Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Discoid eczema. Discoid eczema

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown. Some cases are associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. […] Discoid eczema can occur in association with atopic eczema, eczema craquel, and secondary eczematisation. […] Discoid eczema tends to be a chronic condition that often relapses especially in cold winter months. Many cases do eventually resolve.

• #2 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Little is known about the pathophysiology of nummular eczema, but as with most other forms of dermatitis, the cause is likely to be a combination of epidermal lipid barrier dysfunction and an immunologic response. […] Nummular eczema is known to be frequently accompanied or preceded by xerosis. Dryness of the skin results in „leaking” of the epidermal lipid barrier; this allows environmental allergens and bacteria to penetrate the skin and induce an allergic or irritant immune response. […] This impaired cutaneous barrier in the setting of nummular eczema may also lead to increased susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis to materials such as metals, soaps, and chemicals. […] Nummular eczema has been associated with medications. Theoretically, it can be initiated by any medication that induces dryness of the skin, particularly diuretics and statins.

• #3 Nummular Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565878/

  The natural aging process, chronic venous stasis, bacterial colonization, certain drugs, and sensitization to contact allergens, most commonly metals (nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride), may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. […] The release of cytokines (ie, interferon-gamma [IFN-g] and interleukin [IL]-17) results in increased recruitment of T-cells, dendritic cells, and Langerhans’ cells, eventually leading to epidermal hyperplasia and the development of characteristic lesions. […] A report of nummular dermatitis after treatment of a refractory palmoplantar psoriasis patient with the interleukin IL-23 inhibitor guselkumab, suggests that the balance of T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) and T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis.

• #4 Discoid Eczema: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/discoid-eczema-8630291

  Discoid eczema is an inflammatory (immune-related) reaction that leads to an overproduction of skin cells. Papules, lesions, and plaques form due to these excess cells. Researchers aren’t sure why this happens but believe it’s linked to problems with the lipid barrier layer of amino acids and oils that help keep moisture in the skin. […] In many cases, discoid eczema flares occur due to certain environmental or health triggers. These include: injuries or insect bites, stress, dry, hot, or humid air, bacterial or viral infection, certain metals (in those who are allergic), often nickel, certain make-up, fragrances, or other products, some medications, including statins (drugs used to lower cholesterol) and diuretics (drugs that remove excess fluid from your body), excessive alcohol use.

• #5 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

• #6 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Little is known about the pathophysiology of nummular eczema, but as with most other forms of dermatitis, the cause is likely to be a combination of epidermal lipid barrier dysfunction and an immunologic response. […] Nummular eczema is known to be frequently accompanied or preceded by xerosis. Dryness of the skin results in „leaking” of the epidermal lipid barrier; this allows environmental allergens and bacteria to penetrate the skin and induce an allergic or irritant immune response. […] This impaired cutaneous barrier in the setting of nummular eczema may also lead to increased susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis to materials such as metals, soaps, and chemicals. […] Nummular eczema has been associated with medications. Theoretically, it can be initiated by any medication that induces dryness of the skin, particularly diuretics and statins.

• #7 Discoid eczema: Nummular eczema | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/discoid-eczema-nummular-eczema/

  There are few publications on the pathophysiology of discoid eczema to inform treatment. An association with dry skin (xerosis) is documented, and discoid lesions may appear during treatment with isotretinoin (which reduces sebum secretion). However, dry skin is not consistently present, and the morphology of discoid eczema differs from that of xerosis or asteatotic eczema. […] One study suggested that patients with discoid eczema have a degree of xerosis similar to that of age-matched controls, but have stronger delayed hypersensitivity to allergens that permeate the skin as a result of scratching. A link with atopy has been proposed, but serum IgE levels are generally normal. […] Occult infections (e.g., dental abscess) and infections causing dry skin (e.g., leprosy) have rarely been linked with discoid eczema. Helicobacter pylori has been implicated, but the evidence is weak.

• #8 Nummular Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565878/

  The natural aging process, chronic venous stasis, bacterial colonization, certain drugs, and sensitization to contact allergens, most commonly metals (nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride), may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. […] The release of cytokines (ie, interferon-gamma [IFN-g] and interleukin [IL]-17) results in increased recruitment of T-cells, dendritic cells, and Langerhans’ cells, eventually leading to epidermal hyperplasia and the development of characteristic lesions. […] A report of nummular dermatitis after treatment of a refractory palmoplantar psoriasis patient with the interleukin IL-23 inhibitor guselkumab, suggests that the balance of T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) and T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis.

• #9 Discoid eczema – more than just dermatitis | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2021/december/supplements/feature-article/discoid-eczema-%E2%80%93-more-just-dermatitis

  Discoid eczema, or nummular eczema, is a chronic form of dermatitis characterised by well-defined circular plaques. […] The exact aetiology is unknown, although a significant percentage of patients may have an underlying allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. […] Triggers including bacterial colonisation, contact allergens, certain medications and chronic venous stasis may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. This results in the subsequent release of cytokines, including interferon gamma and interleukin 17, and recruitment of T cells, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. This causes epidermal hyperplasia and the formation of the lesions characteristic of discoid eczema. […] Alcohol misuse has also been associated with discoid eczema. This relationship might be due to alcohol impairing the immune response, thus predisposing the skin to a bacterial infection, which in turn triggers the eczema.

• #10 Nummular Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565878/

  The natural aging process, chronic venous stasis, bacterial colonization, certain drugs, and sensitization to contact allergens, most commonly metals (nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride), may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. […] The release of cytokines (ie, interferon-gamma [IFN-g] and interleukin [IL]-17) results in increased recruitment of T-cells, dendritic cells, and Langerhans’ cells, eventually leading to epidermal hyperplasia and the development of characteristic lesions. […] A report of nummular dermatitis after treatment of a refractory palmoplantar psoriasis patient with the interleukin IL-23 inhibitor guselkumab, suggests that the balance of T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) and T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis.

• #11 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Because of the intense pruritus associated with nummular eczema, the potential role of mast cells in the disease process has been investigated. Increased numbers of mast cells have been observed in lesional samples as compared with nonlesional samples in persons with nummular dermatitis. […] One study identified neurogenic contributors to inflammation in both nummular eczema and atopic dermatitis by investigating the association between mast cells and sensory nerves and identifying the distribution of neuropeptides in the epidermis and upper dermis of patients with nummular eczema. […] Other research has demonstrated that mast cells present in the dermis of patients with nummular eczema may have decreased chymase activity, imparting reduced ability to degrade neuropeptides and protein. […] Colonization of the skin with S aureus has been described both on lesional skin and in the nares of patients and their close contacts.

• #12 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Environment: Your environment can stimulate eczema symptoms by irritating your sensitive skin. […] Irritants: If your skin is already sensitive and dry, then exposure to irritants and allergens can increase your chances of experiencing an episode of discoid eczema. […] Medication: Certain types of medication, such as statins or TNF-alpha blockers can cause an outbreak of discoid eczema. […] Inflammation normally occurs in eczema as the result of an immune response to skin irritants, allergens or invasive pathogens. […] Stress is a common psychological response to highly visible skin conditions such as discoid eczema, and can often have a negative effect on a patients confidence and self-esteem, impacting their day to day lives.

• #13

  https://balmonds.com/blogs/blog/is-discoid-eczema-an-autoimmune-disease

  All eczema involves the immune system to some extent, as the problem is about an overactive immune system response to a stimuli or trigger of whatever sort. This over-reaction triggers inflammation and itchiness, which leads to damage to the skin. The same process happens with discoid eczema: the triggers (injury, stress, irritants etc.) set off an inflammatory response which leads to itchiness and inflammation. […] It’s becoming more widely accepted that eczema, including discoid eczema, isn’t just associated with various autoimmune diseases, but counts as one itself. It is characterised by inflammation, by damage to an organ (the skin), and by an inappropriately reactive immune system response. So, in conclusion, although not everyone would acknowledge it as such, it does seem that discoid eczema, as a chronic inflammatory skin condition, is autoimmune in nature. It can’t be cured, but can be managed, and the severity and frequency of flares reduced.

• #14 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Because of the intense pruritus associated with nummular eczema, the potential role of mast cells in the disease process has been investigated. Increased numbers of mast cells have been observed in lesional samples as compared with nonlesional samples in persons with nummular dermatitis. […] One study identified neurogenic contributors to inflammation in both nummular eczema and atopic dermatitis by investigating the association between mast cells and sensory nerves and identifying the distribution of neuropeptides in the epidermis and upper dermis of patients with nummular eczema. […] Other research has demonstrated that mast cells present in the dermis of patients with nummular eczema may have decreased chymase activity, imparting reduced ability to degrade neuropeptides and protein. […] Colonization of the skin with S aureus has been described both on lesional skin and in the nares of patients and their close contacts.

• #15 Discoid eczema. Discoid eczema

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/discoid-eczema

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown. Some cases are associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. […] Discoid eczema can occur in association with atopic eczema, eczema craquel, and secondary eczematisation. […] Discoid eczema tends to be a chronic condition that often relapses especially in cold winter months. Many cases do eventually resolve.

• #16 Discoid eczema – Dr. Breslavets

  https://cmsderm.ca/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular dermatitis, is a type of eczema/dermatitis presented by well-defined, scattered, coin-shaped, and coin-sized plaques of eczema. […] The cause of discoid eczema remains unknown. However, some cases have been associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. […] Discoid eczema is associated with loss of skin barrier function, it is vital to protect the skin from injury, apply emollients on daily basis, and avoid allergens. […] Anti-inflammatory treatments include using topical steroids and/or taking antibiotics. Other treatments like oral antihistamines, ultraviolet (UV) treatment, steroid injections, and other steroids can be prescribed for severe discoid eczema.

• #17 Discoid eczema: Nummular eczema | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/discoid-eczema-nummular-eczema/

  There are few publications on the pathophysiology of discoid eczema to inform treatment. An association with dry skin (xerosis) is documented, and discoid lesions may appear during treatment with isotretinoin (which reduces sebum secretion). However, dry skin is not consistently present, and the morphology of discoid eczema differs from that of xerosis or asteatotic eczema. […] One study suggested that patients with discoid eczema have a degree of xerosis similar to that of age-matched controls, but have stronger delayed hypersensitivity to allergens that permeate the skin as a result of scratching. A link with atopy has been proposed, but serum IgE levels are generally normal. […] Occult infections (e.g., dental abscess) and infections causing dry skin (e.g., leprosy) have rarely been linked with discoid eczema. Helicobacter pylori has been implicated, but the evidence is weak.

• #18 Discoid eczema: Nummular eczema | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/discoid-eczema-nummular-eczema/

  There are few publications on the pathophysiology of discoid eczema to inform treatment. An association with dry skin (xerosis) is documented, and discoid lesions may appear during treatment with isotretinoin (which reduces sebum secretion). However, dry skin is not consistently present, and the morphology of discoid eczema differs from that of xerosis or asteatotic eczema. […] One study suggested that patients with discoid eczema have a degree of xerosis similar to that of age-matched controls, but have stronger delayed hypersensitivity to allergens that permeate the skin as a result of scratching. A link with atopy has been proposed, but serum IgE levels are generally normal. […] Occult infections (e.g., dental abscess) and infections causing dry skin (e.g., leprosy) have rarely been linked with discoid eczema. Helicobacter pylori has been implicated, but the evidence is weak.

• #19

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin. […] It’s important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often happens in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families.

• #20

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/e/article/eczema(discoid)

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a long-term (chronic) skin condition that causes skin to become itchy, swollen and cracked in circular or oval patches. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often happens in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families.

• #21 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

• #22 Nummular Contact Eczema: Presentation of a Pediatric Case

  https://opendermatologyjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/23/FULLTEXT/

  The etiopathogenesis of the nummular eczema is not fully known. […] Nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema, is a clinical entity characterized by roundish, well-defined margins of the size of a coin. […] Various factors have been proposed as etiologic agents, of which some are endogenous (dry skin, emotional stress, atopy) and some are exogenous (systemic drugs, alcohol abuse, staphylococcal infections and environmental allergens). […] The relationship of nummular eczema with atopy is rather controversial. […] Nummular eczema, therefore, is an important pattern of presentation of atopic dermatitis, regardless of its association to high serum total IgE levels, the presence of specific IgE and the personal or family history of atopy. […] Between non-atopic and atopic nummular eczema there are several significant differences. […] The incidence of contact allergy in nummular eczema varies from 30.1% to 77.9% of cases. […] Many factors have an etiological role in subjects with nummular eczema. Among these, contact allergy is often the primary cause.

• #23 Nummular Contact Eczema: Presentation of a Pediatric Case

  https://opendermatologyjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/23/FULLTEXT/

  The etiopathogenesis of the nummular eczema is not fully known. […] Nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema, is a clinical entity characterized by roundish, well-defined margins of the size of a coin. […] Various factors have been proposed as etiologic agents, of which some are endogenous (dry skin, emotional stress, atopy) and some are exogenous (systemic drugs, alcohol abuse, staphylococcal infections and environmental allergens). […] The relationship of nummular eczema with atopy is rather controversial. […] Nummular eczema, therefore, is an important pattern of presentation of atopic dermatitis, regardless of its association to high serum total IgE levels, the presence of specific IgE and the personal or family history of atopy. […] Between non-atopic and atopic nummular eczema there are several significant differences. […] The incidence of contact allergy in nummular eczema varies from 30.1% to 77.9% of cases. […] Many factors have an etiological role in subjects with nummular eczema. Among these, contact allergy is often the primary cause.

• #24 Nummular Contact Eczema: Presentation of a Pediatric Case

  https://opendermatologyjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/23/FULLTEXT/

  The etiopathogenesis of the nummular eczema is not fully known. […] Nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema, is a clinical entity characterized by roundish, well-defined margins of the size of a coin. […] Various factors have been proposed as etiologic agents, of which some are endogenous (dry skin, emotional stress, atopy) and some are exogenous (systemic drugs, alcohol abuse, staphylococcal infections and environmental allergens). […] The relationship of nummular eczema with atopy is rather controversial. […] Nummular eczema, therefore, is an important pattern of presentation of atopic dermatitis, regardless of its association to high serum total IgE levels, the presence of specific IgE and the personal or family history of atopy. […] Between non-atopic and atopic nummular eczema there are several significant differences. […] The incidence of contact allergy in nummular eczema varies from 30.1% to 77.9% of cases. […] Many factors have an etiological role in subjects with nummular eczema. Among these, contact allergy is often the primary cause.

• #25 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

• #26

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/e/article/eczema(discoid)

  An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines have been linked to discoid eczema. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or humid (damp) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #27 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

• #28

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema/

  An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines have been linked to discoid eczema. You should not stop taking any prescribed medicine without talking to the doctor who prescribed it for you. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or damp (humid) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #29 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

• #30 Discoid eczema, nummular eczema

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/eczema-discoid-syn-nummular-eczema

  The term discoid eczema comes from its characteristic round or oval 'disc-shaped’ patches. For the same reason it is sometimes also called nummular eczema – nummular meaning coin-shaped. The cause of discoid eczema is unknown. […] Discoid eczema can be associated with excessive bathing or swimming. […] The more emollient used, the less the skin will flare, limiting the use of topical steroids.

• #31 Nummular Contact Eczema: Presentation of a Pediatric Case

  https://opendermatologyjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/23/FULLTEXT/

  The etiopathogenesis of the nummular eczema is not fully known. […] Nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema, is a clinical entity characterized by roundish, well-defined margins of the size of a coin. […] Various factors have been proposed as etiologic agents, of which some are endogenous (dry skin, emotional stress, atopy) and some are exogenous (systemic drugs, alcohol abuse, staphylococcal infections and environmental allergens). […] The relationship of nummular eczema with atopy is rather controversial. […] Nummular eczema, therefore, is an important pattern of presentation of atopic dermatitis, regardless of its association to high serum total IgE levels, the presence of specific IgE and the personal or family history of atopy. […] Between non-atopic and atopic nummular eczema there are several significant differences. […] The incidence of contact allergy in nummular eczema varies from 30.1% to 77.9% of cases. […] Many factors have an etiological role in subjects with nummular eczema. Among these, contact allergy is often the primary cause.

• #32 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Little is known about the pathophysiology of nummular eczema, but as with most other forms of dermatitis, the cause is likely to be a combination of epidermal lipid barrier dysfunction and an immunologic response. […] Nummular eczema is known to be frequently accompanied or preceded by xerosis. Dryness of the skin results in „leaking” of the epidermal lipid barrier; this allows environmental allergens and bacteria to penetrate the skin and induce an allergic or irritant immune response. […] This impaired cutaneous barrier in the setting of nummular eczema may also lead to increased susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis to materials such as metals, soaps, and chemicals. […] Nummular eczema has been associated with medications. Theoretically, it can be initiated by any medication that induces dryness of the skin, particularly diuretics and statins.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin. […] It’s important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often happens in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families.

• #34 Eczema types: Nummular eczema causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/nummular-dermatitis/causes

  Researchers continue to look for the exact cause. […] While studying this disease, they have discovered that nummular eczema seems to appear after something triggers it. […] The findings from these studies also indicate that people who develop nummular eczema have extremely dry skin. It seems that their skin was either already extremely dry or something recently made their skin excessively dry. […] Researchers believe that skin dryness plays a role in causing nummular eczema. […] When contact dermatitis develops from a hypersensitivity to a metal like nickel, cobalt, or chromate, the risk of developing nummular eczema increases. A hypersensitivity to mercury, a metal found in older dental fillings, may also trigger the immune system to react and lead to nummular eczema. […] While studying nummular eczema, researchers also discovered another key finding: Nummular eczema rarely clears without treatment.

• #35 Discoid eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it is often accompanied by dry skin and is thought to be triggered by irritation of the skin. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may therefore have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often occurs in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they are used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers which are used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication), which can cause dry skin and rashes.

• #36 Discoid eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/discoid-eczema/

  The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it is often accompanied by dry skin and is thought to be triggered by irritation of the skin. […] The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin. […] Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may therefore have a role in discoid eczema. […] Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often occurs in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families. […] An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn. […] Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they are used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers which are used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication), which can cause dry skin and rashes.

• #37 Discoid eczema | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/discoid-eczema

  Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking: interferon and ribavirin when they’re used together to treat hepatitis C, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers used to treat some types of arthritis, statins (cholesterol-lowering medication) which can cause dry skin and rashes. […] Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or humid (damp) environments may make your symptoms better.

• #38 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Little is known about the pathophysiology of nummular eczema, but as with most other forms of dermatitis, the cause is likely to be a combination of epidermal lipid barrier dysfunction and an immunologic response. […] Nummular eczema is known to be frequently accompanied or preceded by xerosis. Dryness of the skin results in „leaking” of the epidermal lipid barrier; this allows environmental allergens and bacteria to penetrate the skin and induce an allergic or irritant immune response. […] This impaired cutaneous barrier in the setting of nummular eczema may also lead to increased susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis to materials such as metals, soaps, and chemicals. […] Nummular eczema has been associated with medications. Theoretically, it can be initiated by any medication that induces dryness of the skin, particularly diuretics and statins.

• #39 Discoid eczema: Nummular eczema | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/discoid-eczema-nummular-eczema/

  Discoid eczema comprises relatively well-defined, usually multiple, coin-sized plaques. In the acute stages they often weep or ooze; in the chronic phase lesions are discrete, hyperkeratotic or lichenified. Itching is usual. It primarily affects the limbs (especially the legs), sometimes the trunk, and rarely the face or flexures. […] Discoid eczema (nummular dermatitis) has many causes. It is usually idiopathic in older patients, but similar lesions may occur due to contact allergic reactions, as a pattern of hand and foot eczema, in atopic dermatitis (AD), as an id eruption related to venous eczema, or locally (e.g., after trauma, insect bite reactions, halo eczema around melanocytic nevi). Discoid eczema has been reported as a manifestation of drug reaction to gold, TNF antagonists, interferon, and retinoids.

• #40 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Because of the intense pruritus associated with nummular eczema, the potential role of mast cells in the disease process has been investigated. Increased numbers of mast cells have been observed in lesional samples as compared with nonlesional samples in persons with nummular dermatitis. […] One study identified neurogenic contributors to inflammation in both nummular eczema and atopic dermatitis by investigating the association between mast cells and sensory nerves and identifying the distribution of neuropeptides in the epidermis and upper dermis of patients with nummular eczema. […] Other research has demonstrated that mast cells present in the dermis of patients with nummular eczema may have decreased chymase activity, imparting reduced ability to degrade neuropeptides and protein. […] Colonization of the skin with S aureus has been described both on lesional skin and in the nares of patients and their close contacts.

• #41 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Because of the intense pruritus associated with nummular eczema, the potential role of mast cells in the disease process has been investigated. Increased numbers of mast cells have been observed in lesional samples as compared with nonlesional samples in persons with nummular dermatitis. […] One study identified neurogenic contributors to inflammation in both nummular eczema and atopic dermatitis by investigating the association between mast cells and sensory nerves and identifying the distribution of neuropeptides in the epidermis and upper dermis of patients with nummular eczema. […] Other research has demonstrated that mast cells present in the dermis of patients with nummular eczema may have decreased chymase activity, imparting reduced ability to degrade neuropeptides and protein. […] Colonization of the skin with S aureus has been described both on lesional skin and in the nares of patients and their close contacts.

• #42 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Because of the intense pruritus associated with nummular eczema, the potential role of mast cells in the disease process has been investigated. Increased numbers of mast cells have been observed in lesional samples as compared with nonlesional samples in persons with nummular dermatitis. […] One study identified neurogenic contributors to inflammation in both nummular eczema and atopic dermatitis by investigating the association between mast cells and sensory nerves and identifying the distribution of neuropeptides in the epidermis and upper dermis of patients with nummular eczema. […] Other research has demonstrated that mast cells present in the dermis of patients with nummular eczema may have decreased chymase activity, imparting reduced ability to degrade neuropeptides and protein. […] Colonization of the skin with S aureus has been described both on lesional skin and in the nares of patients and their close contacts.

• #43 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

• #44 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Environment: Your environment can stimulate eczema symptoms by irritating your sensitive skin. […] Irritants: If your skin is already sensitive and dry, then exposure to irritants and allergens can increase your chances of experiencing an episode of discoid eczema. […] Medication: Certain types of medication, such as statins or TNF-alpha blockers can cause an outbreak of discoid eczema. […] Inflammation normally occurs in eczema as the result of an immune response to skin irritants, allergens or invasive pathogens. […] Stress is a common psychological response to highly visible skin conditions such as discoid eczema, and can often have a negative effect on a patients confidence and self-esteem, impacting their day to day lives.

• #45 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema can be difficult to diagnose, especially since it often appears in conjunction with contact eczema and atopic eczema. […] There is no definitive cause of discoid eczema, but there are a number of risk factors and triggers than can stimulate a potential episode. […] Weak immune system: Eczema is more likely to occur in those that have a weakened or compromised immune system. […] Poor nutrition: Your diet can have a significant impact on your immune and digestive systems, having the power to either exaggerate or ease your eczema symptoms. […] Stress: If you are feeling stressed it can take its toll on your immune system, instigating a flight of fight reaction. […] Dry skin: Discoid eczema is more likely to appear in those that have a pre-existing history of dry, sensitive skin.

• #46 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema can be difficult to diagnose, especially since it often appears in conjunction with contact eczema and atopic eczema. […] There is no definitive cause of discoid eczema, but there are a number of risk factors and triggers than can stimulate a potential episode. […] Weak immune system: Eczema is more likely to occur in those that have a weakened or compromised immune system. […] Poor nutrition: Your diet can have a significant impact on your immune and digestive systems, having the power to either exaggerate or ease your eczema symptoms. […] Stress: If you are feeling stressed it can take its toll on your immune system, instigating a flight of fight reaction. […] Dry skin: Discoid eczema is more likely to appear in those that have a pre-existing history of dry, sensitive skin.

• #47 Discoid eczema – more than just dermatitis | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2021/december/supplements/feature-article/discoid-eczema-%E2%80%93-more-just-dermatitis

  Discoid eczema, or nummular eczema, is a chronic form of dermatitis characterised by well-defined circular plaques. […] The exact aetiology is unknown, although a significant percentage of patients may have an underlying allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. […] Triggers including bacterial colonisation, contact allergens, certain medications and chronic venous stasis may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. This results in the subsequent release of cytokines, including interferon gamma and interleukin 17, and recruitment of T cells, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. This causes epidermal hyperplasia and the formation of the lesions characteristic of discoid eczema. […] Alcohol misuse has also been associated with discoid eczema. This relationship might be due to alcohol impairing the immune response, thus predisposing the skin to a bacterial infection, which in turn triggers the eczema.

• #48 Discoid eczema – more than just dermatitis | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2021/december/supplements/feature-article/discoid-eczema-%E2%80%93-more-just-dermatitis

  Discoid eczema, or nummular eczema, is a chronic form of dermatitis characterised by well-defined circular plaques. […] The exact aetiology is unknown, although a significant percentage of patients may have an underlying allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. […] Triggers including bacterial colonisation, contact allergens, certain medications and chronic venous stasis may compromise the cutaneous lipid barrier. This results in the subsequent release of cytokines, including interferon gamma and interleukin 17, and recruitment of T cells, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. This causes epidermal hyperplasia and the formation of the lesions characteristic of discoid eczema. […] Alcohol misuse has also been associated with discoid eczema. This relationship might be due to alcohol impairing the immune response, thus predisposing the skin to a bacterial infection, which in turn triggers the eczema.

• #49 Discoid eczema – What triggers it and how it can be relieved

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema can be difficult to diagnose, especially since it often appears in conjunction with contact eczema and atopic eczema. […] There is no definitive cause of discoid eczema, but there are a number of risk factors and triggers than can stimulate a potential episode. […] Weak immune system: Eczema is more likely to occur in those that have a weakened or compromised immune system. […] Poor nutrition: Your diet can have a significant impact on your immune and digestive systems, having the power to either exaggerate or ease your eczema symptoms. […] Stress: If you are feeling stressed it can take its toll on your immune system, instigating a flight of fight reaction. […] Dry skin: Discoid eczema is more likely to appear in those that have a pre-existing history of dry, sensitive skin.

• #50 Nummular Dermatitis (Nummular Eczema): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123605-overview

  Little is known about the pathophysiology of nummular eczema, but as with most other forms of dermatitis, the cause is likely to be a combination of epidermal lipid barrier dysfunction and an immunologic response. […] Nummular eczema is known to be frequently accompanied or preceded by xerosis. Dryness of the skin results in „leaking” of the epidermal lipid barrier; this allows environmental allergens and bacteria to penetrate the skin and induce an allergic or irritant immune response. […] This impaired cutaneous barrier in the setting of nummular eczema may also lead to increased susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis to materials such as metals, soaps, and chemicals. […] Nummular eczema has been associated with medications. Theoretically, it can be initiated by any medication that induces dryness of the skin, particularly diuretics and statins.

• #51

  https://www.grahamsnatural.com/blogs/news/understanding-discoid-eczema-causes-symptoms-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoo9_gLZmriX9uKZ_J8sWM-_o-Z0zROzF0H-Z9dl5_wT-4guAQC_

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular eczema or nummular dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by distinct round or oval-shaped patches of irritated skin. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema remains unknown. However, several factors can trigger or exacerbate its symptoms: […] While the exact cause of discoid eczema is unknown, it is often associated with factors such as dry skin, environmental triggers, genetic predisposition, and stress. […] Discoid eczema is a chronic condition that tends to persist over time. The plaques may come and go, with periods of remission and flare-ups. Recurrence of discoid eczema can occur intermittently throughout an individual’s life. […] Discoid eczema is generally localized to the skin and does not have strong associations with other allergic conditions. […] Discoid eczema is a chronic skin condition characterized by round or oval patches of inflamed and itchy skin. While the exact cause is unknown, triggers such as dry skin, environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and stress can contribute to its development.

• #52 Eczema types: Nummular eczema causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/nummular-dermatitis/causes

  Researchers continue to look for the exact cause. […] While studying this disease, they have discovered that nummular eczema seems to appear after something triggers it. […] The findings from these studies also indicate that people who develop nummular eczema have extremely dry skin. It seems that their skin was either already extremely dry or something recently made their skin excessively dry. […] Researchers believe that skin dryness plays a role in causing nummular eczema. […] When contact dermatitis develops from a hypersensitivity to a metal like nickel, cobalt, or chromate, the risk of developing nummular eczema increases. A hypersensitivity to mercury, a metal found in older dental fillings, may also trigger the immune system to react and lead to nummular eczema. […] While studying nummular eczema, researchers also discovered another key finding: Nummular eczema rarely clears without treatment.

• #53 Causes and Treatments for Discoid Eczema Patches

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/discoid-eczema-4690542

  Discoid eczema is a chronic condition. The patches can last for months, or years in some cases, and are likely to reoccur. […] No one knows exactly what causes discoid eczema to develop. What is certain is these eczema patches are more common in people who have a family history of atopic dermatitis (AKA common eczema), allergies, and asthma or have one or more of these disorders themselves. […] Discoid eczema often first appears after an injury, even a relatively small one like a burn, scrape, or insect bite. […] Discoid eczema can sometimes be mistaken for ringworm, psoriasis, lichen aureus, and contact dermatitis. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) work by inhibiting the immune response that is triggering the rash. […] Over-the-counter products are rarely helpful for this type of eczema, but avoiding triggers and taking medications such as topical steroids, antibiotics, topical calcineurin inhibitors, antihistamines, and moisturizers can be effective.

• #54

  https://www.grahamsnatural.com/blogs/news/understanding-discoid-eczema-causes-symptoms-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoo9_gLZmriX9uKZ_J8sWM-_o-Z0zROzF0H-Z9dl5_wT-4guAQC_

  Discoid eczema, also known as nummular eczema or nummular dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by distinct round or oval-shaped patches of irritated skin. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema remains unknown. However, several factors can trigger or exacerbate its symptoms: […] While the exact cause of discoid eczema is unknown, it is often associated with factors such as dry skin, environmental triggers, genetic predisposition, and stress. […] Discoid eczema is a chronic condition that tends to persist over time. The plaques may come and go, with periods of remission and flare-ups. Recurrence of discoid eczema can occur intermittently throughout an individual’s life. […] Discoid eczema is generally localized to the skin and does not have strong associations with other allergic conditions. […] Discoid eczema is a chronic skin condition characterized by round or oval patches of inflamed and itchy skin. While the exact cause is unknown, triggers such as dry skin, environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and stress can contribute to its development.

• #55 Discoid eczema – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/types-of-eczema/discoid-eczema/

  Discoid eczema (also known as nummular eczema/dermatitis) can occur at any age, including childhood, but is seen more frequently in adults. […] The exact cause of discoid eczema is not known, although dry skin is perhaps the most common feature. […] Discoid eczema is more common in the cold winter months, when our skin is exposed to central heating, dry air (low humidity) and fan heaters, which all dry the skin. […] Discoid eczema can also develop on an area of skin that has been damaged or scarred from a scratch, bite, burn or localised area of infection. […] Stress may play a part in the development of discoid eczema, but is unlikely to be the sole cause of it. […] Discoid eczema can usually be controlled with emollients and topical steroids, and by avoiding triggers such as soaps, bubble baths and overheating.

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