related Injuries: A Literature Review

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaos/international-archives-of-orthopaedic-surgery-iaos-3-022.php

  In a study of 93 patients with a closed humerus fracture, it was determined that only nine patients (8%) had a fracture due to arm wrestling. In another study, it was reported that humeral fracture caused by arm wrestling was seen in 30 cases in the general population. In another study conducted with 123 young soldiers who had humerus shaft fractures in 2020, it was reported that arm wrestling was the cause of the fracture in 65 (52.8%) of the cases. […] It has also been reported in the literature that there may be an injury to the radial nerve as a result of arm wrestling. Although the radial nerve injury rate due to humeral shaft fracture was reported to be 9.1% and 11.3% in the normal population, the rates of radial nerve damage as a result of humeral shaft fracture due to arm wrestling were reported to be 23% and 26.2%.

• #39 Arm Wrestling Related Injuries: A Literature Review

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaos/international-archives-of-orthopaedic-surgery-iaos-3-022.php?jid=iaos

  Arm wrestling is increasing in popularity and is practised mostly among young people as a recreational or professional sport. […] Although this sport seems harmless, it can cause various injuries such as muscle, joint, connective tissue, nerve injury and extremity fracture when performed improperly. […] In a study of 93 patients with a closed humerus fracture, it was determined that only nine patients (8%) had a fracture due to arm wrestling. […] In another study conducted with 123 young soldiers who had humerus shaft fractures in 2020, it was reported that arm wrestling was the cause of the fracture in 65 (52.8%) of the cases. […] It has also been reported in the literature that there may be an injury to the radial nerve as a result of arm wrestling. […] Although the radial nerve injury rate due to humeral shaft fracture was reported to be 9.1% and 11.3% in the normal population, the rates of radial nerve damage as a result of humeral shaft fracture due to arm wrestling were reported to be 23% and 26.2%.

• #40 Wrist Injuries Emergency Imaging And Management

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal/wrist-injuries

  In addition, adults are more involved in the kinds of sports and recreation activities that put them at higher risk for wrist injuries. This accounts for a rise in high-velocity injuries associated with bicycling, skating, and other outdoor sports seen in suburban EDs. Physicians in urban areas may also see crush injuries due to industrial accidents.

• #41 Wrist Injuries Emergency Imaging And Management

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal/wrist-injuries

  In addition, adults are more involved in the kinds of sports and recreation activities that put them at higher risk for wrist injuries. This accounts for a rise in high-velocity injuries associated with bicycling, skating, and other outdoor sports seen in suburban EDs. Physicians in urban areas may also see crush injuries due to industrial accidents.

• #42 Broken Wrist (Distal Radius Fracture)

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/broken-wrist-distal-radius-fracture

  A broken wrist specifically a distal radius fracture is one of the most commonly experienced fractures in the body. Studies have shown that it accounts for up to 25% of fractures in children and about 20% of fractures in older adults. […] The term distal radius fracture is sometimes used interchangeably with the term broken wrist. […] Physicians can determine the classification of a fracture through imaging tests such as X-ray. […] When a distal radius fracture occurs, there are several surgical and nonsurgical treatment options available to heal the fracture and restore wrist function.

• #43 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #44 Distal radius fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture

  Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures seen in adults and children. Distal radius fractures account for 18% of all adult fractures with an approximate rate of 23.6 to 25.8 per 100,000 per year. For children, both boys and girls have a similar incidence of these types of fractures, however the peak ages differ slightly. Girls peak at 11 years old and boys peak at 14 years old (the age that children experience the most fractures). For adults, incidences in females outnumber incidences in males by a factor of three to two. In adults, the average age of occurrence is between 57 and 66 years. Men who sustain distal radius fractures are usually younger, generally in their 40s (vs. 60s in females). Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures. Unstable metaphyseal fractures are ten times more common than severe articular fractures. Older people with osteoporosis who are still active are at an increased risk of getting distal radius fractures.

• #45 Wrist Injuries Emergency Imaging And Management

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal/wrist-injuries

  Injuries to the wrist account for about 2.5% of orthopedic injuries seen in the average community ED. In one study, the incidence of wrist injuries that prompted radiography was 26 per 10,000 per year. In more practical terms, the average emergency physician sees wrist injuries at least several times each month, if not every day or week. […] Most wrist injuries (90%) are the result of a fall on an outstretched hand. While the characteristics of wrist injuries vary with age, no age group is spared. Children fall at play; the elderly fall in their homes. A recent study also suggests that wrist fractures in the elderly may be strongly associated with falls due to vestibular dysfunction. […] While falls are the predominant cause of wrist injuries among patients of all ages, the type and outcomes of the injuries sustained do vary by age. Young children almost never have carpal fractures but may sustain distal radial fractures (especially torus [bulging of the cortex] and greenstick fractures). A fall on an outstretched hand in a toddler or young child may also result in a radial head or supercondylar humerus fracture. Adolescents and young adults are more likely to injure the carpal bones, especially the scaphoid. When they do sustain a distal radius fracture, it is often complex and associated with other injuries. With increasing patient age, scaphoid fractures become less common, while distal radius fractures become more so.

• #46 Wrist Fracture Management in the ED Workup: Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828746-workup

  Rundgren J, Bojan A, Mellstrand Navarro C, Enocson A. Epidemiology, classification, treatment and mortality of distal radius fractures in adults: an observational study of 23,394 fractures from the national Swedish fracture register. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Feb 8. 21 (1):88. […] Zander MEL, Swrd E, Bjrkman A, Wilcke M. Carpal fractures: epidemiology, classification and treatment of 6542 fractures from the Swedish Fracture Registry. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024 Apr. 49 (4):470-6. […] Shah NS, Buzas D, Zinberg EM. Epidemiologic dynamics contributing to pediatric wrist fractures in the United States. Hand (N Y). 2015 Jun. 10 (2):266-71. […] Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal fracture, representing 70% of carpal bone fractures. […] In a systematic review of 75 studies, MRI was determined to be the most accurate imaging test to diagnose scaphoid fractures in ED patients with no evidence of fracture on initial x-rays. […] In 124 patients who had wrist trauma and displayed typical clinical symptoms suspicious of an acute scaphoid fracture, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was shown to be superior to radiography.

• #47 Wrist Injuries Emergency Imaging And Management

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal/wrist-injuries

  Injuries to the wrist account for about 2.5% of orthopedic injuries seen in the average community ED. In one study, the incidence of wrist injuries that prompted radiography was 26 per 10,000 per year. In more practical terms, the average emergency physician sees wrist injuries at least several times each month, if not every day or week. […] Most wrist injuries (90%) are the result of a fall on an outstretched hand. While the characteristics of wrist injuries vary with age, no age group is spared. Children fall at play; the elderly fall in their homes. A recent study also suggests that wrist fractures in the elderly may be strongly associated with falls due to vestibular dysfunction. […] While falls are the predominant cause of wrist injuries among patients of all ages, the type and outcomes of the injuries sustained do vary by age. Young children almost never have carpal fractures but may sustain distal radial fractures (especially torus [bulging of the cortex] and greenstick fractures). A fall on an outstretched hand in a toddler or young child may also result in a radial head or supercondylar humerus fracture. Adolescents and young adults are more likely to injure the carpal bones, especially the scaphoid. When they do sustain a distal radius fracture, it is often complex and associated with other injuries. With increasing patient age, scaphoid fractures become less common, while distal radius fractures become more so.

• #48 Slip and Fall Wrist & Arm Fracture Lawsuits | Get Legal Help in Michigan

  https://theclarklawoffice.com/slip-and-fall-attorneys/wrist-and-arm-fractures/

  Wrist and arm fractures are some of the most frequent injuries in slip and fall accidents. […] These injuries can be painful, disabling, and costly to treat, especially if they require surgery or physical therapy. […] When people lose their balance, their first instinct is to reach out with their hands to break the fall. […] Falls that happen on hard surfaces or at awkward angles only increase the risk. […] These types of injuries are especially common among older adults with reduced bone density, but they can happen to anyone, anywhere especially when property owners fail to maintain safe conditions. […] Slip and fall accidents can cause a range of injuries to the wrist, forearm, elbow, and upper arm depending on how the person lands and how much force is absorbed. […] Common types of wrist and arm fractures from slip and falls include: Distal radius fracture: A break near the wrist, often called a Colles fracture; Scaphoid fracture: A small bone in the wrist that’s vulnerable when falling on an outstretched hand; Ulnar fracture: Fracture of the inner forearm bone, often occurring with radius breaks; Humerus fracture: A break in the upper arm bone near the shoulder or elbow; Elbow fracture: May involve the olecranon or radial head, common in direct-impact falls; Wrist dislocation or ligament injury: Often occurs alongside fractures and can complicate healing.

• #49 Epidemiology of fall related forearm and wrist fractures among adults treated in US hospital emergency departments | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/17/1/33

  Objective To examine national estimates of forearm and wrist fractures among adults treated in US emergency departments. […] The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program was used to estimate emergency department visits for unintentional fall related forearm and/or wrist fractures among adults aged 50years or older between 2001 and 2007. […] Based on 14771 cases, an estimated 1045008 adults aged 50years were treated in US hospital emergency departments for fall related forearm and/or wrist fractures during the study period. Of these, an estimated 832591 (80%) fractures occurred among women. The incidence of fractures among women increased gradually with age from the age of 50years. In men, fracture rates remained low until later in life. Between 2001 and 2007, fracture rates increased predominantly among women in the age group 5059years at an annual rate of 3.9% (95% CI 0.1 to 8.2).

• #50 Wrist Fracture Management in the ED Workup: Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828746-workup

  Rundgren J, Bojan A, Mellstrand Navarro C, Enocson A. Epidemiology, classification, treatment and mortality of distal radius fractures in adults: an observational study of 23,394 fractures from the national Swedish fracture register. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Feb 8. 21 (1):88. […] Zander MEL, Swrd E, Bjrkman A, Wilcke M. Carpal fractures: epidemiology, classification and treatment of 6542 fractures from the Swedish Fracture Registry. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024 Apr. 49 (4):470-6. […] Shah NS, Buzas D, Zinberg EM. Epidemiologic dynamics contributing to pediatric wrist fractures in the United States. Hand (N Y). 2015 Jun. 10 (2):266-71. […] Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal fracture, representing 70% of carpal bone fractures. […] In a systematic review of 75 studies, MRI was determined to be the most accurate imaging test to diagnose scaphoid fractures in ED patients with no evidence of fracture on initial x-rays. […] In 124 patients who had wrist trauma and displayed typical clinical symptoms suspicious of an acute scaphoid fracture, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was shown to be superior to radiography.

• #51 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. We hypothesised this global pattern of non-fatal injury would be demonstrated in regard to bony hand and wrist trauma over the 27-year study period. […] The global incidence of hand trauma has only modestly decreased since 1990. In 2017, the age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fractures was 179 per 100000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 146 to 217), whereas the less common injuries of thumb and non-thumb digit amputation were 24 (95% UI 17 to 34) and 56 (95% UI 43 to 74) per 100 000, respectively. […] Certain regions are noted to have high rates of hand trauma over the study period. Low-middle and middle SDI countries, however, have demonstrated increasing rates of fracture and amputation over the last 27 years. This trend is concerning as access to quality and subspecialised surgical hand care is often limiting in these resource-limited regions.

• #52 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000500429

  The epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries is not well described in Mexico either in the working population or in the non-working population and there is no national registry of hand injuries and subsequent disability. […] In 2015, the IMSS registered 425,063 work related injuries. Injuries to the hand and wrist constituted 27% of all cases. The most common diagnosis were superficial trauma, dislocations, tears, and sprains, wounds, fractures, contusions, burns and chemical corrosion, and amputations. […] There is not enough epidemiological data on non-working hand injuries in Mexico or any other country. It has been documented that hand injuries tend to be minimized, and an incorrect treatment can cause permanent disability.

• #53 Fracture detection in pediatric wrist trauma X-ray images using YOLOv8 algorithm | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-47460-7

  Hospital emergency departments frequently receive lots of bone fracture cases, with pediatric wrist trauma fracture accounting for the majority of them. […] Fractures of the distal radius and ulna account for the majority of wrist trauma in pediatric patients. […] According to the survey, the percentage of X-ray images misinterpreted have reached 26%. […] In recent years, researchers have started to apply object detection models to fracture detection, which is a popular research topic in computer vision (CV). […] This work develops an application to detect wrist fracture in children, which aims to help pediatric surgeons interpret X-ray images without the assistance of the radiologist, and reduce the probability of X-ray image analysis errors. […] Our application aims to assist pediatric surgeons in interpreting X-ray images, reduce the probability of misclassification, and provide a better information base for surgery.

• #54 Fracture detection in pediatric wrist trauma X-ray images using YOLOv8 algorithm | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-47460-7

  Hospital emergency departments frequently receive lots of bone fracture cases, with pediatric wrist trauma fracture accounting for the majority of them. […] Fractures of the distal radius and ulna account for the majority of wrist trauma in pediatric patients. […] According to the survey, the percentage of X-ray images misinterpreted have reached 26%. […] In recent years, researchers have started to apply object detection models to fracture detection, which is a popular research topic in computer vision (CV). […] This work develops an application to detect wrist fracture in children, which aims to help pediatric surgeons interpret X-ray images without the assistance of the radiologist, and reduce the probability of X-ray image analysis errors. […] Our application aims to assist pediatric surgeons in interpreting X-ray images, reduce the probability of misclassification, and provide a better information base for surgery.

• #55 Trends in incidence and costs of injuries to the shoulder, arm and wrist in The Netherlands between 1986 and 2008 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-531

  Women with wrist fractures accounted for 21% of total costs of upper extremity injuries. […] The total health care costs for wrist fractures were 83 million making them the most expensive injuries. […] Over 75% of total costs were attributable to fractures, making them the most expensive injuries.

• #56 Wrist Fractures: Types and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/wrist-fractures

  Fractures of the wrist are common, representing about a quarter of all fractures of limbs. […] They also become more common with advancing age, partly because advancing age is related to an increased risk of falls and partly because of osteoporosis. […] Wrist fractures in the elderly are associated with deformity and significant and prolonged/permanent loss of dependence, especially in frail patients.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3

  Long-term physical functioning trajectories following distal forearm fracture are unknown. […] Physical functioning trajectory following lower arm or wrist fracture is not well understood. […] Women with lower arm or wrist fracture, particularly those aged 80 and older, were more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without such fractures, independent of baseline physical functioning level. […] The incidence of forearm fractures in women rises rapidly after the menopause transition and then reaches a plateau after approximately age 65 years. […] Wrist fractures are the most common type of clinical fracture among younger postmenopausal women. […] Compared to women without lower arm or wrist fracture, women with lower arm or wrist fracture were 33% more likely to experience declining physical functioning.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3

  Long-term physical functioning trajectories following distal forearm fracture are unknown. […] Physical functioning trajectory following lower arm or wrist fracture is not well understood. […] Women with lower arm or wrist fracture, particularly those aged 80 and older, were more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without such fractures, independent of baseline physical functioning level. […] The incidence of forearm fractures in women rises rapidly after the menopause transition and then reaches a plateau after approximately age 65 years. […] Wrist fractures are the most common type of clinical fracture among younger postmenopausal women. […] Compared to women without lower arm or wrist fracture, women with lower arm or wrist fracture were 33% more likely to experience declining physical functioning.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3

  Declining physical functioning was observed among 20.4% of cases and 16.0% of controls. […] The goal of this study was to evaluate change in physical functioning before versus after lower arm or wrist fracture during approximately 5 years of follow-up and determine whether these 5-year trajectories after fracture differed by age. […] In this large study with prospective measurements of physical functioning with approximately 5 years of follow-up duration, we found that women who experience lower arm or wrist fracture compared with those without lower arm or wrist fracture were slightly more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without lower arm or wrist fracture over the subsequent 5-year period. […] This association was most evident among postmenopausal women aged 80 years.

• #60

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/fractures-are-linked-to-deaths-in-older-people-why

  Elderly woman with broken arm Fractures can be very serious for older people how can they be averted? […] It is well established that older people who have a fracture are significantly more likely to die within a year. A fragility fracture sends the risk of premature death skyrocketing, rising by around 50% in both men and women. […] Around 80% of all fractures are in people aged over 50. […] Healthy Bones Australia estimates 173,000 bones were broken in Australia last year, with almost 4% of the population living with osteoporosis. […] The problem at the moment is up to 80% of people with a fracture do not receive enough treatment. […] We know that treatment can reduce mortality by up to 28%. […] It remains unclear why some individuals do well after an initial fracture, while others go on to sustain further fractures and have a higher risk of mortality, she said. […] The calculator is based on data from the worlds longest running osteoporosis study, which has tracked people in Dubbo, NSW, since 1989, and followed them up to determine their risk.

• #61

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/fractures-are-linked-to-deaths-in-older-people-why

  Elderly woman with broken arm Fractures can be very serious for older people how can they be averted? […] It is well established that older people who have a fracture are significantly more likely to die within a year. A fragility fracture sends the risk of premature death skyrocketing, rising by around 50% in both men and women. […] Around 80% of all fractures are in people aged over 50. […] Healthy Bones Australia estimates 173,000 bones were broken in Australia last year, with almost 4% of the population living with osteoporosis. […] The problem at the moment is up to 80% of people with a fracture do not receive enough treatment. […] We know that treatment can reduce mortality by up to 28%. […] It remains unclear why some individuals do well after an initial fracture, while others go on to sustain further fractures and have a higher risk of mortality, she said. […] The calculator is based on data from the worlds longest running osteoporosis study, which has tracked people in Dubbo, NSW, since 1989, and followed them up to determine their risk.

• #62 Forearm Injuries and Fractures | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/forearm-injuries-and-fractures-pro

  Forearm fractures account for most limb fractures. Wrist fractures are the most common forearm fracture. Fracture risk factors include osteoporosis (more common in women than in men) and malignancy (pathological fractures). […] An epidemiological study in Denmark found that 4 out of 5 forearm fractures were treated conservatively. […] Non-union and malunion (uncommon). […] Compromise of the brachial/radial artery blood supply. […] Median, ulnar or radial nerve injury. […] Infection (more likely if the fracture is secondary to a crush injury). […] Compartment syndrome (more common in both-bone forearm fractures). […] Radioulnar fusion (synostosis). […] Re-fracture. […] Prevention of osteoporosis. […] Adequate treatment of existing osteoporosis.

• #63 Epidemiology of fall related forearm and wrist fractures among adults treated in US hospital emergency departments | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/17/1/33

  The study indicates marked gender differences in unintentional fall related forearm and/or wrist fractures among adults aged 50years treated in US hospital emergency departments. Interventions aimed at preventing falls might be effective in reducing the incidence of this injury, particularly in those women who already have diminished bone mineral.

• #64 Broken arm or wrist

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/broken-arm-or-wrist/

  Get medical advice as soon as possible if you think you have broken your arm or wrist. Any possible breaks need to be treated as soon as possible. […] When you get to hospital the affected arm will be placed in a splint to support it and stop any broken bones from moving out of position. You will also be given painkilling medicines for the pain. […] If you’re over 50 and have broken your arm or wrist, a fracture liaison service can help you prevent further broken bones and keep your bones healthy. […] It usually takes around 6 to 8 weeks to recover from a broken arm or wrist. It can take longer if your arm or wrist was severely damaged.

• #65 The epidemiology of wrist and hand injury in two hospitals in Jerusalem: substantial differences between population subgroups | Israel Journal of Health Policy Research | Full Text

  https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13584-018-0278-0

  Wrist and hand injuries are common and constitute a major economic burden. General injury prevention programs have failed to demonstrate a decrease in injury rates. […] Few studies have been published on the epidemiology, determinants and distribution of hand and wrist injuries. These have indicated considerable geographic differences in the settings in which hand injuries take place. […] The trauma registry has demonstrated nationwide differences between ethnic subpopulations in Israel, in different trauma types. […] Our hypothesis was that in hand trauma patients, there are significant differences between subpopulations within the same municipality, not only in comparison with other countries or on a national scale. Finding these differences in wrist and hand injuries between subpopulations and settings within a specific geographic area, may be crucial to the development of effective prevention programs.

• #66

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/fractures-are-linked-to-deaths-in-older-people-why

  Elderly woman with broken arm Fractures can be very serious for older people how can they be averted? […] It is well established that older people who have a fracture are significantly more likely to die within a year. A fragility fracture sends the risk of premature death skyrocketing, rising by around 50% in both men and women. […] Around 80% of all fractures are in people aged over 50. […] Healthy Bones Australia estimates 173,000 bones were broken in Australia last year, with almost 4% of the population living with osteoporosis. […] The problem at the moment is up to 80% of people with a fracture do not receive enough treatment. […] We know that treatment can reduce mortality by up to 28%. […] It remains unclear why some individuals do well after an initial fracture, while others go on to sustain further fractures and have a higher risk of mortality, she said. […] The calculator is based on data from the worlds longest running osteoporosis study, which has tracked people in Dubbo, NSW, since 1989, and followed them up to determine their risk.

• #67 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000500429

  The epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries is not well described in Mexico either in the working population or in the non-working population and there is no national registry of hand injuries and subsequent disability. […] In 2015, the IMSS registered 425,063 work related injuries. Injuries to the hand and wrist constituted 27% of all cases. The most common diagnosis were superficial trauma, dislocations, tears, and sprains, wounds, fractures, contusions, burns and chemical corrosion, and amputations. […] There is not enough epidemiological data on non-working hand injuries in Mexico or any other country. It has been documented that hand injuries tend to be minimized, and an incorrect treatment can cause permanent disability.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3

  Long-term physical functioning trajectories following distal forearm fracture are unknown. […] Physical functioning trajectory following lower arm or wrist fracture is not well understood. […] Women with lower arm or wrist fracture, particularly those aged 80 and older, were more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without such fractures, independent of baseline physical functioning level. […] The incidence of forearm fractures in women rises rapidly after the menopause transition and then reaches a plateau after approximately age 65 years. […] Wrist fractures are the most common type of clinical fracture among younger postmenopausal women. […] Compared to women without lower arm or wrist fracture, women with lower arm or wrist fracture were 33% more likely to experience declining physical functioning.

• #69 The epidemiology of wrist and hand injury in two hospitals in Jerusalem: substantial differences between population subgroups | Israel Journal of Health Policy Research | Full Text

  https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13584-018-0278-0

  In this emergency department-based study of patients with acute trauma of the wrist and hand, differences emerged in terms of patterns of injury across gender, age, level of education, religious groups and degree of religiosity. Future studies should confirm these findings, and more importantly aim at planning effective, targeted interventions to prevent these injuries.

• #70

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/fractures-are-linked-to-deaths-in-older-people-why

  Elderly woman with broken arm Fractures can be very serious for older people how can they be averted? […] It is well established that older people who have a fracture are significantly more likely to die within a year. A fragility fracture sends the risk of premature death skyrocketing, rising by around 50% in both men and women. […] Around 80% of all fractures are in people aged over 50. […] Healthy Bones Australia estimates 173,000 bones were broken in Australia last year, with almost 4% of the population living with osteoporosis. […] The problem at the moment is up to 80% of people with a fracture do not receive enough treatment. […] We know that treatment can reduce mortality by up to 28%. […] It remains unclear why some individuals do well after an initial fracture, while others go on to sustain further fractures and have a higher risk of mortality, she said. […] The calculator is based on data from the worlds longest running osteoporosis study, which has tracked people in Dubbo, NSW, since 1989, and followed them up to determine their risk.

• #71 AAHS – The Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Fractures in the United States

  https://meeting.handsurgery.org/abstracts/2020/HSEP225.cgi

  The incidence of the most common fracture, the radius/ulna fractures at the wrist, is 165.3 (95% CI 153.3-177.4)/100,000 people and occurs most commonly in the 5-14 age group. […] The change in incidence of treatment of distal radius/ulna fractures is not well understood as newer coding schemes have only recently enabled more focused fracture localization. […] Our analysis represents a valid cross-sectional estimate of the incidence of new presentations to an emergency department for an upper extremity fracture in the United States. […] This is also the first study to use ICD10 coding to facilitate accurate anatomic description of fractures along long bones.

• #72 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. The prevalence was similar between male and female patients. Moreover, falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, and obesity were the risk factors for wrist fractures.

• #73 Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Risk Factors of Wrist Fractures in Americans Above 50: The Cross-Sectional NHANES Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9082306/

  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prevalence of wrist fractures in Americans aged 50 and above was 12%. The prevalence was similar between male and female patients. Moreover, falling from a standing height was the main cause of the first wrist fracture. Frequent drinking, current smoker, high serum phosphate level, osteoporosis, and obesity were the risk factors for wrist fractures.

• #74

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3

  Long-term physical functioning trajectories following distal forearm fracture are unknown. […] Physical functioning trajectory following lower arm or wrist fracture is not well understood. […] Women with lower arm or wrist fracture, particularly those aged 80 and older, were more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without such fractures, independent of baseline physical functioning level. […] The incidence of forearm fractures in women rises rapidly after the menopause transition and then reaches a plateau after approximately age 65 years. […] Wrist fractures are the most common type of clinical fracture among younger postmenopausal women. […] Compared to women without lower arm or wrist fracture, women with lower arm or wrist fracture were 33% more likely to experience declining physical functioning.

• #75 The epidemiology of wrist and hand injury in two hospitals in Jerusalem: substantial differences between population subgroups | Israel Journal of Health Policy Research | Full Text

  https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13584-018-0278-0

  In this emergency department-based study of patients with acute trauma of the wrist and hand, differences emerged in terms of patterns of injury across gender, age, level of education, religious groups and degree of religiosity. Future studies should confirm these findings, and more importantly aim at planning effective, targeted interventions to prevent these injuries.

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