Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585133/

  The incidence and prevalence of CBS are still under investigation and require further research. However, various studies and surveys indicate that the condition is not as uncommon as one might think. CBS prevalence has been found to differ widely depending on different sample sizes, with estimates ranging from 1% to nearly 10%. […] One large study aimed at investigating CBS found the overall prevalence to be 0.5% (5/1000), with 0.8% (1/120) of their sample being in those with low visual acuity, 0.6% (2/346) being in the elderly, and 0.8% (1/120) being in both the elderly and those with low visual acuity. […] Further highlighting the predominance in those with a higher degree of visual impairment or even more in those with complete vision loss, a study comparing visual hallucinations in people with macular disease versus people with glaucoma involved in a visual rehabilitation found the prevalence of CBS to be 39% and 20% respectively.

• #1 Prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome in low vision: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Subhi – Annals of Eye Science

  https://aes.amegroups.org/article/view/6793/html

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by vivid lifelike visual hallucinations and is typically seen in individuals with visual impairment. […] The pooled prevalence of CBS in low vision patients aged 40 years was 19.7% (95% CI: 13.8% to 26.4%). […] CBS is a prevalent condition in patients with low vision at a rate of approximately one in five patients. Considering that an estimated 239 million individuals have moderate visual impairment or worse, we estimate a global number of patients with CBS at approximately 47.2 million. […] In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies on patients with low vision, we find that the prevalence of CBS can be summarized to 19.7%. In other words, one in five patients with low vision have CBS. […] Our findings also call for the need for greater awareness on this condition.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10792-024-03298-0

  The occurrence of visual hallucinations in visually impaired people without mental impairment is known as Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). To date, the prevalence of CBS has been reported with high variance. The present study aims at evaluating the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients. […] 26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] CBS among low-vision patients is common. Its prevalence constitutes clinical relevance. Future management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] To date, a variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. Here, the prevalence was mostly reported as less than 20%. Only one study found a higher prevalence of CBS (34%) in patients with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.30 logMAR. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%). A recent meta-analysis found a prevalence of 19.7% among low-vision patients.

• #2 Prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome in low vision: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Subhi – Annals of Eye Science

  https://aes.amegroups.org/article/view/6793/html

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by vivid lifelike visual hallucinations and is typically seen in individuals with visual impairment. […] The pooled prevalence of CBS in low vision patients aged 40 years was 19.7% (95% CI: 13.8% to 26.4%). […] CBS is a prevalent condition in patients with low vision at a rate of approximately one in five patients. Considering that an estimated 239 million individuals have moderate visual impairment or worse, we estimate a global number of patients with CBS at approximately 47.2 million. […] In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies on patients with low vision, we find that the prevalence of CBS can be summarized to 19.7%. In other words, one in five patients with low vision have CBS. […] Our findings also call for the need for greater awareness on this condition.

• #3 Charles Bonnet syndrome: a condition of the visually impaired – Dhooge – Annals of Eye Science

  https://aes.amegroups.org/article/view/6863/html

  The systematic review and meta-analysis by Subhi et al. in this edition of AES shows that the prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) in the low vision population is approximately one in five. […] Subhi et al. identified 11 studies that systematically analysed patients for the presence of CBS. Their meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of CBS in low vision patients of 19.7% (95% CI: 13.826.4%). Extrapolating this prevalence results in an estimate of 47 million people worldwide that experience CBS with roughly one-third (16 million) experiencing fear and stress as a result. […] The pooled prevalence of almost 20% that was reported by Subhi et al. calls for systematic inquiry for presence of CBS among the visually impaired.

• #4 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  A possible factor in developing CBS might be residual visual field, as one study found those with large residual visual areas and diffuse visual field defects were more likely to experience visual hallucinations during training stimuli. […] Included in the research were 194 patients with visual acuity 0.5 logMAR; 50 were eligible and agreed to participate. Of this low vision cohort, 26% were found to have CBS. […] In the discussion section of their paper for International Ophthalmology, the researchers communicate that their estimate of 26% prevalence in low vision patients is in line with previous reports, which vary from 6% to 34%. They also elaborate that the prevalence of CBS in low vision patients is similar to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, like glaucoma, with reported prevalence of 23%, patients with retinal diseases (38% to 40%) and in vision rehabilitation centers (19% to 35%).

• #5 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-and-phenomenology-of-the-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in/27674062

  26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] To date, a variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%). […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients is comparable to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, such as glaucoma patients (prevalence=23%) and patients with retinal diseases (prevalence=40%). […] Future studies should further address the effects of the residual visual field size on CBS. […] The management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician.

• #6 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11387450/

  A variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%).

• #7 The Charles Bonnet Syndrome: A Large Prospective Study in the Netherlands | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-a-large-prospective-study-in-the-netherlands/4DA8AEC448DB8DF73B2579C324112548

  The aims were to determine the prevalence of the Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) in low-vision patients and analyse possible associated ophthalmic and sociodemographic factors. […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients was 11%. CBS was significantly associated with an age over 64 years and a visual acuity in the best eye of 0.3 or less. […] Our findings support association of CBS with sensory deprivation and advanced age.

• #8 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  A possible factor in developing CBS might be residual visual field, as one study found those with large residual visual areas and diffuse visual field defects were more likely to experience visual hallucinations during training stimuli. […] Included in the research were 194 patients with visual acuity 0.5 logMAR; 50 were eligible and agreed to participate. Of this low vision cohort, 26% were found to have CBS. […] In the discussion section of their paper for International Ophthalmology, the researchers communicate that their estimate of 26% prevalence in low vision patients is in line with previous reports, which vary from 6% to 34%. They also elaborate that the prevalence of CBS in low vision patients is similar to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, like glaucoma, with reported prevalence of 23%, patients with retinal diseases (38% to 40%) and in vision rehabilitation centers (19% to 35%).

• #9 SciELO Brazil – Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration – prevalence and clinical features in a Portuguese population Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration – prevalence and clinical features in a Portuguese popul

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbof/a/6sGPjcKpj3fKbhdbmfQgqVg/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome was fairly prevalent in this late-stage age-related macular degeneration population. […] According to recent literature, Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) may be a rather common feature of late AMD. […] Our sample shows the importance of directly asking subjects about Charles Bonnet syndrome since they are often reluctant to admit to having visual hallucinations. […] The prevalence of CBS (8%) was similar to the latter. […] Unfortunately, some authors have suggested that the prevalence of CBS may be underestimated because patients may be reluctant to admit to having hallucinations for fear of being considered mentally ill. […] Our findings also support that CBS is more common in females, as 88% of the patients in the CBS Group were women. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome most often affects individuals between 75 and 85 years of age which is probably associated with the most common occurrence of visual loss in this age group.

• #10 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11387450/

  The occurrence of visual hallucinations in visually impaired people without mental impairment is known as Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). To date, the prevalence of CBS has been reported with high variance. The present study aims at evaluating the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients. […] 26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] CBS among low-vision patients is common. Its prevalence constitutes clinical relevance. Future management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Low vision has been identified as one of several risk factors for CBS, as well as bilateral vision loss and advanced age.

• #11 Visual release hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/visual-release-hallucinations-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  The CBS may be more common than is generally appreciated. Visual hallucinations are often unreported by patients because they fear that they represent psychiatric disease. When this symptom is specifically solicited in older patients with impaired vision, 11 to 15 percent admit to having visual hallucinations. […] These surveys also reveal that most patients had failed to report these symptoms to their clinician or to family members. One study found that only 12 percent of patients attending a retinal clinic were aware of the condition. […] Patients with more significant vision loss may be more likely to experience and report visual hallucinations. In one survey of patients diagnosed with macular disease, the reported prevalence was 39 percent, and among patients with glaucoma attending a visual rehabilitation program, the prevalence was 20 percent.

• #12 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-and-phenomenology-of-the-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in/27674062

  26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] To date, a variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%). […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients is comparable to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, such as glaucoma patients (prevalence=23%) and patients with retinal diseases (prevalence=40%). […] Future studies should further address the effects of the residual visual field size on CBS. […] The management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician.

• #13 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  A possible factor in developing CBS might be residual visual field, as one study found those with large residual visual areas and diffuse visual field defects were more likely to experience visual hallucinations during training stimuli. […] Included in the research were 194 patients with visual acuity 0.5 logMAR; 50 were eligible and agreed to participate. Of this low vision cohort, 26% were found to have CBS. […] In the discussion section of their paper for International Ophthalmology, the researchers communicate that their estimate of 26% prevalence in low vision patients is in line with previous reports, which vary from 6% to 34%. They also elaborate that the prevalence of CBS in low vision patients is similar to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, like glaucoma, with reported prevalence of 23%, patients with retinal diseases (38% to 40%) and in vision rehabilitation centers (19% to 35%).

• #14 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  A possible factor in developing CBS might be residual visual field, as one study found those with large residual visual areas and diffuse visual field defects were more likely to experience visual hallucinations during training stimuli. […] Included in the research were 194 patients with visual acuity 0.5 logMAR; 50 were eligible and agreed to participate. Of this low vision cohort, 26% were found to have CBS. […] In the discussion section of their paper for International Ophthalmology, the researchers communicate that their estimate of 26% prevalence in low vision patients is in line with previous reports, which vary from 6% to 34%. They also elaborate that the prevalence of CBS in low vision patients is similar to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, like glaucoma, with reported prevalence of 23%, patients with retinal diseases (38% to 40%) and in vision rehabilitation centers (19% to 35%).

• #15 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  A possible factor in developing CBS might be residual visual field, as one study found those with large residual visual areas and diffuse visual field defects were more likely to experience visual hallucinations during training stimuli. […] Included in the research were 194 patients with visual acuity 0.5 logMAR; 50 were eligible and agreed to participate. Of this low vision cohort, 26% were found to have CBS. […] In the discussion section of their paper for International Ophthalmology, the researchers communicate that their estimate of 26% prevalence in low vision patients is in line with previous reports, which vary from 6% to 34%. They also elaborate that the prevalence of CBS in low vision patients is similar to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, like glaucoma, with reported prevalence of 23%, patients with retinal diseases (38% to 40%) and in vision rehabilitation centers (19% to 35%).

• #16 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585133/

  The incidence and prevalence of CBS are still under investigation and require further research. However, various studies and surveys indicate that the condition is not as uncommon as one might think. CBS prevalence has been found to differ widely depending on different sample sizes, with estimates ranging from 1% to nearly 10%. […] One large study aimed at investigating CBS found the overall prevalence to be 0.5% (5/1000), with 0.8% (1/120) of their sample being in those with low visual acuity, 0.6% (2/346) being in the elderly, and 0.8% (1/120) being in both the elderly and those with low visual acuity. […] Further highlighting the predominance in those with a higher degree of visual impairment or even more in those with complete vision loss, a study comparing visual hallucinations in people with macular disease versus people with glaucoma involved in a visual rehabilitation found the prevalence of CBS to be 39% and 20% respectively.

• #17 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11387450/

  The occurrence of visual hallucinations in visually impaired people without mental impairment is known as Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). To date, the prevalence of CBS has been reported with high variance. The present study aims at evaluating the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients. […] 26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] CBS among low-vision patients is common. Its prevalence constitutes clinical relevance. Future management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Low vision has been identified as one of several risk factors for CBS, as well as bilateral vision loss and advanced age.

• #18 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-and-phenomenology-of-the-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in/27674062

  26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] To date, a variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%). […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients is comparable to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, such as glaucoma patients (prevalence=23%) and patients with retinal diseases (prevalence=40%). […] Future studies should further address the effects of the residual visual field size on CBS. […] The management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician.

• #19 Charles Bonnet syndrome in Asian patients in a tertiary ophthalmic centre

  https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/entities/publication/26da7261-0b0d-49f7-bc69-10c346e9dc65

  Aims: To describe the epidemiology of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) among patients in an Asian tertiary ophthalmic centre and to describe the characteristics of the hallucinations experienced. […] This is the first report on the epidemiology of CBS in Asian patients. The prevalence rate of CBS (0.4%) is slightly lower than in comparable studies in non-Asian populations.

• #20 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Charles_Bonnet_Syndrome

  CBS most commonly occurs in elderly individuals who have a severe visual impairment commonly due to age-related macular degeneration. […] CBS has also been found in patients with vascular associated vision loss including central retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, temporal arteritis, and occipital infarction. […] Although CBS is mostly seen in the elderly, it can occur among children in the setting of visual pathology. […] Several risk factors for CBS have been noted with some degree of inconsistency. The most commonly accepted risk factors include worsening visual acuity and older age. […] There is a lack of consensus on how severe vision loss must be — visual acuity worse than 20/50 has been associated with CBS, but it occurs in those with better visual acuity as well.

• #21 Eyes – Charles Bonnet syndrome | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to the visual hallucinations caused by the brain’s adjustment to significant vision loss. […] It occurs most often among the elderly who are more likely than any other age group to have eye conditions that affect sight, such as age-related macular degeneration. […] Estimates vary, but it is thought that about one person in every two with vision loss may experience hallucinations, which means Charles Bonnet syndrome is very common. […] Research suggests that many people who suffer from Charles Bonnet syndrome do not consult their doctor out of fear and embarrassment, as hallucinations are associated with mental illness. […] In most cases, the hallucinations go away as the brain adapts.

• #22 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585133/

  Regarding age, CBS can affect all ages; however, it tends to be more prevalent in older individuals. Data on CBS shows the mean age of the condition to be 70 to 85 years old, the expected range where pathological processes leading to visual impairment or vision loss naturally occur. […] However, literature has suggested that CBS is vastly under-reported, mainly due to patients fearing being diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. […] For instance, one study found that a significant number of patients are unaware of the disease, with only 12% of patients in a retinal clinic knowing of CBS. […] In contrast, another study found that visual hallucinations were reported in only 11 to 15% of older individuals with impaired vision. […] CBS is more common in elder patients. Previous reports have revealed the mean age of incidence ranging from 74 to 84 years. CBS has also been reported in children having a high incidence of rapid visual loss. The incidence of profound visual loss is also reported more commonly in the elderly. De Morsier noted a male preponderance; some studies showed a female preponderance, while some showed no sex bias.

• #23 Charles Bonnet syndrome: forgotten but important – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/charles-bonnet-syndrome-forgotten-but-important/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is strongly associated with advanced age and bilateral visual impairment. Normally it appears later on in life (mean age 76 years). This syndrome occurs more commonly in the elderly because of the prevalence of visual impairment in this group. CBS is equally disturbed between sexes and does not show any familial predisposition. The common ophthalmological conditions associated with this syndrome are age-related macular degeneration, followed by glaucoma and cataract. CBS can occur in people with normal vision. Teunisse et al found an 11 per cent occurrence of CBS in the visually impaired, but an only one per cent occurrence in those with intact vision. However, more general sensory deprivation for example, social isolation is an important causative factor for CBS.

• #24 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Charles_Bonnet_Syndrome

  Additionally, while there is no consensus on whether men or women are more commonly affected, some studies have observed that women are commonly affected. […] CBS is believed to be underrepresented due to under-reporting of visual hallucinations out of fear of being considered mentally unstable, as these patients realize that their hallucinations are not real. […] Taken together, these factors have rendered estimation of the prevalence of CBS difficult to ascertain, ranging from 0.4-39% among individuals with visual impairments.

• #25 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585133/

  Regarding age, CBS can affect all ages; however, it tends to be more prevalent in older individuals. Data on CBS shows the mean age of the condition to be 70 to 85 years old, the expected range where pathological processes leading to visual impairment or vision loss naturally occur. […] However, literature has suggested that CBS is vastly under-reported, mainly due to patients fearing being diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. […] For instance, one study found that a significant number of patients are unaware of the disease, with only 12% of patients in a retinal clinic knowing of CBS. […] In contrast, another study found that visual hallucinations were reported in only 11 to 15% of older individuals with impaired vision. […] CBS is more common in elder patients. Previous reports have revealed the mean age of incidence ranging from 74 to 84 years. CBS has also been reported in children having a high incidence of rapid visual loss. The incidence of profound visual loss is also reported more commonly in the elderly. De Morsier noted a male preponderance; some studies showed a female preponderance, while some showed no sex bias.

• #26 SciELO Brazil – Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration – prevalence and clinical features in a Portuguese population Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration – prevalence and clinical features in a Portuguese popul

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbof/a/6sGPjcKpj3fKbhdbmfQgqVg/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome was fairly prevalent in this late-stage age-related macular degeneration population. […] According to recent literature, Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) may be a rather common feature of late AMD. […] Our sample shows the importance of directly asking subjects about Charles Bonnet syndrome since they are often reluctant to admit to having visual hallucinations. […] The prevalence of CBS (8%) was similar to the latter. […] Unfortunately, some authors have suggested that the prevalence of CBS may be underestimated because patients may be reluctant to admit to having hallucinations for fear of being considered mentally ill. […] Our findings also support that CBS is more common in females, as 88% of the patients in the CBS Group were women. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome most often affects individuals between 75 and 85 years of age which is probably associated with the most common occurrence of visual loss in this age group.

• #27 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.revieweducationgroup.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  The investigators continue that although their data did not statistically indicate women to be affected more often, their data did suggest a preponderance of women among CBS patients, which has been found in other studies, too. […] Due to this observation, the authors feel the management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. It may also be beneficial to conduct education campaigns for medical providers, as awareness of CBS among physicians appears to be low, but crucial to ensure that patients receive the appropriate support and care.

• #28 SciELO Brazil – Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration – prevalence and clinical features in a Portuguese population Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration – prevalence and clinical features in a Portuguese popul

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbof/a/6sGPjcKpj3fKbhdbmfQgqVg/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome was fairly prevalent in this late-stage age-related macular degeneration population. […] According to recent literature, Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) may be a rather common feature of late AMD. […] Our sample shows the importance of directly asking subjects about Charles Bonnet syndrome since they are often reluctant to admit to having visual hallucinations. […] The prevalence of CBS (8%) was similar to the latter. […] Unfortunately, some authors have suggested that the prevalence of CBS may be underestimated because patients may be reluctant to admit to having hallucinations for fear of being considered mentally ill. […] Our findings also support that CBS is more common in females, as 88% of the patients in the CBS Group were women. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome most often affects individuals between 75 and 85 years of age which is probably associated with the most common occurrence of visual loss in this age group.

• #29 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Charles_Bonnet_Syndrome

  CBS most commonly occurs in elderly individuals who have a severe visual impairment commonly due to age-related macular degeneration. […] CBS has also been found in patients with vascular associated vision loss including central retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, temporal arteritis, and occipital infarction. […] Although CBS is mostly seen in the elderly, it can occur among children in the setting of visual pathology. […] Several risk factors for CBS have been noted with some degree of inconsistency. The most commonly accepted risk factors include worsening visual acuity and older age. […] There is a lack of consensus on how severe vision loss must be — visual acuity worse than 20/50 has been associated with CBS, but it occurs in those with better visual acuity as well.

• #30 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Charles_Bonnet_Syndrome

  CBS most commonly occurs in elderly individuals who have a severe visual impairment commonly due to age-related macular degeneration. […] CBS has also been found in patients with vascular associated vision loss including central retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, temporal arteritis, and occipital infarction. […] Although CBS is mostly seen in the elderly, it can occur among children in the setting of visual pathology. […] Several risk factors for CBS have been noted with some degree of inconsistency. The most commonly accepted risk factors include worsening visual acuity and older age. […] There is a lack of consensus on how severe vision loss must be — visual acuity worse than 20/50 has been associated with CBS, but it occurs in those with better visual acuity as well.

• #31 The Charles Bonnet Syndrome: A Large Prospective Study in the Netherlands | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-a-large-prospective-study-in-the-netherlands/4DA8AEC448DB8DF73B2579C324112548

  The aims were to determine the prevalence of the Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) in low-vision patients and analyse possible associated ophthalmic and sociodemographic factors. […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients was 11%. CBS was significantly associated with an age over 64 years and a visual acuity in the best eye of 0.3 or less. […] Our findings support association of CBS with sensory deprivation and advanced age.

• #32 EyeRounds.org: Charles Bonnet Syndrome

  http://eyerounds.org/cases/302-Charles_Bonnet.htm

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome is relatively common, with an estimated prevalence of 10-40% in visually impaired patients. […] Despite the myriad of conditions contributing to CBS, the majority of patients had not previously reported their symptoms to their physician or family members prior to diagnosis, indicating that the condition may be more prevalent than is often thought, and highlighting the hesitancy that patients may have regarding sharing their symptoms, even with close relatives. […] Several studies have found advanced age to be a risk factor for development of CBS, with one study noting a significant association between development of hallucinations and age over 64 years. […] CBS is under-recognized and underdiagnosed, and several groups have advocated for screening in order to identify affected patients.

• #33 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11387450/

  The occurrence of visual hallucinations in visually impaired people without mental impairment is known as Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). To date, the prevalence of CBS has been reported with high variance. The present study aims at evaluating the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients. […] 26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] CBS among low-vision patients is common. Its prevalence constitutes clinical relevance. Future management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Low vision has been identified as one of several risk factors for CBS, as well as bilateral vision loss and advanced age.

• #34 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.revieweducationgroup.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  A possible factor in developing CBS might be residual visual field, as one study found those with large residual visual areas and diffuse visual field defects were more likely to experience visual hallucinations during training stimuli. […] An investigation conducted in Germany explored the visual disturbance known as Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) in visually impaired people without mental impairment. To date, prevalence estimates have varied greatly. […] Included in the research were 194 patients with visual acuity 0.5 logMAR; 50 were eligible and agreed to participate. Of this low vision cohort, 26% were found to have CBS. […] In the discussion section of their paper for International Ophthalmology, the researchers communicate that their estimate of 26% prevalence in low vision patients is in line with previous reports, which vary from 6% to 34%. They also elaborate that the prevalence of CBS in low vision patients is similar to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, like glaucoma, with reported prevalence of 23%, patients with retinal diseases (38% to 40%) and in vision rehabilitation centers (19% to 35%).

• #35 Charles Bonnet syndrome: forgotten but important – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/charles-bonnet-syndrome-forgotten-but-important/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is strongly associated with advanced age and bilateral visual impairment. Normally it appears later on in life (mean age 76 years). This syndrome occurs more commonly in the elderly because of the prevalence of visual impairment in this group. CBS is equally disturbed between sexes and does not show any familial predisposition. The common ophthalmological conditions associated with this syndrome are age-related macular degeneration, followed by glaucoma and cataract. CBS can occur in people with normal vision. Teunisse et al found an 11 per cent occurrence of CBS in the visually impaired, but an only one per cent occurrence in those with intact vision. However, more general sensory deprivation for example, social isolation is an important causative factor for CBS.

• #36 Exacerbation of visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome due to the social implications of COVID-19 | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000670

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) occurs secondary to sight loss, characterised by spontaneous visual hallucinations. […] Depending on the study, the reported prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 30% among those with sight loss. […] The condition is typically associated with older age; however, the pathogenesis of CBS suggests patients of any age may be affected. […] Evidence suggests visual hallucinations occur as a response to changing sensory input to specific areas of the brain. […] Due to the theoretical background underpinning social isolation as a potential risk factor in CBS, we sought to explore how the national lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected individuals with CBS. […] Our analysis highlighted that self-reported loneliness was associated with a change in the nature of the visual hallucinations experienced during the lockdown.

• #37 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585133/

  Regarding age, CBS can affect all ages; however, it tends to be more prevalent in older individuals. Data on CBS shows the mean age of the condition to be 70 to 85 years old, the expected range where pathological processes leading to visual impairment or vision loss naturally occur. […] However, literature has suggested that CBS is vastly under-reported, mainly due to patients fearing being diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. […] For instance, one study found that a significant number of patients are unaware of the disease, with only 12% of patients in a retinal clinic knowing of CBS. […] In contrast, another study found that visual hallucinations were reported in only 11 to 15% of older individuals with impaired vision. […] CBS is more common in elder patients. Previous reports have revealed the mean age of incidence ranging from 74 to 84 years. CBS has also been reported in children having a high incidence of rapid visual loss. The incidence of profound visual loss is also reported more commonly in the elderly. De Morsier noted a male preponderance; some studies showed a female preponderance, while some showed no sex bias.

• #38 EyeRounds.org: Charles Bonnet Syndrome

  http://eyerounds.org/cases/302-Charles_Bonnet.htm

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome is relatively common, with an estimated prevalence of 10-40% in visually impaired patients. […] Despite the myriad of conditions contributing to CBS, the majority of patients had not previously reported their symptoms to their physician or family members prior to diagnosis, indicating that the condition may be more prevalent than is often thought, and highlighting the hesitancy that patients may have regarding sharing their symptoms, even with close relatives. […] Several studies have found advanced age to be a risk factor for development of CBS, with one study noting a significant association between development of hallucinations and age over 64 years. […] CBS is under-recognized and underdiagnosed, and several groups have advocated for screening in order to identify affected patients.

• #39 Visual release hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/visual-release-hallucinations-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  The CBS may be more common than is generally appreciated. Visual hallucinations are often unreported by patients because they fear that they represent psychiatric disease. When this symptom is specifically solicited in older patients with impaired vision, 11 to 15 percent admit to having visual hallucinations. […] These surveys also reveal that most patients had failed to report these symptoms to their clinician or to family members. One study found that only 12 percent of patients attending a retinal clinic were aware of the condition. […] Patients with more significant vision loss may be more likely to experience and report visual hallucinations. In one survey of patients diagnosed with macular disease, the reported prevalence was 39 percent, and among patients with glaucoma attending a visual rehabilitation program, the prevalence was 20 percent.

• #40 Charles Bonnet syndrome: forgotten but important – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/charles-bonnet-syndrome-forgotten-but-important/

  Many people do not report having hallucinations to their doctor or optometrists because they believe they might be thought of as mentally ill. Studies also conclude that CBS is probably underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by both doctors and optometrists. Hence the prevalence figures reported in the literature is clearly an underestimate. Well-formed complex visual hallucinations are thought to occur in 10-30 per cent of individuals with severe visual impairment. Prevalence of CBS in visually impaired people is thought to be between 11 per cent and 15 per cent. It is present among one to two per cent of psychiatric outpatient attendees.

• #41 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585133/

  Regarding age, CBS can affect all ages; however, it tends to be more prevalent in older individuals. Data on CBS shows the mean age of the condition to be 70 to 85 years old, the expected range where pathological processes leading to visual impairment or vision loss naturally occur. […] However, literature has suggested that CBS is vastly under-reported, mainly due to patients fearing being diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. […] For instance, one study found that a significant number of patients are unaware of the disease, with only 12% of patients in a retinal clinic knowing of CBS. […] In contrast, another study found that visual hallucinations were reported in only 11 to 15% of older individuals with impaired vision. […] CBS is more common in elder patients. Previous reports have revealed the mean age of incidence ranging from 74 to 84 years. CBS has also been reported in children having a high incidence of rapid visual loss. The incidence of profound visual loss is also reported more commonly in the elderly. De Morsier noted a male preponderance; some studies showed a female preponderance, while some showed no sex bias.

• #42 Visual release hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/visual-release-hallucinations-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  The CBS may be more common than is generally appreciated. Visual hallucinations are often unreported by patients because they fear that they represent psychiatric disease. When this symptom is specifically solicited in older patients with impaired vision, 11 to 15 percent admit to having visual hallucinations. […] These surveys also reveal that most patients had failed to report these symptoms to their clinician or to family members. One study found that only 12 percent of patients attending a retinal clinic were aware of the condition. […] Patients with more significant vision loss may be more likely to experience and report visual hallucinations. In one survey of patients diagnosed with macular disease, the reported prevalence was 39 percent, and among patients with glaucoma attending a visual rehabilitation program, the prevalence was 20 percent.

• #43 Visual release hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/visual-release-hallucinations-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  The CBS may be more common than is generally appreciated. Visual hallucinations are often unreported by patients because they fear that they represent psychiatric disease. When this symptom is specifically solicited in older patients with impaired vision, 11 to 15 percent admit to having visual hallucinations. […] These surveys also reveal that most patients had failed to report these symptoms to their clinician or to family members. One study found that only 12 percent of patients attending a retinal clinic were aware of the condition. […] Patients with more significant vision loss may be more likely to experience and report visual hallucinations. In one survey of patients diagnosed with macular disease, the reported prevalence was 39 percent, and among patients with glaucoma attending a visual rehabilitation program, the prevalence was 20 percent.

• #44 EyeRounds.org: Charles Bonnet Syndrome

  http://eyerounds.org/cases/302-Charles_Bonnet.htm

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome is relatively common, with an estimated prevalence of 10-40% in visually impaired patients. […] Despite the myriad of conditions contributing to CBS, the majority of patients had not previously reported their symptoms to their physician or family members prior to diagnosis, indicating that the condition may be more prevalent than is often thought, and highlighting the hesitancy that patients may have regarding sharing their symptoms, even with close relatives. […] Several studies have found advanced age to be a risk factor for development of CBS, with one study noting a significant association between development of hallucinations and age over 64 years. […] CBS is under-recognized and underdiagnosed, and several groups have advocated for screening in order to identify affected patients.

• #45 Charles Bonnet syndrome: forgotten but important – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/charles-bonnet-syndrome-forgotten-but-important/

  Many people do not report having hallucinations to their doctor or optometrists because they believe they might be thought of as mentally ill. Studies also conclude that CBS is probably underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by both doctors and optometrists. Hence the prevalence figures reported in the literature is clearly an underestimate. Well-formed complex visual hallucinations are thought to occur in 10-30 per cent of individuals with severe visual impairment. Prevalence of CBS in visually impaired people is thought to be between 11 per cent and 15 per cent. It is present among one to two per cent of psychiatric outpatient attendees.

• #46 Eyes – Charles Bonnet syndrome | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to the visual hallucinations caused by the brain’s adjustment to significant vision loss. […] It occurs most often among the elderly who are more likely than any other age group to have eye conditions that affect sight, such as age-related macular degeneration. […] Estimates vary, but it is thought that about one person in every two with vision loss may experience hallucinations, which means Charles Bonnet syndrome is very common. […] Research suggests that many people who suffer from Charles Bonnet syndrome do not consult their doctor out of fear and embarrassment, as hallucinations are associated with mental illness. […] In most cases, the hallucinations go away as the brain adapts.

• #47 Charles Bonnet syndrome: forgotten but important – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/gm/charles-bonnet-syndrome-forgotten-but-important/

  Many people do not report having hallucinations to their doctor or optometrists because they believe they might be thought of as mentally ill. Studies also conclude that CBS is probably underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed by both doctors and optometrists. Hence the prevalence figures reported in the literature is clearly an underestimate. Well-formed complex visual hallucinations are thought to occur in 10-30 per cent of individuals with severe visual impairment. Prevalence of CBS in visually impaired people is thought to be between 11 per cent and 15 per cent. It is present among one to two per cent of psychiatric outpatient attendees.

• #48 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.revieweducationgroup.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  The investigators continue that although their data did not statistically indicate women to be affected more often, their data did suggest a preponderance of women among CBS patients, which has been found in other studies, too. […] Due to this observation, the authors feel the management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. It may also be beneficial to conduct education campaigns for medical providers, as awareness of CBS among physicians appears to be low, but crucial to ensure that patients receive the appropriate support and care.

• #49 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  The investigators continue that although their data did not statistically indicate women to be affected more often, their data did suggest a preponderance of women among CBS patients, which has been found in other studies, too. […] Due to this observation, the authors feel the management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. It may also be beneficial to conduct education campaigns for medical providers, as awareness of CBS among physicians appears to be low, but crucial to ensure that patients receive the appropriate support and care.

• #50 Prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome in low vision: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Subhi – Annals of Eye Science

  https://aes.amegroups.org/article/view/6793/html

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by vivid lifelike visual hallucinations and is typically seen in individuals with visual impairment. […] The pooled prevalence of CBS in low vision patients aged 40 years was 19.7% (95% CI: 13.8% to 26.4%). […] CBS is a prevalent condition in patients with low vision at a rate of approximately one in five patients. Considering that an estimated 239 million individuals have moderate visual impairment or worse, we estimate a global number of patients with CBS at approximately 47.2 million. […] In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies on patients with low vision, we find that the prevalence of CBS can be summarized to 19.7%. In other words, one in five patients with low vision have CBS. […] Our findings also call for the need for greater awareness on this condition.

• #51 Charles Bonnet syndrome: a condition of the visually impaired – Dhooge – Annals of Eye Science

  https://aes.amegroups.org/article/view/6863/html

  The systematic review and meta-analysis by Subhi et al. in this edition of AES shows that the prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) in the low vision population is approximately one in five. […] Subhi et al. identified 11 studies that systematically analysed patients for the presence of CBS. Their meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of CBS in low vision patients of 19.7% (95% CI: 13.826.4%). Extrapolating this prevalence results in an estimate of 47 million people worldwide that experience CBS with roughly one-third (16 million) experiencing fear and stress as a result. […] The pooled prevalence of almost 20% that was reported by Subhi et al. calls for systematic inquiry for presence of CBS among the visually impaired.

• #52 Charles Bonnet syndrome: a condition of the visually impaired – Dhooge – Annals of Eye Science

  https://aes.amegroups.org/article/view/6863/html

  The systematic review and meta-analysis by Subhi et al. in this edition of AES shows that the prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) in the low vision population is approximately one in five. […] Subhi et al. identified 11 studies that systematically analysed patients for the presence of CBS. Their meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of CBS in low vision patients of 19.7% (95% CI: 13.826.4%). Extrapolating this prevalence results in an estimate of 47 million people worldwide that experience CBS with roughly one-third (16 million) experiencing fear and stress as a result. […] The pooled prevalence of almost 20% that was reported by Subhi et al. calls for systematic inquiry for presence of CBS among the visually impaired.

• #53 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  CBS continued for 5 years or more in 75% of the sample. […] The 32% prevalence of negative outcome in our sample is similar to that described in previous studies. […] The findings also suggest negative outcome might be preventable, and the need for trials to examine the effectiveness of information/psychoeducation prior to the onset of hallucinations.

• #54 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Here, we attempt to better understand negative outcome CBS and the factors that influence it. […] KaplanMeier analysis suggested 75% had CBS for 5 years or more. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] CBS is of longer duration than previously suspected with clinically relevant consequences in a third of those affected. […] Given that this latter group is potentially large (between 16000 and 100000 people in the UK based on a 500000 population with late AMD and CBS prevalence of 10-60%) it is becoming increasingly important to better understand what factors lead to negative outcome and how people with negative experiences of CBS differ from those that do not find CBS distressing.

• #55 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  CBS continued for 5 years or more in 75% of the sample. […] The 32% prevalence of negative outcome in our sample is similar to that described in previous studies. […] The findings also suggest negative outcome might be preventable, and the need for trials to examine the effectiveness of information/psychoeducation prior to the onset of hallucinations.

• #56 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Here, we attempt to better understand negative outcome CBS and the factors that influence it. […] KaplanMeier analysis suggested 75% had CBS for 5 years or more. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] CBS is of longer duration than previously suspected with clinically relevant consequences in a third of those affected. […] Given that this latter group is potentially large (between 16000 and 100000 people in the UK based on a 500000 population with late AMD and CBS prevalence of 10-60%) it is becoming increasingly important to better understand what factors lead to negative outcome and how people with negative experiences of CBS differ from those that do not find CBS distressing.

• #57 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Here, we attempt to better understand negative outcome CBS and the factors that influence it. […] KaplanMeier analysis suggested 75% had CBS for 5 years or more. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] CBS is of longer duration than previously suspected with clinically relevant consequences in a third of those affected. […] Given that this latter group is potentially large (between 16000 and 100000 people in the UK based on a 500000 population with late AMD and CBS prevalence of 10-60%) it is becoming increasingly important to better understand what factors lead to negative outcome and how people with negative experiences of CBS differ from those that do not find CBS distressing.

• #58 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  CBS continued for 5 years or more in 75% of the sample. […] The 32% prevalence of negative outcome in our sample is similar to that described in previous studies. […] The findings also suggest negative outcome might be preventable, and the need for trials to examine the effectiveness of information/psychoeducation prior to the onset of hallucinations.

• #59 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Here, we attempt to better understand negative outcome CBS and the factors that influence it. […] KaplanMeier analysis suggested 75% had CBS for 5 years or more. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] CBS is of longer duration than previously suspected with clinically relevant consequences in a third of those affected. […] Given that this latter group is potentially large (between 16000 and 100000 people in the UK based on a 500000 population with late AMD and CBS prevalence of 10-60%) it is becoming increasingly important to better understand what factors lead to negative outcome and how people with negative experiences of CBS differ from those that do not find CBS distressing.

• #60 Exacerbation of visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome due to the social implications of COVID-19 | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000670

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) occurs secondary to sight loss, characterised by spontaneous visual hallucinations. […] Depending on the study, the reported prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 30% among those with sight loss. […] The condition is typically associated with older age; however, the pathogenesis of CBS suggests patients of any age may be affected. […] Evidence suggests visual hallucinations occur as a response to changing sensory input to specific areas of the brain. […] Due to the theoretical background underpinning social isolation as a potential risk factor in CBS, we sought to explore how the national lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected individuals with CBS. […] Our analysis highlighted that self-reported loneliness was associated with a change in the nature of the visual hallucinations experienced during the lockdown.

• #61 Exacerbation of visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome due to the social implications of COVID-19 | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000670

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) occurs secondary to sight loss, characterised by spontaneous visual hallucinations. […] Depending on the study, the reported prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 30% among those with sight loss. […] The condition is typically associated with older age; however, the pathogenesis of CBS suggests patients of any age may be affected. […] Evidence suggests visual hallucinations occur as a response to changing sensory input to specific areas of the brain. […] Due to the theoretical background underpinning social isolation as a potential risk factor in CBS, we sought to explore how the national lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected individuals with CBS. […] Our analysis highlighted that self-reported loneliness was associated with a change in the nature of the visual hallucinations experienced during the lockdown.

• #62 Exacerbation of visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome due to the social implications of COVID-19 | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000670

  Our findings provide useful data about loneliness among the visually impaired during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may help maximise the effectiveness of targeted charity and hospital-based social support services. […] We are yet to understand the long-term consequences of the drastic lifestyle changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #63 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Market – Global Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-charles-bonnet-syndrome-market?srsltid=AfmBOooJRXzwnkE9Y45iws6ZWw5zS1DE2U6YI2Ppg0NDKtfs1BlKBiq0

  The charles bonnet syndrome market is expected to witness market growth at a rate of 6.10% in the forecast period of 2022 to 2029. […] The surge in the number of people suffering from charles bonnet syndrome across the globe acts as one of the major factors driving the growth of charles bonnet syndrome market. […] The charles bonnet syndrome market also provides you with detailed market analysis for patient analysis, prognosis and cures. Prevalence, incidence, mortality, adherence rates are some of the data variables that are available in the report. Direct or indirect impact analysis of epidemiology to market growth are analyzed to create a more robust and cohort multivariate statistical model for forecasting the market in the growth period.

• #64 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-and-phenomenology-of-the-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in/27674062

  26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] To date, a variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%). […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients is comparable to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, such as glaucoma patients (prevalence=23%) and patients with retinal diseases (prevalence=40%). […] Future studies should further address the effects of the residual visual field size on CBS. […] The management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician.

• #65 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  CBS continued for 5 years or more in 75% of the sample. […] The 32% prevalence of negative outcome in our sample is similar to that described in previous studies. […] The findings also suggest negative outcome might be preventable, and the need for trials to examine the effectiveness of information/psychoeducation prior to the onset of hallucinations.

• #66 Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-and-phenomenology-of-the-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in/27674062

  26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] The prevalence of CBS reported in literature varies between 0.47% among all ophthalmologic patients and 40% among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] To date, a variety of studies have investigated the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients ranging from 5.7% to 34%. […] In the present study, a CBS prevalence of 26% was found in patients with a VA of 0.5 logMAR. This confirms the range of previously reported prevalences of CBS in patients with low vision (6% to 34%). […] The prevalence of CBS in low-vision patients is comparable to other populations with various ophthalmic conditions, such as glaucoma patients (prevalence=23%) and patients with retinal diseases (prevalence=40%). […] Future studies should further address the effects of the residual visual field size on CBS. […] The management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician.

• #67 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.revieweducationgroup.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  The investigators continue that although their data did not statistically indicate women to be affected more often, their data did suggest a preponderance of women among CBS patients, which has been found in other studies, too. […] Due to this observation, the authors feel the management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. It may also be beneficial to conduct education campaigns for medical providers, as awareness of CBS among physicians appears to be low, but crucial to ensure that patients receive the appropriate support and care.

• #68 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Present in 26% of Low Vision Patients, Study Finds

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/charles-bonnet-syndrome-present-in-26-of-low-vision-patients-study-finds

  The investigators continue that although their data did not statistically indicate women to be affected more often, their data did suggest a preponderance of women among CBS patients, which has been found in other studies, too. […] Due to this observation, the authors feel the management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. It may also be beneficial to conduct education campaigns for medical providers, as awareness of CBS among physicians appears to be low, but crucial to ensure that patients receive the appropriate support and care.

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