Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – Sight Support West of England

  https://www.sightsupportwest.org.uk/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Any universal methods of sustaining good eye health and vision are relevant for prevention. […] Prevention methods and risk factors for Macular Degeneration and Cataracts are also important to consider and act upon, seeing as the likelihood of developing CBS is higher if you already have either of these conditions. […] If hallucinations stop, it is possible for them to return if you lose further sight. […] There are also many cases of hallucinations returning for those people that develop an infection (e.g. chest infection or urinary tract infection). […] If you have medical history of such infections occurring regularly or if you develop such infections after being diagnosed with CBS, it is even more crucial to act upon all medical advice and guidance that has been provided for treating or managing them.

• #2 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Complete Remission of Visual Hallucinations with Trazodone

  https://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/charles-bonnet-syndrome-complete-remission-of-visual-hallucinations-with-trazodone-12999.html

  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a neuro-ophthalmic condition that affects elderly people with visual impairment related to ophthalmological pathologies. […] The first step in the management of CBS is to treat the underlying ophthalmologic condition to enhance visual input thus inhibiting hallucinations. If this approach fails, pharmacological therapy may be considered. […] Our report adds to that of Hsu et al. and points trazodone to be considered as a first-line treatment for CBS, due to its good tolerability and few interactions with other drugs. Trazodone is also considered to be a safe medication for the elderly, with fewer side-effects as compared to neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

• #3 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  Regrettably, many patients diagnosed with CBS are told by their health professional that there is little, if anything, that can be done for them. […] Optimal eye care is strongly recommended. […] Relevant surgical procedures which improve vision have sometimes been known to reduce and even resolve CBS (eg. removal of cataract). […] Any of the above can lessen the effects of CBS but all can potentially improve the overall quality of the person’s life. […] There are documented cases of a lowering, and even resolution, of CBS simply by making use of suitable visual aids. […] Opportunities to stimulate the senses is recommended. […] Social isolation has been mentioned as a risk factor for CBS. […] Consider (re-) incorporating healthy behaviours or activities into your daily life that can induce a sense of calm or relaxation.

• #4 Charles Bonnet syndrome – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  There are some other things that can help if you have Charles Bonnet syndrome, such as: […] getting regular eye tests – an optician can check for further changes in your eyes and give you advice about how to make the best use of the sight you have. […] A GP, optician or ophthalmologist (eye doctor) can refer you to a specialist low-vision service for advice about things to help with your sight.

• #5 Charles bonnet syndrome, management with simple behavioral technique

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3579052/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome occurs in visually impaired but cognitively normal individuals. […] Health workers managing people with terminal blindness should always ask for the presence of hallucinations from their patients to forestall a preventable distress resulting from wrong perception without visual stimulus. […] Reassurance about the nature of the illness (i.e., not being a mental illness) could be highly comforting and all that may be needed. Combination of this and programmed blinking, intermittent closing and opening of the eyes have been reported as helpful. […] The best solution is finding effective treatment to the eye disorder because CBS has been reported to regress with effective treatment of the cause of visual loss and improvement in visual acuity. […] In conclusion, doctors and relatives are advised to seek for hallucinatory experiences by asking the visually impaired about it. Doing this would go a long way at ameliorating the suffering of the visually impaired from this syndrome that could possibly be passed off as mental disorder.

• #6 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – IALVS

  https://ialvs.com/ways-we-can-help/what-is-a-low-vision-exam/low-vision-eye-diseases/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Charles Bonnet syndrome is not widely recognized, and many people fear that they may have dementia or a serious mental health problem. Really, visual hallucinations are a normal response of the brain when faced with vision loss. By meeting with your knowledgeable IALVS eye doctor, you will benefit from the compassion and support of a professional who understands. […] Studies have shown that low vision rehabilitation may reduce the frequency of Charles Bonnet hallucinations in patients with this condition. Effective rehabilitation strategies include using personalized low vision devices to enable improved visual function for the type of vision loss that each person has experienced. […] Also, talking openly about your hallucinations is a proven way to alleviate the stress of CBS – thereby improving your overall quality of life. Our IALVS eye doctors are knowledgeable about Charles Bonnet syndrome, and we can offer reassurance, support, and practical low vision aids that you need for your daily life!

• #7 Charles Bonnet syndrome | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  You cannot prevent Charles Bonnet syndrome from developing. […] Understanding that Charles Bonnet syndrome is not a mental health issue may help you live with it. It may also help to know that for most people, the visions stop within 12 to 18 months. […] There are some things you can do that may help to make the visions stop: closing your eyes, blinking, moving your eyes — from left to right and up and down. […] Changing your environment can also work. You can try: switching on the lights, changing positions. […] Other things you can do: Visit your eye specialist so they can continue to monitor your vision. Use visual aids — such as a magnifier for close work. Contact your local low-vision rehabilitation service provider for assistance. […] Reduce stress and anxiety — as this tends to make the condition worse. […] Talk to your doctor about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This is a relatively new treatment that can reduce brain activity.

• #8 Charles Bonnet Syndrome | Low Vision Of New YorkOpen MenuClose MenuOpen MenuClose MenuOpen MenuClose Menu

  https://www.lowvisionofny.com/low-vision-eye-diseases/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  Currently, there is no cure for CBS, but just knowing that the condition is not a mental health problem can bring relief. […] Certain people experience exacerbated hallucinations when tired or stressed. So make sure that you get enough sleep at night and make time to relax in order to stay calm and prevent hallucinations. Relaxation techniques such as yoga, mild exercise or other stress-reduction therapies can help. […] Tinted eyeglasses may reduce the illusions. […] Improving eyesight with custom-designed low vision glasses may reduce the occurrence of these images.

• #9 Charles Bonnet Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/charles-bonnet-syndrome/

  The main ways to prevent and manage Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS), a condition where people with vision loss have visual hallucinations, are educating the patient and asking them about any visual hallucinations they may have. It’s important that patients are educated about CBS before they start experiencing hallucinations. Many patients with CBS don’t report their hallucinations because they’re afraid of being seen as mentally ill. […] Research has shown that if patients learn about CBS before hallucinations start, this knowledge can reduce unwanted symptoms like fear or hallucinations so strong they disrupt daily life. If a patient does report hallucinations and is diagnosed with CBS, it’s crucial to reassure the patient that CBS is mostly temporary and not related to dementia or mental illness.

• #10 The importance of recognising Charles Bonnet syndrome in children

  https://europe.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/the-importance-of-recognising-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-children

  The visual hallucinations may not necessarily manifest in the initial stages of the disease but could trigger during the active sight loss phase. Hence, forewarning patients and families with information on CBS and hallucinatory experiences, including strategies for symptom management and sources of emotional support, may reduce the psychological impact if they do develop symptoms. […] The clinical management of CBS involves the implementation of simple yet effective psychological coping strategies, including brain shunting exercises such as frequent blinking or rapid eye movements, attempting to touch or brush away hallucinations, moving to brightly lit areas and increasing social interactions. Families should be linked to local family support services and any patient can access support groups such as Esmes Umbrella (www.charlesbonnetsyndrome.uk).

• #11 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome treatment […] There is no cure for CBS. Doing the following can all help to reduce the frequency of hallucinations: […] Increasing lighting levels in the evening. […] Being active both physically and mentally. […] Spending more time in the company of others. […] Eye movements have been shown to lessen the impact and length of the hallucinations – see Macular Society in Further Reading (below). […] Anxiety treatments such as antidepressants are sometimes offered to those who find their symptoms upsetting. […] For most patients, understanding the cause of the symptoms – and realising that they are not becoming mentally ill – is all that is needed. […] […] […] Suggestions to try when having a CBS hallucination […] Eye movement exercise:

• #12 What is Charles Bonnet Syndrome and How is it Managed? | Glaucoma Australia

  https://glaucoma.org.au/news-details/news/what-is-charles-bonnet-syndrome-and-how-is-it-managed

  There is currently no safe and effective medical treatment for CBS. Even so, there are some ways to help manage the symptoms of the syndrome: […] Consider low-vision rehabilitation (eg. visual aids) to maximise ones current vision and this may in turn ease symptoms. […] Contact the CBS Foundation for further support.

• #13 The importance of recognising Charles Bonnet syndrome in children

  https://europe.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/the-importance-of-recognising-charles-bonnet-syndrome-in-children

  We know there is consistent under-reporting of symptoms and difficulty with case ascertainment; this is arguably a shortcoming of current paediatric ophthalmology services. The whole multidisciplinary team must raise awareness of CBS with children, and actively ask patients or families about symptoms.

• #14 Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  Imagine two points about 3 feet apart on a wall in front of you. […] Stand about 4.5 to 5 feet away and look from one point to the other once every second or faster for 15 to 30 seconds. […] Don’t move your head and keep your eyes open when looking left and right. […] Have a break of a few seconds. If the hallucination is still there, try repeating the exercise. […] If this exercise doesn’t work after 4 or 5 attempts it probably won’t work this time. […] It’s worth trying again with a different type of hallucination. […] […] […] Other things to try: […] Shut your eyes or look in a different direction. […] Turn on the lights (or brighten them if dimmed), or move somewhere darker (if you are already in a light room). […] Move away and do something different. This can make the hallucinations stop, but they often continue.

• #15 Charles Bonnet syndrome: What it is, symptoms, and moreMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/charles-bonnet-syndrome

  People with Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) experience complex visual hallucinations that can seem very real. While there is no cure, people can take simple steps to reduce or sometimes stop their hallucinations. […] Doctors help people with CBS manage their hallucinations and try to make them last for less time. In most cases, a person’s hallucinations can become less frequent. […] People may be able to manage CBS by: Noting when their hallucinations happen and changing their environment in response: For example, if a person finds their hallucinations happen in brightly lit rooms, they can reduce the lighting. If they find their hallucinations occur when it’s very quiet, turning on a radio or TV may help. […] Regular sleep and exercise may help, as fatigue and stress can worsen hallucinations. Exercise and meditation may also reduce stress and anxiety, potentially leading to fewer hallucinations.

• #16 Social Isolation as a Precipitating Factor for Charles Bonnet Syndrome in a Patient with Mild Visual Deterioration

  https://www.mdpi.com/2571-841X/7/3/65

  Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is characterized by complex visual hallucinations in individuals with acute vision loss, typically affecting older adults. […] The case highlights the lesser-known role of sudden lifestyle changes and reduced cognitive engagement in CBS development in cases of mild visual impairment. It also suggests that cognitive and social stimulation may play a crucial role in CBS management, which has limited reports in the current literature. […] We hypothesize that inactivity and loneliness contributed to the onset of symptoms—when moved to a senior living facility, the patient regained social activity and, since then, has not experienced any further episodes of hallucinations. This case highlights the potential role of social isolation in CBS development and suggests that social engagement may be an important component of CBS management in individuals with mild visual deterioration. We underscore the importance of considering environmental factors in CBS etiology and treatment.

• #17 Charles Bonnet Syndrome Foundation (Australia) – Treatments

  https://charlesbonnetsyndrome.org/index.php/cbs/treatments

  In instances where none of the above is found to be of assistance, pharmacological treatment could be explored. […] Presently, there is no pharmaceutical drug that has been found to be effective in most, let alone all, cases. Therefore, exercising caution with this option is advisable. […] For those keen to explore a prescribed medication, please ensure your medical practitioner presents you with the possible pros and cons of this intervention so an informed decision can be made.

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