Materiały źródłowe

• #1 NC DPH: Urethritis

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/CD/diseases/urethritis.html

  Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and can be caused by infectious and non-infectious conditions. It is sometimes a symptom of a sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or Mycoplasma genitalium, especially in males. People with urethritis may or may not experience symptoms. […] Medical tests can determine the cause of urethritis and determine the appropriate treatment. When laboratory testing eliminates gonorrhea as the cause, the diagnosis is nongonococcal urethritis, or NGU. NGU can be treated with antibiotics. Sex partners should also be evaluated and treated to prevent reinfection.

• #1 Urethritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethritis

  Primary prevention can be accomplished by the reduction of modifiable risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing urethritis. These factors include, but are not limited to, sexual intercourse (particularly unprotected intercourse) and genital irritation from contact with tight clothing, physical activity, and various irritants such as soap, lotion and spermicides. […] Bacterial infections leading to gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis can be prevented by: sexual abstinence, use of barrier contraception, such as condoms, pre-exposure vaccination: HPV and Hepatitis B vaccines, reducing number of sexual partners. […] Chlorhexidine is an antibacterial agent that covers a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Rinsing with 15 ml of a 0.12% or 10 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 30 seconds produced large and prolonged reductions in salivary bacterial counts within 7 hours of its use. One hypothesis in 2010 posed the potential use of chlorhexidine rinsing before oral sex as a prevention strategy of recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis caused by bacteria entering the urethra from oral cavity following „insertive oral intercourse”, particularly in men. However, actual clinical studies are yet to be carried out in order to prove this hypothesis.

• #1 Urethritis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-treatment

  The most effective strategies for urethritis prevention include measures to reduce STD transmission, since the most common cause of urethritis is infectious in nature. The most reliable way to avoid STD transmission is to abstain from oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse or to remain in a long term, monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. Male condoms, when used consistently and correctly, reduce the risk of transmission of chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. There are few to no data regarding STD prevention with female condoms, cervical diaphragms, or topical microbicides and spermicides. Nonbarrier contraception, surgical sterilization, or hysterectomy offer no protection against STDs. In cases of noninfectious urethritis, avoid urethral irritants such as perfumed soaps, body washes, lotions, or lubricants and frequent masturbation/sexual intercourse. […] Most infections after treatment are due to reinfection by the same or a new partner, stressing the need to educate patients and to treat partners.

• #1 Urethritis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264903

  Some effective ways of preventing urethritis include: using a condom during vaginal or anal sex […] for males, using a condom to cover the penis during oral sex […] for females, using a dental dam to cover the vagina during oral sex […] avoiding sharing sex toys or making sure they are clean and covered with a condom before sharing them […] avoiding chemicals that can irritate the urethra, such as detergents or spermicides […] practicing good genital hygiene.

• #1 Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22858-urethritis

  You can reduce your risk of developing urethritis by: […] Doing things to avoid getting STIs, such as practicing safe sex and limiting the number of your sexual partners. […] Getting regular tests for STIs if you’re sexually active. […] Avoiding chemicals that may irritate your urethra. […] Avoiding actions that may irritate your urethra.

• #1 Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4426-nongonococcal-urethritis

  You can help prevent nongonococcal urethritis by: […] Using a new condom or dental dam each time you have sexual intercourse. […] Avoiding sexual intercourse if you suspect you or your partner have NGU or another STI. […] Getting tested for NGU and other STIs before having sexual intercourse with a new partner. […] Getting regular STI tests if you have multiple sex partners.

• #1 TrustCare | Urethritis Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://trustcarehealth.com/blog/urethritis-causes-treatment-and-prevention

  Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra, the tube responsible for passing urine from the bladder out of the body. […] Maintaining multiple sex partners, particularly if you are having unprotected sex, is a significant risk factor in developing urethritis. […] Thankfully, there are some precautions you can take to prevent urethritis. Human papillomavirus vaccines are available to help protect you from papillomavirus infections. Practicing good sexual health, using protection even during oral sex, and limiting your number of sex partners can all reduce your risk of potential exposure to pathogens that could result in urethritis.

• #1

  https://www.sweetcures.com/blogs/health-hub/urethritis?srsltid=AfmBOor3fnfytKI0_caEny9yaJAem8V54e0a2az3SwOFDAYLaW7BJTfL

  Urethritis can be diagnosed through physical examination or via urine tests for sexually transmitted infection or bacteria. […] Therefore, it is important if you experience symptoms to get checked out by your GP, begin treatment straight away and inform past/current sexual partners. […] Maintain perineal hygiene. Keep area clean, wipe from front to back when using the toilet. […] Take a maintenance dose of D-Mannose before sleep and around triggers such as sport, travel, sex etc. if you are prone to Ecoli type infection.

• #1 Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/urethritis/

  Women in particular often only have very mild symptoms and do not even feel that they are suffering from urethritis. Early detection is therefore difficult. If your partner suffers from urethritis, you should definitely have an examination even if you have no symptoms. This is because germs can be transmitted very easily during unprotected sexual intercourse. One of the best means of prevention is therefore to use condoms. There are also other helpful measures that can prevent urethritis: […] Drink a lot: If you drink a lot, you also need to urinate often. This can help to flush pathogens out of the urethra before they settle in the mucous membrane and cause inflammation. […] Proper hygiene: After using the toilet, women should always make sure to clean the anus from front to back. This reduces the risk of wiping intestinal germs into the urethral opening. It is also important not to irritate the intimate area with soaps or intimate sprays. This can also promote urethritis. Warm water is usually sufficient for washing.

• #1 Urethritis: specialists & information

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/genitourinary/urethritis

  If you follow a few rules and behaviors, you can often effectively prevent urethritis. These include above all the use of condoms during sexual intercourse, avoiding hypothermia, keeping warm at all times, quickly replacing wet swimwear with dry clothing after swimming and not exposing the genital area to excessive hygiene.

• #1 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2012150-overview

  Urethritis is defined as inflammation of the urethra. […] Administer antibiotics that cover both GU and NGU. […] Refrain from sexual intercourse for one week after starting antibiotic therapy and until all partners are adequately treated. […] Avoid urethral irritants such as perfumed soaps, body washes, lotions, or lubricants and vigorous or frequent masturbation or sexual intercourse. […] Limit the number of sexual partners and always use barrier devices, such as condoms, when engaging in intercourse. […] Educate at-risk patients on how to prevent disease recurrence and educate patients on risks of other sexually-transmitted infections, including HIV. […] Instruct patients to avoid the following high-risk behaviors associated with STDs: Intercourse at a young age, which with rare exceptions is associated with multiple sex partners and unprotected intercourse; Intercourse with multiple partners; Drug use; Unprotected sex; Intercourse with partners known to have infections.

• #1 Evening Cystitis: Causes and How to Distinguish it from Urethritis | Dimann

  https://www.dimann.com/en/magazine-en/cystitis-serial/

  I would also like to emphasize the importance of avoiding prolonged exposure to humid environments, such as wet bathing suits, which can create a breeding ground for bacteria. Finally, I recommend periodic consultation with your physician for preventive evaluations, especially if you have a history of these conditions.

• #1 Vattikuti Foundation | Urethritis and Its Symptoms

  https://vattikutifoundation.com/2021/08/25/urethritis-and-its-symptoms/

  To prevent urethritis from developing, the following precautions can be taken to stay safe from STDs. These are good habits to formulate for disease prevention: […] – Urinate immediately after sexual intercourse. – Increase your intake of water. – Using protection during intercourse. – Avoid products that you know may cause irritation. – Using protection during oral sex such as dental dams. – Wearing loosely fitted undergarments.

• #1 Urethritis secondary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Urethritis_secondary_prevention

  In order to prevent transmission to one’s partner and decrease the risk of antibiotic resistance, all patients must be instructed on safe sex practices and screening requirements after treatment. […] Patients should be instructed on safe sex practices. […] All sex partners with whom a patient has engaged within the last 60 days must be evaluated for possible urethritis. […] Patients should be screened for other sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV, syphilis). […] All patients must be retested 3 months after treatment to evaluate the risk of antibiotic resistance. […] Prophylactic ocular antimicrobial medication is strongly recommended for all newborns exposed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae during birth. […] Gonorrhea and Chlamydia are reportable diseases to the CDC, and practitioners should contact their local state health department upon diagnosing these diseases.

• #1 Urethritis – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/urethritis

  Antibiotics for common causes; antivirals for herpes simplex […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that cause urethritis may be prevented by using a condom. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the infection. However, identification of the organism causing urethritis can take days. Thus, doctors usually begin treatment with antibiotics that cure the most common causes. […] If the cause is suspected to be an STI, the person’s sex partners should be evaluated for treatment.

• #1 Urethritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0501/p553.html

  The CDC recommends routinely obtaining patients’ sexual histories and, if indicated, providing risk-reduction strategies, including prevention counseling. […] The USPSTF recommends intensive behavioral counseling for all sexually active adolescents and for adults at increased risk of STIs. […] Patients treated for an STI should abstain from sex for seven days after treatment begins, until their partners have been adequately treated, and until symptoms have fully resolved. […] Vaccination for other vaccine-preventable STIs (e.g., human papillomavirus, hepatitis A and B infections) should be considered for patients with urethritis and ongoing risk factors. […] Consistent condom use (male or female) can reduce the risk of future STIs. Abstinence can prevent future STIs. In sub-Saharan Africa, male circumcision has been shown to reduce the risk of genital ulcer disease and human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with women, but not transmission of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection.

• #1 Nongonococcal Urethritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535411/

  Partner management is recommended for patients with urethritis regardless of whether specific etiology is identified. Sexual partners within 60 days should be referred for complete STI evaluation and treatment with the same treatment regimen as the original patient.[1] […] Patients should be instructed to avoid sex for 1 week and until partners are treated. Partners should be tested and treated for urethritis.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Urethritis in Men | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0401/p873.html

  The goals of treatment include alleviating symptoms; preventing complications in the patient and his sexual partners; reducing the transmission of coinfections (particularly human immunodeficiency virus); identifying and treating the patient’s contacts; and encouraging behavioral changes that will reduce the risk of recurrence. […] Treatment of urethritis may reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. […] One of the main goals of treatment is to identify and treat sexual partners to prevent disease transmission and sequelae, such as pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Men with urethritis secondary to an STI should be advised to abstain from sex for one week following initiation of therapy. Patient education should be aimed at awareness and reduction of risk factors for STIs. […] Expedited partner treatment has been shown to decrease recurrence. […] The CDC provides additional details for each state at http://www.cdc.gov/std/EPT/legal/default.htm. […] Treatment of urethritis leads to decreases in HIV-1 expression in semen.

• #1 Urethritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0501/p553.html

  Preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection should be discussed with patients with diagnosed STIs who have ongoing risk factors. […] Postexposure prophylaxis with a single 200-mg dose of doxycycline reduces rates of chlamydia and syphilis, but not gonorrhea, in MSM who do not use condoms.

• #1 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  In women with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), physical examination should include pelvic examination to detect manageable conditions, such as vulvovaginal atrophy, urethral diverticulum, fecal incontinence, and vaginal prolapse. […] In women who experience 3 urinary tract infections (UTIs)/year, behavioral measures are recommended, including increasing fluid intake, avoiding spermicides and diaphragm use, not delaying urination, wiping front to back after defecation, avoiding douching, and urinating immediately after sexual intercourse. If these techniques are unsuccessful, antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered. Common options are continuous and postcoital prophylaxis. […] The use of cranberry products, in addition to other behavioral measures, may be considered another strategy to prevent recurrent cystitis.

• #1 Chlorhexidine rinse for prevention of urethritis in men linked to oral sex | International Archives of Medicine | Full Text

  https://intarchmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1755-7682-3-9

  Chlorhexidine has a wide spectrum of anti-bactericidal activity encompassing gram positive and negative bacteria. […] Hence, it would seem logic to postulate that rinsing with chlorhexidine before oral sex will be effective for prevention of retrograde entry of bacteria from oral cavity into the urethra. The recommendation for rinsing will be: 15 ml of a 0.12% or 10 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse for 30 seconds. […] Chlorhexidine can be used for prevention of recurrences of the disease. […] The chlorhexidine rinse will be a new, easy, attractive and effective method for reduction of nongonococcal urethritis, prostatitis and epidydimitis following insertive oral intercourse. […] Current literatures support prophylactic use of chlorhexidine rinse as a safe and effective way for reduction of retrograde entry of bacteria from oral cavity to the urethra following insertive oral intercourse via large and prolonged reductions of the oral bacterial counts. This approach will be a new, easy, attractive and effective method for prevention of nongonococcal urethritis, prostatitis and epidydimitis following insertive oral intercourse. […] The agent does not cause any bacterial resistance and supra-infection following long term oral usage.

• #1 9 Ways to Prevent Urethritis With Catheters | Aeroflow Urology

  https://aeroflowurology.com/blog/catheter-troubleshooting-preventing-urethritis

  9 Ways to Prevent Urethritis With Catheters […] To prevent urethritis from occurring when you self-catheterize, use these tips. […] 1. Learn to Self-Catheterize Properly […] 2. Use Hydrophilic Catheters […] 3. Use Enough Lubricant […] 4. Use the Right Type of Lubricant […] 5. Make Sure Your Sizing Is Correct […] 6. Visit Your Healthcare Provider […] 7. Try Different Catheter Tip Styles […] 8. Learn About Your Anatomy […] 9. Get a Support System […] Regular visits to your healthcare provider are important if you’re experiencing symptoms of urethritis. Your provider will also be able to treat your urethritis and determine its cause. […] If you use intermittent catheters or other catheter supplies, you may be eligible to receive your products through your Medicare or other private insurance plan with Aeroflow Urology.

• #1 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Continuous prophylaxis commonly begins with a 6-month trial. If UTI recurs after 6 months of prophylactic therapy, prophylaxis may be reinstituted for 2 or 3 years. […] Postcoital prophylaxis in women may be more effective if UTIs are temporally related to sexual intercourse. […] In pregnant women, effective prophylaxis of UTI is similar to that in nonpregnant women, including use of postcoital prophylaxis. […] In postmenopausal women, antibiotic prophylaxis is similar to that described previously. Additionally, topical estrogen therapy markedly reduces the incidence of recurrent UTI in women with atrophic vaginitis or atrophic urethritis.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Urethritis.aspx

  Safe sex is the primary method to prevent urethritis. Using barrier contraceptives such as condoms and water-based lubricants, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting frequently tested for STIs and STDs in case of multiple sexual partners contribute to preventing urethritis and associated infections. Avoid chemicals and excessive physical force that could damage the urethra. Practicing good personal hygiene also prevents urethritis and other urinary tract infections. An intact urethral endothelium is an important barrier to the spread of many bloodborne infections, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Once the infection has improved and symptoms have subsided, future infections may be prevented with several precautionary methods. It is essential to maintain cleanliness standards, particularly around the opening of the urethra. Additionally, it is best if any sexual activity is adequately protected with the use of condoms, which is even more important if there are multiple partners with unknown sexual histories. Finally, notifying and treating the patients sexual partners is vital to preventing persistent and recurring infections.

• #1 Cross-sectional survey of treatment practices for urethritis at pharmacies, private clinics and government health facilities in coastal Kenya: many missed opportunities for HIV prevention | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/7/583

  In an area of high STI burden, most men with urethritis seek care at pharmacies and private clinics. […] Most providers do not comply with national guidelines and very few recommend HIV testing. In order to reduce the STI burden and mitigate HIV transmission, there is an urgent need for innovative dissemination of up-to-date guidelines and inclusion of all health providers in HIV/STI programmes. […] Our findings highlight the opportunity for HIV testing, counselling and referral that presents through the frequent STI care-seeking at private clinics and pharmacies. […] In summary, we found that in an area of high STI burden, most patients with urethritis seek health care from pharmacies and private clinics, and that the treatment provided does not comply with guidelines. In order to reduce the STI and HIV burden, increase HIV testing uptake and enable timely linkage into care, pharmacies and private clinics should be more engaged in HIV/STI prevention programmes.

• #2 Non-specific urethritis (NSU) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/non-specific+urethritis+nsu

  Urethritis is infection of the urethra (the urinary canal leading from the bladder to the outside of the body). It is considered non-specific when it is not caused by gonorrhoea, chlamydia or Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Prevention of non-specific urethritis […] Seek medical attention if you develop symptoms […] All sexual partners need to be contacted, tested and treated, if needed […] Avoid sexual contact until you and infected partners have completed treatment […] Testing to exclude other sexually transmitted infections is advisable […] Use condoms and other barrier methods to prevent getting sexually transmitted infections […] Get tested for sexually transmitted infections regularly (even if you do not have symptoms), particularly when you have new sexual partners.

• #2 HIE Multimedia – Urethritis

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000439

  Things you can do to help avoid urethritis include: […] Follow safer sex practices. Have one sexual partner only (monogamy) and use condoms.

• #2 Urethritis – STI Testing and Prevention – Stay STI Free

  https://www.staystifree.org.au/get-the-facts/urethritis

  Using a condom or dam during sex is the best way to protect yourself from urethritis. […] The main reason to treat an infection is to improve symptoms and to reduce the risk of passing infection on to sexual partners.

• #2 Urethritis: Causes, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/urethritis

  Many of the bacteria that cause urethritis can pass to another person through sexual contact. Because of this, practicing safe sex is an important preventive measure. The tips below can help reduce your risk: […] Aside from safer sex practices, there are other ways to promote good urinary tract health. This can lower your risk of urethritis and some other conditions that affect this part of the body. Drink plenty of fluids and make sure to urinate shortly after intercourse. Avoid acidic foods. Also, avoid exposure to spermicides, particularly if you already know they irritate your urethra.

• #2 TrustCare | Urethritis Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://trustcarehealth.com/blog/urethritis-causes-treatment-and-prevention

  Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra, the tube responsible for passing urine from the bladder out of the body. […] Maintaining multiple sex partners, particularly if you are having unprotected sex, is a significant risk factor in developing urethritis. […] Thankfully, there are some precautions you can take to prevent urethritis. Human papillomavirus vaccines are available to help protect you from papillomavirus infections. Practicing good sexual health, using protection even during oral sex, and limiting your number of sex partners can all reduce your risk of potential exposure to pathogens that could result in urethritis.

• #2 Urethritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0501/p553.html

  The CDC recommends routinely obtaining patients’ sexual histories and, if indicated, providing risk-reduction strategies, including prevention counseling. […] The USPSTF recommends intensive behavioral counseling for all sexually active adolescents and for adults at increased risk of STIs. […] Patients treated for an STI should abstain from sex for seven days after treatment begins, until their partners have been adequately treated, and until symptoms have fully resolved. […] Vaccination for other vaccine-preventable STIs (e.g., human papillomavirus, hepatitis A and B infections) should be considered for patients with urethritis and ongoing risk factors. […] Consistent condom use (male or female) can reduce the risk of future STIs. Abstinence can prevent future STIs. In sub-Saharan Africa, male circumcision has been shown to reduce the risk of genital ulcer disease and human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with women, but not transmission of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection.

• #2 Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/urethritis/

  Women in particular often only have very mild symptoms and do not even feel that they are suffering from urethritis. Early detection is therefore difficult. If your partner suffers from urethritis, you should definitely have an examination even if you have no symptoms. This is because germs can be transmitted very easily during unprotected sexual intercourse. One of the best means of prevention is therefore to use condoms. There are also other helpful measures that can prevent urethritis: […] Drink a lot: If you drink a lot, you also need to urinate often. This can help to flush pathogens out of the urethra before they settle in the mucous membrane and cause inflammation. […] Proper hygiene: After using the toilet, women should always make sure to clean the anus from front to back. This reduces the risk of wiping intestinal germs into the urethral opening. It is also important not to irritate the intimate area with soaps or intimate sprays. This can also promote urethritis. Warm water is usually sufficient for washing.

• #2 Urethritis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-treatment

  The most effective strategies for urethritis prevention include measures to reduce STD transmission, since the most common cause of urethritis is infectious in nature. The most reliable way to avoid STD transmission is to abstain from oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse or to remain in a long term, monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. Male condoms, when used consistently and correctly, reduce the risk of transmission of chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. There are few to no data regarding STD prevention with female condoms, cervical diaphragms, or topical microbicides and spermicides. Nonbarrier contraception, surgical sterilization, or hysterectomy offer no protection against STDs. In cases of noninfectious urethritis, avoid urethral irritants such as perfumed soaps, body washes, lotions, or lubricants and frequent masturbation/sexual intercourse. […] Most infections after treatment are due to reinfection by the same or a new partner, stressing the need to educate patients and to treat partners.

• #2 Urinary tract infection (UTI) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447

  These steps may help lower the risk of UTIs: […] Drink plenty of liquids, especially water. Drinking water helps dilute the urine. That leads to urinating more often allowing bacteria to be flushed from the urinary tract before an infection can begin. […] Try cranberry juice. Studies that look into whether cranberry juice prevents UTIs aren’t final. However, drinking cranberry juice is likely not harmful. […] Wipe from front to back. Do this after urinating and after a bowel movement. It helps prevent the spread of bacteria from the anus to the vagina and urethra. […] Empty your bladder soon after having sex. Also drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria. […] Avoid potentially irritating feminine products. Using them in the genital area can irritate the urethra. These products include deodorant sprays, douches and powders. […] Change your birth control method. Diaphragms, unlubricated condoms or condoms treated with spermicide can contribute to bacterial growth.

• #2 Urethritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethritis

  Primary prevention can be accomplished by the reduction of modifiable risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing urethritis. These factors include, but are not limited to, sexual intercourse (particularly unprotected intercourse) and genital irritation from contact with tight clothing, physical activity, and various irritants such as soap, lotion and spermicides. […] Bacterial infections leading to gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis can be prevented by: sexual abstinence, use of barrier contraception, such as condoms, pre-exposure vaccination: HPV and Hepatitis B vaccines, reducing number of sexual partners. […] Chlorhexidine is an antibacterial agent that covers a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Rinsing with 15 ml of a 0.12% or 10 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 30 seconds produced large and prolonged reductions in salivary bacterial counts within 7 hours of its use. One hypothesis in 2010 posed the potential use of chlorhexidine rinsing before oral sex as a prevention strategy of recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis caused by bacteria entering the urethra from oral cavity following „insertive oral intercourse”, particularly in men. However, actual clinical studies are yet to be carried out in order to prove this hypothesis.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Urethritis in Men | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0401/p873.html

  The goals of treatment include alleviating symptoms; preventing complications in the patient and his sexual partners; reducing the transmission of coinfections (particularly human immunodeficiency virus); identifying and treating the patient’s contacts; and encouraging behavioral changes that will reduce the risk of recurrence. […] Treatment of urethritis may reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. […] One of the main goals of treatment is to identify and treat sexual partners to prevent disease transmission and sequelae, such as pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Men with urethritis secondary to an STI should be advised to abstain from sex for one week following initiation of therapy. Patient education should be aimed at awareness and reduction of risk factors for STIs. […] Expedited partner treatment has been shown to decrease recurrence. […] The CDC provides additional details for each state at http://www.cdc.gov/std/EPT/legal/default.htm. […] Treatment of urethritis leads to decreases in HIV-1 expression in semen.

• #2 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2012150-overview

  Urethritis is defined as inflammation of the urethra. […] Administer antibiotics that cover both GU and NGU. […] Refrain from sexual intercourse for one week after starting antibiotic therapy and until all partners are adequately treated. […] Avoid urethral irritants such as perfumed soaps, body washes, lotions, or lubricants and vigorous or frequent masturbation or sexual intercourse. […] Limit the number of sexual partners and always use barrier devices, such as condoms, when engaging in intercourse. […] Educate at-risk patients on how to prevent disease recurrence and educate patients on risks of other sexually-transmitted infections, including HIV. […] Instruct patients to avoid the following high-risk behaviors associated with STDs: Intercourse at a young age, which with rare exceptions is associated with multiple sex partners and unprotected intercourse; Intercourse with multiple partners; Drug use; Unprotected sex; Intercourse with partners known to have infections.

• #2 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Continuous prophylaxis commonly begins with a 6-month trial. If UTI recurs after 6 months of prophylactic therapy, prophylaxis may be reinstituted for 2 or 3 years. […] Postcoital prophylaxis in women may be more effective if UTIs are temporally related to sexual intercourse. […] In pregnant women, effective prophylaxis of UTI is similar to that in nonpregnant women, including use of postcoital prophylaxis. […] In postmenopausal women, antibiotic prophylaxis is similar to that described previously. Additionally, topical estrogen therapy markedly reduces the incidence of recurrent UTI in women with atrophic vaginitis or atrophic urethritis.

• #2 Urethritis – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/urethritis.html

  If your urethritis was caused by an infection, the following may help prevent the spread: […] Ask when it is safe to have sex. This includes oral, vaginal, and anal sex. Wait until you or your partner has finished treatment. […] Use condoms. Wear a condom during oral, vaginal, and anal sex. Ask for more information about the correct way to use condoms. […] Talk to your healthcare provider about pregnancy. If you are female, tell your provider if you think you are pregnant or are planning pregnancy. If you are male, tell your provider if your female partner is or may be pregnant. Treatment may be given to prevent an infection from being spread to the baby during delivery.

• #2 Cross-sectional survey of treatment practices for urethritis at pharmacies, private clinics and government health facilities in coastal Kenya: many missed opportunities for HIV prevention | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/7/583

  In an area of high STI burden, most men with urethritis seek care at pharmacies and private clinics. […] Most providers do not comply with national guidelines and very few recommend HIV testing. In order to reduce the STI burden and mitigate HIV transmission, there is an urgent need for innovative dissemination of up-to-date guidelines and inclusion of all health providers in HIV/STI programmes. […] Our findings highlight the opportunity for HIV testing, counselling and referral that presents through the frequent STI care-seeking at private clinics and pharmacies. […] In summary, we found that in an area of high STI burden, most patients with urethritis seek health care from pharmacies and private clinics, and that the treatment provided does not comply with guidelines. In order to reduce the STI and HIV burden, increase HIV testing uptake and enable timely linkage into care, pharmacies and private clinics should be more engaged in HIV/STI prevention programmes.

• #2 Urethritis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264903

  Some effective ways of preventing urethritis include: using a condom during vaginal or anal sex […] for males, using a condom to cover the penis during oral sex […] for females, using a dental dam to cover the vagina during oral sex […] avoiding sharing sex toys or making sure they are clean and covered with a condom before sharing them […] avoiding chemicals that can irritate the urethra, such as detergents or spermicides […] practicing good genital hygiene.

• #3 Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/non-gonococcal-urethritis.html

  Practice abstinence. Not having sex is the best protection against acquiring NGU and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD). […] Use latex condoms, consistently and correctly, from start to finish every time you have sexual intercourse. […] Have sex with only one uninfected partner who only has sex with you (mutual monogamy). […] Have regular checkups if you are sexually active. […] If you have an STD, don’t have sex (oral, vaginal, anal) until all partners have been treated. […] Seek prompt, qualified and appropriate medical intervention, treatment and follow-up to break the disease cycle. […] Know your partner(s). Careful consideration and open communication between partners may protect all partners involved from infection. […] Remember: Do not have sex until your partner(s) have been tested and treated.

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