Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin. […] It’s important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often happens in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families.

• #1 Discoid Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/atopic-eczema/discoid-eczema

  The exact cause of discoid eczema is uncertain. However, most people with discoid eczema have generally dry skin. One theory is that the dry skin upsets the normal fatty layer within the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis) which usually helps to protect the skin. Because this protection is lost, special proteins that can cause allergy (allergens) can penetrate through the skin. This can lead to an allergic or irritant response in the skin, so leading to the patches of eczema. In fact, some doctors consider discoid eczema as a form of adult-onset atopic (allergic) dermatitis. […] Sometimes certain medicines can trigger discoid eczema in some people. For example, medicines used to treat hepatitis C infection (called interferon and ribavirin). Insect bites or a minor skin injury can also trigger an outbreak of discoid eczema in some people.

• #1 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema/

  An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines have been linked to discoid eczema. You should not stop taking any prescribed medicine without talking to the doctor who prescribed it for you. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or damp (humid) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #1 Discoid eczema. Discoid eczema

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown. Some cases are associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. […] The eruption can be precipitated by: A localised injury such as scratch, insect bite or thermal burn, Impetigo or wound infection, Contact dermatitis, Dry skin, Varicose veins (varicose eczema).

• #1 Discoid Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/atopic-eczema/discoid-eczema

  Because the fatty, protective layer within the skin is lost, it is thought that some people with discoid eczema may also have an increased risk of developing contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis is eczema that is caused by your skin reacting to a substance it has come into contact with. Such substances can include nickel in jewellery or belt buckles, cosmetics, preservatives in creams and ointments, additives to leather, etc.

• #1 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  The etiology of nummular eczema is unknown and likely multifactorial. Most patients with nummular eczema also have very dry (xerotic) skin. Local trauma (eg, from arthropod bites, contact with chemicals, or abrasions) may precede an outbreak. […] Contact dermatitis may play a role in some cases. Contact dermatitis may be irritant or allergic in nature. Sensitivity to nickel, cobalt, or chromates has been reported in patients with nummular dermatitis. In one study, the most frequent sensitizers were colophony, nitrofurazone, neomycin sulfate, and nickel sulfate. In the past, cases of nummular eczemalike eruptions have been caused by ethyl cyanoacrylatecontaining glue, thimerosal, mercury-containing dental amalgams, and depilating creams containing potassium thioglycolate. […] Venous insufficiency (and varicosities), stasis dermatitis, and edema may be related to the development of nummular eczema on the affected lower extremities.

• #1 Causes and Treatments for Discoid Eczema Patches

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/discoid-eczema-4690542

  Discoid eczema causes eczema patches that are a raised, disc-shaped rash with well-defined borders. […] No one knows exactly what causes discoid eczema to develop. What is certain is these eczema patches are more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis (AKA common eczema), allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these disorders themselves. […] Certain environmental factors may trigger a breakout, including: Dry skin, Stress, Use of cosmetic products that cause irritation, Certain medications, especially isotretinoin and interferon. […] Discoid eczema often first appears after an injury, even a relatively small one like a burn, scrape, or insect bite. […] The exact cause isn’t known, but discoid eczema is more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis, allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these conditions themselves.

• #1 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  In rare cases, nummular eczema has been found in association with infection. It has been reported as a manifestation of giardiasis. In a study that included patients with H pylori infection and nummular eczema, eradication of H pylori led to clearance of the skin lesions in 54% of cases. A case report by Tanaka et al described nummular eczema occurring in association with a dental infection that cleared after the treatment of the infection. […] In children, nummular eczema occurs most frequency in association with atopic dermatitis.

• #1 Nummular dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummular_dermatitis

  Many contact sensitizers or irritants are known to cause contact dermatitis superimposed on nummular dermatitis. Studies have implicated nickel, cobalt, chromate, and fragrance as likely culprits. […] Xerosis, or dehydration of skin is also a likely cause. […] Infection with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria or Candida albicans may also play a role.

• #1 Discoid eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it is often accompanied by dry skin and is thought to be triggered by irritation of the skin. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may therefore have a role in discoid eczema. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they are used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers which are used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication), which can cause dry skin and rashes.

• #1 Nummular Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565878/

  The exact etiology of nummular dermatitis is unknown. Numerous factors have been implicated, such as xerosis, contact allergy to metals, decreased cutaneous lipid production, reactivity to environmental aeroallergens, staphylococcal colonization, use of irritating and drying soaps, frequent bathing with hot water, environments with low humidity, skin trauma (Koebner phenomenon), exposure to rough fabrics such as wool, breast implantation, and certain medications (antivirals, interferon, isotretinoin, retinoids, guselkumab, ribavirin, and gold compounds). […] Chronic venous stasis may predispose individuals to the development of nummular dermatitis in the lower extremities.

• #1 Discoid Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/discoid-eczema-8630291

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular eczema, is an inflammatory condition that causes raised, oval-shaped rashes on the skin. Researchers aren’t sure of this skin disease’s causes, but it commonly affects middle-aged adults. A family history of conditions like eczema (atopic dermatitis) or asthma are among the factors that increase your odds of developing it. […] Discoid eczema is an inflammatory (immune-related) reaction that leads to an overproduction of skin cells. Papules, lesions, and plaques form due to these excess cells. Researchers aren’t sure why this happens but believe it’s linked to problems with the lipid barrier layer of amino acids and oils that help keep moisture in the skin. […] In many cases, discoid eczema flares occur due to certain environmental or health triggers. These include injuries or insect bites, stress, dry, hot, or humid air, bacterial or viral infection, certain metals (in those who are allergic), often nickel, certain make-up, fragrances, or other products, some medications, including statins (drugs used to lower cholesterol) and diuretics (drugs that remove excess fluid from your body), and excessive alcohol use. […] While all people can develop discoid eczema, some are at increased risk. Risk factors for this condition include age, eczema, family history of allergy, poor circulation, and contact dermatitis.

• #1 Discoid eczema – more than just dermatitis | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2021/december/supplements/feature-article/discoid-eczema-%E2%80%93-more-just-dermatitis

  Discoid eczema has an incidence of 2 per 1000 people and is particularly common in men aged 35 to 70 years. The exact aetiology is unknown, although a significant percentage of patients may have an underlying allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. Other associations include low environmental humidity, excessive chronic alcohol intake, staphylococcal colonisation, lifestyle factors (such as irritating soaps and fabrics and frequent exposure to hot water), trauma (the Koebner phenomenon) and certain medications including antivirals, interferon, isotretinoin, ribavirin and gold. Chronic venous stasis has also been implicated, especially when the discoid eczema involves the lower legs. […] Triggers including bacterial colonisation, contact allergens, certain medications and chronic venous stasis may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. This results in the subsequent release of cytokines, including interferon gamma and interleukin 17, and recruitment of T cells, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. This causes epidermal hyperplasia and the formation of the lesions characteristic of discoid eczema. […] Alcohol misuse has also been associated with discoid eczema. This relationship might be due to alcohol impairing the immune response, thus predisposing the skin to a bacterial infection, which in turn triggers the eczema.

• #1 Discoid eczema: Treatment, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182794

  According to the American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD), discoid eczema tends to appear at an older age in males than in females. It usually affects males aged over 50 years but develops in females before the age of 30 years. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of discoid eczema, but it is more likely to affect people who have dry, sensitive skin. Strong soaps, detergents, and rough clothing can all irritate the skin. […] Discoid eczema appears to be more common during the winter months when indoor humidity levels are lower. […] Certain medications may increase a persons risk of developing discoid eczema. These include: interferon, ribavirin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers, statins.

• #1

  https://balmonds.com/blogs/blog/is-discoid-eczema-an-autoimmune-disease

  However, even knowing what can trigger or exacerbate a flare doesn’t explain the root reason why some people get discoid eczema and others don’t. It doesn’t seem to have any genetic component, but it is a chronic condition that can persist for months or years; once someone has suffered one attack of discoid eczema, they’re likely to have more. […] All eczema involves the immune system to some extent, as the problem is about an overactive immune system response to a stimuli or trigger of whatever sort. This over-reaction triggers inflammation and itchiness, which leads to damage to the skin. […] The same process happens with discoid eczema: the triggers (injury, stress, irritants etc.) set off an inflammatory response which leads to itchiness and inflammation. […] It’s becoming more widely accepted that eczema, including discoid eczema, isn’t just associated with various autoimmune diseases, but counts as one itself. It is characterised by inflammation, by damage to an organ (the skin), and by an inappropriately reactive immune system response. […] So, in conclusion, although not everyone would acknowledge it as such, it does seem that discoid eczema, as a chronic inflammatory skin condition, is autoimmune in nature. It can’t be cured, but can be managed, and the severity and frequency of flares reduced.

• #1 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema can be difficult to diagnose, especially since it often appears in conjunction with contact eczema and atopic eczema. […] There is no definitive cause of discoid eczema, but there are a number of risk factors and triggers than can stimulate a potential episode. […] Weak immune system: Eczema is more likely to occur in those that have a weakened or compromised immune system. […] Poor nutrition: Your diet can have a significant impact on your immune and digestive systems, having the power to either exaggerate or ease your eczema symptoms. […] Stress: If you are feeling stressed it can take its toll on your immune system, instigating a flight of fight reaction. […] Dry skin: Discoid eczema is more likely to appear in those that have a pre-existing history of dry, sensitive skin.

• #1 Is Your Skin Rash Nummular Eczema? Here’s How to Tell | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/nummular-eczema

  Having family members with a history of eczema or asthma also increases your risk of developing nummular eczema. […] Certain events, such as skin injuries or infections, can set off symptoms, according to the AAD. […] A trigger is anything that causes the ring-shaped discoid eczema rash to appear for the first time or to reappear later in a flare-up. […] Researchers are still learning about potential triggers and their causes, but below are some known nummular eczema triggers, according to the AAD. […] Nummular eczema can be mistaken for a common infection that appears as a circular, itchy rash: tinea corporis, which is known as ringworm. […] The two skin conditions are almost indistinguishable except for one subtle clue. […] Ringworm bumps are typically flat and have scaling on the border whereas an entire nummular eczema patch can be raised and scaly, Dr. Silverberg says.

• #1 Is Your Skin Rash Nummular Eczema? Here’s How to Tell | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/nummular-eczema

  Further, the center of a ringworm patch may look like your typical skin color rather than red or brown, Dr. Silverberg says. […] Antifungal medicines treat ringworm, whereas steroids are the first-line nummular eczema treatment. […] About 25% of people with nummular eczema also have allergic contact dermatitis, meaning their skin develops an allergic reaction to a substance.

• #2 Discoid eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it is often accompanied by dry skin and is thought to be triggered by irritation of the skin. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may therefore have a role in discoid eczema. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they are used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers which are used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication), which can cause dry skin and rashes.

• #2 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it.

• #2 Discoid Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/discoid-eczema-8630291

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular eczema, is an inflammatory condition that causes raised, oval-shaped rashes on the skin. Researchers aren’t sure of this skin disease’s causes, but it commonly affects middle-aged adults. A family history of conditions like eczema (atopic dermatitis) or asthma are among the factors that increase your odds of developing it. […] Discoid eczema is an inflammatory (immune-related) reaction that leads to an overproduction of skin cells. Papules, lesions, and plaques form due to these excess cells. Researchers aren’t sure why this happens but believe it’s linked to problems with the lipid barrier layer of amino acids and oils that help keep moisture in the skin. […] In many cases, discoid eczema flares occur due to certain environmental or health triggers. These include injuries or insect bites, stress, dry, hot, or humid air, bacterial or viral infection, certain metals (in those who are allergic), often nickel, certain make-up, fragrances, or other products, some medications, including statins (drugs used to lower cholesterol) and diuretics (drugs that remove excess fluid from your body), and excessive alcohol use. […] While all people can develop discoid eczema, some are at increased risk. Risk factors for this condition include age, eczema, family history of allergy, poor circulation, and contact dermatitis.

• #2 Discoid eczema: Treatment, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182794

  According to the American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD), discoid eczema tends to appear at an older age in males than in females. It usually affects males aged over 50 years but develops in females before the age of 30 years. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of discoid eczema, but it is more likely to affect people who have dry, sensitive skin. Strong soaps, detergents, and rough clothing can all irritate the skin. […] Discoid eczema appears to be more common during the winter months when indoor humidity levels are lower. […] Certain medications may increase a persons risk of developing discoid eczema. These include: interferon, ribavirin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers, statins.

• #2 Discoid eczema. Discoid eczema

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown. Some cases are associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. […] The eruption can be precipitated by: A localised injury such as scratch, insect bite or thermal burn, Impetigo or wound infection, Contact dermatitis, Dry skin, Varicose veins (varicose eczema).

• #2 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  The etiology of nummular eczema is unknown and likely multifactorial. Most patients with nummular eczema also have very dry (xerotic) skin. Local trauma (eg, from arthropod bites, contact with chemicals, or abrasions) may precede an outbreak. […] Contact dermatitis may play a role in some cases. Contact dermatitis may be irritant or allergic in nature. Sensitivity to nickel, cobalt, or chromates has been reported in patients with nummular dermatitis. In one study, the most frequent sensitizers were colophony, nitrofurazone, neomycin sulfate, and nickel sulfate. In the past, cases of nummular eczemalike eruptions have been caused by ethyl cyanoacrylatecontaining glue, thimerosal, mercury-containing dental amalgams, and depilating creams containing potassium thioglycolate. […] Venous insufficiency (and varicosities), stasis dermatitis, and edema may be related to the development of nummular eczema on the affected lower extremities.

• #2

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/e/article/eczema(discoid)

  An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines have been linked to discoid eczema. You should not stop taking any prescribed medicine without talking to the doctor who prescribed it for you. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or humid (damp) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #2 Discoid eczema – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema is a distinctive type of eczema. […] Often, the cause of discoid eczema is unknown. It can occasionally be triggered by skin contact with irritants or allergens (contact dermatitis). […] In some people, discoid eczema can be made worse by body washes, moisturisers or other materials coming to contact with the skin. […] Sometimes, discoid eczema may arise in old scars or areas where the skin has been damaged. […] Like other types of eczema, discoid eczema can worsen by heat, sweating, scratching, local infection, and dryness of the skin.

• #2 Nummular dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummular_dermatitis

  Many contact sensitizers or irritants are known to cause contact dermatitis superimposed on nummular dermatitis. Studies have implicated nickel, cobalt, chromate, and fragrance as likely culprits. […] Xerosis, or dehydration of skin is also a likely cause. […] Infection with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria or Candida albicans may also play a role.

• #2 Discoid Eczema – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.eucerin.co.uk/skin-concerns/atopic-dermatitis/discoid-eczema

  The causes of nummular dermatitis arent clear or entirely known. However, generally, eczema can be exacerbated by having very dry skin. […] Other proponents of discoid eczema can be the weather, as this condition is more common in the cold winter months, due to our skin being exposed to hotter conditions when indoors such as central heating, dry air or low humidity which all dry out the skin. […] Another factor could be contact dermatitis, which could be a trigger for discoid eczema if the skin encounters a chemical irritant within toiletries and cosmetics like certain soaps, shampoos and shower gels.

• #2

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/e/article/eczema(discoid)

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a long-term (chronic) skin condition that causes skin to become itchy, swollen and cracked in circular or oval patches. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin. […] It’s important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often happens in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families.

• #2 Discoid eczema | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often occurs in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they’re used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication) which can cause dry skin and rashes. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or humid (damp) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #2 Causes and Treatments for Discoid Eczema Patches

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/discoid-eczema-4690542

  Discoid eczema causes eczema patches that are a raised, disc-shaped rash with well-defined borders. […] No one knows exactly what causes discoid eczema to develop. What is certain is these eczema patches are more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis (AKA common eczema), allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these disorders themselves. […] Certain environmental factors may trigger a breakout, including: Dry skin, Stress, Use of cosmetic products that cause irritation, Certain medications, especially isotretinoin and interferon. […] Discoid eczema often first appears after an injury, even a relatively small one like a burn, scrape, or insect bite. […] The exact cause isn’t known, but discoid eczema is more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis, allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these conditions themselves.

• #2 Nummular Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/nummular-eczema/

  The exact cause of nummular eczema is not known. This skin condition typically appears during the winter when the air is dry and heat is on leading to skin dryness. Other causes have been speculated to include trauma to the skin, like an insect bite, scrape or chemical burn. Nummular eczema often appears on the legs because it is the dryest part of our body partly caused by poorer blood flow, especially as we age. […] Your chances of getting it may also increase if you have certain risk factors, such as having another form of eczema or poor blood circulation. Current research has linked the development of nummular eczema to several factors. If you have dry skin or decreased skin oil production, you are more likely to develop nummular eczema. Certain allergic reactions can trigger nummular eczema, such as a contact allergy to metals or environmental airborne allergens. People living in environments with low humidity are also at higher risk. […] Some behaviors, products and medicines can also trigger nummular eczema, such as the use of drying soaps, frequent bathing with hot water, exposure to rough fabrics such as wool, breast implantations and certain medications (antivirals, interferon or retinoids).

• #2 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Autoeczematization (ie, lesional spread from the initial focal site) may account for the presence of multiple plaques. […] The onset of severe, generalized nummular lesions has been reported in association with interferon therapy for hepatitis C, as well as exposure to mercury. […] Various types of eczematous eruptions, including nummular eczema, have been observed following TNF-blocking therapy, and nummular dermatitis has also been reported after treatment of psoriasis with guselkumab. […] Nummular eczema of the breast has reported in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with subsequent breast reconstruction. In the majority of these patients, this condition developed after the insertion of tissue expanders or breast implants, which suggested that stretching of the skin might play a role in causing it.

• #2 Nummular Eczema Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.wederm.com/patient-library/nummular-eczema/

  Nummular eczema, also called discoid eczema or nummular dermatitis, is an inflammatory skin condition that causes an itchy, red, circular rash. […] The cause of nummular eczema is unclear. It’s more common in people with allergies, asthma and certain other types of eczema—specifically atopic dermatitis (the most common type), stasis dermatitis or contact dermatitis. […] A handful of nummular eczema triggers have been identified. They include: Skin injury (a cut, bite, etc.) or infection, Dry air, Heat and humidity, Severe stress, Heavy alcohol use, Very dry skin (xerosis cutis), Medications that can cause very dry skin, such as diuretics used to treat high blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering statins.

• #2 Discoid eczema – more than just dermatitis | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2021/december/supplements/feature-article/discoid-eczema-%E2%80%93-more-just-dermatitis

  Discoid eczema has an incidence of 2 per 1000 people and is particularly common in men aged 35 to 70 years. The exact aetiology is unknown, although a significant percentage of patients may have an underlying allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. Other associations include low environmental humidity, excessive chronic alcohol intake, staphylococcal colonisation, lifestyle factors (such as irritating soaps and fabrics and frequent exposure to hot water), trauma (the Koebner phenomenon) and certain medications including antivirals, interferon, isotretinoin, ribavirin and gold. Chronic venous stasis has also been implicated, especially when the discoid eczema involves the lower legs. […] Triggers including bacterial colonisation, contact allergens, certain medications and chronic venous stasis may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. This results in the subsequent release of cytokines, including interferon gamma and interleukin 17, and recruitment of T cells, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. This causes epidermal hyperplasia and the formation of the lesions characteristic of discoid eczema. […] Alcohol misuse has also been associated with discoid eczema. This relationship might be due to alcohol impairing the immune response, thus predisposing the skin to a bacterial infection, which in turn triggers the eczema.

• #2 Nummular Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565878/

  The exact etiology of nummular dermatitis is unknown. Numerous factors have been implicated, such as xerosis, contact allergy to metals, decreased cutaneous lipid production, reactivity to environmental aeroallergens, staphylococcal colonization, use of irritating and drying soaps, frequent bathing with hot water, environments with low humidity, skin trauma (Koebner phenomenon), exposure to rough fabrics such as wool, breast implantation, and certain medications (antivirals, interferon, isotretinoin, retinoids, guselkumab, ribavirin, and gold compounds). […] Chronic venous stasis may predispose individuals to the development of nummular dermatitis in the lower extremities.

• #2 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema can be difficult to diagnose, especially since it often appears in conjunction with contact eczema and atopic eczema. […] There is no definitive cause of discoid eczema, but there are a number of risk factors and triggers than can stimulate a potential episode. […] Weak immune system: Eczema is more likely to occur in those that have a weakened or compromised immune system. […] Poor nutrition: Your diet can have a significant impact on your immune and digestive systems, having the power to either exaggerate or ease your eczema symptoms. […] Stress: If you are feeling stressed it can take its toll on your immune system, instigating a flight of fight reaction. […] Dry skin: Discoid eczema is more likely to appear in those that have a pre-existing history of dry, sensitive skin.

• #2

  https://balmonds.com/blogs/blog/what-causes-discoid-dermatitis

  What causes discoid dermatitis? […] Discoid dermatitis, like other types of eczema, doesn’t seem to have one definite cause; it might not always be very clear at all what’s triggered a flare up, but it’s likely to be a combination of factors, including having very dry skin and an impaired skin barrier. […] Unlike some kinds of eczema, discoid dermatitis doesn’t seem to run in families, but it seems to have an association with conditions that do have a genetic component, like asthma, hay fever or atopic dermatitis. […] There does seem to be an association with chronic alcoholism in adult men who are prone to discoid dermatitis. […] Things that might trigger an occurrence of discoid dermatitis, or which put you at greater risk for getting a flare, include: insect bites, burns, scratches, surgery, contact with irritant substances, varicose veins or poor blood flow in the legs, dry skin/an impaired skin barrier, cold, dry weather, stress, being a man over 55, medications such as interferon and ribavirin (when used in combination), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers, and statins.

• #2 Nummular Eczema vs Ringworm | Differences, Symptoms & Causes

  https://dermatrials.medicine.iu.edu/blogs/difference-between-nummular-eczema-vs-ringworm

  Nummular eczema, also called nummular dermatitis and discoid eczema, is a chronic skin condition. […] Triggers include dry skin, allergens, or irritants. […] Nummular dermatitis is an inflammatory condition, whereas ringworm is fungal. […] Although nummular eczema vs ringworm may seem similar at first glance, their underlying mechanisms are vastly different. […] Nummular eczema is a chronic skin condition often linked to allergies or environmental factors, while ringworm is a fungal infection. […] To prevent nummular dermatitis, keep your skin hydrated and avoid known triggers.

• #3 Eczema – discoid eczema

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/patient-info-leaflets/eczema-discoid-eczema

  Discoid eczema (nummular eczema) is a type of eczema with characteristic round-oval patches of itchy inflamed skin. […] While the cause is largely unknown, eczema occurs as a result of the skin barrier becoming less effective, something that is more likely as we get older. Discoid eczema is not genetic and so does not run in families. […] In eczema (discoid, atopic, and other types) the skin barrier becomes less effective – this happens naturally as we get older (whereas in patients with a different type of eczema, atopic eczema, it arises as a result of a faulty gene). Essentially, the bricks are crumblier and the mortar/cement is less effective at holding everything together, resulting in too much water escaping from the skin (the skin dries out), and allowing more irritants and allergens to penetrate the skin, causing itching and inflammation. […] Unfortunately not, and if left untreated, discoid eczema may persist for months or years.

• #3 Discoid Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/atopic-eczema/discoid-eczema

  The exact cause of discoid eczema is uncertain. However, most people with discoid eczema have generally dry skin. One theory is that the dry skin upsets the normal fatty layer within the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis) which usually helps to protect the skin. Because this protection is lost, special proteins that can cause allergy (allergens) can penetrate through the skin. This can lead to an allergic or irritant response in the skin, so leading to the patches of eczema. In fact, some doctors consider discoid eczema as a form of adult-onset atopic (allergic) dermatitis. […] Sometimes certain medicines can trigger discoid eczema in some people. For example, medicines used to treat hepatitis C infection (called interferon and ribavirin). Insect bites or a minor skin injury can also trigger an outbreak of discoid eczema in some people.

• #3 Discoid Eczema – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.eucerin.co.uk/skin-concerns/atopic-dermatitis/discoid-eczema

  The causes of nummular dermatitis arent clear or entirely known. However, generally, eczema can be exacerbated by having very dry skin. […] Other proponents of discoid eczema can be the weather, as this condition is more common in the cold winter months, due to our skin being exposed to hotter conditions when indoors such as central heating, dry air or low humidity which all dry out the skin. […] Another factor could be contact dermatitis, which could be a trigger for discoid eczema if the skin encounters a chemical irritant within toiletries and cosmetics like certain soaps, shampoos and shower gels.

• #3 Discoid eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it is often accompanied by dry skin and is thought to be triggered by irritation of the skin. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may therefore have a role in discoid eczema. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they are used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers which are used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication), which can cause dry skin and rashes.

• #3 Nummular Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/nummular-eczema/

  The exact cause of nummular eczema is not known. This skin condition typically appears during the winter when the air is dry and heat is on leading to skin dryness. Other causes have been speculated to include trauma to the skin, like an insect bite, scrape or chemical burn. Nummular eczema often appears on the legs because it is the dryest part of our body partly caused by poorer blood flow, especially as we age. […] Your chances of getting it may also increase if you have certain risk factors, such as having another form of eczema or poor blood circulation. Current research has linked the development of nummular eczema to several factors. If you have dry skin or decreased skin oil production, you are more likely to develop nummular eczema. Certain allergic reactions can trigger nummular eczema, such as a contact allergy to metals or environmental airborne allergens. People living in environments with low humidity are also at higher risk. […] Some behaviors, products and medicines can also trigger nummular eczema, such as the use of drying soaps, frequent bathing with hot water, exposure to rough fabrics such as wool, breast implantations and certain medications (antivirals, interferon or retinoids).

• #3 Causes and Treatments for Discoid Eczema Patches

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/discoid-eczema-4690542

  Discoid eczema causes eczema patches that are a raised, disc-shaped rash with well-defined borders. […] No one knows exactly what causes discoid eczema to develop. What is certain is these eczema patches are more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis (AKA common eczema), allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these disorders themselves. […] Certain environmental factors may trigger a breakout, including: Dry skin, Stress, Use of cosmetic products that cause irritation, Certain medications, especially isotretinoin and interferon. […] Discoid eczema often first appears after an injury, even a relatively small one like a burn, scrape, or insect bite. […] The exact cause isn’t known, but discoid eczema is more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis, allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these conditions themselves.

• #3 Discoid eczema | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often occurs in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they’re used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication) which can cause dry skin and rashes. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or humid (damp) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #3 Discoid eczema. Discoid eczema

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown. Some cases are associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. […] The eruption can be precipitated by: A localised injury such as scratch, insect bite or thermal burn, Impetigo or wound infection, Contact dermatitis, Dry skin, Varicose veins (varicose eczema).

• #3

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/eczema/

  Discoid eczema is also known as nummular eczema and discoid dermatitis. You get circular or oval patches of eczema on your skin. […] The main type of eczema is sometimes called dermatitis or atopic eczema. It affects 2 in 10 children and 1 in 10 adults. There is usually a family history and people who have atopic eczema are likely to get asthma or hay fever too.

• #3 What Is Nummular Eczema? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/nummular-eczema.aspx

  If you have sensitive skin, you may also develop nummular eczema if you dont take proper care of your skin. Nummular eczema is triggered by factors that cause dry skin, says Friedler. […] Other factors that may increase your risk of developing nummular eczema include: Having atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema, Having a family member with hay fever, atopic dermatitis, or asthma.

• #3 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Autoeczematization (ie, lesional spread from the initial focal site) may account for the presence of multiple plaques. […] The onset of severe, generalized nummular lesions has been reported in association with interferon therapy for hepatitis C, as well as exposure to mercury. […] Various types of eczematous eruptions, including nummular eczema, have been observed following TNF-blocking therapy, and nummular dermatitis has also been reported after treatment of psoriasis with guselkumab. […] Nummular eczema of the breast has reported in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with subsequent breast reconstruction. In the majority of these patients, this condition developed after the insertion of tissue expanders or breast implants, which suggested that stretching of the skin might play a role in causing it.

• #3 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Environment: Your environment can stimulate eczema symptoms by irritating your sensitive skin. […] Irritants: If your skin is already sensitive and dry, then exposure to irritants and allergens can increase your chances of experiencing an episode of discoid eczema. […] Medication: Certain types of medication, such as statins or TNF-alpha blockers can cause an outbreak of discoid eczema.

• #3 Discoid Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, & How to Treat It

  https://eczemaless.com/discoid-eczema-causes-symptoms-how-to-treat-it/

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular eczema or nummular dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterized by round, coin-shaped patches of inflamed skin. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development: […] Individuals with a family history of eczema or other allergic conditions may be more susceptible to discoid eczema. […] Certain environmental factors, such as dry skin, harsh soaps, detergents, and exposure to allergens, can trigger or exacerbate discoid eczema. […] Physical irritants, including friction from clothing or scratching, can lead to the development of discoid eczema patches. […] Changes in weather, particularly cold and dry conditions, can worsen symptoms and lead to flare-ups. […] Conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, or immune system issues may increase the risk of developing discoid eczema. […] Emotional stress can also play a role in triggering or worsening eczema symptoms.

• #3 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  The etiology of nummular eczema is unknown and likely multifactorial. Most patients with nummular eczema also have very dry (xerotic) skin. Local trauma (eg, from arthropod bites, contact with chemicals, or abrasions) may precede an outbreak. […] Contact dermatitis may play a role in some cases. Contact dermatitis may be irritant or allergic in nature. Sensitivity to nickel, cobalt, or chromates has been reported in patients with nummular dermatitis. In one study, the most frequent sensitizers were colophony, nitrofurazone, neomycin sulfate, and nickel sulfate. In the past, cases of nummular eczemalike eruptions have been caused by ethyl cyanoacrylatecontaining glue, thimerosal, mercury-containing dental amalgams, and depilating creams containing potassium thioglycolate. […] Venous insufficiency (and varicosities), stasis dermatitis, and edema may be related to the development of nummular eczema on the affected lower extremities.

• #3 How Do You Get Rid of Nummular Eczema? Treatment Options

  https://www.medicinenet.com/how_do_you_get_rid_of_nummular_eczema/article.htm

  Nummular eczema, also called nummular dermatitis or discoid eczema, is a persistent but treatable skin disorder characterized by coin-shaped patches on the skin. […] Some people are more prone to discoid eczema than others: […] People with a history of atopic eczema and allergic contact dermatitis are at a higher risk of developing discoid eczema. […] Children with severe atopic dermatitis may have dry, itchy skin, which may result in discoid eczema. […] Though some people are predisposed to severe eczema, the exact cause is unknown. Certain variables, however, may raise the risk of developing the condition: […] Skin infections (secondary to bacterial colonization) […] Contact allergies […] Xerosis (dry skin) […] Sensitive skin […] Frequent hot water baths […] Rough fabrics […] Certain medications, such as antivirals or interferons […] Using regular gold components […] Personal or family history of atopic dermatitis, allergies, or asthma […] Minor skin injuries including an insect bite or a burn […] Dry, cold climate […] Alcoholism […] Stress […] Anxiety.

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