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• #1 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) involves visual hallucinations due to eye disease, usually associated with a sharp decline in vision. […] CBS predominantly affects people with visual loss due to old age, diabetes or other damage to optic pathways, particularly if problems are bilateral. […] Patients rarely volunteer symptoms of this syndrome unless prompted, because they fear that they will be thought to have a psychiatric illness. […] If CBS is a likely diagnosis: Investigate appropriately. Avoid an early but potentially erroneous diagnosis of a psychiatric condition unless other features are present to support this. Reassure the patient by explaining what the problem is. Many will fear that they are 'going mad’. Understanding that they are not will help them to accept their symptoms.

• #2 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome affects up to 40 percent of people with low vision. […] Although there is currently no cure for CBS, the visual hallucinations tend to improve with time. […] Here are some coping strategies that may help you to minimize the frequency and duration of the visual images: Join a support group. Joining a support group for people with CBS can help you to feel connected to other people and keep you grounded during a time that you feel most insecure. […] Change your environment. When a visual hallucination appears, changing your environment by moving to a different room, or turning on the TV or radio, can often help make the image disappear. […] Face the image. Looking directly at the image or reaching out to touch it may help the image vanish more quickly. […] Blink. Blinking rapidly for a few seconds or moving your eyes from side to side for 20-30 seconds may also help the image to fade.

• #3 Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) – Macular Society

  https://www.macularsociety.org/macular-disease/macular-conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition where visual hallucinations occur as a result of sight loss. Up to half of all people with macular degeneration are thought to experience visual hallucinations at some time. When hallucinations happen as a result of sight loss, they are known as Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS), after the 18th century Swiss scientist and philosopher who first described the condition. Charles Bonnet hallucinations are not a sign of mental illness. […] The Macular Society runs a CBS support group via our counselling service. This is done over the telephone and you can speak to other people experiencing CBS as well as one of our professional counsellors. Our helpline can give you advice and information on CBS. If you feel you or your family need more tailored support, our counselling service is able to give you a call to discuss one-to-one telephone or group sessions. […] More research into Charles Bonnet syndrome is needed. For example, we do not know why only some people with sight loss have hallucinations. Research funded by the Macular Society is helping answer this question but more is needed.

• #4 Learn to Provide Comfort and Care to CBS Patients

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/learn-to-provide-comfort-and-care-to-cbs-patients-44409

  Fortunately, our patient with Charles Bonnet syndrome was comfortable discussing his hallucinations. Others might not be. Asking the right questions and offering reassurance is the responsibility of every optometrist. […] An awareness and basic understanding of CBS is important to properly screen patients who may be suffering in silence from the condition, and reassure them that their anxiety and distress is unnecessary. […] When an individual consciously recognizes the fictitious nature of the hallucination, and when other senses are not involved and there is no other etiology for the event, the condition is termed Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). […] At subsequent visits over a six-month period, the patients central and peripheral vision continued to decline in his left eye secondary to cataracts. The visual hallucinations, however, remained the same. He was referred for a surgical consultation.

• #5 UT Health Austin | Visual Release Hallucinations (Charles Bonnet…

  https://uthealthaustin.org/conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to symptoms of visual hallucinations that occur in patients with visual acuity loss or visual field loss. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to visual hallucinations produced as the brain adjusts to significant vision loss. […] CBS hallucinations do not involve sounds, smells, or any other sensations. It’s important to note that hallucinations associated with this condition are caused by failing eyesight, not by a mental health problem or dementia. […] Visual release hallucinations occur most often among the elderly population as they are the most likely age group to have optical conditions such as macular degeneration that affect eyesight. […] A careful eye exam and additional tests may be used to determine if your hallucinations are occurring as a result of CBS or from another underlying condition. While there is no cure for CBS, your ophthalmologist is well-versed in the most current, evidence-based treatment recommendations, which may include medications, vision therapy, lifestyle adjustments, and more.

• #6 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: What Nurses Need to Know

  https://rn-journal.com/journal-of-nursing/charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-nursing-practice

  Nurses have a vital role as both patient advocate and confidante. By asking the right questions, nurses can identify possible CBS symptoms and refer accordingly. In this manner, patients can receive the proper diagnosis and treatment. […] A complete and thorough history should include questions about hallucinations in the visually impaired elderly. This will help ensure proper treatment of CBS and also ensure proper patient evaluation in the future.

• #7 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: What Nurses Need to Know

  https://rn-journal.com/journal-of-nursing/charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-nursing-practice

  All nurses know the importance of an accurate history in ensuring that patients receive the proper diagnosis and treatment. […] Nurses need to be aware that visual hallucinations are not necessarily indicative of psychiatric symptoms. An understanding that visual impairments can cause visual hallucinations is needed in order to be able to provide the patient with the most appropriate care. […] Visual hallucinations have psychosocial implications for both the patient and the patients social network. It is important that visual acuity be considered when evaluating visual hallucinations. This is particularly true with the elderly because they are more likely to have visual impairment. CBS etiology should be ruled out before assuming visual hallucinations have a psychiatric etiology. Some patients are sufficiently distressed by CBS that they seek pharmacologic treatment.

• #8 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: What Nurses Need to Know

  https://rn-journal.com/journal-of-nursing/charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-nursing-practice

  All nurses know the importance of an accurate history in ensuring that patients receive the proper diagnosis and treatment. […] Nurses need to be aware that visual hallucinations are not necessarily indicative of psychiatric symptoms. An understanding that visual impairments can cause visual hallucinations is needed in order to be able to provide the patient with the most appropriate care. […] Visual hallucinations have psychosocial implications for both the patient and the patients social network. It is important that visual acuity be considered when evaluating visual hallucinations. This is particularly true with the elderly because they are more likely to have visual impairment. CBS etiology should be ruled out before assuming visual hallucinations have a psychiatric etiology. Some patients are sufficiently distressed by CBS that they seek pharmacologic treatment.

• #9 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) involves visual hallucinations due to eye disease, usually associated with a sharp decline in vision. […] CBS predominantly affects people with visual loss due to old age, diabetes or other damage to optic pathways, particularly if problems are bilateral. […] Patients rarely volunteer symptoms of this syndrome unless prompted, because they fear that they will be thought to have a psychiatric illness. […] If CBS is a likely diagnosis: Investigate appropriately. Avoid an early but potentially erroneous diagnosis of a psychiatric condition unless other features are present to support this. Reassure the patient by explaining what the problem is. Many will fear that they are 'going mad’. Understanding that they are not will help them to accept their symptoms.

• #10 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: What Nurses Need to Know

  https://rn-journal.com/journal-of-nursing/charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-nursing-practice

  All nurses know the importance of an accurate history in ensuring that patients receive the proper diagnosis and treatment. […] Nurses need to be aware that visual hallucinations are not necessarily indicative of psychiatric symptoms. An understanding that visual impairments can cause visual hallucinations is needed in order to be able to provide the patient with the most appropriate care. […] Visual hallucinations have psychosocial implications for both the patient and the patients social network. It is important that visual acuity be considered when evaluating visual hallucinations. This is particularly true with the elderly because they are more likely to have visual impairment. CBS etiology should be ruled out before assuming visual hallucinations have a psychiatric etiology. Some patients are sufficiently distressed by CBS that they seek pharmacologic treatment.

• #11 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049992/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a curious and often unexpected outcome of sight loss. The condition is characterised by vivid, silent, visual hallucinations which range from fleeting dances of colourful patterns to fluid spectacles of faces, animals and detailed scenes. […] A growing appreciation of the impact of CBS on mental health and quality of life has prompted research into intervention development and support systems. […] Patient management primarily relies on reassurance and education, which has been shown to mitigate the negative psychological impact of CBS. Educating patients that their symptoms are a result of visual loss, rather than indicative of a psychiatric or neurological disorder, often provides significant relief. […] In the absence of robust medical treatments, patients report developing their own mechanisms to cope, including behavioural exercises or brain shunting techniques such as frequent blinking or rapid eye movements, changing light levels to increase visual input and alerting/distraction techniques.

• #12 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome is a common condition experienced by people who are losing, or have lost, their sight. It involves seeing things which are not really there (having visual hallucinations). The hallucinations are most marked in low light or when relaxing and are often complicated scenes involving faces, children and wild animals. […] People often feel distressed, sometimes because they are worried that they may be considered as having a psychiatric condition if they tell anyone what they’re experiencing. However, Charles Bonnet syndrome is caused by problems with the eyes rather than the mind. […] There is no cure for CBS. Doing the following can all help to reduce the frequency of hallucinations: Increasing lighting levels in the evening. Being active both physically and mentally. Spending more time in the company of others. Eye movements have been shown to lessen the impact and length of the hallucinations. […] For most patients, understanding the cause of the symptoms – and realising that they are not becoming mentally ill – is all that is needed.

• #13 Hallucinations & Macular Degeneration: What is Charles Bonnet Syndrome?

  https://www.brightfocus.org/resource/hallucinations-macular-degeneration-what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Learn about Charles Bonnet syndrome, which can cause visual hallucinations in people living with macular degeneration, glaucoma, or cataracts. […] One sensitive issue often confronting people with advanced macular degeneration, glaucoma, or cataracts is visual hallucinations, called Charles Bonnet syndrome. […] People are reluctant to mention the hallucinations because they think it suggests mental infirmity or that they are going mad. Rather, it is actually just a common consequence of impaired vision. […] Many patients and their family members have been greatly relieved just to know that these visual hallucinations are a common and expected side effect of losing central vision rather than an indication of diminished mental abilities or mental illness. […] While there is no proven treatment for Charles Bonnet syndrome, the following techniques have been suggested to deal with the hallucinations: Turn on a light. Concentrate on or look at something else. Move the eyes rapidly back and forth. Close the eyes then open them again. Stand up.

• #14 Eyes – Charles Bonnet syndrome | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to the visual hallucinations caused by the brain’s adjustment to significant vision loss. […] Many people who suffer from Charles Bonnet syndrome do not consult with their doctor out of fear and embarrassment, as hallucinations are associated with mental illness. […] In most cases, Charles Bonnet syndrome resolves itself after about 12 to 18 months without treatment. It is a good idea to find out everything you can about Charles Bonnet syndrome. Understanding the condition can help to reduce feelings of anxiety and helplessness. […] Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment may include: Medical advice – talking it over with a doctor or counsellor can be helpful. Vision therapy – low-vision rehabilitation may help to ease symptoms. Moving your eyes – some people report that the hallucinations dissipate if they move their gaze from side to side or up and down. Changing the variables – to ‘turn off’ the hallucination, you could try altering the environment or setting that you are in. For example: if it’s dark, turn on the light, or if you’re standing up, sit down. If your eyes are open, shut them, or if you’re in one room, go to another room. […] Your GP (doctor) […] Vision Australia […] Macular Degeneration Foundation […] Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation.

• #15 Charles bonnet syndrome, management with simple behavioral technique

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3579052/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome occurs in visually impaired but cognitively normal individuals. This common, but rarely reported, condition was managed by behavioral approach of repeated blinking, intermittent eyes closure, and reassurance. […] Health workers managing people with terminal blindness should always ask for the presence of hallucinations from their patients to forestall a preventable distress resulting from wrong perception without visual stimulus. […] Reassurance about the nature of the illness (i.e., not being a mental illness) could be highly comforting and all that may be needed. Combination of this and programmed blinking, intermittent closing and opening of the eyes have been reported as helpful. […] The relatives were educated on the nature of CBS and the importance of not attributing it to mental illness and not to prejudice the situation to his disadvantage. This behavioral method was explained to the understanding of the patient and his relatives and periodic appointment scheduled to monitor compliance with and effectiveness of the method. […] In conclusion, doctors and relatives are advised to seek for hallucinatory experiences by asking the visually impaired about it. Doing this would go a long way at ameliorating the suffering of the visually impaired from this syndrome that could possibly be passed off as mental disorder.

• #16 Caregiving for a person with Charles Bonnet Syndrome — Charles Bonnet Syndrome Information

  https://www.charlesbonnet.com/caregiving-for-a-person-with-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Cargiving for a person with CBS is similar to caring for a person with cancer, heart disease, dementia, etc. A unique feature however is that the person is also blind. Blind etiquette and best practices may not be obvious to caregivers. […] It is essential for the person to begin to learn blindness skills as soon as can be arranged. There are many sources of help from your home state which will teach walking with a white cane, cooking, home management, using technology, and alternate forms of reading. […] Caregivers may not have insight into their loved ones behavior and attribute it to a little known but prevalent condition among those with sight loss. […] The caregiver should not tell the person that they also see what they see. It is essential that the person be told that the hallucinations are not real. […] Caregivers should strongly consider getting help for themselves. Counseling in the form of cognitive behavior therapy should be sought. Joining a CBS caregiver group will help with feelings of isolation and loneliness.

• #17 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/10/1/e002009

  Patient management primarily relies on reassurance and education, which has been shown to mitigate the negative psychological impact of CBS. Educating patients that their symptoms are a result of visual loss, rather than indicative of a psychiatric or neurological disorder, often provides significant relief. Patients may also be comforted to learn that CBS is a common occurrence in people living with visual impairment. […] In the absence of robust medical treatments, patients report developing their own mechanisms to cope, including behavioural exercises or brain shunting techniques such as frequent blinking or rapid eye movements, changing light levels to increase visual input and alerting/distraction techniques. These approaches may ease hallucinations as attentional resources are redirected through the introduction of competing stimuli, allowing for temporary relief. Management strategies recommended to patients should be individualised, as their effectiveness can vary.

• #18 Charles bonnet syndrome, management with simple behavioral technique

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3579052/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome occurs in visually impaired but cognitively normal individuals. This common, but rarely reported, condition was managed by behavioral approach of repeated blinking, intermittent eyes closure, and reassurance. […] Health workers managing people with terminal blindness should always ask for the presence of hallucinations from their patients to forestall a preventable distress resulting from wrong perception without visual stimulus. […] Reassurance about the nature of the illness (i.e., not being a mental illness) could be highly comforting and all that may be needed. Combination of this and programmed blinking, intermittent closing and opening of the eyes have been reported as helpful. […] The relatives were educated on the nature of CBS and the importance of not attributing it to mental illness and not to prejudice the situation to his disadvantage. This behavioral method was explained to the understanding of the patient and his relatives and periodic appointment scheduled to monitor compliance with and effectiveness of the method. […] In conclusion, doctors and relatives are advised to seek for hallucinatory experiences by asking the visually impaired about it. Doing this would go a long way at ameliorating the suffering of the visually impaired from this syndrome that could possibly be passed off as mental disorder.

• #19 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome affects up to 40 percent of people with low vision. […] Although there is currently no cure for CBS, the visual hallucinations tend to improve with time. […] Here are some coping strategies that may help you to minimize the frequency and duration of the visual images: Join a support group. Joining a support group for people with CBS can help you to feel connected to other people and keep you grounded during a time that you feel most insecure. […] Change your environment. When a visual hallucination appears, changing your environment by moving to a different room, or turning on the TV or radio, can often help make the image disappear. […] Face the image. Looking directly at the image or reaching out to touch it may help the image vanish more quickly. […] Blink. Blinking rapidly for a few seconds or moving your eyes from side to side for 20-30 seconds may also help the image to fade.

• #20 Eyes – Charles Bonnet syndrome | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to the visual hallucinations caused by the brain’s adjustment to significant vision loss. […] Many people who suffer from Charles Bonnet syndrome do not consult with their doctor out of fear and embarrassment, as hallucinations are associated with mental illness. […] In most cases, Charles Bonnet syndrome resolves itself after about 12 to 18 months without treatment. It is a good idea to find out everything you can about Charles Bonnet syndrome. Understanding the condition can help to reduce feelings of anxiety and helplessness. […] Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment may include: Medical advice – talking it over with a doctor or counsellor can be helpful. Vision therapy – low-vision rehabilitation may help to ease symptoms. Moving your eyes – some people report that the hallucinations dissipate if they move their gaze from side to side or up and down. Changing the variables – to ‘turn off’ the hallucination, you could try altering the environment or setting that you are in. For example: if it’s dark, turn on the light, or if you’re standing up, sit down. If your eyes are open, shut them, or if you’re in one room, go to another room. […] Your GP (doctor) […] Vision Australia […] Macular Degeneration Foundation […] Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation.

• #21 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome affects up to 40 percent of people with low vision. […] Although there is currently no cure for CBS, the visual hallucinations tend to improve with time. […] Here are some coping strategies that may help you to minimize the frequency and duration of the visual images: Join a support group. Joining a support group for people with CBS can help you to feel connected to other people and keep you grounded during a time that you feel most insecure. […] Change your environment. When a visual hallucination appears, changing your environment by moving to a different room, or turning on the TV or radio, can often help make the image disappear. […] Face the image. Looking directly at the image or reaching out to touch it may help the image vanish more quickly. […] Blink. Blinking rapidly for a few seconds or moving your eyes from side to side for 20-30 seconds may also help the image to fade.

• #22 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome affects up to 40 percent of people with low vision. […] Although there is currently no cure for CBS, the visual hallucinations tend to improve with time. […] Here are some coping strategies that may help you to minimize the frequency and duration of the visual images: Join a support group. Joining a support group for people with CBS can help you to feel connected to other people and keep you grounded during a time that you feel most insecure. […] Change your environment. When a visual hallucination appears, changing your environment by moving to a different room, or turning on the TV or radio, can often help make the image disappear. […] Face the image. Looking directly at the image or reaching out to touch it may help the image vanish more quickly. […] Blink. Blinking rapidly for a few seconds or moving your eyes from side to side for 20-30 seconds may also help the image to fade.

• #23 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Adjust lighting. If you frequently experience hallucinations in a specific lighting (bright or dim lighting), adjust the lighting in your environment to make it more comfortable for your eyes. […] Get plenty of sleep. Stress and fatigue are known triggers for visual hallucinations associated with CBS, so staying calm and rested can help to minimize the visual images. Yoga, meditation and other relaxation techniques may also help you to control the hallucinations. […] Wear specialized glasses. Wearing custom-designed low vision glasses or glasses with tinted lenses can help to reduce the frequency of visual hallucinations. Speak with your eye doctor to find out which lenses can help you. […] Low vision can significantly impact daily functioning. When low vision causes CBS, the ability to perform routine daily activities can be impacted to an even greater degree. […] A variety of low vision aids and devices have been designed to help people with low vision live their lives with a greater sense of security and independence.

• #24 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome affects up to 40 percent of people with low vision. […] Although there is currently no cure for CBS, the visual hallucinations tend to improve with time. […] Here are some coping strategies that may help you to minimize the frequency and duration of the visual images: Join a support group. Joining a support group for people with CBS can help you to feel connected to other people and keep you grounded during a time that you feel most insecure. […] Change your environment. When a visual hallucination appears, changing your environment by moving to a different room, or turning on the TV or radio, can often help make the image disappear. […] Face the image. Looking directly at the image or reaching out to touch it may help the image vanish more quickly. […] Blink. Blinking rapidly for a few seconds or moving your eyes from side to side for 20-30 seconds may also help the image to fade.

• #25 Charles bonnet syndrome, management with simple behavioral technique

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3579052/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome occurs in visually impaired but cognitively normal individuals. This common, but rarely reported, condition was managed by behavioral approach of repeated blinking, intermittent eyes closure, and reassurance. […] Health workers managing people with terminal blindness should always ask for the presence of hallucinations from their patients to forestall a preventable distress resulting from wrong perception without visual stimulus. […] Reassurance about the nature of the illness (i.e., not being a mental illness) could be highly comforting and all that may be needed. Combination of this and programmed blinking, intermittent closing and opening of the eyes have been reported as helpful. […] The relatives were educated on the nature of CBS and the importance of not attributing it to mental illness and not to prejudice the situation to his disadvantage. This behavioral method was explained to the understanding of the patient and his relatives and periodic appointment scheduled to monitor compliance with and effectiveness of the method. […] In conclusion, doctors and relatives are advised to seek for hallucinatory experiences by asking the visually impaired about it. Doing this would go a long way at ameliorating the suffering of the visually impaired from this syndrome that could possibly be passed off as mental disorder.

• #26 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049992/

  Management strategies recommended to patients should be individualised, as their effectiveness can vary. […] Improved clinical protocols should be established for identifying patients with CBS, with particular attention given to standardising care across different regions and institutions. […] There is a need for a simplified and harmonised framework to aid identification and management of CBS which is relevant and understandable to all healthcare providers. […] Although progress has been made in raising awareness, reluctance may remain among medical and allied health professionals to discuss the condition with patients, which may stem from several underlying factors. […] Expanding education and training, particularly beyond ophthalmic professions, such as through CBS-specific modules that cover the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses and management strategies, could enhance early recognition, improve referral pathways and ensure more comprehensive care for patients.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Charles-Bonnet-Syndrome-Management.aspx

  Patients are usually advised to seek empathy and reassurance from people in their lives, especially, as they are dealing with an untreatable condition that will eventually regress after a few months. […] Regular physician follow-ups are important to manage CBS. In doing so, both physician and patient acquire relevant information and can follow the necessary steps to manage the condition. […] Physicians should also advise patients to adjust their normal environmental conditions (eg, lighting, sleeping position, and ambient sounds) to externally control the appearance of visual hallucinations.

• #28 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome is a common condition experienced by people who are losing, or have lost, their sight. It involves seeing things which are not really there (having visual hallucinations). The hallucinations are most marked in low light or when relaxing and are often complicated scenes involving faces, children and wild animals. […] People often feel distressed, sometimes because they are worried that they may be considered as having a psychiatric condition if they tell anyone what they’re experiencing. However, Charles Bonnet syndrome is caused by problems with the eyes rather than the mind. […] There is no cure for CBS. Doing the following can all help to reduce the frequency of hallucinations: Increasing lighting levels in the evening. Being active both physically and mentally. Spending more time in the company of others. Eye movements have been shown to lessen the impact and length of the hallucinations. […] For most patients, understanding the cause of the symptoms – and realising that they are not becoming mentally ill – is all that is needed.

• #29 What is Charles Bonnet Syndrome and How is it Managed? | Glaucoma Australia

  https://glaucoma.org.au/news-details/news/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome-and-how-is-it-managed

  Lighting can sometimes be a factor. An orthoptist can advise on the best type of lighting for your home based on your eye condition. […] Find out everything you can about CBS if you have a loved one with it. Understanding the condition and providing reassurance to them can help to reduce feelings of anxiety and helplessness. […] You can also consider joining the CBS online community. It is open to both those directly experiencing the syndrome as well as loved ones and carers. […] If you are a health professional, we encourage you to reassure your patients experiencing visual hallucinations that its a common condition and not a sign of dementia or mental illness. […] Remind them that the frequency and duration of CBS hallucinations tends to decrease over time and CBS hallucinations affect only vision, and not hearing, smell, taste or touch. […] To assist your patients if they are frightened, distressed or fear they are going mad, you may like to encourage them to join support groups to meet other individuals suffering from this often-unknown syndrome.

• #30 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Adjust lighting. If you frequently experience hallucinations in a specific lighting (bright or dim lighting), adjust the lighting in your environment to make it more comfortable for your eyes. […] Get plenty of sleep. Stress and fatigue are known triggers for visual hallucinations associated with CBS, so staying calm and rested can help to minimize the visual images. Yoga, meditation and other relaxation techniques may also help you to control the hallucinations. […] Wear specialized glasses. Wearing custom-designed low vision glasses or glasses with tinted lenses can help to reduce the frequency of visual hallucinations. Speak with your eye doctor to find out which lenses can help you. […] Low vision can significantly impact daily functioning. When low vision causes CBS, the ability to perform routine daily activities can be impacted to an even greater degree. […] A variety of low vision aids and devices have been designed to help people with low vision live their lives with a greater sense of security and independence.

• #31 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Adjust lighting. If you frequently experience hallucinations in a specific lighting (bright or dim lighting), adjust the lighting in your environment to make it more comfortable for your eyes. […] Get plenty of sleep. Stress and fatigue are known triggers for visual hallucinations associated with CBS, so staying calm and rested can help to minimize the visual images. Yoga, meditation and other relaxation techniques may also help you to control the hallucinations. […] Wear specialized glasses. Wearing custom-designed low vision glasses or glasses with tinted lenses can help to reduce the frequency of visual hallucinations. Speak with your eye doctor to find out which lenses can help you. […] Low vision can significantly impact daily functioning. When low vision causes CBS, the ability to perform routine daily activities can be impacted to an even greater degree. […] A variety of low vision aids and devices have been designed to help people with low vision live their lives with a greater sense of security and independence.

• #32 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Adjust lighting. If you frequently experience hallucinations in a specific lighting (bright or dim lighting), adjust the lighting in your environment to make it more comfortable for your eyes. […] Get plenty of sleep. Stress and fatigue are known triggers for visual hallucinations associated with CBS, so staying calm and rested can help to minimize the visual images. Yoga, meditation and other relaxation techniques may also help you to control the hallucinations. […] Wear specialized glasses. Wearing custom-designed low vision glasses or glasses with tinted lenses can help to reduce the frequency of visual hallucinations. Speak with your eye doctor to find out which lenses can help you. […] Low vision can significantly impact daily functioning. When low vision causes CBS, the ability to perform routine daily activities can be impacted to an even greater degree. […] A variety of low vision aids and devices have been designed to help people with low vision live their lives with a greater sense of security and independence.

• #33 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Adjust lighting. If you frequently experience hallucinations in a specific lighting (bright or dim lighting), adjust the lighting in your environment to make it more comfortable for your eyes. […] Get plenty of sleep. Stress and fatigue are known triggers for visual hallucinations associated with CBS, so staying calm and rested can help to minimize the visual images. Yoga, meditation and other relaxation techniques may also help you to control the hallucinations. […] Wear specialized glasses. Wearing custom-designed low vision glasses or glasses with tinted lenses can help to reduce the frequency of visual hallucinations. Speak with your eye doctor to find out which lenses can help you. […] Low vision can significantly impact daily functioning. When low vision causes CBS, the ability to perform routine daily activities can be impacted to an even greater degree. […] A variety of low vision aids and devices have been designed to help people with low vision live their lives with a greater sense of security and independence.

• #34 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://www.charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  There are documented cases of a lowering, and even resolution, of CBS simply by making use of suitable visual aids. […] Social isolation has been mentioned as a risk factor for CBS. Attempts to counter isolation and engage people in social opportunities needs to be encouraged. […] Stress or anxiety tends to aggravate CBS. That is, phantom images can become more frequent when one is overly worried or anxious. […] Consider (re-) incorporating healthy behaviours or activities into your daily life that can induce a sense of calm or relaxation. […] Understanding what one is dealing with […] What can help put the person at ease includes: A medical name for their symptoms, which is not associated with mental (or memory) disturbance, An explanation of CBS, Openly taking an interest in their visual experiences, Being supportive, empathic and non-judgmental.

• #35 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  Stress or anxiety tends to aggravate CBS. That is, phantom images can become more frequent when one is overly worried or anxious. […] Consider (re-) incorporating healthy behaviours or activities into your daily life that can induce a sense of calm or relaxation. […] Understanding what one is dealing with […] What can help put the person at ease includes: A medical name for their symptoms, which is not associated with mental (or memory) disturbance, An explanation of CBS, Openly taking an interest in their visual experiences, Being supportive, empathic and non-judgmental. […] Adjustment to vision loss […] Exploring suitable outlets to make sense of all these changes in life circumstances can be beneficial. […] Managing CBS images […] Consider trying to relate to, or engage with, the images differently.

• #36 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  Regrettably, many patients diagnosed with CBS are told by their health professional that there is little, if anything, that can be done for them. This is unfortunate as there are many avenues that can be explored. […] Optimal eye care is strongly recommended. […] Ongoing visits to your eye specialist is advised to ensure monitoring of one’s existing eye condition(s). […] Relevant surgical procedures which improve vision have sometimes been known to reduce and even resolve CBS (eg. removal of cataract). […] Any of the above can lessen the effects of CBS but all can potentially improve the overall quality of the person’s life. […] There are documented cases of a lowering, and even resolution, of CBS simply by making use of suitable visual aids. […] Social isolation has been mentioned as a risk factor for CBS. Attempts to counter isolation and engage people in social opportunities needs to be encouraged.

• #37 What Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome? – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome affects up to 40 percent of people with low vision. […] Although there is currently no cure for CBS, the visual hallucinations tend to improve with time. […] Here are some coping strategies that may help you to minimize the frequency and duration of the visual images: Join a support group. Joining a support group for people with CBS can help you to feel connected to other people and keep you grounded during a time that you feel most insecure. […] Change your environment. When a visual hallucination appears, changing your environment by moving to a different room, or turning on the TV or radio, can often help make the image disappear. […] Face the image. Looking directly at the image or reaching out to touch it may help the image vanish more quickly. […] Blink. Blinking rapidly for a few seconds or moving your eyes from side to side for 20-30 seconds may also help the image to fade.

• #38 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome is a common condition experienced by people who are losing, or have lost, their sight. It involves seeing things which are not really there (having visual hallucinations). The hallucinations are most marked in low light or when relaxing and are often complicated scenes involving faces, children and wild animals. […] People often feel distressed, sometimes because they are worried that they may be considered as having a psychiatric condition if they tell anyone what they’re experiencing. However, Charles Bonnet syndrome is caused by problems with the eyes rather than the mind. […] There is no cure for CBS. Doing the following can all help to reduce the frequency of hallucinations: Increasing lighting levels in the evening. Being active both physically and mentally. Spending more time in the company of others. Eye movements have been shown to lessen the impact and length of the hallucinations. […] For most patients, understanding the cause of the symptoms – and realising that they are not becoming mentally ill – is all that is needed.

• #39 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome is a common condition experienced by people who are losing, or have lost, their sight. It involves seeing things which are not really there (having visual hallucinations). The hallucinations are most marked in low light or when relaxing and are often complicated scenes involving faces, children and wild animals. […] People often feel distressed, sometimes because they are worried that they may be considered as having a psychiatric condition if they tell anyone what they’re experiencing. However, Charles Bonnet syndrome is caused by problems with the eyes rather than the mind. […] There is no cure for CBS. Doing the following can all help to reduce the frequency of hallucinations: Increasing lighting levels in the evening. Being active both physically and mentally. Spending more time in the company of others. Eye movements have been shown to lessen the impact and length of the hallucinations. […] For most patients, understanding the cause of the symptoms – and realising that they are not becoming mentally ill – is all that is needed.

• #40 Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) – Macular Society

  https://www.macularsociety.org/macular-disease/macular-conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition where visual hallucinations occur as a result of sight loss. Up to half of all people with macular degeneration are thought to experience visual hallucinations at some time. When hallucinations happen as a result of sight loss, they are known as Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS), after the 18th century Swiss scientist and philosopher who first described the condition. Charles Bonnet hallucinations are not a sign of mental illness. […] The Macular Society runs a CBS support group via our counselling service. This is done over the telephone and you can speak to other people experiencing CBS as well as one of our professional counsellors. Our helpline can give you advice and information on CBS. If you feel you or your family need more tailored support, our counselling service is able to give you a call to discuss one-to-one telephone or group sessions. […] More research into Charles Bonnet syndrome is needed. For example, we do not know why only some people with sight loss have hallucinations. Research funded by the Macular Society is helping answer this question but more is needed.

• #41 What is Charles Bonnet Syndrome and How is it Managed? | Glaucoma Australia

  https://glaucoma.org.au/news-details/news/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome-and-how-is-it-managed

  Lighting can sometimes be a factor. An orthoptist can advise on the best type of lighting for your home based on your eye condition. […] Find out everything you can about CBS if you have a loved one with it. Understanding the condition and providing reassurance to them can help to reduce feelings of anxiety and helplessness. […] You can also consider joining the CBS online community. It is open to both those directly experiencing the syndrome as well as loved ones and carers. […] If you are a health professional, we encourage you to reassure your patients experiencing visual hallucinations that its a common condition and not a sign of dementia or mental illness. […] Remind them that the frequency and duration of CBS hallucinations tends to decrease over time and CBS hallucinations affect only vision, and not hearing, smell, taste or touch. […] To assist your patients if they are frightened, distressed or fear they are going mad, you may like to encourage them to join support groups to meet other individuals suffering from this often-unknown syndrome.

• #42 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://www.charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  Regrettably, many patients diagnosed with CBS are told by their health professional that there is little, if anything, that can be done for them. This is unfortunate as there are many avenues that can be explored. Even though there is presently no one single treatment that is effective in most cases, there are a range of options available and any one of these can have a positive effect. […] Optimal eye care is strongly recommended. […] Ongoing visits to your eye specialist is advised to ensure monitoring of one’s existing eye condition(s). […] Relevant surgical procedures which improve vision have sometimes been known to reduce and even resolve CBS (eg. removal of cataract). […] Any of the above can lessen the effects of CBS but all can potentially improve the overall quality of the person’s life.

• #43 Eyes – Charles Bonnet syndrome | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to the visual hallucinations caused by the brain’s adjustment to significant vision loss. […] Many people who suffer from Charles Bonnet syndrome do not consult with their doctor out of fear and embarrassment, as hallucinations are associated with mental illness. […] In most cases, Charles Bonnet syndrome resolves itself after about 12 to 18 months without treatment. It is a good idea to find out everything you can about Charles Bonnet syndrome. Understanding the condition can help to reduce feelings of anxiety and helplessness. […] Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment may include: Medical advice – talking it over with a doctor or counsellor can be helpful. Vision therapy – low-vision rehabilitation may help to ease symptoms. Moving your eyes – some people report that the hallucinations dissipate if they move their gaze from side to side or up and down. Changing the variables – to ‘turn off’ the hallucination, you could try altering the environment or setting that you are in. For example: if it’s dark, turn on the light, or if you’re standing up, sit down. If your eyes are open, shut them, or if you’re in one room, go to another room. […] Your GP (doctor) […] Vision Australia […] Macular Degeneration Foundation […] Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation.

• #44 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://www.charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  There are documented cases of a lowering, and even resolution, of CBS simply by making use of suitable visual aids. […] Social isolation has been mentioned as a risk factor for CBS. Attempts to counter isolation and engage people in social opportunities needs to be encouraged. […] Stress or anxiety tends to aggravate CBS. That is, phantom images can become more frequent when one is overly worried or anxious. […] Consider (re-) incorporating healthy behaviours or activities into your daily life that can induce a sense of calm or relaxation. […] Understanding what one is dealing with […] What can help put the person at ease includes: A medical name for their symptoms, which is not associated with mental (or memory) disturbance, An explanation of CBS, Openly taking an interest in their visual experiences, Being supportive, empathic and non-judgmental.

• #45 Would anyone be so kind as to share their experience taking care of Charles Bonnet syndrome patients? – AgingCare.com

  https://www.agingcare.com/questions/would-anyone-be-so-kind-as-to-share-their-experience-taking-care-of-charles-bonnet-syndrome-patients-458056.htm

  My mother has Charles Bonnet syndrome. It is the result of losing vision late in life. Mom lost her vision due to macular degeneration. It is not a mental illness or dementia and does not cause psychosis or dementia. Vision -can progress to complete blindness. Regular care by a retinal specialist is essential. My mom takes gabapentin daily. This helps with the frequency and intensity of the visual hallucinations. Her specialist also recommended sitting in direct sunlight half an hour a day and she takes prescription vitamin D. It is more concentrated than OTC vitamin D. My mom went into assisted living with my dad a few weeks ago. They are mid 90s and both had mobility problems. Mom uses an I Pad with the print set on bold. She also has a high intensity light and a magnifying screen that sits in front of the television. She is still able to read a little with the peripheral vision she has left. […] Having taken care of her for many years with several eye doctors, Ive found having a retinal specialist the best option. We have to travel 3 hours for appointments but well worth the time and expense.

• #46 Caregiving for a person with Charles Bonnet Syndrome — Charles Bonnet Syndrome Information

  https://www.charlesbonnet.com/caregiving-for-a-person-with-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Cargiving for a person with CBS is similar to caring for a person with cancer, heart disease, dementia, etc. A unique feature however is that the person is also blind. Blind etiquette and best practices may not be obvious to caregivers. […] It is essential for the person to begin to learn blindness skills as soon as can be arranged. There are many sources of help from your home state which will teach walking with a white cane, cooking, home management, using technology, and alternate forms of reading. […] Caregivers may not have insight into their loved ones behavior and attribute it to a little known but prevalent condition among those with sight loss. […] The caregiver should not tell the person that they also see what they see. It is essential that the person be told that the hallucinations are not real. […] Caregivers should strongly consider getting help for themselves. Counseling in the form of cognitive behavior therapy should be sought. Joining a CBS caregiver group will help with feelings of isolation and loneliness.

• #47 :: Journal of Neurocritical Care

  https://www.e-jnc.org/m/journal/view.php?number=411

  However, some patients find the hallucinations bothersome when seeking treatment. In cases where vision loss causing CBS is reversible, such as cataracts, resolution of hallucinations has been reported after vision restoration alone; however, low vision aids can be beneficial for improving visual acuity and function. […] Pharmacological management options, though limited in evidence, include atypical antipsychotics, cholinesterase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antiepileptic medications like valproic acid, and others. […] In this case, valproic acid effectively reduced the frequency of visual hallucinations.

• #48 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  Regrettably, many patients diagnosed with CBS are told by their health professional that there is little, if anything, that can be done for them. This is unfortunate as there are many avenues that can be explored. […] Optimal eye care is strongly recommended. […] Ongoing visits to your eye specialist is advised to ensure monitoring of one’s existing eye condition(s). […] Relevant surgical procedures which improve vision have sometimes been known to reduce and even resolve CBS (eg. removal of cataract). […] Any of the above can lessen the effects of CBS but all can potentially improve the overall quality of the person’s life. […] There are documented cases of a lowering, and even resolution, of CBS simply by making use of suitable visual aids. […] Social isolation has been mentioned as a risk factor for CBS. Attempts to counter isolation and engage people in social opportunities needs to be encouraged.

• #49 Learn to Provide Comfort and Care to CBS Patients

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/learn-to-provide-comfort-and-care-to-cbs-patients-44409

  Currently, there is no accepted treatment modality for CBS. Patient education and reassurance is the mainstay therapy. The goal of most treatments is to improve visual function. […] In CBS patients with visual impairment secondary to cataracts, surgical intervention may eliminate visual hallucinations. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome remains an under-reported, underdiagnosed and poorly understood condition. This can be explained, in part, by some patients fear of being labeled insane by a health care professional. Eye care clinicians interact with the blind and visually impaired on a daily basis. So, were in a unique position to openly discuss the troublingand even frighteningnature of CBS symptoms. No matter the case, our primary goal is to reassure affected patients that they are indeed sane, provide them relief from the distress associated with the hallucinations, and help them live with the condition.

• #50 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  For most patients, understanding that they do not have a mental illness seems to be the best treatment, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations, although these can still interfere with daily life. […] Pharmaceutical treatment should only be considered in patients experiencing distressing hallucinations and who cannot tolerate them despite reassurance and non-pharmaceutical approaches. […] There have been reports of successful cases treated with a variety of drugs, including risperidone, valproate, carbamazepine, clonazepam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin and olanzapine. However, their effectiveness in treating CBS remains disputed and the side-effects can cause a number of problems – including hallucinations. […] Reducing social isolation and therefore increasing both sensory and cognitive stimulation can be helpful.

• #51 Visual Hallucinations: Charles Bonnet Syndrome – The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine

  https://westjem.com/case-report/visual-hallucinations-charles-bonnet-syndrome.html

  Visual hallucinations are not a common presentation in the emergency department (ED). However, emergency physicians should be adept in differentiating between various causes. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome is an uncommon condition causing visual hallucinations in patients without mental illness. […] Patients with Charles Bonnet syndrome are also likely to have a history of diminished visual acuity or visual field loss. […] Symptoms caused by Charles Bonnet syndrome cannot be explained by the presence of a psychiatric disorder, and patients do not have any significant metabolic derangements or impaired sensorium that would otherwise explain the symptoms. […] Currently, there is no universally accepted treatment for Charles Bonnet syndrome. Visual hallucinations often resolve once the underlying cause of vision loss is rectified.

• #52 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  For most patients, understanding that they do not have a mental illness seems to be the best treatment, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations, although these can still interfere with daily life. […] Pharmaceutical treatment should only be considered in patients experiencing distressing hallucinations and who cannot tolerate them despite reassurance and non-pharmaceutical approaches. […] There have been reports of successful cases treated with a variety of drugs, including risperidone, valproate, carbamazepine, clonazepam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin and olanzapine. However, their effectiveness in treating CBS remains disputed and the side-effects can cause a number of problems – including hallucinations. […] Reducing social isolation and therefore increasing both sensory and cognitive stimulation can be helpful.

• #53 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  For most patients, understanding that they do not have a mental illness seems to be the best treatment, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations, although these can still interfere with daily life. […] Pharmaceutical treatment should only be considered in patients experiencing distressing hallucinations and who cannot tolerate them despite reassurance and non-pharmaceutical approaches. […] There have been reports of successful cases treated with a variety of drugs, including risperidone, valproate, carbamazepine, clonazepam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin and olanzapine. However, their effectiveness in treating CBS remains disputed and the side-effects can cause a number of problems – including hallucinations. […] Reducing social isolation and therefore increasing both sensory and cognitive stimulation can be helpful.

• #54 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  For most patients, understanding that they do not have a mental illness seems to be the best treatment, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations, although these can still interfere with daily life. […] Pharmaceutical treatment should only be considered in patients experiencing distressing hallucinations and who cannot tolerate them despite reassurance and non-pharmaceutical approaches. […] There have been reports of successful cases treated with a variety of drugs, including risperidone, valproate, carbamazepine, clonazepam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin and olanzapine. However, their effectiveness in treating CBS remains disputed and the side-effects can cause a number of problems – including hallucinations. […] Reducing social isolation and therefore increasing both sensory and cognitive stimulation can be helpful.

• #55 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Complete Remission of Visual Hallucinations with Trazodone

  https://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/charles-bonnet-syndrome-complete-remission-of-visual-hallucinations-with-trazodone-12999.html

  Our report adds to that of Hsu et al. and points trazodone to be considered as a first-line treatment for CBS, due to its good tolerability and few interactions with other drugs. Trazodone is also considered to be a safe medication for the elderly, with fewer side-effects as compared to neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

• #56 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  For most patients, understanding that they do not have a mental illness seems to be the best treatment, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations, although these can still interfere with daily life. […] Pharmaceutical treatment should only be considered in patients experiencing distressing hallucinations and who cannot tolerate them despite reassurance and non-pharmaceutical approaches. […] There have been reports of successful cases treated with a variety of drugs, including risperidone, valproate, carbamazepine, clonazepam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin and olanzapine. However, their effectiveness in treating CBS remains disputed and the side-effects can cause a number of problems – including hallucinations. […] Reducing social isolation and therefore increasing both sensory and cognitive stimulation can be helpful.

• #57 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://www.charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  These factors often allow people to feel comfortable enough to disclose their CBS experiences. […] Exploring suitable outlets to make sense of all these changes in life circumstances can be beneficial. […] Consider trying to relate to, or engage with, the images differently. […] Those living with CBS can sometimes feel helpless in the face of intrusive imagery that they feel they have no control over. […] In instances where none of the above is found to be of assistance, pharmacological treatment could be explored. […] Presently, there is no pharmaceutical drug that has been found to be effective in most, let alone all, cases. Therefore, exercising caution with this option is advisable. […] For those keen to explore a prescribed medication, please ensure your medical practitioner presents you with the possible pros and cons of this intervention so an informed decision can be made.

• #58 :: Journal of Neurocritical Care

  https://www.e-jnc.org/m/journal/view.php?number=411

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition characterized by vivid, complex visual hallucinations in individuals with visual impairment. […] CBS is frequently overlooked or left untreated. Research on diagnosing and managing CBS following head trauma is limited. Therefore, clear diagnostic criteria for CBS and a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms are needed to improve diagnosis and management strategies. […] The management of CBS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both the underlying visual impairment and associated hallucinatory symptoms. For many patients with CBS, hallucinations are not overly troublesome, and reassurance about their harmless nature is typically adequate, as they are not indicative of an underlying neurological or psychiatric condition.

• #59 Would anyone be so kind as to share their experience taking care of Charles Bonnet syndrome patients? – AgingCare.com

  https://www.agingcare.com/questions/would-anyone-be-so-kind-as-to-share-their-experience-taking-care-of-charles-bonnet-syndrome-patients-458056.htm

  My mother has Charles Bonnet syndrome. It is the result of losing vision late in life. Mom lost her vision due to macular degeneration. It is not a mental illness or dementia and does not cause psychosis or dementia. Vision -can progress to complete blindness. Regular care by a retinal specialist is essential. My mom takes gabapentin daily. This helps with the frequency and intensity of the visual hallucinations. Her specialist also recommended sitting in direct sunlight half an hour a day and she takes prescription vitamin D. It is more concentrated than OTC vitamin D. My mom went into assisted living with my dad a few weeks ago. They are mid 90s and both had mobility problems. Mom uses an I Pad with the print set on bold. She also has a high intensity light and a magnifying screen that sits in front of the television. She is still able to read a little with the peripheral vision she has left. […] Having taken care of her for many years with several eye doctors, Ive found having a retinal specialist the best option. We have to travel 3 hours for appointments but well worth the time and expense.

• #60 UT Health Austin | Visual Release Hallucinations (Charles Bonnet…

  https://uthealthaustin.org/conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to symptoms of visual hallucinations that occur in patients with visual acuity loss or visual field loss. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome refers to visual hallucinations produced as the brain adjusts to significant vision loss. […] CBS hallucinations do not involve sounds, smells, or any other sensations. It’s important to note that hallucinations associated with this condition are caused by failing eyesight, not by a mental health problem or dementia. […] Visual release hallucinations occur most often among the elderly population as they are the most likely age group to have optical conditions such as macular degeneration that affect eyesight. […] A careful eye exam and additional tests may be used to determine if your hallucinations are occurring as a result of CBS or from another underlying condition. While there is no cure for CBS, your ophthalmologist is well-versed in the most current, evidence-based treatment recommendations, which may include medications, vision therapy, lifestyle adjustments, and more.

• #61 From craniotomy to Charles Bonnet syndrome

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/from-craniotomy-to-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  The mainstay of treatment and management of CBS is reassurance, counseling, and optimizing visual function for these patients. Psychological therapies, like meditation, relaxation training, hypnosis, and cognitive remodeling aid in diminishing anxiety surrounding hallucinations. Referrals to low-vision services have proven beneficial for patients maintaining some remaining vision or visual field.

• #62 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Precipitated by Brimonidine Tartrate – The Journal of Medical Optometry (JoMO)

  https://journalofmedicaloptometry.com/volume2-issue1/charles-bonnet-syndrome-precipitated-by-brimonidine-tartrate/

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a condition characterized by visual hallucinations in patients with vision loss and clear cognition. […] As front-line eye care providers, optometrists should be aware of Charles Bonnet Syndrome and recognize the association of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution and visual hallucinations in cognitively intact individuals. Treatment should be provided to optimize the patients vision and ocular health, and providers should make appropriate referrals to mental health professionals if the visual hallucinations are causing the patient distress or do not fit the characteristics of Charles Bonnet Syndrome. […] One of the most important elements in managing CBS is educating and counseling the patient and their family members about the condition and providing reassurance that this is not a sign of cognitive decline.

• #63 UT Health Austin | Visual Release Hallucinations (Charles Bonnet…

  https://uthealthaustin.org/conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  At UT Health Austin, we take a multidisciplinary approach to your care. This means you will benefit from the expertise of multiple specialists across a variety of disciplines. Your care team will include fellowship-trained neuro-ophthalmologists, ophthalmic technicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, social workers, and more who work together to help you get back to the things in your life that matter most to you. We also collaborate with our colleagues at the Dell Medical School and The University of Texas at Austin to utilize the latest research, diagnostic, and treatment techniques, allowing us to identify new therapies to improve treatment outcomes. We are committed to communicating and coordinating your care with your other healthcare providers to ensure that we are providing you with comprehensive, whole-person care.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Charles-Bonnet-Syndrome-Management.aspx

  Patients are usually advised to seek empathy and reassurance from people in their lives, especially, as they are dealing with an untreatable condition that will eventually regress after a few months. […] Regular physician follow-ups are important to manage CBS. In doing so, both physician and patient acquire relevant information and can follow the necessary steps to manage the condition. […] Physicians should also advise patients to adjust their normal environmental conditions (eg, lighting, sleeping position, and ambient sounds) to externally control the appearance of visual hallucinations.

• #65 The importance of recognising Charles Bonnet syndrome in children

  https://europe.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/the-importance-of-recognising-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-children

  The clinical management of CBS involves the implementation of simple yet effective psychological coping strategies, including brain shunting exercises such as frequent blinking or rapid eye movements, attempting to touch or brush away hallucinations, moving to brightly lit areas and increasing social interactions. Families should be linked to local family support services and any patient can access support groups such as Esmes Umbrella. […] The whole multidisciplinary team must raise awareness of CBS with children, and actively ask patients or families about symptoms.

• #66 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049992/

  Management strategies recommended to patients should be individualised, as their effectiveness can vary. […] Improved clinical protocols should be established for identifying patients with CBS, with particular attention given to standardising care across different regions and institutions. […] There is a need for a simplified and harmonised framework to aid identification and management of CBS which is relevant and understandable to all healthcare providers. […] Although progress has been made in raising awareness, reluctance may remain among medical and allied health professionals to discuss the condition with patients, which may stem from several underlying factors. […] Expanding education and training, particularly beyond ophthalmic professions, such as through CBS-specific modules that cover the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses and management strategies, could enhance early recognition, improve referral pathways and ensure more comprehensive care for patients.

• #67 The importance of recognising Charles Bonnet syndrome in children

  https://europe.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/the-importance-of-recognising-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-children

  The clinical management of CBS involves the implementation of simple yet effective psychological coping strategies, including brain shunting exercises such as frequent blinking or rapid eye movements, attempting to touch or brush away hallucinations, moving to brightly lit areas and increasing social interactions. Families should be linked to local family support services and any patient can access support groups such as Esmes Umbrella. […] The whole multidisciplinary team must raise awareness of CBS with children, and actively ask patients or families about symptoms.

• #68 The importance of recognising Charles Bonnet syndrome in children

  https://europe.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/the-importance-of-recognising-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-children

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterised by visual hallucinations in individuals who are experiencing sight loss, with no psychiatric or cognitive basis. […] Having an awareness will improve detection and management of symptoms. […] Children presenting with these developmental eye disorders are likely to be managed in tertiary referral centres within specialist services, and so we need to raise professional awareness amongst ophthalmologists and allied health care professionals, including orthoptists and optometrists (especially those specialising in low vision services) of the importance of informing families about CBS as well as encourage them to enquire about symptoms. […] Forewarning patients and families with information on CBS and hallucinatory experiences, including strategies for symptom management and sources of emotional support, may reduce the psychological impact if they do develop symptoms.

• #69 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049992/

  Management strategies recommended to patients should be individualised, as their effectiveness can vary. […] Improved clinical protocols should be established for identifying patients with CBS, with particular attention given to standardising care across different regions and institutions. […] There is a need for a simplified and harmonised framework to aid identification and management of CBS which is relevant and understandable to all healthcare providers. […] Although progress has been made in raising awareness, reluctance may remain among medical and allied health professionals to discuss the condition with patients, which may stem from several underlying factors. […] Expanding education and training, particularly beyond ophthalmic professions, such as through CBS-specific modules that cover the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses and management strategies, could enhance early recognition, improve referral pathways and ensure more comprehensive care for patients.

• #70 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/10/1/e002009

  Improved clinical protocols should be established for identifying patients with CBS, with particular attention given to standardising care across different regions and institutions. Inconsistencies exist in a number of areas including the quality of information provided to patients and variability in the interpretation and application of a CBS diagnosis. […] There is a need for a simplified and harmonised framework to aid identification and management of CBS which is relevant and understandable to all healthcare providers. These guidelines should offer a structure for discussing visual hallucinations with patients in the eye clinic, with provision of recommended advice and, where necessary, referral options in cases where CBS imposes a negative impact on daily life. […] Expanding education and training, particularly beyond ophthalmic professions, such as through CBS-specific modules that cover the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses and management strategies, could enhance early recognition, improve referral pathways and ensure more comprehensive care for patients.

• #71 Learn to Provide Comfort and Care to CBS Patients

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/learn-to-provide-comfort-and-care-to-cbs-patients-44409

  Currently, there is no accepted treatment modality for CBS. Patient education and reassurance is the mainstay therapy. The goal of most treatments is to improve visual function. […] In CBS patients with visual impairment secondary to cataracts, surgical intervention may eliminate visual hallucinations. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome remains an under-reported, underdiagnosed and poorly understood condition. This can be explained, in part, by some patients fear of being labeled insane by a health care professional. Eye care clinicians interact with the blind and visually impaired on a daily basis. So, were in a unique position to openly discuss the troublingand even frighteningnature of CBS symptoms. No matter the case, our primary goal is to reassure affected patients that they are indeed sane, provide them relief from the distress associated with the hallucinations, and help them live with the condition.

• #72 Learn to Provide Comfort and Care to CBS Patients

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/learn-to-provide-comfort-and-care-to-cbs-patients-44409

  Currently, there is no accepted treatment modality for CBS. Patient education and reassurance is the mainstay therapy. The goal of most treatments is to improve visual function. […] In CBS patients with visual impairment secondary to cataracts, surgical intervention may eliminate visual hallucinations. […] Charles Bonnet syndrome remains an under-reported, underdiagnosed and poorly understood condition. This can be explained, in part, by some patients fear of being labeled insane by a health care professional. Eye care clinicians interact with the blind and visually impaired on a daily basis. So, were in a unique position to openly discuss the troublingand even frighteningnature of CBS symptoms. No matter the case, our primary goal is to reassure affected patients that they are indeed sane, provide them relief from the distress associated with the hallucinations, and help them live with the condition.

• #73 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) involves visual hallucinations due to eye disease, usually associated with a sharp decline in vision. […] CBS predominantly affects people with visual loss due to old age, diabetes or other damage to optic pathways, particularly if problems are bilateral. […] Patients rarely volunteer symptoms of this syndrome unless prompted, because they fear that they will be thought to have a psychiatric illness. […] If CBS is a likely diagnosis: Investigate appropriately. Avoid an early but potentially erroneous diagnosis of a psychiatric condition unless other features are present to support this. Reassure the patient by explaining what the problem is. Many will fear that they are 'going mad’. Understanding that they are not will help them to accept their symptoms.

• #74 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Given that this latter group is potentially large, it is becoming increasingly important to better understand what factors lead to negative outcome and how people with negative experiences of CBS differ from those that do not find CBS distressing. […] The findings also suggest negative outcome might be preventable, and the need for trials to examine the effectiveness of information/psychoeducation prior to the onset of hallucinations. […] For most people with CBS, symptoms continue for many years with negative consequences in around a third. […] This changes CBS from a symptom that can be largely ignored by clinical services to one that needs further characterisation to identify those with negative outcome and offer appropriate interventions.

• #75 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Yet, while this view may be true of the majority of people with CBS, it is recognised that some have negative experiences and outcomes. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] Interventions that reduce the frequency, duration or fear of individual hallucination episodes and education prior to hallucination onset may help reduce negative outcome. […] CBS thus covers a spectrum of outcomes, one end celebrated by Bonnet in his description of hallucinations as playthings of the brain, the other a predominantly negative outcome characterised by distress, stigma and reduced quality of life.

• #76 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Yet, while this view may be true of the majority of people with CBS, it is recognised that some have negative experiences and outcomes. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] Interventions that reduce the frequency, duration or fear of individual hallucination episodes and education prior to hallucination onset may help reduce negative outcome. […] CBS thus covers a spectrum of outcomes, one end celebrated by Bonnet in his description of hallucinations as playthings of the brain, the other a predominantly negative outcome characterised by distress, stigma and reduced quality of life.

• #77 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Yet, while this view may be true of the majority of people with CBS, it is recognised that some have negative experiences and outcomes. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] Interventions that reduce the frequency, duration or fear of individual hallucination episodes and education prior to hallucination onset may help reduce negative outcome. […] CBS thus covers a spectrum of outcomes, one end celebrated by Bonnet in his description of hallucinations as playthings of the brain, the other a predominantly negative outcome characterised by distress, stigma and reduced quality of life.

• #78 Negative outcome Charles Bonnet Syndrome | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/9/1236

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is widely considered a transient condition without adverse consequence, questioning the need for treatment. […] Yet, while this view may be true of the majority of people with CBS, it is recognised that some have negative experiences and outcomes. […] Factors associated with negative outcome were: (1) frequent, fear-inducing, longer-lasting hallucination episodes, (2) one or more daily activities affected, (3) attribution of hallucinations to serious mental illness, (4) not knowing about CBS at the onset of symptoms. […] Interventions that reduce the frequency, duration or fear of individual hallucination episodes and education prior to hallucination onset may help reduce negative outcome. […] CBS thus covers a spectrum of outcomes, one end celebrated by Bonnet in his description of hallucinations as playthings of the brain, the other a predominantly negative outcome characterised by distress, stigma and reduced quality of life.

• #79 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Precipitated by Brimonidine Tartrate – The Journal of Medical Optometry (JoMO)

  https://journalofmedicaloptometry.com/volume2-issue1/charles-bonnet-syndrome-precipitated-by-brimonidine-tartrate/

  It is important for eye care providers to be able to recognize CBS and the potential for brimonidine to potentiate CBS. […] The eye care provider should provide education and reassurance that the condition may be a normal response after vision loss and is not a sign of cognitive decline. […] Eye care practitioners should consider proactively warning low vision patients about the possibility of visual hallucinations after diagnosing their eye condition.

• #80 The importance of recognising Charles Bonnet syndrome in children

  https://europe.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/the-importance-of-recognising-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-children

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterised by visual hallucinations in individuals who are experiencing sight loss, with no psychiatric or cognitive basis. […] Having an awareness will improve detection and management of symptoms. […] Children presenting with these developmental eye disorders are likely to be managed in tertiary referral centres within specialist services, and so we need to raise professional awareness amongst ophthalmologists and allied health care professionals, including orthoptists and optometrists (especially those specialising in low vision services) of the importance of informing families about CBS as well as encourage them to enquire about symptoms. […] Forewarning patients and families with information on CBS and hallucinatory experiences, including strategies for symptom management and sources of emotional support, may reduce the psychological impact if they do develop symptoms.

• #81

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10792-024-03298-0

  26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. […] Future management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician. […] More than half (8/13) of the patients had spoken to someone from their personal surrounding about the hallucinations. […] Three patients (23.1%) sought medical advice by consulting a physician, two ophthalmologists and one neurologist. […] It may also be beneficial to conduct education campaigns for medical providers, as awareness of CBS among physicians appears to be low, but crucial to ensure that patients receive the appropriate support and care.

• #82 Caregiving for a person with Charles Bonnet Syndrome — Charles Bonnet Syndrome Information

  https://www.charlesbonnet.com/caregiving-for-a-person-with-charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Cargiving for a person with CBS is similar to caring for a person with cancer, heart disease, dementia, etc. A unique feature however is that the person is also blind. Blind etiquette and best practices may not be obvious to caregivers. […] It is essential for the person to begin to learn blindness skills as soon as can be arranged. There are many sources of help from your home state which will teach walking with a white cane, cooking, home management, using technology, and alternate forms of reading. […] Caregivers may not have insight into their loved ones behavior and attribute it to a little known but prevalent condition among those with sight loss. […] The caregiver should not tell the person that they also see what they see. It is essential that the person be told that the hallucinations are not real. […] Caregivers should strongly consider getting help for themselves. Counseling in the form of cognitive behavior therapy should be sought. Joining a CBS caregiver group will help with feelings of isolation and loneliness.

• #83 From research to action: recommendations for Charles Bonnet syndrome care and policy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049992/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a curious and often unexpected outcome of sight loss. The condition is characterised by vivid, silent, visual hallucinations which range from fleeting dances of colourful patterns to fluid spectacles of faces, animals and detailed scenes. […] A growing appreciation of the impact of CBS on mental health and quality of life has prompted research into intervention development and support systems. […] Patient management primarily relies on reassurance and education, which has been shown to mitigate the negative psychological impact of CBS. Educating patients that their symptoms are a result of visual loss, rather than indicative of a psychiatric or neurological disorder, often provides significant relief. […] In the absence of robust medical treatments, patients report developing their own mechanisms to cope, including behavioural exercises or brain shunting techniques such as frequent blinking or rapid eye movements, changing light levels to increase visual input and alerting/distraction techniques.

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