Waroń
Epidemiologia
Żylaki powrózka nasiennego (waroń) to powszechna patologia układu moczowo-płciowego mężczyzn, charakteryzująca się nieprawidłowym poszerzeniem żył splotu wiciowatego powrózka nasiennego. Częstość występowania waronia w populacji ogólnej wynosi około 15-20%, z wyższą częstością u mężczyzn z zaburzeniami płodności (35-40% w pierwotnej i 45-80% w wtórnej niepłodności). Waroń dominuje po stronie lewej (70-100%), co wiąże się z anatomicznym zwiększonym oporem przepływu krwi w lewej żyle jądrowej. Diagnostyka opiera się na badaniu fizykalnym (czułość i swoistość ~70%) oraz ultrasonografii dopplerowskiej (czułość 97%, swoistość 94%), która wykazuje wyższą częstość występowania do 30%. Wpływ waronia na płodność obejmuje obniżenie jakości nasienia, zmniejszenie objętości jądra po stronie zajętej oraz zaburzenia hormonalne, choć względne ryzyko niepłodności (OR 1,13) jest umiarkowane. W populacji sportowców, zwłaszcza kulturystów, częstość występowania waronia może sięgać 60-80%, co wskazuje na potrzebę szczególnej uwagi w tej grupie.
- Epidemiologia Żylaków Powrózka Nasiennego (Waronia)
- Występowanie w populacji ogólnej
- Występowanie u mężczyzn z zaburzeniami płodności
- Lokalizacja anatomiczna
- Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje
- Implikacje kliniczne waronia
- Surveillance i monitorowanie
- Różnice geograficzne i potrzeba dalszych badań
- Metody diagnostyczne w epidemiologii waronia
- Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego
- Obciążenie społeczne niepłodności męskiej
- Koszty diagnostyki i leczenia
- Świadomość i edukacja
- Praktyka kliniczna i wytyczne
- Roszczenia prawne związane z waroniem
- Kierunki badań epidemiologicznych nad waroniem
Epidemiologia Żylaków Powrózka Nasiennego (Waronia)
Żylaki powrózka nasiennego (waroń) stanowią częstą patologię układu moczowo-płciowego mężczyzn, charakteryzującą się nieprawidłowym poszerzeniem żył splotu wiciowatego powrózka nasiennego. Waroń jest istotnym problemem w praktyce medycyny reprodukcyjnej, wpływającym na potencjał rozrodczy mężczyzn i ich płodność.12
Występowanie w populacji ogólnej
Według licznych badań epidemiologicznych częstość występowania waronia w populacji ogólnej mężczyzn wynosi około 15-20%.34 Niektóre źródła podają nieco niższe wartości, w zakresie 10-15%.56 W badaniach opartych na ultrasonografii dopplerowskiej częstość ta może sięgać nawet 30%.7
Częstość występowania waronia zmienia się znacząco w zależności od wieku pacjentów:8
- U chłopców przed okresem dojrzewania (poniżej 10 roku życia) waroń występuje bardzo rzadko, z częstością poniżej 1%910
- U młodzieży w wieku 10-14 lat częstość występowania szacuje się na około 7,8%11
- W grupie wiekowej 15-19 lat waroń występuje u około 14-15% pacjentów119
- U dorosłych mężczyzn w wieku 20-30 lat częstość występowania wynosi około 15-20%11
Co interesujące, nowsze badania wskazują, że częstość występowania waronia wzrasta wraz z wiekiem o około 10% w każdej kolejnej dekadzie życia.1213 W jednym z badań zaobserwowano następującą dystrybucję:14
- 18% u mężczyzn w wieku 30-39 lat
- 24% u mężczyzn w wieku 40-49 lat
- 33% u mężczyzn w wieku 50-59 lat
- 42% u mężczyzn w wieku 60-69 lat
- 53% u mężczyzn w wieku 70-79 lat
- 75% u mężczyzn w wieku 80-89 lat
U osób w podeszłym wieku (mediana 60 lat) waroń może występować nawet u 42,9% populacji.11
Występowanie u mężczyzn z zaburzeniami płodności
Waroń jest znacznie częściej obserwowany w populacji mężczyzn z zaburzeniami płodności, co czyni go najczęstszą korygowalną przyczyną niepłodności męskiej.415
U mężczyzn z pierwotną niepłodnością waroń występuje z częstością:116
U mężczyzn z wtórną niepłodnością częstość występowania waronia jest jeszcze wyższa i wynosi:12
Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) w badaniu obserwacyjnym obejmującym 9034 mężczyzn stwierdzono, że 25,6% pacjentów z nieprawidłowym wynikiem badania nasienia ma waronia.11 Zaobserwowano również, że u tych pacjentów występuje znaczący spadek objętości jądra po stronie waronia w porównaniu z jądrem przeciwległym.
Lokalizacja anatomiczna
Istotną cechą epidemiologiczną waronia jest jego dominująca lokalizacja po lewej stronie. Żylaki powrózka nasiennego występują:1920
- W 70-100% przypadków po stronie lewej
- W 0-23% przypadków obustronnie
- W 0-9% przypadków wyłącznie po stronie prawej
Według niektórych źródeł waroń występuje po lewej stronie w około 90% przypadków.2021 Dominacja strony lewej jest związana ze zwiększonym oporem przepływu krwi z żyły jądrowej lewej do żyły nerkowej lewej.22
W zależności od metody badania, waronie obustronne stwierdza się u 17-77% mężczyzn.5
Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje
Badania epidemiologiczne zidentyfikowały szereg czynników ryzyka i predyspozycji do rozwoju waronia:23
- Czynniki genetyczne – wydaje się, że istnieje zwiększone ryzyko występowania waronia u krewnych pacjentów z waroniem, co sugeruje komponentę dziedziczną2425
- Wskaźnik masy ciała (BMI) – sugeruje się odwrotną zależność między występowaniem waronia a BMI; waronie rzadziej występują u osób otyłych2610
- Aktywność fizyczna – istnieją dowody na zwiększoną częstość występowania waronia wśród sportowców, szczególnie tych uprawiających kulturystykę i ćwiczenia aerobowe27
Badania wykazały, że częstość występowania waronia wśród sportowców może sięgać 30%, co stanowi znacznie wyższy odsetek niż w populacji ogólnej. Wśród kulturystów odsetek ten może wynosić nawet 60-80%.27 W jednym z badań 46% przebadanych sportowców miało waronia, przy czym wyższy wskaźnik występowania obserwowano wśród osób ćwiczących częściej niż trzy razy w tygodniu.28
Implikacje kliniczne waronia
Znaczenie kliniczne waronia wynika przede wszystkim z jego wpływu na płodność. Chociaż nie każdy waroń prowadzi do niepłodności, a leczenie operacyjne nie zawsze poprawia parametry nasienia,29 istnieją istotne dane wskazujące na związek waronia z zaburzeniami płodności.
Względne ryzyko niepłodności przy waroniach wydaje się być stosunkowo niskie (współczynnik szans – OR wynosi 1,13).29 Jednakże, badania wykazują, że waroń wpływa negatywnie na jakość nasienia i poziomy hormonów reprodukcyjnych.23
U nastolatków z waroniem obserwuje się często zmniejszenie objętości jądra po stronie zajętej, co może prowadzić do zaburzeń rozwoju gonad i potencjalnych problemów z płodnością w przyszłości.30
Surveillance i monitorowanie
Nadzór nad waroniem i jego monitorowanie różni się w zależności od wieku pacjenta i obecności objawów klinicznych.2531
W populacji młodzieńczej:32
- Aktywny nadzór (surveillance) stosuje się u 76,3% pacjentów
- Leczenie chirurgiczne podejmowane jest u 21,6% pacjentów
Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Urologiczne (AUA) oraz Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Medycyny Reprodukcyjnej (ASRM) zalecają, aby nastolatkom z waroniem i prawidłową wielkością jąder oferować monitoring z coroczną obiektywną oceną wielkości jąder i/lub badaniem nasienia.32
ASRM zaleca również, aby mężczyźni z waroniem i prawidłowymi parametrami nasienia byli obserwowani zachowawczo z corocznym lub półrocznym badaniem nasienia.32
Wytyczne Europejskiego Towarzystwa Urologicznego (EAU) z 2012 roku zwracają uwagę na ryzyko nadmiernego leczenia.32
Różnice geograficzne i potrzeba dalszych badań
Epidemiologia waronia nadal pozostaje niecałkowicie poznana.122 Istnieje potrzeba dobrze zaprojektowanych, zakrojonych na szeroką skalę badań, które w pełni zdefiniowałyby epidemiologiczne aspekty tego schorzenia.
Trendy w badaniach nad waroniem wskazują, że badania dotyczące diagnostyki i prognostycznych aspektów waronia są liczniejsze niż badania nad jego rozpowszechnieniem, mechanizmami, czynnikami etiologicznymi i czynnikami ryzyka.16
Większość badań nad waroniem dotyczy wyselekcjonowanych populacji (np. mężczyzn niepłodnych) i rzadko obejmuje nieselekcjonowanych mężczyzn, co stanowi ważny powód trudności w powiązaniu waronia z potencjałem płodności męskiej.33
Potrzebne są dalsze badania z udziałem większych grup, zwłaszcza młodszych dorosłych z waroniem, którzy jeszcze nie osiągnęli ojcostwa.34
Metody diagnostyczne w epidemiologii waronia
Dokładność danych epidemiologicznych dotyczących waronia jest ściśle uzależniona od metod diagnostycznych stosowanych w badaniach. Różne techniki mogą dawać odmienne wyniki częstości występowania tego schorzenia.5
Badanie fizykalne
Badanie fizykalne pozostaje podstawową metodą diagnozy waronia w większości badań epidemiologicznych.35 Jednak czułość i swoistość badania fizykalnego wynosi tylko około 70%.35 Waroń klinicznie wyczuwalny wykrywa się u około 8-10% młodzieży i u 25-40% mężczyzn zgłaszających się na konsultację z powodu niepłodności.36
Ultrasonografia dopplerowska
Ultrasonografia dopplerowska (CDUS) ma czułość 97% i swoistość 94% w diagnostyce waronia.37 Krytyczne znaczenie dla rozpoznania waronia mają średnica i czas refluksu w największej żyle splotu wiciowatego.
Badania oparte na ultrasonografii dopplerowskiej mogą wykazywać wyższą częstość występowania waronia – do 30% w populacji ogólnej.7
Istnieją różne metody klasyfikacji waronia w ultrasonografii dopplerowskiej, w tym nowatorska skala oceny radiologicznej oparta na wzorcu refluksu, która może służyć jako wiarygodny wskaźnik do przewidywania stopnia nieprawidłowości nasienia.38
Standaryzacja badań epidemiologicznych
Brak standardowych kryteriów diagnostycznych w badaniach epidemiologicznych stanowi istotne ograniczenie w porównywaniu danych z różnych ośrodków.12 Ten problem podkreśla potrzebę stworzenia ujednoliconych wytycznych dotyczących diagnozowania waronia w badaniach populacyjnych.
Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego
Waroń stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego ze względu na jego wpływ na płodność męską i potencjalne skutki psychospołeczne.39
Obciążenie społeczne niepłodności męskiej
Niepłodność dotyka 10-15% mężczyzn w wieku reprodukcyjnym, a w około 50% przypadków nie udaje się zidentyfikować przyczyny.5 Niepłodność u mężczyzn jest przyczyną około 20% wszystkich przypadków niepłodności, a w kolejnych 30% współwystępuje z czynnikiem żeńskim.40
Waroń, jako najczęstsza korygowalna przyczyna niepłodności męskiej, ma znaczący wpływ na to obciążenie społeczne.13 Niepłodność jest uznawana za jeden z głównych problemów zdrowia publicznego, ponieważ dotyka około 15% par w wieku reprodukcyjnym.13
Koszty diagnostyki i leczenia
Podczas diagnostyki par niepłodnych często występuje znaczne opóźnienie w ocenie mężczyzn pod kątem możliwości występowania waronia.3 W jednym z ośrodków akademickich stwierdzono, że 18% niepłodnych mężczyzn skierowanych po różnych kosztownych procedurach wspomaganego rozrodu ostatecznie miało waronia i kwalifikowało się do prostej warikocelektomii. U partnerki 70% tych niepłodnych par nie stwierdzono negatywnych czynników wpływających na płodność.3
Analizy kosztów i korzyści wykazały, że chirurgiczna naprawa waronia jest najbardziej ekonomicznym leczeniem pierwotnym w porównaniu z jakąkolwiek formą technik wspomaganego rozrodu.41
Świadomość i edukacja
Badania wskazują na niski poziom świadomości dotyczącej waronia wśród mężczyzn, w tym sportowców.27 W jednym z badań 41% uczestników sportowców nie posiadało wiedzy i świadomości na temat waronia, jego objawów i powikłań.28
Istnieje potrzeba zwiększenia wysiłków w celu poprawy wiedzy i świadomości na temat waronia i łagodnych zaburzeń jąder zarówno wśród sportowców, jak i ogólnej populacji.28
Praktyka kliniczna i wytyczne
Pomimo częstego występowania waronia u niepłodnych mężczyzn, badania kliniczne są rzadko wykonywane u mężczyzn zgłaszających się na badania z powodu niepłodności, a wykrycie waronia ani jego leczenie nie jest rutynowo uwzględniane w diagnostyce mężczyzn.39
Obecne wytyczne National Institute of Health and Care Excellence w Wielkiej Brytanii zalecają, aby mężczyznom nie oferować operacji z powodu waronia jako formy leczenia niepłodności, ponieważ nie poprawia to wskaźników ciąż.39 Jest to sprzeczne z innymi wytycznymi, które sugerują, że naprawę waronia należy oferować jako część opcji leczenia wszystkim partnerom płci męskiej niepłodnych par z wyczuwalnymi waroniami i uszkodzeniem DNA plemników, niezależnie od wyników konwencjonalnego badania nasienia.39
Dalszą przeszkodą w zapewnieniu pełnego badania mężczyzn jest brak uro-andrologów w zespołach klinik leczenia niepłodności.41
Roszczenia prawne związane z waroniem
Badania wskazują, że istnieje stosunkowo niewiele spraw sądowych dotyczących waronia, które zakończyły się wyrokiem, a przytłaczająca większość tych przypadków domniemanego zaniedbania została rozstrzygnięta na korzyść pozwanego.42
Lekarze powinni być uspokojeni, że sprawy o zaniedbanie dotyczące waronia są rzadkie, a większość spraw jest rozstrzygana na korzyść obrony. Z 10 analizowanych spraw, 6 dotyczyło urologa w obronie. Jedyny przypadek, który orzekł przeciwko urologowi, miał miejsce w 1951 roku.42
Kierunki badań epidemiologicznych nad waroniem
Zrozumienie epidemiologii waronia i jego wpływu na zdrowie mężczyzn wymaga dalszych badań w kilku kluczowych obszarach.16
Badania molekularne i genetyczne
Męska niepłodność związana z czynnikami męskimi występuje w ponad połowie milionów przypadków niepłodności na całym świecie, a waronie są najczęstszą korygowalną przyczyną niepłodności związanej z czynnikiem męskim.43
Mechanizm patofizjologiczny waronia jest złożony, a technologie nowej generacji oferują obiecujące wglądy w molekularne podstawy tego schorzenia. Postęp w technikach omicznych (proteomika, transkryptomika, epigenomika) zaczął dostarczać informacji na temat patofizjologii niepłodności związanej z waroniem.43
Podczas gdy historyczne paradygmaty sugerują, że waroń jest ściśle anatomiczną malformacją, obecnie rozumiemy, że schorzenie to powoduje zmiany w prawie każdym głównym aspekcie maszynerii molekularnej w jądrze.44
Badania nad czynnikami ryzyka
Potrzebne są dodatkowe badania z większymi próbkami, aby wykazać specyficzne czynniki związane ze zwiększoną częstością występowania waronia.23
Badania nad związkiem między waroniem a żylakami kończyn dolnych przynoszą sprzeczne wyniki. Podczas gdy niektóre badania sugerują związek między waroniem a nieprawidłowościami żylnymi,24 inne nie wykazują istotnego związku między waroniem u pacjenta a żylakami u ich rodziców.34
Związek między waroniem a otyłością, a szczególnie odwrotna zależność między występowaniem waronia a wskaźnikiem masy ciała (BMI), wymaga dalszych badań.24
Badania nad skutecznością leczenia
Dowody na to, że leczenie waronia poprawia wskaźniki ciąż u niepłodnych par, nie zostały jednoznacznie przedstawione, jednak przy zastosowaniu bardziej solidnych metod oceny funkcji nasienia nowsze dane uległy znacznej poprawie.45
Wielokrotne badania, w tym jedno randomizowane badanie prospektywne, wykazały, że chirurgiczne usunięcie waronia wiąże się z poprawą integralności DNA plemników.45
Potrzebne są badania oceniające nowsze miary generacji nasienia po embolizacji.45
Standaryzacja metod badawczych
Istnieje potrzeba standaryzacji metod badawczych w epidemiologii waronia, aby umożliwić porównywanie wyników z różnych badań.12
Złoty standard dla diagnozy waronia nie istnieje. Badanie fizykalne, z pacjentem stojącym w temperaturze pokojowej 25°C, jest najczęściej stosowaną metodą, ale czułość i swoistość tej metody wynosi tylko 70%.35
Ultrasonografia jest najbardziej praktyczną i dokładną nieinwazyjną metodą diagnozowania tego schorzenia,46 ale kryteria ultrasonograficzne również wymagają standaryzacji.
Badania nad specyficznymi populacjami
Potrzebne są badania skupiające się na młodszych dorosłych z waroniem, którzy jeszcze nie osiągnęli ojcostwa, oraz ich przyszłym potomstwie.34
Badania nad populacją sportowców, szczególnie kulturystów i osób uprawiających ćwiczenia aerobowe, są uzasadnione ze względu na zwiększoną częstość występowania waronia w tej grupie.28
Należy również zbadać grupę mężczyzn z wtórną niepłodnością, gdzie częstość występowania waronia jest najwyższa (45-80%).6
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Materiały źródłowe
- #1https://journals.lww.com/ajandrology/fulltext/2016/18020/epidemiology_of_varicocele.5.aspx
Varicocele is a common problem in reproductive medicine practice. A varicocele is identified in 15% of healthy men and up to 35% of men with primary infertility. […] We have conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the epidemiology of varicocele in the general population and in men presenting with infertility. […] We also recognize that varicocele epidemiology remains incompletely understood, and there is a need for well-designed, large-scale studies to fully define the epidemiological aspects of this condition. […] It is generally reported that varicoceles are present in 15% of the general male population, in 35% of men with primary infertility, and in up to 80% of men with secondary infertility. […] Subsequent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that varicoceles develop at puberty.
- #2 Epidemiology of varicocele. | EBSCOhosthttps://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=1008682X&AN=112741164&h=gywRx16AGzAPQj7a3Huw7%2FGF8c3Y2x8k0O7%2BYEAdhqtNMyDFjzjtyf%2FyA5mkcF3uIcrI81rE%2BXAZrUjHPtm0%2FA%3D%3D&crl=f
Varicocele is a common problem in reproductive medicine practice. A varicocele is identified in 15% of healthy men and up to 35% of men with primary infertility. […] We have conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the epidemiology of varicocele in the general population and in men presenting with infertility. […] We also recognize that varicocele epidemiology remains incompletely understood, and there is a need for well-designed, large-scale studies to fully define the epidemiological aspects of this condition.
- #3 Varicocele – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448113/
Approximately 15% to 20% of all adult males will have a varicocele, and up to 40% percent of men evaluated for infertility will also have a varicocele. […] During the workup of infertile couples, there appears to be a significant delay in the male evaluation for possible varicoceles. At 1 academic center, 18% of the infertile men referred after various costly assisted reproductive procedures were ultimately found to have varicoceles and qualified for a simple varicocelectomy. The female partner had no identifiable negative fertility findings in 70% of these infertile couples.
- #4 Varicocele: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problemhttps://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438591-overview
A varicocele is a well-recognized cause of decreased testicular function and occurs in approximately 15-20% of all males and in 40% of infertile males. […] Although varicoceles appear in approximately 20% of the general male population, they are much more common in the subfertile population (40%). In fact, scrotal varicoceles are the most common cause of poor sperm production and decreased semen quality. Varicoceles are easy to identify and to surgically correct.
- #5 Varicocele Embolization for Infertility – Endovascular Todayhttps://evtoday.com/articles/2017-apr/varicocele-embolization-for-infertility
A varicocele is a collection of varicose veins within the pampiniform (spermatic) plexus secondary to reflux in the internal spermatic vein (ISV). The condition affects 10% to 15% of the general population but is detected in as many as 40% of men undergoing an infertility workup. […] Depending on the method used for diagnosis, varicoceles are reported as bilateral in 17% to 77% of men. […] The traditional indications for treatment include infertility in patients with appropriate semen abnormalities, chronic groin pain, testicular atrophy in adolescent varicoceles, and recurrent varicocele after previous repair. […] Infertility affects 10% to 15% of men of reproductive age. In approximately 50%, a cause is not found. […] The proof that varicocele repair improves fertility remains elusive; however, there is general acceptance that treatment does improve abnormalities of semen production.
- #6 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Healthhttps://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.240290
Varicocele is known to affect approximately 10% to 20% of the general male population, including about 35% to 40% of men with primary infertility and 45% to 80% of men with secondary infertility. […] The prevalence of varicocele in prepubertal boys aged 10 years is less than 1%, increasing to about 10% to 14% in adolescent boys aged 15 to 19 years. […] Varicocele is defined as excessive dilatation of the pampiniform venous plexus of the spermatic cord. Varicocele affects approximately 10% to 20% of the general male population, including about 35% to 40% of men with primary infertility and 45% to 80% of men with secondary infertility.
- #7 Varicocele: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosishttp://www.urology-textbook.com/varicocele.html
Varicocele is common; approximately 411% of adult males have a varicocele by clinical examination. […] The prevalence is up to 30% when Doppler sonography is used for varicocele diagnosis (ChancWalters et al., 2012). […] The clinical prevalence of varicocele in men with subfertility is 25% (Marmar et al., 2007).
- #8 Management and Treatment of Varicocele in Children and Adolescents: An Endocrinologic Perspectivehttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/9/1410
Pediatric varicocele has an overall prevalence of 15%, being more frequent as puberty begins. […] The prevalence in childhood and adolescence mirrors that in adulthood. Recently, a European study carried out in 7000 young men (median age: 19 years) reported the occurrence of varicocele in 15.7% of cases. […] The prevalence of varicocele also seems to differ among fertile and infertile men or in those with primary or secondary infertility. […] Several data, mainly obtained from the adult population, suggest that varicocele has a negative role on testicular function. […] The consequences of varicocele on testicular function in childhood and adolescence have been investigated to a lesser extent. […] The current challenge is to establish which patient should be treated, when and what type of treatment should be preferred.
- #9 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Healthhttps://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.240290
Varicocele is known to affect approximately 10% to 20% of the general male population, including about 35% to 40% of men with primary infertility and 45% to 80% of men with secondary infertility. […] The prevalence of varicocele in prepubertal boys aged 10 years is less than 1%, increasing to about 10% to 14% in adolescent boys aged 15 to 19 years. […] Varicocele is defined as excessive dilatation of the pampiniform venous plexus of the spermatic cord. Varicocele affects approximately 10% to 20% of the general male population, including about 35% to 40% of men with primary infertility and 45% to 80% of men with secondary infertility.
- #10 Varicocele in Adolescents: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiologyhttps://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016840-overview
Varicoceles are extremely rare in patients younger than 9 years. The prevalence of varicoceles in individuals aged 10-19 years is reported to be approximately 15% and is similar to the prevalence reported for adults. However, because most adolescent varicoceles are asymptomatic, the true incidence of adolescent varicoceles is likely higher. […] Varicoceles are cited as one of the leading causes of adult male factor infertility and are detected in 35% of adult males with primary infertility. Some studies have noted that adolescent varicoceles are more commonly found in normal and underweight children than in obese children.
- #11 Invited reviewVaricocele and male infertility: an evidence based reviewhttps://www.termedia.pl/Invited-review-Varicocele-and-male-infertility-an-evidence-based-review,52,12566,1,1.html
Incidence Varicocele remains an enigma in the treatment of male infertility. The incidence of varicocele varies according to age. Incidence ranges from 7.2% (in boys/men 2 to 19 years old), with the following distribution: 2 to 6 years, 0.79%; 7 to 10 years, 0.96%; 11 to 14 years, 7.8% and 15 to 19 years, 14.1%. After the 20s, incidence varies from 10 to 25%. In the elderly, (median of 60 years) the varicocele is present in up to 42.9% of the population. The incidence of varicocele is about 20% in the general population; in infertile populations the incidence is roughly 40%. Varicocele occurs more frequently among first-degree relatives than in the general population. […] Varicocele remains the most common cause of male infertility, although the literature shows conflicting data in this regard. The World Health Organization (WHO), in an observational study involving 9,034 men, verified that 25.6% of patients with abnormal semen analysis have varicocele, and these men exhibit a significant decrease in the ipsilateral testicle volume compared with the contralateral testicle.
- #12https://journals.lww.com/ajandrology/fulltext/2016/18020/epidemiology_of_varicocele.5.aspx
More recent studies suggest that the prevalence of varicoceles in adult men is age-related. […] The prevalence of varicocele in men presenting for infertility is in the range of 25%35%, and in that subset of men with secondary infertility it is 50%80%. […] The published studies on varicocele prevalence in fertile and infertile men have provided us with a good insight into the epidemiological aspects of this condition. […] Varicocele epidemiology remains incompletely understood. We need well-designed, large-scale studies that include evaluation of important clinical factors to comprehend fully the epidemiological aspects of this condition.
- #13 Immunological Aspects of Varicocele – MedCrave onlinehttps://medcraveonline.com/MOJI/immunological-aspects-of-varicocele.html
Varicocele is the most common cause of infertility in men. Varicocele is found in 35 to 81 % of infertile men, and is one treatable form of male infertility. Although the incidence of varicocele in the male general population is roughly 15%, it has been implicated as a factor responsible for infertility in as much as one-third of the infertile population. Incidence of varicocele is increased by about 10% for each decade of life and reaches up to 75% above the eighth decade. Varicocele is found in approximately 15% of the general population, in 35% of men with primary infertility, and in 70% to 81% of men with secondary infertility. […] This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, Clinical classification and Immunological aspects of varicocele and discusses the indications for, and interpretation of Immunological aspects of varicocele. […] Infertility is considered as one of the main public health issues, because as it affects about 15% of the couples of reproductive age. The male factor is involved in 40-50% of infertility cases.
- #14 Udayana Networking | Universitas Udayanahttps://udayananetworking.unud.ac.id/lecturer/scientific/2022-i-gusti-ayu-widianti/varicocele-and-infertility-in-men-1022
More recent studies show that the prevalence of varicocele in age-related adult males. Levinger et al., Evaluated the age-related prevalence of varicoceles in men over 30 years of age. Of 504 healthy men, 34.7% were found to have varicoceles on examination. Further analysis, they observed that the prevalence of varicocele increased by around 10% for each decade of life. The prevalence of varicocele is 18% at the age of 30-39 years, 24% at the age of 40-49 years, 33% at the age of 50-59 years, 42% at the age of 60-69 years, 53% at the age of 70-79 years and 75% at the age of 80-89 years.
- #15 Varicocele | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.orghttps://radiopaedia.org/articles/varicocele-1?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252F%2540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252Fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us
The estimated incidence is at ~15% of the general male population and ~40% of subfertile and infertile men (the most common cause of correctable male infertility). […] Varicocele is rare in children under the age of ten years. However, it may be seen in up to 15-20% of adolescents and young men and as high as 42% in elderly men.
- #16 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Healthhttps://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.210202
One in 7 adolescents over 15 years of age is reported to have a varicocele. […] While this prevalence is the same as that observed in the general population (approximately 15%), it is higher in infertile men. […] In fact, varicocele is considered as a frequent cause of correctable infertility in males as it affects up to 35% to 44% of men with primary infertility and 45% to 80% of men with secondary infertility. […] Studies on diagnostic and prognostic aspects of varicocele were more numerous than studies on varicocele prevalence, mechanistic studies and studies focusing on etiological and risk factors. […] Varicocele surgery was more investigated than non-surgical approaches. […] This study analyzes the publication trends in original research on human varicocele spanning over the last three decades. […] Our analysis emphasizes areas for further exploration to better understand varicoceles impact on mens health and male fertility.
- #17 Varicocele – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicocele
Around 15% to 20% of all adult males, up to 35% to 40% of men who are evaluated for male infertility, and around 80% of men who are infertile due to some other cause, have varicocele.[3][4][9] […] Although varicoceles appear in approximately 20% of the general male population, they are much more common in the subfertile population (40%).
- #18 Udayana Networking | Universitas Udayanahttps://udayananetworking.unud.ac.id/lecturer/scientific/2022-i-gusti-ayu-widianti/varicocele-and-infertility-in-men-1022
Varicocele is a common problem in the practice of reproductive medicine because it is associated with male reproductive potential. The presence of varicocele can cause infertility in men. Varicocele is found to be around 40% in men with primary infertility and 81% with secondary infertility. […] The epidemiological study states that the prevalence of varicocele in the male population in general is around 15%. Subsequent epidemiological studies have shown that varicoceles develop at puberty. Oster observed that no varicocele was detected in 188 boys aged 6-9 years, but it was detected with an increase in frequency in boys 10-14 years, thus suggesting that varicocele develops at puberty. The Akbay et al. Study evaluated varicocele prevalence in 4052 boys aged 2-19 years. They reported that the prevalence of varicocele was 1% in boys aged 2-10 years, 7.8% in boys aged 11-14 years and 14.1% in boys aged 15-19 years.
- #19 Epidemiology of Idiopathic Varicocele | SpringerLinkhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-68066-3_1
Idiopathic varicoceles are predominantly located on the left side: The percentages reported by various investigators differ between 70% and 100% for the left-sided varicocele, between 0% and 23% for varicoceles on both sides, and between 0% and 9% for the right-sided varicocele. […] Wutz, J. (1982). Epidemiology of Idiopathic Varicocele. In: Jecht, E.W., Zeitler, E. (eds) Varicocele and Male Infertility. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68066-3_1
- #20 Varicocele | 5-Minute Pediatric Consulthttps://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/618119/all/Varicocele?q=Abdominal+Mass
A varicocele is an abnormal tortuosity and dilation of the testicular veins and the pampiniform venous plexus of the spermatic cord. […] Rare in prepubertal boys, increases with age to approximately 15% in late adolescence and healthy adult population. […] Based on World Health Organization observational study (1992), 15-20% of adult varicocele patients have fertility problems. […] Varicocele presents in 25% of men with abnormal semen analysis and 12% of men with normal semen parameters. […] Present in 35-40% of males with primary infertility. […] Left-sided predominance, 90%. […] No racial predilection.
- #21 Varicocele – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice UShttps://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1103
A varicocele is an abnormal dilation of the internal spermatic veins and pampiniform plexus that drain blood from the testis. […] Incidence is 15% in adolescent boys and adult men; 90% occur on the left side; 10% are bilateral. […] 40% of men evaluated in a male fertility clinic will have a varicocele.
- #22https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120714/varicocele
Epidemiology […] Incidence […] 15% in adult men […] 8-20% in adolescent boys […] most common cause of scrotal enlargement in adult males […] Demographics […] around puberty in adolescents […] Location […] most often on left side […] due to increased resistance from left gonadal vein draining into left renal vein […] […] […] Infertility due to increased temperature of scrotum […] Testicular atrophy
- #23 Epidemiology of Varicocele in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Adult Populations | SpringerLinkhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-79102-9_8
Varicocele is a common problem in infertility practice. Varicocele is encountered in 15% of healthy men and up to 35% of men with primary infertility. In this chapter, we have identified the prevalence of varicocele among different populations. […] Moreover, there appears to be an increased risk in the occurrence of varicocele in relatives of patients with varicocele. Additional studies with larger samples are needed to demonstrate the specific factors associated with the increased prevalence of varicocele. […] Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels: a study of 7035 healthy young men from six European countries. […] Varicocele among 1 300 000 Israeli adolescent males: time trends and association with body mass index. […] A Doppler-based study on the prevalence of varicocele in German children and adolescents.
- #24 Epidemiology of Varicocele in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Adult Populations | SpringerLinkhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-79102-9_8
The prevalence of varicocele and varicocele-related testicular atrophy in Turkish children and adolescents. […] Varicocele in brothers of patients with varicocele. […] Inheritance of varicoceles. […] Comparison of prevalence of varicocele in first-degree relatives of patients with varicocele and male kidney donors. […] Is varicocele associated with underlying venous abnormalities? Varicocele and the prostatic venous plexus. […] Varicocele is associated with varicose veins: a population-based case-control study. […] The relationship between varicoceles and obesity in a young adult population.
- #25 The role of inheritance in the development of adolescent varicoceles – Griffiths – Translational Andrology and Urologyhttps://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21393/html
The prevalence of varicoceles is estimated to be 15% in the general population but is nearly 35% among men with primary infertility and increases by 10% with each decade of life. […] Surveillance was employed in 76.3% of patients, and surgery undertaken 21.6%. […] This series shows that while a fathers prevalence is similar to that of the general population, higher grade varicoceles were associated with a higher prevalence of varicoceles and surgical ligation. […] Furthermore, varicocele is not associated with varicose veins in first degree relatives. […] To our knowledge, this is the first paper to document the prevalence of varicocele in fathers of adolescent patients with varicocele, as well as the first to look at a hereditary association between varicose veins in first-degree relatives and adolescents with varicocele.
- #26 Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocelehttps://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8470/full/v9/i2/34.htm
Varicocele epidemiology is incompletely understood. A clinical varicocele is found in approximately 15% of all adult males, up to 35% of infertile men and 81% of men presenting with secondary infertility. When classified according to semen analysis parameters, 12% of infertile men with normal semen analyses and 25.4% of those with abnormal results were found to have clinical varicocele. This disorder may be present at birth or in young children, but the incidence substantially increases in adolescents coinciding with pubertal development. The prevalence of varicocele also increases with advancing age, with an increase of approximately 10% per decade of life, probably because of the aging of venous valves. […] An association between varicocele and varicose veins of the lower extremities and an inverse relationship between the prevalence of varicocele and body mass index have been suggested. Hereditary factors may also play a role in the prevalence of varicocele.
- #27 Prevalence and awareness of varicocele among athletes in Riyadh, Saudi | RRUhttps://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-awareness-of-varicocele-among-athletes-in-riyadh-saudi–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRU
Prevalence and awareness of varicocele among athletes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia […] Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence and awareness about symptoms, and complications of varicocele among athletes (bodybuilding and aerobics exercises) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. […] Results: Of the participants, 157 (41%) lacked knowledge and awareness regarding varicocele, its symptoms and complications. Of the examined participants, 22 (46%) were found to have varicocele. […] Knowledge about varicocele, its symptoms and complications is poor among male athletes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Varicocele is more common in athletic men who are frequently exercising. Efforts to increase knowledge and enhance awareness of varicocele in young males, in general, are strongly warranted. […] Varicocele is found in 15% of all men worldwide. It is reported in 41% of men presenting with primary infertility and in 58% of men with secondary infertility and remains the most common cause of male infertility. […] Up to 30% of athletes are diagnosed with varicocele, representing a significantly higher incidence than in the general population, and up to 60-80% of bodybuilders are recorded as being affected.
- #28 Prevalence and awareness of varicocele among athletes in Riyadh, Saudi | RRUhttps://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-awareness-of-varicocele-among-athletes-in-riyadh-saudi–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRU
A large percentage of our athlete participants (41%) lacked the knowledge and awareness regarding varicocele, its symptoms and complications. […] Varicocele has been reported in ~40% of men presenting with infertility and has been associated with a progressive decline in fertility. […] Our results showed that 46% of examined athletes have varicocele. […] Our findings revealed a higher rate of varicocele among athletes who exercised more than three times per week (P=0.009) but no relation has been found to the duration of exercise/session (P=0.131). […] The rate of knowledge regarding varicocele among athletes in Saudi Arabia is low. […] We are calling for more efforts to improve knowledge and awareness of varicocele and benign testicular orders among athletes as well as the general population. More studies of larger sample size are still warranted.
- #29 Urology » Varicocele and reproductive function: epidemiology and infertility risk (the eamination of 3632 patients)https://urologyjournal.ru/en/archive/article/40520
Varicocele does not always lead to infertility; varicocelectomy does not always improve sperm. […] The clinical varicocele (V) prevalence in the fertile (F) and the infertile (I) males was the same: 27.2% (75/276) in the F, 31.4% (101/322) in the I1 with oligoasthenotertozoospermia (OAT) syndrome, 34.4% (43/125) in the I2 with OAT (p0.05). […] The relative risk of infertility in varicocele is low (OR is 1.13).
- #30 Varicocele – Charlotte, NC: South Charlotte General and Vascular Surgeryhttps://www.scgvs.com/contents/conditions/varicocele
A varicocele is a collection of dilated blood vessels in the scrotum and around the testicles. Varicoceles are very common. In fact, 15% of all adult men have a varicocele. About 20% of adolescents have varicoceles, so a fraction of them likely resolve spontaneously. Varicoceles can be associated with male infertility in 40% of couples and they are the most correctable cause of male infertility. […] Most varicoceles develop over time. Fortunately, most varicoceles are easy to diagnose, and many do not need treatment. However, varicoceles may be a health concern because they may cause infertility (problems fathering a child) and slow growth of the left testicle during puberty. It is important to remember that 8 out of 10 men who have a varicocele do not have fertility problems. […] Treatment of varicoceles is indicated if: Palpable painful varicocele, Documented infertility with no female infertility issues or potentially curable problem, Abnormal sperm analysis, The left testicle growing smaller than the right. […] Varicocele embolization is successful about 80-90% of the time.
- #31 KoreaMed Synapsehttps://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1088847
Therefore, the current challenges in the management of varicocele lie in determining which patients to treat, when to initiate the treatment, and what type of treatment is the best. […] The management of adolescent varicocele has evolved over the last 30 years, but remains one of the most interesting and controversial topics in pediatric urology. […] The purpose of treating varicocele in adults is to improve patients’ current fertility status. […] In contrast, in most cases, the goal of treatment for adolescent varicocele is to prevent testicular injury and maintain testicular function for future fertility. […] The management options of adolescent varicocele are limited to observation with follow-up, percutaneous embolization of the gonadal veins, or surgical intervention. […] The American Urological Association (AUA) and the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) recommended that all adolescents with reduced ipsilateral testicular growth should be offered varicocele repair, and that adolescents who do not show any changes in testis size should be followed until such a change in testis size becomes apparent.
- #32 KoreaMed Synapsehttps://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1088847
An observational approach to adolescents with a varicocele is based on the inability to predict the effect of the varicocele on fertility. […] The recent EAU guidelines published in 2012 highlight the risk of overtreatment. […] The AUA guidelines for varicocele recommend that adolescents who have a varicocele with normal ipsilateral testicular size should be offered follow-up monitoring with annual objective measurements of testicular size and/or SA. […] The ASRM also recommended that men with varicocele and normal semen parameters should be followed conservatively with annual or biannual SAs. […] These studies support the conservative management of adolescent varicocele in the form of active surveillance with serial SA. […] However, in a recent study, Van Batavia et al described 115 boys aged 9.5 to 20.0 years who were followed over a mean of 11.7 months via US.
- #33 Epidemiology of varicocele – Document – Gale OneFile: Health and Medicinehttps://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA442453012&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=1008682X&p=HRCA&sw=w
Varicocele is a common problem in reproductive medicine practice. A varicocele is identified in 15% of healthy men and up to 35% of men with primary infertility. […] We have conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the epidemiology of varicocele in the general population and in men presenting with infertility. […] We also recognize that varicocele epidemiology remains incompletely understood, and there is a need for well-designed, large-scale studies to fully define the epidemiological aspects of this condition. […] It is generally reported that varicoceles are present in 15% of the general male population, in 35% of men with primary infertility, and in up to 80% of men with secondary infertility. […] The exact pathophysiology of varicocele, specifically, the influence of varicoceles on male fertility potential has not been established conclusively. To date, several studies have demonstrated an association between varicocele and reduced male fertility potential (e.g., poor semen parameters, infertility). However, most varicocele studies involve highly selected populations (e.g., infertile men) and rarely examine unselected men, representing an important reason for the difficulty in relating varicoceles with male fertility.
- #34 The role of inheritance in the development of adolescent varicoceles – Griffiths – Translational Andrology and Urologyhttps://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21393/html
Our findings revealed no significant association existing between varicoceles in a patient and varicose veins in their parents. […] The present study represents not only the largest, but also the youngest cohort of primary patients with varicocele, and the only study to focus on pediatric varicoceles all of which had not achieved paternity. […] As this study contains results counter to previous reports, additional prospective studies are needed with a focus on younger adults with varicoceles who have not yet achieved paternity and their future offspring.
- #35 Invited reviewVaricocele and male infertility: an evidence based reviewhttps://www.termedia.pl/Invited-review-Varicocele-and-male-infertility-an-evidence-based-review,52,12566,1,1.html
A gold standard for the diagnosis of varicocele does not exist. The physical examination, with the patient standing in a 25C room temperature, has been the method most commonly used, but the sensitivity and specificity of this method are only 70%. Varicoceles diagnosed by physical examination are considered clinical, and they are classified according to their size. […] Despite the absence of definitive studies on fertility outcomes after varicocele repair, varicocele treatment should be considered as an option for appropriate infertile couples. Varicocele repair has been proven to improve semen parameters in most men; varicocele treatment may possibly improve fertility, and the risks of varicocele treatment are small. Varicoceles continue to stimulate controversy among reproductive experts.
- #36 Treatment of Varicocele: The Best Option for the Management of Subfertile Menhttps://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/treatment-varicocele-best-option-management-subfertile-men
Clinically palpable varicocele is detected in between 8 and 10% of adolescents, and in between 25% and 40% of men coming to consultation for infertility. […] Among couples investigated for infertility and in whom the male partner has normal semen quality 12% present varicocele, as compared to 25% of those with abnormal semen quality. […] There is a significant inverse correlation between the clinical degree of varicocele and total testicular volume as well as sperm concentration. […] These data prove the association between varicocele, testicular damage and reproductive failure. […] Epidemiological data and observations on the pathogenic mechanisms leave no reasonable doubt on the association between varicocele and male reproductive failure. […] The proof of causality of this association is given by intervention studies. These evidence improvement of sperm production and of fertility after treatment. […] Considering economical, ethical and evidence based arguments, varicocele treatment must be offered to selected subfertile patients. […] In addition, several recent publications indicate that treatment of adolescents may prevent sperm deterioration from occurring later in life.
- #37 A Novel Method for Investigating the Role of Reflux Pattern in Color Doppler Ultrasound for Grading of Varicocele | Scientific Reportshttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24890-2
Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of infertility. The prevalence of varicocele is about 15% in the general male population, and this rate is about 40-50% in men presenting with infertility. Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) has a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 94% for diagnosing varicoceles. The diameter and reflux time of the largest vein in the pampiniform plexus are the most important criteria for the diagnosis of varicocele. The use of CDUS for the diagnosis of varicocele has been widely evaluated in many recent studies. However, the reliability of this technique to detect and determine the severity of varicocele is still controversial. […] Several methods have been introduced for the classification of varicoceles. However, none of these predict the severity of varicocele based on the results of semen analysis. In this study, we introduced a new pattern of scrotal Doppler for predicting the severity of varicocele. The results of our study showed that the pattern of scrotal Doppler has a high correlation with semen analysis.
- #38 A Novel Method for Investigating the Role of Reflux Pattern in Color Doppler Ultrasound for Grading of Varicocele | Scientific Reportshttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24890-2
The correlation between the reflux pattern and the most dilated vein in the pampiniform plexus during the Valsalva maneuver is shown in Table 4. A significant correlation was detected between the reflux patterns and vein diameters, and the correlation coefficient was 0.7 (p<0.001). The correlation between the reflux pattern and reflux time during Valsalva maneuver is demonstrated in Table 6. A significant correlation was detected between the reflux pattern and reflux time, and the correlation coefficient was 0.71 (p<0.001). [...] We introduced a novel radiological grading scale for varicocele severity based on the reflux pattern. We conclude that this classification method could be used as a reliable indicator to predict the severity of sperm abnormality during the routine assessment of varicoceles.
- #39 SciELO Brazil – What does a varicocele do to a man’s fertility? There is much more than meets the eye What does a varicocele do to a man’s fertility? There is much more than meets the eyehttps://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/Z48FvD7tXN3rBCWkBzW8gxy/
Varicoceles are so common in infertile men they are believed to be a leading cause of male infertility (1). Up to 40% of men with primary infertility have varicoceles, and this figure increases to a staggering 80% of men with secondary infertility (2). […] Despite this, clinical examinations are seldom performed on men attending for infertility investigations, and hence neither detection of a varicocele nor its treatment is routinely included in the male workup. […] The current UK National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidance is that men should not be offered surgery for varicoceles as a form of fertility treatment because it does not improve pregnancy rates (14). […] According to the guidelines above, varicocele repair should be offered as part of the treatment option for all male partners of infertile couples presenting with palpable varicoceles and sperm DNA damage, regardless of the conventional semen analysis results.
- #40 Varicocele patient education fact sheet | ReproductiveFacts.orghttps://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/varicocele-fact-sheet/
Varicoceles are common, occurring in about 20-25% of adult men. […] Treatment for a varicocele should be considered when men have associated pain or infertility with an abnormal semen analysis. […] Two thirds of men will see improvement in their semen analyses and about 40% can achieve a pregnancy after surgical treatment for a varicocele. […] About 20% of infertility cases are due to a male factor alone. Another 30% involves both male and female factors. […] Male Factor Infertility is responsible for about 30% of infertility cases and can contribute infertility to an additional 20% of cases.
- #41 SciELO Brazil – What does a varicocele do to a man’s fertility? There is much more than meets the eye What does a varicocele do to a man’s fertility? There is much more than meets the eyehttps://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/Z48FvD7tXN3rBCWkBzW8gxy/
A further impediment to providing a full male investigation is the lack of uro-andrologists on fertility clinic teams. […] Cost-benefit analyses were reviewed by Yan and co-workers in 2019, concluding that surgical repair of the varicocele is the most cost-effective primary treatment compared to any form of ART (21).
- #42 Malpractice litigation related to management of varicocele: a legal database review | International Journal of Impotence Researchhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-024-00881-y
Varicocele is a common urologic condition and can be associated with pain, subfertility, and infertility, thus greatly impacting patient well-being and quality of life. It has a prevalence of 15% in the general male population and up to 35% in males with infertility. […] Our study demonstrates that there have been relatively few legal cases on varicoceles that have reached a verdict and the overwhelming majority of these cases of suspected malpractice or negligence were ruled in favor of the defendant. […] Providers should be reassured that malpractice cases regarding varicoceles are uncommon and that most cases are ruled in favor of the defense. Moreover, it is important that the context and details of legal cases surrounding urologists are examined and shared to improve patient care and guide urologists in managing varicoceles. […] Our study indicates that cases involving varicoceles are uncommon, and those involving urologists are even more so. Out of the 10 cases, 6 involved a urologist in the defense. The lone case which ruled against the urologist occurred in 1951.
- #43 The Evolving Landscape of Male Varicocele Pathophysiology in the Era of Multi-Omics: A Narrative Review of the Current Literaturehttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/2/80
Male-factor infertility is implicated in over half of the millions of cases of infertility worldwide, and varicoceles are the most common correctable cause of male-factor infertility. The pathophysiologic mechanism for varicoceles is complex and next-generation technologies offer promising insights into the molecular underpinnings of this condition. […] Varicocele, defined as an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus of gonadal veins above the testicle, is the leading correctible cause of male-factor infertility and is found in 35â44% of men with primary infertility and 45â81% of men with secondary infertility. […] The next-generation omics advances (proteomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, etc.) have begun to provide insight into understanding the pathophysiology of infertility associated with varicoceles.
- #44 The Evolving Landscape of Male Varicocele Pathophysiology in the Era of Multi-Omics: A Narrative Review of the Current Literaturehttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/2/80
In this narrative review, we outline modern data exploring varicocele-associated male-factor infertility in the era of big data. We discuss the cellular and molecular changes seen in male-factor infertility and their corresponding association with the treatment of varicoceles. […] Varicocele pathophysiology and its ensuing male-factor infertility remains a complex disease process with an evolving knowledge base. While historic paradigms suggest that varicocele is strictly an anatomic malformation, we now understand that the condition results in alterations in nearly every major aspect of molecular machinery in the testicle. Further research will be needed to better illustrate how these molecular mechanisms may affect treatment options for men with varicocele-associated infertility and help rationally inform future treatment strategies.
- #45 Varicocele Embolization for Infertility – Endovascular Todayhttps://evtoday.com/articles/2017-apr/varicocele-embolization-for-infertility
Multiple studies, including one randomized prospective study, show that surgical varicocelectomy is associated with improvement in sperm DNA integrity. […] To date, there are no studies assessing these newer measures of semen generation after embolization. […] Long-standing and legitimate concerns of a lack of proof that varicocele treatment improves pregnancy rates in infertile couples have not been definitively put to rest; however, using more robust methods of assessing semen function, more recent data have markedly improved. […] Varicocele embolization is safe and technically effective and achieves comparable results to surgery while offering the advantages of shorter recovery time, avoidance of general anesthetic, and patient preference.
- #46 Varicocele: Selected Treatments – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetnahttps://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0413.html
Varicoceles (dilations of the pampiniform venous plexus) are found in 10 to 15 % of the male population and they occur predominantly on the left side. […] The incidence of varicocele in men with impaired fertility is about 30 %; varicoceles are the most common surgically correctable cause of male infertility. […] Although varicoceles can be diagnosed by a thorough physical examination, ultrasonography is the most practical and accurate non-invasive method in diagnosing this condition. […] Embolization (of spermatic veins) of varicoceles in males with semen abnormalities has been demonstrated to improve sperm count and motility in up to 75 % of patients, and reported pregnancy rates after ablation of varicoceles vary from 30 to 60 %. […] The authors concluded that these findings provided level 1b evidence of the superiority of varicocelectomy over observation in infertile men with palpable varicoceles and impaired semen quality, with increased odds of spontaneous pregnancy and improvements in semen characteristics within 1-year of follow-up. […] The authors concluded that treating any grade of persistent/recurrent varicoceles had a good rate of success, pregnancy, and pain control; however, there was still a risk of complications.