Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Obsessive compulsive disorder | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterised by obsessions and compulsions. […] Psychological therapy, self-help techniques and medication can help people to recover from OCD. […] Treatment for OCD can include: psychological treatments such as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), anxiety management techniques, support groups and education, medications. […] Psychological treatment such as cognitive behaviour therapy can improve symptoms, and this improvement is often maintained in the long term. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy aims to change patterns of thinking, beliefs and behaviours that may trigger anxiety and obsessive compulsive symptoms. […] Anxiety management techniques can help a person to manage their own symptoms. […] Some medications, especially antidepressants that affect the serotonin system, have been found to reduce the symptoms of OCD. […] Assessment and treatment in hospital can be helpful for some people, particularly when symptoms are severe.

• #2 OCD Treatment | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/psychiatry-and-behavioral-sciences/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-program/treatment

  Treatment for OCD can be delivered through outpatient therapy, via an intensive outpatient therapy program (IOP), or at a residential treatment center. […] Exposure and response prevention, often called ERP, is the gold standard treatment for OCD and will be a vital component of treatment. […] ERP involves facing your fear (exposure) without engaging in a ritual, compulsion, or avoidance (response prevention). […] ERP is regarded as the gold standard treatment for OCD. […] Engaging in avoidance or rituals makes your fears stronger, which is why treatment involves discontinuing rituals and avoidance. […] Relapse prevention involves adopting a position where you learn to confront your fears directly when triggered, whatever the content. […] Whether you have completed your OCD treatment with a treatment provider or engaged in ERP for your fears on your own, it is of utmost importance to continue to engage in ERP in order to maintain your progress. […] Medication is another treatment option for OCD. Ideally, medication is added to CBT with ERP therapy, rather than taken on its own. […] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for OCD is an option for those who do not adequately respond to other standard OCD treatments like CBT with ERP and medications.

• #3 OCD Treatment Options: a Comprehensive Guide

  https://mindfulhealthsolutions.com/how-is-ocd-treated-in-therapy/

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness characterized by repetitive and intrusive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that can cause distress and disruption to everyday life. There are a variety of treatments available for individuals suffering from OCD, including psychotherapy and medications. This article will discuss therapy treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder and how they help people find relief from their symptoms. […] Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is one of the gold-standard treatments for OCD. It helps you face the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that create distress. This type of therapy helps you confront your obsessions directly, which can help reduce anxiety and reduce compulsions. […] ERP can be an effective form of treatment for OCD, as it helps you learn to overcome your fear and challenge thoughts that contribute to your obsessions and compulsions. This form of therapy is also beneficial as it can be tailored to your specific needs. Additionally, ERP can provide long-term effects, reducing the likelihood of future OCD episodes.

• #4 Treatment – Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatment/

  Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can be treated. The treatment recommended will depend on how much it’s affecting your life. […] The 2 main treatments are: talking therapy usually a type of therapy that helps you face your fears and obsessive thoughts without „putting them right” with compulsions; medicine usually a type of antidepressant medicine that can help by altering the balance of chemicals in your brain. […] A short course of therapy is usually recommended for relatively mild OCD. If you have more severe OCD, you may need a longer course of combined therapy and medicine. […] These treatments can be very effective, but it’s important to be aware that it can take several months before you notice the benefit. […] Therapy for OCD is usually a type of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP).

• #5 Understanding CBT for OCD | Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

  https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/forms_ocd_cbt.html

  Cognitive-behavior therapy is a type of treatment that helps individuals cope with and change problematic thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. The treatment you are beginning is a specialized type of cognitive-behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) called Exposure and Ritual Prevention. This treatment is designed to break two types of associations that occur in OCD. The first one is the association between sensations of distress and the objects, situations, or thoughts that produce this distress. The second association is that between carrying out ritualistic behavior and decreasing the distress. The treatment we offer will break the automatic bond between feelings of anxiety and ritual behaviors. It will also train you not to ritualize when you are anxious. This treatment program includes three components that we call in vivo exposure, imaginal exposure, and ritual prevention.

• #6 International OCD Foundation | Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)

  https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/treatment/erp/

  With ERP, the difference is that a trained clinician is working with you to develop a plan for exposure. Then, that therapist coaches you through confronting the situation, leaning into the feelings it provokes, sticking with it, and resisting the urge to engage in compulsive behavior. […] Doing ERP is challenging, for sure! But when you do it correctly, the following things happen: You will feel an initial increase in anxiety, uncertainty, and obsessional thoughts. You will find that these feelings and thoughts are distressing, but also that they can’t hurt you — they are safe and manageable. When you stop fighting the obsessions and anxiety, these feelings will eventually begin to subside. This natural drop in anxiety that happens when you stay “exposed” and “prevent” the compulsive “response” is called habituation. You will find that your fears are less likely to come true than you thought. You will get better at managing “everyday” levels of risk and uncertainty.

• #7 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior

  https://www.semel.ucla.edu/adc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

  OCD Treatment Program […] The UCLA Adult OCD Program provides a range of services to accommodate all types of OCD and OC spectrum disorders. Services are available to suit variations in intensity of OCD from mild, to moderate, to severe. […] Typical treatment for OCD includes cognitive behavior therapy or medication. Often, a combination of both is beneficial. […] Cognitive behavior therapy for OCD takes the form of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). This is the process of gradually exposing oneself to the object or situation that causes anxiety and then refraining from doing the associated compulsion. Initially ERP causes anxiety, but this decreases over time as the compulsion is resisted. It is a highly successful and effective treatment for OCD. Studies show that this therapy can help between 60-90% of patients. It can improve symptoms by between 50-85%. Many people maintain their treatment gains over time but they may require 'top-up’ therapy occasionally if symptoms flare up during stressful times.

• #8 OCD Treatment: Therapy, Medication, and More | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/ocd/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-treatment

  Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy is the first-line therapy for OCD. […] Research shows that 50% to 60% of people with OCD improve after completing a course of exposure therapy. […] Both ERP and medication are effective in treating OCD in children and adolescents. This treatment is approved by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. […] Antidepressants are the primary medications for treating OCD. Theyre very effective when used in conjunction with therapy. […] The FDA has approved five SSRIs for treating OCD in adults, and some for children. […] Medication doesnt help everyone with OCD, but many people do benefit. For those who do benefit from medication, research shows that their OCD symptoms reduce by 40% to 60%. […] Self-care treatment for OCD is a controversial topic. Some experts warn against it, especially when used in place of standard ERP and medication treatment.

• #9 5 OCD Treatment Options to Consider | Innovative Therapies for OCD

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/5-ocd-treatment-ideas-you-should-consider/

  Over the years, several different types of therapy have branched out of CBT to offer patients with OCD greater symptom relief. Most notably among them is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): ACT promotes openness and flexibility when reacting to OCD symptoms, as the therapist helps the patient define and follow through with a commitment to their own well-being. […] Exposure and response therapy (ERP) is an additional form of therapy found to effectively treat OCD. ERP helps the patient overcome their OCD by gradually exposing them to stimuli they associate with OCD-inducing anxiety. […] Psychopharmacology: Medication is another form of therapy often considered a first-line treatment course for OCD. The FDA has approved several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as the branded medications Prozac and Zoloft, as well as one tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) to treat the condition, with SSRIs being the most commonly prescribed class of medication.

• #10 Virtual OCD Treatment for Teens & Adults | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/areas-of-care/obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) helps people learn how to embrace their obsessions and compulsions as simply part of their human experiences. […] Diagnosis and treatment should be conducted by qualified mental health professionals specializing in OCD to address the specific needs of each individual. […] The primary treatments for OCD are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), particularly Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), and medication (typically SSRIs). […] The duration of OCD treatment can vary significantly from person to person and depends on several factors, including the specific symptoms, the treatment approach used and response to treatment, and the commitment to the therapeutic process.

• #11 Obsessive–compulsive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder

  ERP has a strong evidence base and is considered the most effective treatment for OCD. […] Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a newer therapy also used to treat anxiety and depression, has also been found to be effective in treatment of OCD. […] Inference-based therapy (IBT) is a form of cognitive therapy specifically developed for treating OCD. […] A 2007 Cochrane review found that psychological interventions derived from CBT models, such as ERP, ACT and IBT, were more effective than non-CBT interventions. […] Psychotherapy in combination with psychiatric medication may be more effective than either option alone for individuals with severe OCD.

• #12 Overview – Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/overview/

  OCD can be distressing and significantly interfere with your life, but treatment can help you keep it under control. […] There are some effective treatments for OCD that can help reduce the impact it has on your life. […] The main treatments are: talking therapy usually cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which helps you face your fears and obsessive thoughts without „putting them right” through compulsions; medicine usually a type of antidepressant medicine called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which can help by altering the balance of chemicals in your brain. […] CBT will usually have an effect quite quickly. It can take up to 12 weeks before you notice the effects of treatment with SSRIs, but most people will eventually benefit. […] If these treatments do not help, you may be offered: an alternative SSRI; a combination of an SSRI and CBT; an antidepressant called clomipramine. […] Some people may be referred to a specialist mental health service for further treatment.

• #13 Medications for OCD » Department of Psychiatry » College of Medicine » University of Florida

  https://psychiatry.ufl.edu/patient-care-services/uf-ocd-anxiety-related-disorders-treatment-program/medications-for-ocd/

  Research clearly shows that the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are uniquely effective treatments for OCD. […] The usual effective doses of these medications are higher for OCD than they are for other disorders, like depression, which also respond to SRIs. […] When patients are asked about how well they are doing compared to before starting treatment, they report marked to moderate improvement after 8-12 weeks on an SRI. […] This is why medication is often combined with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to get more complete and lasting results. […] Overall, studies show that all the SRIs are about equally effective. […] In general, the SRIs are well tolerated by most people with OCD. […] Most of these side effects will go away as your body gets used to taking the medication.

• #14 Drug Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/drug-therapy-for-obsessivecompulsive-disorder

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition affecting approximately 2% of the world population. […] In addition to cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacologic agents including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clomipramine are approved for OCD. […] Not all patients respond to current pharmacotherapies for OCD, and some patients who do may still have residual symptoms, so alternative strategies such as therapy augmentation are important. […] Treatment options for OCD include cognitive-behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), usually used together. […] SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline) and clomipramine are currently used to treat patients with OCD. […] In a meta-analysis of 17 clinical trials involving 3,097 participants, SSRIs were found to be more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms of OCD, and efficacy did not differ between individual SSRIs.

• #15 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-a-to-z

  Some antidepressants are effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro) are most commonly used. […] Tricyclic antidepressants also can be effective. […] Especially for people with poor or no insight into their illness, the doctor may offer an antipsychotic medication in addition to an antidepressant. […] Deep-brain stimulation is used in the rare cases when OCD is resistant to all of the above treatments. […] Since the symptoms of OCD seldom disappear without treatment, you should contact your primary care doctor whenever obsessive thoughts or compulsions cause you significant distress or discomfort, interfere with your ability to have a normal life at home or work, or cause you injury. […] Since OCD can be a chronic (long-lasting) condition, ongoing treatment may be necessary. […] The outlook however is good. Most patients improve and some recover completely.

• #16 Clinical Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993523/

  The efficacy of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies in the treatment of OCD has been validated in more than 30 studies. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy is the best-proven behavioral strategy. During ERP, anxiety and obsession-inducing stimuli are systematically presented in a controlled environment and patients are prevented from engaging in their usual compulsions. […] Clomipramine, the tricyclic antidepressant that is the most specific inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was first shown to be efficacious in the treatment of obsessive compulsive symptoms in uncontrolled trials in the 1960s. Controlled trials later clearly established the efficacy of clomipramine. The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the 1980s represented the next important pharmacotherapeutic advance in the treatment of OCD.

• #17 OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9490-ocd-obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  Medications called serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective SRIs (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants may help treat OCD. […] Healthcare providers most often recommend SSRIs for OCD and prescribe them at much higher doses than they do for anxiety or depression. […] It may take up to eight to 12 weeks for these medications to start working. […] You can’t prevent OCD. But early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce its symptoms and its effects on your life. […] People with OCD who receive appropriate treatment often experience increased quality of life and improved social, school and/or work functioning. […] It’s important to remember that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition. As with all mental health conditions, seeking help as soon as symptoms appear can help decrease the disruptions to your life.

• #18 Treatment – Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatment/

  The treatment may be hard work, but many people find that when they confront their obsessions, the anxiety eventually improves or goes away. […] People with fairly mild OCD usually need about 8 to 20 sessions of therapist treatment, with exercises done at home between sessions. If you have more severe OCD, you may need a longer course of treatment. […] You may need medicine if talking therapy does not help treat your OCD, or if your OCD is fairly severe. […] The main medicines prescribed are a type of antidepressant called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). An SSRI can help improve OCD symptoms by increasing the levels of a chemical called serotonin in your brain. […] Most people need treatment for at least a year. You may be able to stop if you have few or no troublesome symptoms after this time, although some people need to take an SSRI for many years.

• #19 Medications for OCD » Department of Psychiatry » College of Medicine » University of Florida

  https://psychiatry.ufl.edu/patient-care-services/uf-ocd-anxiety-related-disorders-treatment-program/medications-for-ocd/

  If side effects are a big issue, it is important to start with a low dose and increase the dose slowly. […] When patients have completed a successful course of treatment for OCD, most experts recommend monthly follow-up visits for at least 6 months and continued treatment for at least 1 year before trying to stop medications or CBT. […] Most patients notice some benefit after 3-4 weeks, while maximum benefit should occur between 12 weeks and 6 months of treatment at an adequate dose of medication. […] Many experts believe that CBT is the most helpful treatment to add when someone with OCD is not responding well to medication alone. […] The treatment choice will of course depend on the patients preference. […] Individuals with severe OCD or complicating conditions that may interfere with CBT often need to start with medication, adding CBT once the medicine has provided some relief.

• #20 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354438

  Certain psychiatric medicines can help control the obsessions and compulsions of OCD. Most commonly, antidepressants are tried first. […] When talking with your doctor about medicines for OCD, consider: In general, the goal is to effectively control symptoms at the lowest possible dose. OCD may sometimes require higher doses of medicines to be the most effective in controlling your symptoms. It’s not unusual to try several drugs before finding one that works well. Your doctor might recommend more than one medicine to effectively manage your symptoms. It can take weeks to months to get better after starting a medicine for your symptoms. […] Sometimes, psychotherapy and medicines can’t control OCD symptoms. In cases that don’t respond to treatment, other options may be offered: Full treatment programs that stress ERP therapy principles may help people with OCD who struggle with being able to function because of how serious their symptoms are.

• #21 Treatments for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-treatments

  Noticeable benefits can take several weeks to occur. […] Its important to discuss the possible risks and side effects of any medication with your doctor. […] Some anti-depressants can be dangerous when combined with certain medications or supplements, so its important to tell your doctor about any other prescriptions, over-the counter medications, herbs, or supplements you may be taking. […] Dont stop taking your medication without talking to your doctor first, even if youre feeling better. […] Abruptly stopping your medication may cause a relapse of OCD symptoms, or other negative side effects. […] If you have concerns about your medication, work with your doctor to gradually and safely decrease your dose.

• #22 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior

  https://www.semel.ucla.edu/adc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

  The first line medications for the treatment of OCD are the Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRI’s). These are medications such as Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, or Luvox. However, there are many other medications that can be used with the SRI’s to augment the effects of the SRI. There are also other medications that can be used when the SRI’s are not effective. Studies show that medications help about 50-60% of people with OCD and can improve symptoms by 30-40%. However, upon abrupt discontinuation, OCD symptoms may return within 6 months for some people. Therefore for people with more than mild OCD, an optimal approach to treatment would be to combine both medication and behavior therapy. […] Although the treatment of choice for OCD is the same regardless of the severity of the disorder (CBT and/or medication), the frequency and intensity of the therapy will vary depending on the severity of the disorder.

• #23 Drug Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/drug-therapy-for-obsessivecompulsive-disorder

  However, a patient may respond to a certain agent and not others. […] Not all patients respond to current pharmacotherapies for OCD, and some patients who do respond may continue to have residual symptoms. […] When a patient does not get adequate relief from an SSRI, viable approaches include switching to another SSRI or clomipramine or adding an augmentation agent. […] Antipsychotics (usually atypical antipsychotics) are used to augment the effects of approved OCD drugs in treatment-resistant patients. […] New therapeutic agents and effective augmentation strategies are needed to facilitate the treatment of this debilitating condition. […] This is particularly important for patients whose OCD is unresponsive to the current treatment options.

• #24 Clinical Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993523/

  Although CBT and pharmacotherapy with SRIs are effective treatments for many patients, a subset experience minimal relief from their symptoms with these standard treatments. […] Treatment failure is generally defined in OCD research studies as failing to achieve the following: 1) a decline in Y-BOCS score of 25 or 35 percent; 2) an overall Y-BOCS score of less than 16; and 3) a Clinical Global Improvement rating of “much improved” or “very much improved” after at least two months of SSRI monotherapy. […] SRI-resistant OCD is one of the few diagnoses in modern psychiatry for which invasive neurosurgical procedures remain part of the established treatment armamentarium. […] Neurosurgical approaches to treatment-refractory OCD have recently been reviewed. Briefly, several different neurosurgical lesion approaches, using a variety of techniques (including standard craniotomy, implantation of radioactive seeds for local ablation, and gamma knife coagulative lesions), have shown some efficacy in open trials of limited numbers of patients with treatment-resistant OCD.

• #25 Obsessive-compulsive Disorder | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive, unwanted, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and irrational, excessive urges to do certain actions (compulsions). […] A typical treatment plan will often include both psychotherapy and medications, and combined treatment is usually optimal. […] Medication, especially a type of antidepressant called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is helpful for many people to reduce the obsessions and compulsions. […] Psychotherapy is also helpful in relieving obsessions and compulsions. In particular, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and exposure and response therapy (ERT) are effective for many people. […] Though OCD cannot be cured, it can be treated effectively. […] For many, a combination of medicine and therapy is superior to either approach alone.

• #26 OCD Treatment: Therapy, Medication, and More | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/ocd/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-treatment

  The standard treatment recommended for OCD is a combination of medication with exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy, which is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). […] If medication and therapy dont bring substantial improvement, transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) may be options. […] Self-care can sometimes help improve your OCD symptoms, especially when used in conjunction with ERP and medication.

• #27 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1115/p896.html

  Reasonable treatment goals are spending less than one hour per day on obsessive-compulsive behaviors and achieving minimal interference with daily tasks. […] If an adequate trial of SSRI or psychological therapy does not result in a satisfactory response, combined treatment is an option. […] If there is no response to trials of at least two SSRIs, the patient should be referred to a psychiatrist. […] There are a variety of other options for patients with treatment-resistant OCD, but the evidence for most therapies is limited. […] CBT with exposure and response prevention is the preferred initial treatment for mild to moderate cases. […] Treatment with SSRIs, in addition to CBT, is indicated for patients with severe symptoms or comorbid psychiatric conditions limiting CBT participation.

• #28 Psychiatry.org – What Is are Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  During treatment sessions, patients are gradually exposed to feared and avoided situations or images related to their obsessions (exposure) without performing their rituals (ritual prevention). […] A class of medications known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the other first-line treatment for OCD. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that includes exposure and response (ritual) prevention as well as cognitive therapy is the other first-line treatment for BDD. […] Patients with mild to moderate OCD symptoms should be treated with either therapy (CBT/ERP) or medication (an SSRI/SRI), or both treatments, depending on patient preference, the presence or absence of associated psychiatric conditions, treatment availability, and other considerations. Severe OCD should be treated with both CBT/ERP and an SSRI/SRI concurrently.

• #29 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354438

  The FDA has approved DBS to treat OCD in adults ages 18 years and older who don’t respond to traditional treatment. DBS involves implanting electrodes within certain areas of your brain. These electrodes produce electrical impulses that may help control impulses that aren’t typical. […] The FDA has approved three TMS devices BrainsWay, MagVenture and NeuroStar to treat OCD in adults. These devices are used when traditional treatment hasn’t been effective. TMS doesn’t require surgery. It uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to make symptoms of OCD better.

• #30 Psychiatry.org – What Is are Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  Some newer studies suggest that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (combined with exposure and ritual prevention) can be effective for OCD. […] For people with OCD who live with family, friends, or caregivers, enlisting their support to help with exposure and ritual prevention practice at home is often recommended. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle by itself is not sufficient treatment for OCD.

• #31 Deep Brain Stimulation for OCD | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/psychiatry/services/ocd-tics/dbs

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can sometimes be difficult to treat with medication and psychotherapy. For these patients, we may employ deep brain stimulation (DBS), an advanced surgical treatment that uses electrical impulses. At Mount Sinai’s Center for Neuromodulation, our experts design a treatment plan specific to you and your OCD symptoms. We strive to give you the best results while minimizing side effects. […] Doctors use DBS for OCD patients when they are severely ill or other treatments have not worked. It is effective for about 60 percent of these patients. If you receive DBS, you will likely feel relief soon after the procedure. The effects are long-term. DBS patients can generally take less medication, which decreases their side effects. […] DBS is a safe and effective treatment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS for treatment-resistant OCD under a Humanitarian Device Exemption. Mount Sinai is one of the few places offering DBS. We have extensive experience with the procedure and have been using it for more than a decade. Very few people have any side effects from implanting the device. Rarely, it may cause bleeding (1 percent) or infection (3 percent) in the brain. These side effects—if they happen—hardly ever have permanent consequences. The electrical current itself has minimal side effects. Most patients with OCD consider DBS to be, overall, less burdensome than medication.

• #32 Deep Brain Stimulation for OCD | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/psychiatry/services/ocd-tics/dbs

  Our doctors will determine if DBS would be an effective and appropriate treatment for you. We consider the best candidates to be patients who have had severe OCD for at least five years, and who were not helped by the following treatments: Cognitive behavioral therapy, with exposure and response prevention by an expert therapist for at least 25 sessions; Medication regiments including: Two rounds of treatment with an SSRI at maximum dosage, for 18 weeks; Treatment with an SSRI at maximum dosage, combined with an antipsychotic; Treatment with clomipramine at maximum dosage, for at least 12 weeks. […] Dr. Figee is the lead psychiatrist for the Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder program. He is expert in the treatment of DBS for OCD. Dr. Figee assesses whether patients are eligible for DBS, assists with the surgery, and programs the neurostimulator.

• #33 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior

  https://www.semel.ucla.edu/adc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

  People with mild forms of OCD, that is people who are able to work and maintain a full active life but find it a struggle, will be able to find appropriate treatment in an outpatient setting. Outpatient therapy usually involves seeing the therapist once or twice a week for 1-hour sessions. […] People with more moderate-severe OCD where the OCD affects work and social functioning, or even makes working impossible, may need more intensive therapy. Intensive therapy is frequently done in a partial hospital setting. This involves between 2 and 6 hours a day of therapy, every day for a number of weeks. […] People who are disabled by their OCD, that is, unable to work or live independently, who need assistance from friends or family may need to consider a residential OCD program that provides around the clock supervision and control of compulsions. (UCLA does not have a residential program).

• #34 Treatment – Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatment/

  Further treatment by a specialist team may sometimes be necessary if you’ve tried talking therapy and medicine and your OCD is still not under control. […] Some people with severe, long-term and difficult-to-treat OCD may be referred to a national specialist OCD service. […] Many people with OCD find support groups helpful, as they can provide reassurance and coping advice, reduce feelings of isolation, offer a chance to socialise with others, and provide information and advice for family members and friends.

• #35 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/obssessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

  In addition to cognitive-behavioral therapy, the following treatments are also used for OCD: Medication. Antidepressants are sometimes used in conjunction with therapy for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, medication alone is rarely effective in relieving the symptoms. […] Family Therapy. Since OCD often causes problems in family life and social adjustment, family therapy can help promote understanding of the disorder and reduce family conflicts. […] Group Therapy. Through interaction with fellow OCD sufferers, group therapy provides support and encouragement and decreases feelings of isolation.

• #36 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  https://www.aamft.org/AAMFT/Consumer_Updates/Obsessive-Compulsive_Disorder.aspx

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common anxiety disorder that affects about 1 to 2% of the population. […] OCD can be a challenging problem but fortunately, very effective treatments for OCD are now available to help individuals and families lead a more satisfying life. […] There are several types of effective treatments for individuals with OCD and their families. The most common types of treatments are the following: […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) […] This treatment has two parts: behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy. […] Behavioral Family Treatment […] Whenever possible, it is helpful for family members to participate in the treatment of OCD. […] Research shows that the use of medication, specifically serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), is beneficial for the treatment of OCD. […] A family therapist will carefully assess a person’s condition and assist him/her in determining which of the above treatments will be most appropriate and beneficial.

• #37

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/treatment/

  You may need medicine as well as psychological therapy. […] The main types of medicine used for treating OCD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These can help by increasing the levels of a chemical called serotonin in your brain. […] Your doctor may refer you to a specialist OCD service if other treatments have not worked. […] OCD support groups can: provide emotional support and coping advice […] reduce feelings of isolation […] offer a chance to socialise with others […] provide information and advice for family members and friends.

• #38 OCD: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Related Conditions

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  In rare cases, when therapy and medication arent making enough of a difference, your doctor might talk to you about devices that change the electrical activity in a certain area of your brain. […] It’s experimental, but brain surgery may be an option for people whose OCD symptoms are debilitating. […] Things such as meditation, yoga, and massage can help with stressful OCD symptoms. […] While OCD can’t be cured, many people are able to manage the disorder with therapy, medication, or both.

• #39 Obsessive compulsive disorder | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/obsessive-compulsive-disorder

  Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterised by obsessions and compulsions. […] Psychological therapy, self-help techniques and medication can help people to recover from OCD. […] Treatment for OCD can include: psychological treatments such as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), anxiety management techniques, support groups and education, medications. […] Psychological treatment such as cognitive behaviour therapy can improve symptoms, and this improvement is often maintained in the long term. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy aims to change patterns of thinking, beliefs and behaviours that may trigger anxiety and obsessive compulsive symptoms. […] Anxiety management techniques can help a person to manage their own symptoms. […] Some medications, especially antidepressants that affect the serotonin system, have been found to reduce the symptoms of OCD. […] Assessment and treatment in hospital can be helpful for some people, particularly when symptoms are severe.

• #40 Obsessive-compulsive Disorder | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/

  There are two types of psychotherapies that are helpful for treating OCD: Exposure and response therapy exposes a person to the cause of their anxiety. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on the thoughts that are causing distress, and changing the negative thinking and behavior associated them. […] The most common type of medication used to treat OCD are antidepressants. […] Aerobic exercise is a key complimentary intervention that can work to improve the quality of life for people with OCD.

• #41

  https://www.mercy.net/service/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/

  Group therapy Therapists also work with groups of OCD patients to help them manage their conditions. […] Sometimes, OCD can resist medications. If you have a case of treatment-resistant OCD, your physician may suggest TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation. […] Another possible solution for treatment-resistant OCD is deep brain stimulation (DBS). […] Integrative medicine or complementary health approaches such as acupuncture, meditation and mindfulness can be an important part of a comprehensive treatment plan for OCD. […] At Mercy, care for patients with OCD is provided in a variety of settings. […] The most important step for managing OCD is knowing your triggers. […] Other coping skills include reducing stress with exercise and social contact.

• #42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354438

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment may not result in a cure. But it can help bring symptoms under control so that they don’t rule your daily life. Depending on how serious your OCD is, you may need long-term, ongoing or more-intensive treatment. […] The two main treatments for OCD are psychotherapy and medicines. Psychotherapy also is known as talk therapy. Often, a mix of both treatments is most effective. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy, is effective for many people with OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP), a part of CBT therapy, involves exposing you over time to a feared object or obsession, such as dirt. Then you learn ways not to do your compulsive rituals. ERP takes effort and practice, but you may enjoy a better quality of life once you learn to manage your obsessions and compulsions.

• #43 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior

  https://www.semel.ucla.edu/adc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

  OCD Treatment Program […] The UCLA Adult OCD Program provides a range of services to accommodate all types of OCD and OC spectrum disorders. Services are available to suit variations in intensity of OCD from mild, to moderate, to severe. […] Typical treatment for OCD includes cognitive behavior therapy or medication. Often, a combination of both is beneficial. […] Cognitive behavior therapy for OCD takes the form of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). This is the process of gradually exposing oneself to the object or situation that causes anxiety and then refraining from doing the associated compulsion. Initially ERP causes anxiety, but this decreases over time as the compulsion is resisted. It is a highly successful and effective treatment for OCD. Studies show that this therapy can help between 60-90% of patients. It can improve symptoms by between 50-85%. Many people maintain their treatment gains over time but they may require 'top-up’ therapy occasionally if symptoms flare up during stressful times.

• #44 International OCD Foundation | How is OCD Treated?

  https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/treatment/

  Treatment for OCD in most patients should involve exposure and response prevention (ERP) and/or medication. […] The most effective treatments for OCD are Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and/or medication. […] More specifically, the most effective treatments are a type of CBT called Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), which has the strongest evidence supporting its use in the treatment of OCD, and/or a class of medications called serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SRIs. […] Taken together, ERP and medication are considered the “first-line” treatments for OCD. In other words, START HERE! About 70% of people will benefit from ERP and/or medication for their OCD. […] Other recommendations from the APA Practice Guideline cite research showing that ERP delivered in a group format, as well as ERP therapy delivered via videoconferencing (teletherapy), might be effective. […] When severe OCD proves resistant to standard forms of treatment, there are other options available. […] Continued symptoms can be treated with standard OCD treatments such as exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy and/or SRI medication.

• #45 Ten Things You Need To Know To Overcome OCD – Beyond OCD

  https://beyondocd.org/expert-perspectives/articles/ten-things-you-need-to-know-to-overcome-ocd

  Relying solely on meds most likely means that all your symptoms will not be relieved and that you will always be vulnerable to a substantial relapse if you discontinue them. Discontinuation studies (where those who have only had meds agreed to give them up) have demonstrated extremely high rates of relapse. This is because drugs are not a cure, but are rather a control. […] The goal of any good treatment is to teach you to become your own therapist. In line with the last point, good Cognitive Behavioral treatment should aim to give you the tools necessary to manage your symptoms effectively. […] Getting recovered takes time. How long does it take? As long as is necessary for a given individual. Speaking from experience, I would say that the average uncomplicated case of OCD takes from about six to twelve months to be successfully completed.

• #46 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-a-to-z

  Some antidepressants are effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro) are most commonly used. […] Tricyclic antidepressants also can be effective. […] Especially for people with poor or no insight into their illness, the doctor may offer an antipsychotic medication in addition to an antidepressant. […] Deep-brain stimulation is used in the rare cases when OCD is resistant to all of the above treatments. […] Since the symptoms of OCD seldom disappear without treatment, you should contact your primary care doctor whenever obsessive thoughts or compulsions cause you significant distress or discomfort, interfere with your ability to have a normal life at home or work, or cause you injury. […] Since OCD can be a chronic (long-lasting) condition, ongoing treatment may be necessary. […] The outlook however is good. Most patients improve and some recover completely.

• #47 Ten Things You Need To Know To Overcome OCD – Beyond OCD

  https://beyondocd.org/expert-perspectives/articles/ten-things-you-need-to-know-to-overcome-ocd

  OCD is chronic. This means it is like having asthma or diabetes. You can get it under control and become recovered but, at the present time, there is no cure. It is a potential that will always be there in the background, even if it is no longer affecting your life. The current thinking is that it is probably genetic in origin, and not within our current reach to treat at that level. The things you will have to do to treat it really control, and if you dont learn to effectively make use of them throughout your life, you will run the risk of relapse. This means that if you dont use the tools provided in cognitive behavioral therapy or if you stop taking your medication (in most cases) you will soon find yourself hemmed in by symptoms once again. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the best form of treatment for OCD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is considered to be the best form of treatment for OCD. OCD is believed to be a genetically-based problem with behavioral components, and not psychological in origin. Ordinary talk therapy will, therefore, not be of much help.

• #48 Ten Things You Need To Know To Overcome OCD – Beyond OCD

  https://beyondocd.org/expert-perspectives/articles/ten-things-you-need-to-know-to-overcome-ocd

  Relapse is a potential risk that must be guarded against. It has always been a favorite saying of mine that, Getting well is 50 percent of the job, and staying well is the other 50 percent. We have actually come full-circle back to Point #1, which tells us that OCD is chronic. This tells us that although there is no cure, you can successfully recover and live a life no different from other people.

• #49 Treatment – Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatment/

  Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can be treated. The treatment recommended will depend on how much it’s affecting your life. […] The 2 main treatments are: talking therapy usually a type of therapy that helps you face your fears and obsessive thoughts without „putting them right” with compulsions; medicine usually a type of antidepressant medicine that can help by altering the balance of chemicals in your brain. […] A short course of therapy is usually recommended for relatively mild OCD. If you have more severe OCD, you may need a longer course of combined therapy and medicine. […] These treatments can be very effective, but it’s important to be aware that it can take several months before you notice the benefit. […] Therapy for OCD is usually a type of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP).

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