Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22858-urethritis

  Urethritis is an inflammation (swelling and irritation) of the urethra, the tube that takes urine (pee) from your bladder to the outside of your body. Typically, urethritis is caused by an infection. Most commonly, but not always, the cause is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Yes, there are different types of urethritis. They include: Gonococcal urethritis is caused by gonorrhea. Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is caused by something other than gonorrhea. This could be from another type of STI or from repeated irritation of your urethra. Non-specific urethritis (NSU) refers to urethritis that doesn’t have a known cause. […] Sexually transmitted infections are a common cause of urethritis. Apart from gonorrhea, other STIs are related to urethritis, including: Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis, Genital herpes.

• #2 Urethritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/

  Urethritis is commonly associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and is classified as either gonococcal or nongonococcal. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the main causative agents of this condition. […] The etiology of urethritis varies depending on geographical location and sexual practices, underscoring the importance of obtaining a detailed patient history. Furthermore, appropriate testing is essential to corroborate the patient’s medical history. […] Inflammation of the urethra commonly stems from an infectious origin, with STIs being the primary cause. […] Sexually transmitted urethritis is categorized into 2 types: nongonococcal urethritis, typically caused by C trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium, and gonococcal urethritis, resulting from infections with N gonorrhoeae.

• #3 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #4 Urethritis: Causes, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/urethritis

  There are also viruses that can lead to the development of urethritis. These include the human papillomavirus (HPV), the herpes simplex virus (HSV), and the cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Gonococcal urethritis is caused by the same bacterium that causes the STI gonorrhea. It accounts for 20 percent of cases of urethritis. […] Nongonococcal urethritis is urethritis caused by other infections that are not gonorrhea. Chlamydia is a common cause of nongonococcal urethritis, with other STIs also being a probable culprit.

• #5 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #6 Male Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778374-overview

  Urethral discharge, dysuria, and exposure to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) are frequent presentations of urethritis in the male population. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonococcal urethritis (GU) and is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus that can also be involved in epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, septic arthritis, disseminated infection, pharyngitis, and osteomyelitis, as well as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, endometritis, Bartholin gland abscess in women, and conjunctivitis in neonates. The most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), followed by Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases). Other causes of NGU include Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Adenovirus. […] Inflammation of the urethra is more frequently infectious than posttraumatic, with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) being the most common cause. Sexually transmitted urethritis is classified either as gonococcal urethritis (GU) following infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or as nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).

• #7 Male Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778374-overview

  Urethral discharge, dysuria, and exposure to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) are frequent presentations of urethritis in the male population. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonococcal urethritis (GU) and is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus that can also be involved in epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, septic arthritis, disseminated infection, pharyngitis, and osteomyelitis, as well as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, endometritis, Bartholin gland abscess in women, and conjunctivitis in neonates. The most common cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), followed by Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases). Other causes of NGU include Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Adenovirus. […] Inflammation of the urethra is more frequently infectious than posttraumatic, with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) being the most common cause. Sexually transmitted urethritis is classified either as gonococcal urethritis (GU) following infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or as nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).

• #8 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #9 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #10 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #11 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Urethritis, as characterized by urethral inflammation, can result from either infectious or noninfectious conditions. […] Although N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are well established as clinically important infectious causes of urethritis, M. genitalium has been strongly associated with urethritis and, less commonly, prostatitis. […] Multiple organisms can cause infectious urethritis. The presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci (GNID) or purple intracellular diplococci (MB or GV) on urethral smear is indicative of presumed gonococcal infection, which is frequently accompanied by chlamydial infection. […] Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), which is diagnosed when microscopy of urethral secretions indicate inflammation without GNID or MB or GV purple intracellular diplococci, is caused by C. trachomatis in 15%40% of cases; however, prevalence varies by age group, with a lower proportion of disease occurring among older men.

• #12 Urethritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0501/p553.html

  Urethritis refers to inflammation of the urethra and is classified as gonococcal (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) or nongonococcal in origin (most commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, or Trichomonas vaginalis). […] The differential diagnosis of urethritis is summarized in Table 1. […] Approximately one-half of nongonococcal cases have no clear etiology. […] M. genitalium causes 15% to 20% of nongonococcal urethritis cases and higher rates of recurrent urethritis. […] Ureaplasma urealyticum infection is associated with nongonococcal urethritis. […] Testing for U. urealyticum infection in patients with urethritis is not routinely recommended because a positive test result does not confirm causality.

• #13 Urethritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent nongonococcal cause of urethritis and can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the leading cause of urethritis. […] Other specific infectious etiologies associated with urethritis include these pathogens: Adenovirus, Candida spp, Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, Haemophilus influenzae, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), M genitalium, N meningitidis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, U urealyticum, and U parvum. […] Irritation of the genital area causing urethritis can result from rubbing or pressure from tight clothing or sex, physical activities, and irritants. […] Menopausal females with insufficient estrogen levels may develop urethritis due to atrophic vaginitis. […] Trauma is an uncommon cause of urethritis.

• #14 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #15 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Urethritis, as characterized by urethral inflammation, can result from either infectious or noninfectious conditions. […] Although N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are well established as clinically important infectious causes of urethritis, M. genitalium has been strongly associated with urethritis and, less commonly, prostatitis. […] Multiple organisms can cause infectious urethritis. The presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci (GNID) or purple intracellular diplococci (MB or GV) on urethral smear is indicative of presumed gonococcal infection, which is frequently accompanied by chlamydial infection. […] Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), which is diagnosed when microscopy of urethral secretions indicate inflammation without GNID or MB or GV purple intracellular diplococci, is caused by C. trachomatis in 15%40% of cases; however, prevalence varies by age group, with a lower proportion of disease occurring among older men.

• #16 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis may be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or mixed. […] Gonococcal urethritis (80% of cases) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a gram-negative intracellular diplococcus. […] NGU, which comprises 50% of urethritis cases, has a longer incubation period than gonococcal urethritis, and the onset of either dysuria or, less commonly, a mucopurulent discharge, is subacute. […] Commonly identified causes of NGU include the following: Chlamydia trachomatis (15-40% of cases), Mycoplasma genitalium (15-20% of cases), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The number of fastidious organisms implicated in NGU is increasing and includes several Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species. […] Rare cases may be related to lymphogranuloma venereum, herpes simplex, syphilis, mycobacteria, or urinary tract infection with urethral stricture.

• #17 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  M. genitalium is associated with symptoms of urethritis and urethral inflammation and accounts for 15%25% of NGU cases in the United States. […] T. vaginalis can cause urethritis among heterosexual men; however, the prevalence varies substantially by U.S. geographic region, age, and sexual behavior and within specific populations. […] Neisseria meningitidis can colonize mucosal surfaces and cause urethritis. […] In other instances, NGU can be caused by HSV, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus acquired by fellatio. […] Other bacterial pathogens have been implicated as potential causes of clinical urethritis, either in clustered case series or as sporadic cases such as Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. […] Even in settings that provide comprehensive diagnostic testing, etiology can remain obscure in half of cases. […] Associations between NGU and insertive anal and oral exposure have been reported, as have higher rates of BV-associated Leptotrichia or Sneathia species among heterosexual men with urethritis.

• #18 Male Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778374-overview

  For cases of NGU, Chlamydia trachomatis remains a primary concern, although Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis are increasingly recognized as important pathogens, and, less commonly, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Gardnerella vaginalis. […] M genitalium, not routinely tested by NAAT or PCR in many locations, may cause up to 10-30% of NGU cases and, like chlamydia, may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex transmission and infection. […] Unusual infectious causes of urethritis include herpes genitalis, syphilis, mycobacterium, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as typical bacteria (usually gram-negative rods) associated with cystitis in the presence of urethral stricture or following insertive anal sex.

• #19 Male Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778374-overview

  For cases of NGU, Chlamydia trachomatis remains a primary concern, although Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis are increasingly recognized as important pathogens, and, less commonly, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Gardnerella vaginalis. […] M genitalium, not routinely tested by NAAT or PCR in many locations, may cause up to 10-30% of NGU cases and, like chlamydia, may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex transmission and infection. […] Unusual infectious causes of urethritis include herpes genitalis, syphilis, mycobacterium, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as typical bacteria (usually gram-negative rods) associated with cystitis in the presence of urethral stricture or following insertive anal sex.

• #20 Non specific urethritis persistent or recurrent NSU

  https://www.health.wa.gov.au/Silver-book/Non-notifiable-infections/Non-specific-urethritis-persistent-or-recurrent-NSU

  Ureaplasmas can be found in 30% of men as a commensal. Rarely, it may result in a urethritis and be a cause of NSU. Therefore, detection in NSU does not confirm it as the causative organism (often a causative organism is not found in NSU). […] The Royal College of Physicians have made the following recommendations: Ureaplasma species are part of the normal genital microbiota and there are typically high rates of colonisation of the organism in sexually active adults. Testing or screening for genital infection with ureaplasma species is not recommended outside specialist or research settings as they have not been established as a cause of lower genital tract disease.

• #21 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  M. genitalium is associated with symptoms of urethritis and urethral inflammation and accounts for 15%25% of NGU cases in the United States. […] T. vaginalis can cause urethritis among heterosexual men; however, the prevalence varies substantially by U.S. geographic region, age, and sexual behavior and within specific populations. […] Neisseria meningitidis can colonize mucosal surfaces and cause urethritis. […] In other instances, NGU can be caused by HSV, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus acquired by fellatio. […] Other bacterial pathogens have been implicated as potential causes of clinical urethritis, either in clustered case series or as sporadic cases such as Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. […] Even in settings that provide comprehensive diagnostic testing, etiology can remain obscure in half of cases. […] Associations between NGU and insertive anal and oral exposure have been reported, as have higher rates of BV-associated Leptotrichia or Sneathia species among heterosexual men with urethritis.

• #22 Male Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778374-overview

  For cases of NGU, Chlamydia trachomatis remains a primary concern, although Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis are increasingly recognized as important pathogens, and, less commonly, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Gardnerella vaginalis. […] M genitalium, not routinely tested by NAAT or PCR in many locations, may cause up to 10-30% of NGU cases and, like chlamydia, may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex transmission and infection. […] Unusual infectious causes of urethritis include herpes genitalis, syphilis, mycobacterium, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as typical bacteria (usually gram-negative rods) associated with cystitis in the presence of urethral stricture or following insertive anal sex.

• #23 Urethritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent nongonococcal cause of urethritis and can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the leading cause of urethritis. […] Other specific infectious etiologies associated with urethritis include these pathogens: Adenovirus, Candida spp, Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, Haemophilus influenzae, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), M genitalium, N meningitidis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, U urealyticum, and U parvum. […] Irritation of the genital area causing urethritis can result from rubbing or pressure from tight clothing or sex, physical activities, and irritants. […] Menopausal females with insufficient estrogen levels may develop urethritis due to atrophic vaginitis. […] Trauma is an uncommon cause of urethritis.

• #24 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  M. genitalium is associated with symptoms of urethritis and urethral inflammation and accounts for 15%25% of NGU cases in the United States. […] T. vaginalis can cause urethritis among heterosexual men; however, the prevalence varies substantially by U.S. geographic region, age, and sexual behavior and within specific populations. […] Neisseria meningitidis can colonize mucosal surfaces and cause urethritis. […] In other instances, NGU can be caused by HSV, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus acquired by fellatio. […] Other bacterial pathogens have been implicated as potential causes of clinical urethritis, either in clustered case series or as sporadic cases such as Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. […] Even in settings that provide comprehensive diagnostic testing, etiology can remain obscure in half of cases. […] Associations between NGU and insertive anal and oral exposure have been reported, as have higher rates of BV-associated Leptotrichia or Sneathia species among heterosexual men with urethritis.

• #25 Male Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778374-overview

  For cases of NGU, Chlamydia trachomatis remains a primary concern, although Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis are increasingly recognized as important pathogens, and, less commonly, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Gardnerella vaginalis. […] M genitalium, not routinely tested by NAAT or PCR in many locations, may cause up to 10-30% of NGU cases and, like chlamydia, may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex transmission and infection. […] Unusual infectious causes of urethritis include herpes genitalis, syphilis, mycobacterium, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as typical bacteria (usually gram-negative rods) associated with cystitis in the presence of urethral stricture or following insertive anal sex.

• #26 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  M. genitalium is associated with symptoms of urethritis and urethral inflammation and accounts for 15%25% of NGU cases in the United States. […] T. vaginalis can cause urethritis among heterosexual men; however, the prevalence varies substantially by U.S. geographic region, age, and sexual behavior and within specific populations. […] Neisseria meningitidis can colonize mucosal surfaces and cause urethritis. […] In other instances, NGU can be caused by HSV, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus acquired by fellatio. […] Other bacterial pathogens have been implicated as potential causes of clinical urethritis, either in clustered case series or as sporadic cases such as Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. […] Even in settings that provide comprehensive diagnostic testing, etiology can remain obscure in half of cases. […] Associations between NGU and insertive anal and oral exposure have been reported, as have higher rates of BV-associated Leptotrichia or Sneathia species among heterosexual men with urethritis.

• #27 Urethritis – penile | STI Guidelines Australia

  https://sti.guidelines.org.au/syndromes/urethritis-penile/

  Ureaplasma urealyticum is considered normal urethral flora. […] Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common causes of penile urethritis. […] Up to 50% of cases may have no microbiological cause identified.

• #28 Urethritis in Men: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/sexual-health/sexually-transmitted-infections-leaflet/urethritis-and-urethral-discharge-in-men

  Urethritis means inflammation of the urethra (the tube inside your penis which carries urine out of your bladder). Urethritis is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) but not always. It can occur within a stable relationship. […] Any man can develop urethritis. However, it’s most common among sexually active men under 25 who have recently changed their sexual partner. It’s also more likely if you have unprotected sex (without a condom). If you have, or have had any STI, you are at more risk of getting another. […] Gonorrhoea is one type of STI which can cause urethritis. […] Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is the term used to describe urethritis caused by anything other than gonorrhoea. Infection with a germ (bacterium) – either Chlamydia trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium – is the common cause of NGU. It can also be caused by a variety of other germs (bacteria or viruses). NGU may rarely have a non-infective cause, such as trauma or blockage or a reaction to a soap or cream. […] No obvious cause can be found in up to three out of ten men with urethritis.

• #29 Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22858-urethritis

  However, you can also get urethritis from: Urinary tract infections, Yeast infections, Exposure to irritants like spermicides, douches and soaps, Squeezing your penis roughly, Activities that put pressure on your urethra, like riding a bicycle or some sexual acts, Putting something up inside your urethra, such as a catheter to help you pee.

• #30

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/urethritis

  Urethritis is most commonly caused by bacteria or a virus, but can also result from physical injury or sensitivity to some chemicals in spermicides and contraceptive foams and jellies. […] The primary causes of urethritis are linked to behaviors, like inadequate hygiene or risky sexual behaviors. […] The bacteria responsible for urethritis include: E. coli, Gonococcus, Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Viruses that are commonly responsible for urethritis include: Herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Trichomonas. […] Urethritis can be prevented with good personal hygiene and by practicing safer sexual behaviors such as monogamy (one sexual partner only) and using condoms.

• #31 Urethritis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/urethritis.html

  Not all urethritis is caused by an infection or trauma. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation is diagnosed based on your medical history and the absence of an infectious cause. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation goes away without treatment once the cause is identified and avoided. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation is rare, and there is no way to prevent it. […] No specific treatment is needed for urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation.

• #32 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis following catheterization occurs in 2-20% of patients practicing intermittent catheterization and is 10 times more likely to occur with latex catheters than with silicone catheters. […] Polymicrobial NGU and cases of urethritis due to both gonococcal infection and nongonococcal factors are possible and can explain some treatment failures. This should also be considered in patients with HIV infection.

• #33 Non-gonococcal urethritis – Causes of non-gonococcal urethritis | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/non-gonococcal-urethritis/causes-of-non-gonococcal-urethritis

  It is possible for NGU to have a non-infectious cause. […] Non-infectious causes of NGU include: irritation from a product used in the genital area such as soap, deodorant or spermicide, damage to the urethra caused by vigorous sex or masturbation, or by frequently squeezing the urethra some men may do this if they are worried they have an infection, damage to the urethra caused by inserting an object into it, such as a catheter this can be done during an operation in hospital.

• #34 Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22858-urethritis

  However, you can also get urethritis from: Urinary tract infections, Yeast infections, Exposure to irritants like spermicides, douches and soaps, Squeezing your penis roughly, Activities that put pressure on your urethra, like riding a bicycle or some sexual acts, Putting something up inside your urethra, such as a catheter to help you pee.

• #35 Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22858-urethritis

  However, you can also get urethritis from: Urinary tract infections, Yeast infections, Exposure to irritants like spermicides, douches and soaps, Squeezing your penis roughly, Activities that put pressure on your urethra, like riding a bicycle or some sexual acts, Putting something up inside your urethra, such as a catheter to help you pee.

• #36 Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/non-gonococcal-urethritis.html

  NGU (Non-Gonococcal Urethritis) is an infection of the urethra caused by pathogens (germs) other than gonorrhea. […] Several types of germs cause NGU, the most common and serious is chlamydia. Germs that can cause NGU include but are not limited to: Chlamydia trachomatis (most common), Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis (rare), Herpes simplex virus (rare), Haemophilus vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium. […] Nonsexual: These causes of NGU may include: urinary tract infections, an inflamed prostate gland due to bacteria (bacterial prostatitis), a narrowing or closing of the tube in the penis (urethral stricture), a tightening of the foreskin so that it cannot be pulled back from the head of the penis (phimosa), the result of a process such as inserting a tube into the penis (catheterization).

• #37 Urethritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22858-urethritis

  However, you can also get urethritis from: Urinary tract infections, Yeast infections, Exposure to irritants like spermicides, douches and soaps, Squeezing your penis roughly, Activities that put pressure on your urethra, like riding a bicycle or some sexual acts, Putting something up inside your urethra, such as a catheter to help you pee.

• #38 Urethritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000439.htm

  Urethritis is inflammation (swelling and irritation) of the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the body. […] Both bacteria and viruses may cause urethritis. Some of the bacteria that cause this condition include E coli, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. These bacteria also cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and some sexually transmitted diseases. Viral causes are herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. […] Other causes include: Injury, Sensitivity to the chemicals used in spermicides, contraceptive jellies, or foams. Sometimes the cause is unknown. […] Risks for urethritis include: Being a female, Being male, ages 20 to 35, Having many sexual partners, High-risk sexual behavior (such as men having penetrating anal sex without a condom), History of sexually transmitted diseases.

• #39 Causes of Urethritis | Push Doctor

  https://www.pushdoctor.co.uk/what-we-treat/sexual-health/urethritis/causes

  While STIs are a common cause of urethritis, its important not to jump to conclusions. There are many other infections that may cause symptoms, including: Urinary tract infection (UTI) – UTIs have a number of possible causes, including kidney stones, not fully emptying your bladder, having a catheter inserted, or a weak immune system. […] The urethra could become damaged by: An injury caused during sex or masturbation. […] The urethra may become irritated if you use: Soaps, Deodorants, Spermicidal lubricant. […] However, for some people, urethritis may not have an obvious cause. This is known as non-specific urethritis (NSU). In this case, all the doctor can do is treat the symptoms and recommend that you monitor the situation, so that a cause can be identified if it happens again. […] Once the cause of your urethritis has been identified, our doctors can prescribe the most effective treatment.

• #40 Urethritis in Females and Males: Healing Urethra Pain

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/urethritis-7965973

  Trichomonas vaginalis: A parasitic STI that accounts for 2% to 13% of NGUs […] Herpes simplex virus: A viral STI that causes genital herpes […] Treponema pallidum: A bacterial STI that causes syphilis […] Adenovirus: A common virus that can be passed through oral or vaginal sex […] Escherichia coli (E. coli): An intestinal bacteria that can be passed through anal sex […] Haemophilus influenza: A bacteria that can be passed through oral sex […] Neisseria meningitides: A bacterial cause of meningitis that can be passed through oral sex […] Ureaplasma urealyticum: A bacteria that can be passed through oral or vaginal sex […] Candida: A common species of fungus that can overgrow in people with weak immune systems […] Menopause: Causes the thinning of vaginal and urethral tissues […] Urethral trauma: Such as caused by urinary catheters or medical procedures like cystoscopy […] Urethral irritation: Such as caused by harsh soaps, spermicides, body powders, tight clothing, bicycle riding, or sex.

• #41 Urethritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent nongonococcal cause of urethritis and can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the leading cause of urethritis. […] Other specific infectious etiologies associated with urethritis include these pathogens: Adenovirus, Candida spp, Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, Haemophilus influenzae, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), M genitalium, N meningitidis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, U urealyticum, and U parvum. […] Irritation of the genital area causing urethritis can result from rubbing or pressure from tight clothing or sex, physical activities, and irritants. […] Menopausal females with insufficient estrogen levels may develop urethritis due to atrophic vaginitis. […] Trauma is an uncommon cause of urethritis.

• #42  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Seven Causes of Urethral Pain and Urethritis

  https://www.icnetwork.org/pelvic-pain-conditions/urethral-syndrome-us/seven-causes-of-urethral-pain-and-urethritis/

  If you’re struggling with urethral syndrome or urethritis, it’s not always the result of infection. From hormones to chemicals and, perhaps even an infection of a gland, you’ll need to rule out each of these potential causes for urethral discomfort. […] If urethral discomfort is chronic, women must also consider the overall health and integrity of your skin. Estrogen atrophy could be driving your symptoms. […] Never underestimate the role of chemicals in causing urethral discomfort. Some men and women are very sensitive to spermicides or latex condoms while others react badly to something as simple as soap, bubble bath, toilet wipes or fabric softener. […] Men and women have glands near the urethra that can become infected and irritated. For men, it’s the prostate gland at the base of the penis. For women, it’s the paraurethral or skene’s gland located halfway up the urethra and, you might be surprised to learn, are the female equivalent of the male prostate.

• #43 Urethritis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/urethritis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options-explained/

  Additionally, those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS or those undergoing chemotherapy, may be more susceptible to infections that can lead to urethritis. […] Other medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones, can also increase the risk. […] Autoimmune diseases, such as reactive arthritis, can also cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the urethra.

• #44 Urethritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/

  Urethritis is commonly associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and is classified as either gonococcal or nongonococcal. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the main causative agents of this condition. […] The etiology of urethritis varies depending on geographical location and sexual practices, underscoring the importance of obtaining a detailed patient history. Furthermore, appropriate testing is essential to corroborate the patient’s medical history. […] Inflammation of the urethra commonly stems from an infectious origin, with STIs being the primary cause. […] Sexually transmitted urethritis is categorized into 2 types: nongonococcal urethritis, typically caused by C trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium, and gonococcal urethritis, resulting from infections with N gonorrhoeae.

• #45 Urethritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000439.htm

  Urethritis is inflammation (swelling and irritation) of the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the body. […] Both bacteria and viruses may cause urethritis. Some of the bacteria that cause this condition include E coli, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. These bacteria also cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and some sexually transmitted diseases. Viral causes are herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. […] Other causes include: Injury, Sensitivity to the chemicals used in spermicides, contraceptive jellies, or foams. Sometimes the cause is unknown. […] Risks for urethritis include: Being a female, Being male, ages 20 to 35, Having many sexual partners, High-risk sexual behavior (such as men having penetrating anal sex without a condom), History of sexually transmitted diseases.

• #46 Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4426-nongonococcal-urethritis

  If you get NGU from bacteria, symptoms usually develop one to three weeks after infection. […] Anyone can get NGU. But you’re more likely to get it if you’re male. You may have a higher risk of developing NGU if you: Are between the ages of 15 and 30, Have unprotected sexual intercourse, Have more than one sexual partner, Experience trauma to your urethra; for example, you sustain an injury or use a Foley catheter.

• #47 Urethritis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/urethritis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options-explained/

  Additionally, those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS or those undergoing chemotherapy, may be more susceptible to infections that can lead to urethritis. […] Other medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones, can also increase the risk. […] Autoimmune diseases, such as reactive arthritis, can also cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the urethra.

• #48 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis following catheterization occurs in 2-20% of patients practicing intermittent catheterization and is 10 times more likely to occur with latex catheters than with silicone catheters. […] Polymicrobial NGU and cases of urethritis due to both gonococcal infection and nongonococcal factors are possible and can explain some treatment failures. This should also be considered in patients with HIV infection.

• #49 Urethritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-overview

  Urethritis following catheterization occurs in 2-20% of patients practicing intermittent catheterization and is 10 times more likely to occur with latex catheters than with silicone catheters. […] Polymicrobial NGU and cases of urethritis due to both gonococcal infection and nongonococcal factors are possible and can explain some treatment failures. This should also be considered in patients with HIV infection.

• #50 Urethritis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/urethritis.html

  Not all urethritis is caused by an infection or trauma. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation is diagnosed based on your medical history and the absence of an infectious cause. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation goes away without treatment once the cause is identified and avoided. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation is rare, and there is no way to prevent it. […] No specific treatment is needed for urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation.

• #51 Non-gonococcal urethritis – Therapeutics in Dermatology

  https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1625

  If left untreated, some causes of NGU can have long-term consequences, although these are uncommon. […] NGU caused by chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in your female partner. This can cause abdominal and pelvic pain. It can also lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).

• #52 Urethritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethritis

  Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra. The most common symptoms include painful or difficult urination and urethral discharge. It is a commonly treatable condition usually caused by infection with bacteria. This bacterial infection is often sexually transmitted, but not in every instance; it can be idiopathic, for example. The disease is classified as either gonococcal urethritis, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), most commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is accounted for 20-50% of routinely tested cases. NGU, sometimes called nonspecific urethritis (NSU), has both infectious and noninfectious causes. Other causes include Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, Reactive arthritis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Group B streptococcus, irritation of the genital area, fungal urethritis in immunosuppressed individuals, and menopause. […] Bacterial infections leading to gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis can be prevented by sexual abstinence, use of barrier contraception, such as condoms, pre-exposure vaccination, and reducing the number of sexual partners.

• #53 Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/non-gonococcal-urethritis.html

  Left untreated, the germs that cause NGU, especially chlamydia, can lead to serious complications. For men, complications may include: Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis, the elongated, cordlike structure along the posterior border of the testes) which can lead to infertility if left untreated. […] The most common cause of NGU is chlamydia, and it is easy to pass from an infected partner to one who is not infected.

• #54 Urethritis and Cervicitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/urethritis-and-cervicitis.htm

  Urethritis, as characterized by urethral inflammation, can result from either infectious or noninfectious conditions. […] Although N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are well established as clinically important infectious causes of urethritis, M. genitalium has been strongly associated with urethritis and, less commonly, prostatitis. […] Multiple organisms can cause infectious urethritis. The presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci (GNID) or purple intracellular diplococci (MB or GV) on urethral smear is indicative of presumed gonococcal infection, which is frequently accompanied by chlamydial infection. […] Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), which is diagnosed when microscopy of urethral secretions indicate inflammation without GNID or MB or GV purple intracellular diplococci, is caused by C. trachomatis in 15%40% of cases; however, prevalence varies by age group, with a lower proportion of disease occurring among older men.

• #55 Urethritis | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000439

  Urethritis that does not clear up after antibiotic treatment and lasts for at least 6 weeks is called chronic urethritis. Different antibiotics may be used to treat this problem. […] However, urethritis can lead to long-term damage to the urethra and scar tissue called a urethral stricture. It can also cause damage to other urinary organs in both men and women. In women, the infection could lead to fertility problems if it spreads to the pelvis. […] After a severe infection, the urethra may become scarred and then narrowed.

• #56 Urethritis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/urethritis-a-to-z

  Because both gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis are caused by bacteria that can be transmitted during sexual intercourse, you can prevent these infections by: […] Having sexually transmitted urethritis may increase your risk of HIV infection. […] Infectious urethritis can be treated with a variety of antibiotics. […] Because many people have gonorrhea and chlamydia at the same time, health experts recommend that all people treated for gonorrhea receive treatment for chlamydia as well. […] Urethritis associated with reactive arthritis is treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as naproxen. […] Gonococcal urethritis that is not treated correctly or not treated at all can lead to advanced pelvic inflammatory disease in women, which can result in scarring that can lead to infertility. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation will almost always go away once the cause is avoided.

• #57 Urethritis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/urethritis-a-to-z

  Because both gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis are caused by bacteria that can be transmitted during sexual intercourse, you can prevent these infections by: […] Having sexually transmitted urethritis may increase your risk of HIV infection. […] Infectious urethritis can be treated with a variety of antibiotics. […] Because many people have gonorrhea and chlamydia at the same time, health experts recommend that all people treated for gonorrhea receive treatment for chlamydia as well. […] Urethritis associated with reactive arthritis is treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as naproxen. […] Gonococcal urethritis that is not treated correctly or not treated at all can lead to advanced pelvic inflammatory disease in women, which can result in scarring that can lead to infertility. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation will almost always go away once the cause is avoided.

• #58 Non-gonococcal urethritis – Therapeutics in Dermatology

  https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1625

  If left untreated, some causes of NGU can have long-term consequences, although these are uncommon. […] NGU caused by chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in your female partner. This can cause abdominal and pelvic pain. It can also lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).

• #59 Urethritis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/urethritis-a-to-z

  Because both gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis are caused by bacteria that can be transmitted during sexual intercourse, you can prevent these infections by: […] Having sexually transmitted urethritis may increase your risk of HIV infection. […] Infectious urethritis can be treated with a variety of antibiotics. […] Because many people have gonorrhea and chlamydia at the same time, health experts recommend that all people treated for gonorrhea receive treatment for chlamydia as well. […] Urethritis associated with reactive arthritis is treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as naproxen. […] Gonococcal urethritis that is not treated correctly or not treated at all can lead to advanced pelvic inflammatory disease in women, which can result in scarring that can lead to infertility. […] Urethritis caused by injury or chemical irritation will almost always go away once the cause is avoided.

• #60 Urethritis in Men: Symptoms, 8 Causes, Treatment, Antibiotics & STDs

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/urethritis_in_men/article_em.htm

  Urethritis may be caused by the germs that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or the germs that cause urinary tract infections (also called bladder infections), and the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] 8 Potential causes of urethritis include: […] The sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea and chlamydia cause the majority of cases of infectious urethritis. […] The virus that causes herpes and other infections transmitted during sexual activity can also cause urethritis. […] Chronic urethritis (when the condition lasts for weeks or months or goes away and comes back) may be caused by bacteria, or it can also be caused by a narrowing of the tube (urethra) itself. […] When treated early, simple urethritis has few complications. If allowed to progress, you may develop a bladder infection, kidney infection, or infection involving your testicles or prostate.

• #61 Urethritis in Men: Symptoms, 8 Causes, Treatment, Antibiotics & STDs

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/urethritis_in_men/article_em.htm

  Urethritis may be caused by the germs that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or the germs that cause urinary tract infections (also called bladder infections), and the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] 8 Potential causes of urethritis include: […] The sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea and chlamydia cause the majority of cases of infectious urethritis. […] The virus that causes herpes and other infections transmitted during sexual activity can also cause urethritis. […] Chronic urethritis (when the condition lasts for weeks or months or goes away and comes back) may be caused by bacteria, or it can also be caused by a narrowing of the tube (urethra) itself. […] When treated early, simple urethritis has few complications. If allowed to progress, you may develop a bladder infection, kidney infection, or infection involving your testicles or prostate.

• #62 Etiology of symptomatic urethritis in men and association with sexual behaviors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5522176/

  Gonorrhea and chlamydia are sexually transmitted infections (STI) that are the most common causes of urethritis in men. […] The most common infectious etiologies of urethritis are gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] Other causes of urethritis include different bacterial pathogens, viral pathogens, parasitic pathogens and non-infectious causes. […] A significant number of urethritis cases are often due to non-gonorrheal, non-chlamydial (NGNC) infections. […] The etiology of urethritis may also differ by sexual behavior. […] Men who specifically have anal sex with other men may be at risk of other urogenital pathogens that could potentially cause urethritis other than gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] Despite neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis being the most common causes of urethritis in men, we found a significant number of NGNC cases. […] Understanding the wide range of differences in behaviors and lifestyles of patients is important to identify potential etiologies of urethritis and other diseases.

• #63 Urethritis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/urethritis/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=30837

  Patients diagnosed with urethritis should undergo testing for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae two types of bacteria that can cause urethritis. […] Identifying M genitalium, a common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, can be challenging as NAAT, the specific test for it, is not yet widely available in most clinics. […] Urethritis can be acquired through sexual activity, particularly through the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. […] Other causes include infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, as well as physical irritation or trauma in the genital area.

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