Ukąszenie przez pająka
Epidemiologia

Ukąszenia przez pająki, choć często zgłaszane, są stosunkowo rzadkie i dotyczą głównie około 200 gatunków z 20 rodzajów na świecie, które mogą wywoływać ciężkie zatrucia, martwicę skóry oraz objawy ogólnoustrojowe. Najważniejsze medycznie istotne rodzaje to Latrodectus (wdowy), Loxosceles (pustelniki), Atrax i Hadronyche (pająki lejkowate) oraz Phoneutria (pająki wędrowne). Częstość ukąszeń różni się regionalnie – np. w Australii notuje się kilka tysięcy ukąszeń rocznie przez redbacka, w USA około 1500 ukąszeń przez brązowego pustelnika i 1800 przez czarną wdowę, a w Brazylii ponad 5000 ukąszeń rocznie, głównie przez Loxosceles. Śmiertelność jest niska, poniżej 3 zgonów rocznie w USA, a w Australii od 1979 roku nie odnotowano zgonów. Ciężkie objawy i zgony częściej dotyczą dzieci i osób starszych. Diagnostyka jest utrudniona brakiem testów potwierdzających obecność jadu i koniecznością identyfikacji pająka, co wpływa na wiarygodność danych epidemiologicznych.

  1. Epidemiologia ukąszeń przez pająka
    1. Skala problemu na świecie
    2. Śmiertelność i ciężkie powikłania
  2. Gatunki pająków o znaczeniu medycznym
    1. Najważniejsze gatunki o znaczeniu klinicznym
    2. Dystrybucja geograficzna
  3. Czynniki ryzyka ukąszeń przez pająki
    1. Czynniki środowiskowe
    2. Grupy wysokiego ryzyka
  4. Problemy diagnostyczne w nadzorze nad ukąsieniami przez pająki
    1. Problemy z identyfikacją ukąsionych gatunków
    2. Naddiagnozowanie i błędy diagnostyczne
  5. Systemy nadzoru i raportowania
    1. Ośrodki kontroli zatruć
    2. Badania naukowe i rejestry kliniczne
  6. Profilaktyka ukąszeń przez pająki
    1. Środki ochrony osobistej
    2. Modyfikacje środowiskowe
  7. Znaczenie wczesnej identyfikacji gatunków i specjalistycznego postępowania
    1. Znaczenie identyfikacji gatunku
    2. Systemy specjalistycznego postępowania
  8. Wyzwania w nadzorze epidemiologicznym nad ukąsieniami przez pająki
    1. Ograniczenia istniejących systemów nadzoru
    2. Wpływ globalizacji i zmian klimatycznych
    3. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia ukąszeń przez pająka

Ukąszenia przez pająki są zjawiskiem stosunkowo rzadkim, choć często zgłaszanym przez pacjentów jako powód konsultacji medycznej. Mimo powszechnych obaw, większość gatunków pająków nie stanowi zagrożenia dla ludzi – spośród ponad 30 000 znanych gatunków pająków tylko około 200 gatunków z 20 rodzajów na całym świecie może powodować ciężkie zatrucia u ludzi, prowadzące do martwica-skory/” title=”martwica skóry” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”16750″>martwicy skóry, objawów ogólnoustrojowych, a w skrajnych przypadkach do zgonu.123

Skala problemu na świecie

Szacowanie dokładnej liczby ukąszeń przez pająki jest trudne z kilku powodów, w tym z powodu trudności w potwierdzeniu i identyfikacji gatunku pająka odpowiedzialnego za ukąszenie. Wielu badaczy zaleca ocenianie wyłącznie zweryfikowanych ukąszeń – takich, które mają naocznego świadka ukąszenia, a pająk został złapany i zidentyfikowany przez eksperta.4

Częstość występowania ukąszeń przez pająki różni się znacząco w zależności od regionu świata:

  • W Australii odnotowuje się kilka tysięcy ukąszeń rocznie przez pająki redback (Latrodectus hasselti). Ukąszenia przez pająki lejkowate są rzadsze – około 30-40 przypadków rocznie, z czego 10% wymaga interwencji medycznej.5
  • W Szwajcarii częstość ukąszeń przez pająki szacuje się na około 10-100 przypadków na milion mieszkańców rocznie. Podczas epidemii latrodektyzmu spowodowanego przez europejską czarną wdowę odnotowywano do 150 ukąszeń rocznie.67
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych Amerykańskie Stowarzyszenie Ośrodków Kontroli Zatruć odnotowało około 10 000 zgłoszeń dotyczących ukąszeń przez pająki w 1994 roku. W 2013 roku zarejestrowano prawie 1500 ukąszeń przez brązowego pustelnika i 1800 ukąszeń przez czarną wdowę.8 Według raportu z 2019 roku, zarejestrowano 790 pojedynczych przypadków ukąszeń przez brązowego pustelnika, z czego 174 miały umiarkowany przebieg, 24 ciężki, a żaden nie zakończył się zgonem.9
  • W Brazylii rejestruje się ponad 5000 ukąszeń przez pająki rocznie, z czego większość powodowana jest przez gatunki z rodzaju Loxosceles. Zdarzenia te koncentrują się głównie w południowym stanie Parana, gdzie częstość występowania może sięgać 1 na 1000 mieszkańców.10

Śmiertelność i ciężkie powikłania

Pomimo powszechnych obaw, śmiertelność z powodu ukąszeń przez pająki jest niezwykle niska:

  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych odnotowuje się mniej niż 3 zgony rocznie z powodu ukąszeń przez pająki.1112
  • W Australii od 1979 roku nie odnotowano żadnego zgonu spowodowanego potwierdzonym ukąszeniem przez pająka.1314
  • Śmiertelność w przypadku ukąszeń przez czarną wdowę była raportowana na poziomie nawet 10% na początku XX wieku, jednak w ostatnich dekadach w Stanach Zjednoczonych nie odnotowano zgonów, a tylko 0,5% ukąszonych doświadczyło poważnych powikłań medycznych.15

Warto zaznaczyć, że ciężkie objawy ogólnoustrojowe i zgony częściej występują u dzieci niż u dorosłych.16171819 Najbardziej zagrożone grupy to dzieci (ze względu na małą masę ciała) oraz osoby powyżej 60 roku życia (które mogą być słabsze lub w gorszym stanie zdrowia).20

Gatunki pająków o znaczeniu medycznym

Spośród tysięcy gatunków pająków, tylko kilka rodzajów jest uznawanych za medycznie istotne, to znaczy ich ukąszenia mogą powodować poważne skutki zdrowotne u ludzi.21

Najważniejsze gatunki o znaczeniu klinicznym

Według danych literaturowych, tylko dziesięć rodzajów pająków (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele i Missulena) jest uznawanych za medycznie istotne.22 W Stanach Zjednoczonych centra kontroli zatruć CDC wyróżniają dwa główne typy niebezpiecznych pająków: czarną wdowę (Latrodectus) i brązowego pustelnika (Loxosceles).2324

Najważniejsze medycznie istotne gatunki pająków to:

  • Pająki z rodzaju Latrodectus (wdowy), takie jak czarna wdowa, redback i katipo – posiadają neurotoksyczny jad, który może powodować zespół objawów znany jako latrodektyzm. Pająki te występują w wielu regionach świata, a ukąszenia przez australijskiego redbacka i północnoamerykańskie gatunki wdów są stosunkowo częste i liczą tysiące przypadków rocznie.25
  • Pająki z rodzaju Loxosceles (pustelniki), w tym brązowy pustelnik – ich ukąszenia mogą powodować martwicę skóry (arachnidyzm/” title=”nekrotyczny arachnidyzm” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”77657″>nekrotyczny arachnidyzm). Chilijski pustelnik, gatunek występujący w Ameryce Południowej, znany jest z powodowania układowego loksoscelizmu trzewnego w 15% zgłoszonych przypadków, ze śmiertelnością sięgającą 34%.26
  • Pająki lejkowate (Atrax, Hadronyche) – występują głównie we wschodniej Australii, a ich jad zawiera neurotoksyny, które mogą powodować poważne objawy systemowe.27
  • Pająki wędrowne (Phoneutria, znane również jako pająki bananowe) – w Brazylii powodują tysiące ukąszeń rocznie, choć większość ma łagodny przebieg. Ciężkie objawy obserwuje się w 0,5% przypadków, głównie u dzieci.2829

Dystrybucja geograficzna

Różne gatunki niebezpiecznych pająków mają określony zasięg geograficzny:

  • Brązowy pustelnik (Loxosceles reclusa) występuje głównie w południowych i centralnych Stanach Zjednoczonych, sięgając na północ do Iowa. Spotkania z tym gatunkiem poza jego naturalnym zasięgiem są bardzo rzadkie.3031
  • Pająki lejkowate Sydney i pokrewne gatunki występują wyłącznie na wschodnim wybrzeżu Australii.32
  • Na Hawajach występuje kilka gatunków pająków budzących obawy, w tym południowa czarna wdowa (Latrodectus mactans), brązowa wdowa (Latrodectus geometricus) i odważny pająk skaczący (Phidippus audax).33
  • W Teksasie występują dwa jadowite gatunki pająków: czarna wdowa (Latrodectus mactans) i brązowy pustelnik (Loxosceles reclusa).34

Warto zaznaczyć, że zmiany klimatyczne i globalizacja mogą wpływać na rozmieszczenie geograficzne niebezpiecznych gatunków pająków. W Szwajcarii, z powodu zmian klimatycznych, pająki śródziemnomorskie mogą poszerzać swój naturalny zasięg występowania na terytorium Szwajcarii i innych krajów Europy Środkowej.35 Podobnie, zwiększająca się globalizacja i rozwój turystyki, wraz z rosnącą ilością importowanych towarów i osób transportowanych do niemal wszystkich części świata, mogą przyczyniać się do pojawiania się nieautochtonicznych gatunków pająków w Europie.36

Czynniki ryzyka ukąszeń przez pająki

Identyfikacja czynników ryzyka jest kluczowa dla opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych. Do głównych czynników ryzyka ukąszeń przez pająki należą:

Czynniki środowiskowe

Ryzyko ukąszeń przez pająki jest związane z określonymi warunkami środowiskowymi i porami roku:

  • Większość ukąszeń przez pająki o mniejszym znaczeniu medycznym występuje na zewnątrz lub wewnątrz pomieszczeń podczas aktywności dziennych wiosną i latem, gdy prawdopodobieństwo spotkania człowieka z pająkiem jest największe.37
  • Pająki wdowy i pustelniki preferują ciepły klimat oraz ciemne, suche miejsca.3839
  • Ryzyko ukąszeń wzrasta u osób mieszkających w obszarach, gdzie występują pająki, oraz w przypadku zakłócenia ich naturalnego siedliska.40
  • Pająki rzadko atakują ludzi. Większość ukąszeń ma miejsce, gdy ludzie przypadkowo niepokoją pająka w jego kryjówce lub uniemożliwiają mu odwrót.41

Grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Niektóre grupy osób są szczególnie narażone na ciężkie powikłania po ukąszeniach przez pająki:

  • Dzieci – ze względu na mniejszą masę ciała są bardziej wrażliwe na jad pająków. Powikłania ogólnoustrojowe, choć rzadkie, występują częściej u dzieci niż u dorosłych.4243
  • Osoby starsze (powyżej 60 roku życia) – ze względu na potencjalnie gorszy stan zdrowia.44
  • Osoby z osłabionym układem immunologicznym lub chorobami współistniejącymi.45
  • Pracownicy pracujący na zewnątrz, którzy mogą mieć większy kontakt z pająkami w ich naturalnym środowisku.46

Problemy diagnostyczne w nadzorze nad ukąsieniami przez pająki

Diagnoza ukąszeń przez pająki nastręcza wielu trudności, co wpływa na jakość danych epidemiologicznych i nadzoru nad tym zjawiskiem.

Problemy z identyfikacją ukąsionych gatunków

Wiele czynników utrudnia właściwą identyfikację przypadków ukąszeń przez pająki:

  • Analiza epidemiologiczna ukąszeń przez pająki jest zakłócana przez kilka czynników, w tym błąd przypominania, rozległą diagnostykę różnicową martwiczych zmian podobnych do ukąszeń, podejrzewane i potwierdzone ukąszenia oraz brak entomologicznej identyfikacji stawonogów powodujących ukąszenia.47
  • Określenie częstości występowania ukąszeń przez pająki jest trudne, ponieważ udział pająka może nie być potwierdzony lub zidentyfikowany.48
  • Dane dotyczące wskaźników śmiertelności nie są wiarygodne, ponieważ testy diagnostyczne do wykrywania jadu brązowego pustelnika w tkankach nie są łatwo dostępne.49
  • Pracownicy służby zdrowia nie mogą zidentyfikować konkretnego pająka na podstawie śladu ukąszenia. Nie ma testów potwierdzających, jaki rodzaj pająka ukąsił pacjenta.50

Naddiagnozowanie i błędy diagnostyczne

Istnieje tendencja do zawyżania liczby ukąszeń przez pająki, co wynika z kilku przyczyn:

  • Badania wykazały, że 80% domniemanych ukąszeń przez pająki to w rzeczywistości ukąszenia przez inne owady lub zmiany skórne spowodowane infekcjami, takimi jak MRSA (oporny na antybiotyki gronkowiec).5152
  • Z 182 pacjentów zgłaszających się na SOR w USA z powodu domniemanych ukąszeń przez pająki, tylko u 7 (3,8%) potwierdzono rzeczywiste ukąszenia przez pająki. Zdecydowana większość tych przypadków okazała się infekcjami skóry i tkanek miękkich.53
  • Błędne diagnozowanie rany jako ukąszenia przez pająka może prowadzić do opóźnień w odpowiedniej opiece, powodować niekorzystne lub nawet śmiertelne skutki i mieć implikacje medyczno-prawne.54
  • Zwyczaj przypisywania zmian skórnych o niepewnej etiologii ukąszeniom przez pająki nie ogranicza się do Włoch czy współczesnych czasów i jest popularny również wśród pracowników służby zdrowia.55

W obszarze śródziemnomorskim ryzyko poważnych konsekwencji medycznych po ukąszeniu przez pająka jest bliskie zeru.56 Mimo to, dezinformacja na temat ukąszeń przez pająki wpływa również na literaturę medyczną.57

Systemy nadzoru i raportowania

W wielu krajach funkcjonują systemy nadzoru i raportowania ukąszeń przez pająki, choć ich skuteczność i zasięg są różne.

Ośrodki kontroli zatruć

Ośrodki kontroli zatruć odgrywają kluczową rolę w gromadzeniu danych o ukąszeniach przez pająki:

  • Amerykańskie Stowarzyszenie Ośrodków Kontroli Zatruć gromadzi dane o przypadkach ukąszeń przez pająki, rejestrując rocznie tysiące takich zdarzeń.5859
  • Regionalne Centrum Kontroli Zatruć i Profilaktyki, mające siedzibę w Boston Children’s Hospital, zapewnia całodobowe leczenie i porady dla pracowników służby zdrowia i społeczeństwa w zakresie wszystkich rodzajów zatruć, w tym ukąszeń przez pająki.60
  • Centrum Kontroli Zatruć otrzymuje wiele telefonów dotyczących ukąszeń przez pająki przez cały rok.61

Badania naukowe i rejestry kliniczne

Badania naukowe dostarczają cennych danych epidemiologicznych o ukąszeniach przez pająki:

  • Szwajcarskie prospektywne badanie ukąszeń przez pająki wykazało, że w Szwajcarii ukąszenia przez pająki mają generalnie łagodny przebieg kliniczny, charakteryzujący się niewielkimi objawami, z szybkim i pełnym powrotem do zdrowia.62
  • W Japonii przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe obejmujące okres 5 lat (od stycznia 2009 do grudnia 2013) w celu wyjaśnienia klinicznych cech ukąszeń przez pająki redback i skuteczności stosowania antytoksyny w leczeniu.63
  • Według bazy ClinicalTrials.gov, przeprowadzono co najmniej 2 badania kliniczne dotyczące ukąszeń przez pająki, w tym 2 zakończone.64

Profilaktyka ukąszeń przez pająki

Ukąszenia przez pająki można często zapobiec poprzez proste środki osobiste i domowe.65 Skuteczna profilaktyka jest kluczowa, zwłaszcza w regionach, gdzie występują niebezpieczne gatunki pająków.

Środki ochrony osobistej

W celu zmniejszenia ryzyka ukąszeń zaleca się następujące działania:

  • Noszenie rękawic, koszul z długimi rękawami i długich spodni wpuszczonych w skarpety podczas przebywania na zewnątrz, szczególnie podczas zbierania drewna na opał i usuwania zarośli.66
  • Kontrolowanie lub wstrząsanie ubraniem, butami, ręcznikami lub sprzętem przed użyciem.6768
  • Noszenie odzieży ochronnej, takiej jak długie zakryte rękawy, długie spodnie, kapelusze, rękawice i buty podczas manipulowania stosami materiałów, drewna, skał itp.69

Modyfikacje środowiskowe

Modyfikacje środowiska domowego i miejsca pracy mogą znacząco zmniejszyć ryzyko ukąszeń:

  • Usuwanie pajęczyn z okolic domu.70
  • Uszczelnianie wszelkich pęknięć lub otworów wokół domu i instalowanie moskitier w oknach.71
  • Eliminowanie wysokich traw i zmniejszanie ilości gruzu i rumowiska z zewnętrznych obszarów roboczych.72
  • Pracodawcy mogą chronić swoich pracowników przed ukąszeniami przez pająki, szkoląc ich w zakresie ryzyka narażenia na pająki.73
  • Arkusze informacyjne Administracji Bezpieczeństwa i Higieny Pracy (OSHA) dostarczają informacji na temat identyfikacji pająków, siedlisk i objawów ukąszeń.74

Znaczenie wczesnej identyfikacji gatunków i specjalistycznego postępowania

Wczesna identyfikacja gatunku pająka i specjalistyczne postępowanie mogą pomóc zapobiec poważnym następstwom ukąszeń przez pająki.75

Znaczenie identyfikacji gatunku

Identyfikacja gatunku pająka odpowiedzialnego za ukąszenie jest kluczowa dla właściwego postępowania medycznego:

  • Jedynym sposobem na jednoznaczne zdiagnozowanie ukąszenia przez pająka jest zebranie i identyfikacja pająka odpowiedzialnego za ukąszenie.76
  • Diagnoza ukąszeń przez pająki opiera się głównie na historii obserwowanego ukąszenia. Jednak wiele zgłaszanych ukąszeń jest błędnych.77
  • W obszarach nieendemicznych ukąszenie przez brązowego pustelnika nie powinno być diagnozowane bez identyfikacji pająka.78
  • W Australii, jeśli to możliwe, zaleca się złapanie pająka i zabranie go ze sobą do szpitala, aby personel medyczny mógł zidentyfikować gatunek i szybko zastosować odpowiednie leczenie.79

Systemy specjalistycznego postępowania

Dostępne są specjalistyczne protokoły postępowania w przypadku ukąszeń przez różne gatunki pająków:

  • Antytoksyna (lek neutralizujący jad, nazywany również antyjadem) jest dostępna w przypadku ukąszeń przez pająki z rodzajów Latrodectus i Loxosceles i jest bardzo skuteczna, jeśli zostanie podana wkrótce po ukąszeniu.80
  • Antyserum jest stosowane w najcięższych przypadkach ukąszeń przez czarną wdowę, ale nie jest dostępne dla ukąszeń przez brązowego pustelnika.8182
  • Pacjenci, u których rozwija się ciężka martwica lub objawy ogólnoustrojowe, powinni być hospitalizowani w celu obserwacji i leczenia.83
  • Ukąszenia przez pająki lejkowate są uznawane za nagły przypadek medyczny, ponieważ objawy ogólnoustrojowe mogą szybko wystąpić w ciągu kilku minut od zatrucia.8485

Ogólne postępowanie i leczenie jakiegokolwiek nieznanego ukąszenia przez pająka powinno być zachowawcze i mieć na celu złagodzenie objawów.86 Szybkie leczenie obu typów ukąszeń przez pająki (czarną wdowę i brązowego pustelnika) jest kluczowe dla zapobiegania poważniejszym powikłaniom, szczególnie u dzieci.878889

Wyzwania w nadzorze epidemiologicznym nad ukąsieniami przez pająki

Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad ukąsieniami przez pająki napotyka na liczne wyzwania, które wpływają na wiarygodność danych i skuteczność działań profilaktycznych.90

Ograniczenia istniejących systemów nadzoru

Obecne systemy nadzoru nad ukąsieniami przez pająki mają kilka istotnych ograniczeń:

  • Brak standaryzacji w diagnozowaniu i raportowaniu ukąszeń przez pająki.91
  • Raporty medyczne dotyczące ukąszeń przez pająki są krytykowane za niską jakość dowodów.92
  • Brak rutynowych testów diagnostycznych potwierdzających obecność jadu pająka w organizmie pacjenta.93
  • Trudności w odróżnieniu ukąszeń przez pająki od innych przyczyn zmian skórnych.94
  • W Szwajcarii i innych krajach Europy Środkowej brakuje użytecznych danych do oszacowania częstości występowania ukąszeń przez pająki lub dostarczenia pomocnych informacji o ich przebiegu klinicznym.95

Wpływ globalizacji i zmian klimatycznych

Globalizacja i zmiany klimatyczne stwarzają nowe wyzwania dla nadzoru epidemiologicznego nad ukąsieniami przez pająki:

  • Zwiększająca się globalizacja i rozwój turystyki, wraz z rosnącą ilością importowanych towarów i osób transportowanych do niemal wszystkich części świata, a także globalne ocieplenie powodujące ekspansję obszarów występowania gatunków na północ, powodują, że przewiduje się, że wiele nieautochtonicznych gatunków pająków dotrze do Europy i pojawi się w naszym bliższym środowisku życia.96
  • Z powodu zmian klimatycznych, pająki śródziemnomorskie mogą poszerzać swój naturalny zasięg występowania na terytorium Szwajcarii i innych krajów Europy Środkowej.97
  • Świadomość i wiedza o mniej znanych, a nawet obcych gatunkach pająków sporadycznie występujących w naszym otoczeniu wydają się być coraz ważniejsze, nie tylko dla toksykologów, ale także dla lekarzy medycyny ratunkowej i internistów, aby w razie potrzeby zapewnić odpowiednie leczenie ukąszeń przez pająki.98

Pomimo tych wyzwań, badania naukowe, takie jak szwajcarskie prospektywne badanie ukąszeń przez pająki, mogą pomóc zmniejszyć strach przed pająkami i uspokoić osoby, które doświadczyły ukąszenia.99

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 The global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of spider bites – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15306718/
    Spiders are carnivorous arthropods that coexist with humans and ambush or ensnare prey. […] However, approximately 200 species from 20 genera of spiders worldwide can cause severe human envenomings, with dermonecrosis, systemic toxicity, and death. […] Spider bites can usually be prevented by simple personal and domestic measures. Early species identification and specific management may help prevent serious sequelae of spider bites.
  • #2 The Global Epidemiology, Syndromic Classification, Management, and Prevention of Spider Bites | PDF | Spider | Animal Diseases
    https://www.scribd.com/document/72117798/239
    Spiders are carnivorous arthropods that coexist with humans and ensnare prey. […] Approximately 200 species from 20 genera of spiders worldwide can cause severe human envenomings. Early species identification and specific management may help prevent serious sequelae.
  • #3 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    A number of spiders can cause spider bites that are medically important. Almost all spiders produce venom but only a few are able to cause significant harm to humans. […] Medical reports have been criticized for poor evidence. […] Only ten genera (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele and Missulena) are considered medically significant. […] Deaths by verified spider bites are exceedingly rare (e.g. not one in Australia since 1979). […] The widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), such as the black widow, redback spider, and katip are spiders that carry a neurotoxic venom which can cause a set of symptoms known as Latrodectism. […] The Australian red-back and North American widow species live near humans and bites are frequent, numbering thousands yearly.
  • #4 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    Estimating the number of spider bites that occur is difficult as the spider involvement may not be confirmed or identified. Several researchers recommend only evaluating verified bites: those that have an eyewitness to the bite, the spider is brought in, and identified by expert. With „suspected arachnidism” the diagnosis came without a spider positively identified. […] Bites by the redbacks (Latrodectus hasselti) number a few thousand yearly throughout the country. Antivenom use is frequent but declining. Children may have fewer complications from bites. Funnel web spider bites are few 30-40 per year and 10% requiring intervention. The Sydney funnel web and related species are only on the east coast of Australia. […] In Switzerland about ten to one hundred spider bites occur per one million people per year. During epidemics of latrodectism from the European black widow upwards of 150 bites a year were documented.
  • #5 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    Estimating the number of spider bites that occur is difficult as the spider involvement may not be confirmed or identified. Several researchers recommend only evaluating verified bites: those that have an eyewitness to the bite, the spider is brought in, and identified by expert. With „suspected arachnidism” the diagnosis came without a spider positively identified. […] Bites by the redbacks (Latrodectus hasselti) number a few thousand yearly throughout the country. Antivenom use is frequent but declining. Children may have fewer complications from bites. Funnel web spider bites are few 30-40 per year and 10% requiring intervention. The Sydney funnel web and related species are only on the east coast of Australia. […] In Switzerland about ten to one hundred spider bites occur per one million people per year. During epidemics of latrodectism from the European black widow upwards of 150 bites a year were documented.
  • #6 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    Estimating the number of spider bites that occur is difficult as the spider involvement may not be confirmed or identified. Several researchers recommend only evaluating verified bites: those that have an eyewitness to the bite, the spider is brought in, and identified by expert. With „suspected arachnidism” the diagnosis came without a spider positively identified. […] Bites by the redbacks (Latrodectus hasselti) number a few thousand yearly throughout the country. Antivenom use is frequent but declining. Children may have fewer complications from bites. Funnel web spider bites are few 30-40 per year and 10% requiring intervention. The Sydney funnel web and related species are only on the east coast of Australia. […] In Switzerland about ten to one hundred spider bites occur per one million people per year. During epidemics of latrodectism from the European black widow upwards of 150 bites a year were documented.
  • #7 Swiss prospective study on spider bites
    https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/1742/2367?inline=1
    Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. […] In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. […] There are no useful data for estimating the incidence of spider bites in Switzerland or for providing helpful information about their clinical course. This information is also lacking for other central European countries. […] Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite. […] In our study, no widow (Lactrodectus) or recluse (Loxosceles) spiders were found. They do not occur in Switzerland, but due to climate change, Mediterranean spiders may spread and enlarge their native area into Switzerland and other central European countries. […] Therefore, the need to identify the actual spider in any case of clinically important arachnidism has been confirmed by our study. […] In Switzerland, spider bites have a generally benign clinical course characterised by minor symptoms, and patients show rapid and complete recovery.
  • #8 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    The American Association of Poison Control Centers reported that they received calls regarding nearly 10,000 spider bites in 1994. The spiders of most concern in North America are brown recluse spiders, with nearly 1,500 bites in 2013 and black widow spiders with 1,800 bites. The native habitat of brown recluse spiders is in the southern and central United States, as far north as Iowa. Encounters with brown recluse outside this native region are very rare and bites are thought to be suspect. […] Numerous spider bites are recorded in Brazil with 5000+ annually. Loxosceles species are responsible for the majority of reports. Accidents are concentrated in the southern state of Parana with rates as high as 1 per 1,000 people. Bite from Phoneutria (Brazilian wandering spider) number in the thousands with most being mild. Severe effects are noted in 0.5% of cases, mostly in children.
  • #9 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    In the United States, reports of severe envenomations by brown spiders began to appear in the late 1800s, and today, in endemic areas, brown spiders continue to be of significant clinical concern. […] Although various species of Loxosceles are found throughout the world, L reclusa is found in the United States from the East to the West Coast, with predominance in the south. Recently, reports of persons with „spider bites” presenting to emergency departments have reached near urban legend proportions, prompting many physicians to question the diagnosis of a brown recluse bite in nonendemic areas. […] The 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers recorded 790 individual exposures to brown recluse spiders, with 174 moderate outcomes, 24 major outcomes, and 0 deaths.
  • #10 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    The American Association of Poison Control Centers reported that they received calls regarding nearly 10,000 spider bites in 1994. The spiders of most concern in North America are brown recluse spiders, with nearly 1,500 bites in 2013 and black widow spiders with 1,800 bites. The native habitat of brown recluse spiders is in the southern and central United States, as far north as Iowa. Encounters with brown recluse outside this native region are very rare and bites are thought to be suspect. […] Numerous spider bites are recorded in Brazil with 5000+ annually. Loxosceles species are responsible for the majority of reports. Accidents are concentrated in the southern state of Parana with rates as high as 1 per 1,000 people. Bite from Phoneutria (Brazilian wandering spider) number in the thousands with most being mild. Severe effects are noted in 0.5% of cases, mostly in children.
  • #11 Spider Bites: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16639-spider-bites
    Most spider bites only rarely cause serious problems. […] Bites from black widow, brown recluse and hobo spiders are more serious. […] In the U.S., fewer than 3 people die every year from a spider bite. […] Black widow bites are the most serious. […] Bites from black widows or brown recluses are most dangerous to children (because of their small size) and people age 60 and older (who may be weaker or in poor health). […] Experts arent sure how many people get spider bites every year.
  • #12 Spider Bites | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/spider-bites/
    Spider bites are rarely a cause of serious morbidity or mortality. […] 3 deaths per year in the United States. […] Severe symptoms and death are more likely to occur in children.
  • #13 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    A number of spiders can cause spider bites that are medically important. Almost all spiders produce venom but only a few are able to cause significant harm to humans. […] Medical reports have been criticized for poor evidence. […] Only ten genera (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele and Missulena) are considered medically significant. […] Deaths by verified spider bites are exceedingly rare (e.g. not one in Australia since 1979). […] The widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), such as the black widow, redback spider, and katip are spiders that carry a neurotoxic venom which can cause a set of symptoms known as Latrodectism. […] The Australian red-back and North American widow species live near humans and bites are frequent, numbering thousands yearly.
  • #14 Spiders | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/spiders
    Australia has about 2,000 species of spider, but most are relatively harmless to humans. […] Venomous spiders in Australia include funnel-web, mouse, redback and white-tailed spiders. […] Since the introduction of antivenom, there have been no recorded deaths in Australia from a confirmed spider bite. […] Some Australian spiders can cause potentially harmful bites including the funnel-web, mouse, redback, and white-tailed. […] Antivenoms are available for the treatment of redback and funnel-web spider bites. […] People who are at greater risk of severe reactions to spider venom include babies, young children, the elderly and people with an existing heart condition. […] Some people may also be allergic to certain venom and experience an adverse reaction, including anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction). Immediate medical treatment is recommended.
  • #15 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    Fatalities were reported as high as 10% of cases in the early-20th century but deaths have not been reported in the United States for decades and only 0.5% of those bitten have had major medical complications. […] The Chilean recluse, a species native to South America have been known to cause systemic visceral loxoscelism in 15% of reported cases, and fatalities in 34% of cases.
  • #16 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    Systemic involvement, although uncommon, occurs more frequently in children than in adults. […] Data regarding mortality rates are not reliable because diagnostic tests to detect brown recluse venom in tissue are not readily available. […] Although deaths have been attributed to presumed brown recluse envenomation, severe outcomes are rare.
  • #17 Spider Bites: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16639-spider-bites
    Most spider bites only rarely cause serious problems. […] Bites from black widow, brown recluse and hobo spiders are more serious. […] In the U.S., fewer than 3 people die every year from a spider bite. […] Black widow bites are the most serious. […] Bites from black widows or brown recluses are most dangerous to children (because of their small size) and people age 60 and older (who may be weaker or in poor health). […] Experts arent sure how many people get spider bites every year.
  • #18 Spider Bites | Concise Medical Knowledge
    https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/spider-bites/
    Spider bites are rarely a cause of serious morbidity or mortality. […] 3 deaths per year in the United States. […] Severe symptoms and death are more likely to occur in children.
  • #19 Spider Bites | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/spider-bites
    It is estimated that less than three deaths per year occur from spider bites. However, most victims are children. […] The Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention, based at Boston Children’s, provides 24-hour treatment and advice to health care professionals and the public on all types of poisoning, including spider bites. […] Prompt treatment is essential to avoid more serious complications, especially in children.
  • #20 Spider Bites: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16639-spider-bites
    Most spider bites only rarely cause serious problems. […] Bites from black widow, brown recluse and hobo spiders are more serious. […] In the U.S., fewer than 3 people die every year from a spider bite. […] Black widow bites are the most serious. […] Bites from black widows or brown recluses are most dangerous to children (because of their small size) and people age 60 and older (who may be weaker or in poor health). […] Experts arent sure how many people get spider bites every year.
  • #21 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    A number of spiders can cause spider bites that are medically important. Almost all spiders produce venom but only a few are able to cause significant harm to humans. […] Medical reports have been criticized for poor evidence. […] Only ten genera (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele and Missulena) are considered medically significant. […] Deaths by verified spider bites are exceedingly rare (e.g. not one in Australia since 1979). […] The widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), such as the black widow, redback spider, and katip are spiders that carry a neurotoxic venom which can cause a set of symptoms known as Latrodectism. […] The Australian red-back and North American widow species live near humans and bites are frequent, numbering thousands yearly.
  • #22 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    A number of spiders can cause spider bites that are medically important. Almost all spiders produce venom but only a few are able to cause significant harm to humans. […] Medical reports have been criticized for poor evidence. […] Only ten genera (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele and Missulena) are considered medically significant. […] Deaths by verified spider bites are exceedingly rare (e.g. not one in Australia since 1979). […] The widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), such as the black widow, redback spider, and katip are spiders that carry a neurotoxic venom which can cause a set of symptoms known as Latrodectism. […] The Australian red-back and North American widow species live near humans and bites are frequent, numbering thousands yearly.
  • #23 Spider bites: Identification and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311615
    Very few spider species in the United States can harm humans, but some spider bites can potentially be dangerous. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) list two types of spider in the U.S. as venomous black widow spiders and brown recluse spiders. […] The CDC consider two spiders to be dangerous in the U.S. These spiders are the brown recluse and the black widow. […] A bite from a brown recluse spider can be fatal. […] The most severe effects of a brown recluse spider bite will not occur immediately. However, the sooner a person seeks help, the lower the risk that tissue damage will occur. […] The black widow spider has a reputation for giving a deadly bite. While the bite can be dangerous, especially for young people and older adults, it is not usually life threatening. […] After receiving a bite, a person should wash the affected area with soap and water. If they have a severe reaction, they may need medical attention. […] Anyone who has concerns about a bite or other skin symptoms should contact a doctor for diagnosis.
  • #24 Venomous Spiders at Work | Outdoor | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/venomous-spiders.html
    Venomous spiders found in the United States include the black widow and the brown recluse. […] These spiders can be dangerous to outdoor workers. […] Symptoms associated with spider bites can vary from minor to severe. Although extremely rare, death can occur in the most severe cases. […] Employers can protect their workers from spider bites by training them on their risk of exposure to spiders. […] Workers can take the following preventive steps: Inspect or shake out any clothing, shoes, towels, or equipment before use. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fact sheets provide information on spider identification, habitat, and bite symptoms.
  • #25 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    A number of spiders can cause spider bites that are medically important. Almost all spiders produce venom but only a few are able to cause significant harm to humans. […] Medical reports have been criticized for poor evidence. […] Only ten genera (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele and Missulena) are considered medically significant. […] Deaths by verified spider bites are exceedingly rare (e.g. not one in Australia since 1979). […] The widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), such as the black widow, redback spider, and katip are spiders that carry a neurotoxic venom which can cause a set of symptoms known as Latrodectism. […] The Australian red-back and North American widow species live near humans and bites are frequent, numbering thousands yearly.
  • #26 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    Fatalities were reported as high as 10% of cases in the early-20th century but deaths have not been reported in the United States for decades and only 0.5% of those bitten have had major medical complications. […] The Chilean recluse, a species native to South America have been known to cause systemic visceral loxoscelism in 15% of reported cases, and fatalities in 34% of cases.
  • #27 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/
    Rarely, more serious complications such as convulsions, paralysis, hypertensive emergency, respiratory failure, or shock occur. […] Most other widow spider bites are typically more mild, sometimes causing radiating pain and less commonly high blood pressure, agitation, paresthesia, paralysis, or cardiac problems. […] Recluse spiders (genus Loxosceles) are another dangerous group of spiders capable of severe bite reactions. […] Systemic symptoms due to recluse spider bites can be seen in the first 48 hours after envenomation. […] Funnel-web spiders are actually several species within two closely related genera, Atrax and Hadronyche. […] The most severe funnel-web spider bites are caused by species found in New South Wales and southern Queensland. […] Symptoms arise in a mean of 28 minutes.
  • #28 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    The American Association of Poison Control Centers reported that they received calls regarding nearly 10,000 spider bites in 1994. The spiders of most concern in North America are brown recluse spiders, with nearly 1,500 bites in 2013 and black widow spiders with 1,800 bites. The native habitat of brown recluse spiders is in the southern and central United States, as far north as Iowa. Encounters with brown recluse outside this native region are very rare and bites are thought to be suspect. […] Numerous spider bites are recorded in Brazil with 5000+ annually. Loxosceles species are responsible for the majority of reports. Accidents are concentrated in the southern state of Parana with rates as high as 1 per 1,000 people. Bite from Phoneutria (Brazilian wandering spider) number in the thousands with most being mild. Severe effects are noted in 0.5% of cases, mostly in children.
  • #29 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/
    In Brazil, the wandering spider (Phoneutria sp, aka the banana spider or armed spider) is responsible for thousands of bites each year. […] The hobo spider (Tegenaria agrestis) is native to Europe but was introduced and subsequently settled in the Pacific Northwest US. […] Diagnosis of spider bites relies heavily on the history of an actual bite being observed. […] Every year, thousands of spider bites are reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, and likely many more go unreported. […] However, many reported bites are erroneous; a recent study found that of 182 patients reporting to a US emergency department, only 7 (3.8%) had confirmed spider bites. […] The overwhelming majority of these spider bites proved to be skin and soft tissue infections. […] Spider venoms contain a number of active proteins and chemicals responsible for clinical symptoms.
  • #30 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    The American Association of Poison Control Centers reported that they received calls regarding nearly 10,000 spider bites in 1994. The spiders of most concern in North America are brown recluse spiders, with nearly 1,500 bites in 2013 and black widow spiders with 1,800 bites. The native habitat of brown recluse spiders is in the southern and central United States, as far north as Iowa. Encounters with brown recluse outside this native region are very rare and bites are thought to be suspect. […] Numerous spider bites are recorded in Brazil with 5000+ annually. Loxosceles species are responsible for the majority of reports. Accidents are concentrated in the southern state of Parana with rates as high as 1 per 1,000 people. Bite from Phoneutria (Brazilian wandering spider) number in the thousands with most being mild. Severe effects are noted in 0.5% of cases, mostly in children.
  • #31 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    In the United States, reports of severe envenomations by brown spiders began to appear in the late 1800s, and today, in endemic areas, brown spiders continue to be of significant clinical concern. […] Although various species of Loxosceles are found throughout the world, L reclusa is found in the United States from the East to the West Coast, with predominance in the south. Recently, reports of persons with „spider bites” presenting to emergency departments have reached near urban legend proportions, prompting many physicians to question the diagnosis of a brown recluse bite in nonendemic areas. […] The 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers recorded 790 individual exposures to brown recluse spiders, with 174 moderate outcomes, 24 major outcomes, and 0 deaths.
  • #32 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    Estimating the number of spider bites that occur is difficult as the spider involvement may not be confirmed or identified. Several researchers recommend only evaluating verified bites: those that have an eyewitness to the bite, the spider is brought in, and identified by expert. With „suspected arachnidism” the diagnosis came without a spider positively identified. […] Bites by the redbacks (Latrodectus hasselti) number a few thousand yearly throughout the country. Antivenom use is frequent but declining. Children may have fewer complications from bites. Funnel web spider bites are few 30-40 per year and 10% requiring intervention. The Sydney funnel web and related species are only on the east coast of Australia. […] In Switzerland about ten to one hundred spider bites occur per one million people per year. During epidemics of latrodectism from the European black widow upwards of 150 bites a year were documented.
  • #33 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    There are many species of spiders known to be found throughout Hawaii. […] However, two spider species of concern that are seen in Hawaii are the Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans) and the Brown Widow Spider (Latrodectus geometricus). Their bites can be dangerous and would require a visit to the doctor. […] Another spider of concern that is seen on the islands is the Bold or Daring Jumping Spider (Phidippus audax), which measures only a half inch in size. It might look harmless, but its bite is painful and may produce redness, swelling and blistering. […] Symptoms associated with spider bites can vary from mild or unnoticeable to relatively severe. Very rarely, complications or even death can occur following severe bites. […] Spider bites may occur when humans come into direct contact with spiders when working in the garden, outdoors and around the home.
  • #34 Spiders | Texas DSHS
    https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/animal-bites/venom/spiders
    Texas has two venomous species of spiders, the black widow (Latrodectus mactans) and the brown recluse (Loxosceles reclusa). […] The venom of the black widow is a neurotoxin and can lead to severe systemic reactions and in rare cases, death. […] Brown recluse venom has necrotizing enzymes that generally cause local or systemic reactions. […] The severity of a victim’s reaction to any spider bite depends on the area of the body bitten, the amount of venom injected, depth of the bite, the victim’s age, and other factors. […] Antivenom is generally not prescribed for black widow envenomizations. […] There is no effective antivenom available for brown recluse envenomization victims. […] Prevention is the best treatment of all for spider bites.
  • #35 Swiss prospective study on spider bites
    https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/1742/2367?inline=1
    Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. […] In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. […] There are no useful data for estimating the incidence of spider bites in Switzerland or for providing helpful information about their clinical course. This information is also lacking for other central European countries. […] Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite. […] In our study, no widow (Lactrodectus) or recluse (Loxosceles) spiders were found. They do not occur in Switzerland, but due to climate change, Mediterranean spiders may spread and enlarge their native area into Switzerland and other central European countries. […] Therefore, the need to identify the actual spider in any case of clinically important arachnidism has been confirmed by our study. […] In Switzerland, spider bites have a generally benign clinical course characterised by minor symptoms, and patients show rapid and complete recovery.
  • #36 Poisonous spider bites – itjem
    https://www.itjem.org/2019/02/13/poisonous-spider-bites/
    We also can find in literature only two reports of fatal issue: one in Thailand (Chomphuphuang et al 2016) and one from Southern Italy(Pezzi et al. 2016). […] The increasing globalization and development of tourism, with increasing amounts of imported goods and people being transported to almost any part of the world, as well as global warming causing the expansions of the species areas north-wards, many non-autochthonous spider species are predicted to reach Europe and appear in our closer living environment. […] Therefore, awareness and knowledge of lesser-known of even foreign spider species sporadically occurring in our surroundings seem to be increasingly important, not only for toxicologist but also for emergency and internal medicine doctors, in order to provide appropriate treatment of spider bites when necessary.
  • #37 Common Spider Bites | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p869.html
    There are more than 30,000 species of spiders, most of which cannot inflict serious bites to humans because of their delicate mouthparts and impotent or prey-specific venoms. However, some spiders produce toxic venoms that can cause skin lesions, systemic illnesses, and neurotoxicity. […] The epidemiologic analysis of spider bites is confounded by several factors, including recall bias, the extensive differential diagnosis of dermonecrotic bite-like lesions, suspected versus confirmed bites and stings, and lack of entomologic identification of biting arthropods. […] Most spider bites are inflicted by spiders of minor medical importance; these bites generally occur outdoors or indoors during daytime activities in the spring and summer, when the potential for human-spider encounters is greatest. Spider bites may be prevented by wearing gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants tucked into socks when outdoors, especially when gathering firewood and clearing brush.
  • #38 Spider bites – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spider-bites/symptoms-causes/syc-20352371
    Spider bites are usually harmless, and spiders don’t usually bite unless threatened. […] Worldwide only a few species of spiders have fangs long enough to penetrate human skin and venom strong enough to hurt humans. […] Severe spider bite symptoms occur as a result of the venom that the spider injects. Symptom severity depends on the type of spider, the amount of venom injected and how sensitive your body is to the venom. […] Risk factors for spider bites include living in areas where spiders live and disturbing their natural habitat. Widow spiders and recluse spiders like warm climates and dark, dry places. […] Rarely, a bite from a widow spider or recluse spider is deadly, particularly in small children. […] A severe wound from a recluse spider can take weeks or months to heal and leaves large scars.
  • #39 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places. […] To reduce your exposure to potentially dangerous spiders: Remove spider webs from around your home. Seal any cracks or openings around your home and install window screens. Wear protective clothing such as long covered sleeves, long pants, hats, gloves and boots when handling piles of materials, lumber, rocks, etc. Eliminate tall grasses and reduce debris and rubble from outdoor work areas. Inspect and shake out clothing and shoes before getting dressed.
  • #40 Spider bites – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spider-bites/symptoms-causes/syc-20352371
    Spider bites are usually harmless, and spiders don’t usually bite unless threatened. […] Worldwide only a few species of spiders have fangs long enough to penetrate human skin and venom strong enough to hurt humans. […] Severe spider bite symptoms occur as a result of the venom that the spider injects. Symptom severity depends on the type of spider, the amount of venom injected and how sensitive your body is to the venom. […] Risk factors for spider bites include living in areas where spiders live and disturbing their natural habitat. Widow spiders and recluse spiders like warm climates and dark, dry places. […] Rarely, a bite from a widow spider or recluse spider is deadly, particularly in small children. […] A severe wound from a recluse spider can take weeks or months to heal and leaves large scars.
  • #41 Spiders – NYC Health
    https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/spiders.page
    The most common spiders associated with health threats in the United States are the black widow spider (Latrodectus spp.) and the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles spp.). […] Spiders rarely bite humans. Most spider bites result from accidentally disturbing a spider in hiding or cornering a spider and preventing its retreat. […] If bitten by a black widow spider, contact your medical provider or poison control center, or go to the emergency room immediately. […] If bitten by a brown recluse spider, contact a physician, poison control center, or go to the emergency room immediately.
  • #42 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    Systemic involvement, although uncommon, occurs more frequently in children than in adults. […] Data regarding mortality rates are not reliable because diagnostic tests to detect brown recluse venom in tissue are not readily available. […] Although deaths have been attributed to presumed brown recluse envenomation, severe outcomes are rare.
  • #43 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=2997
    There are two types of spiders found in the U.S. that can cause illness in people. One type is the widow spider. The black widow is the best known. The other type is the recluse spider. The brown recluse is the best known. A bite by either type usually isn’t deadly, but it may make a person very sick. It’s important to get quick medical help if you think you’ve been bitten by either type of spider. […] Children are more sensitive than adults to spider bites because of their smaller body size. But deaths from bites either of the black widow or the brown recluse are very rare. It is important to protect children from spider bites as the symptoms described below can be more severe in children. […] A medicine called antivenin is available for black widow bites, but none is available for brown recluse bites. The antivenin is only used in the most severe cases. Other treatment is mostly to ease symptoms.
  • #44 Spider Bites: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16639-spider-bites
    Most spider bites only rarely cause serious problems. […] Bites from black widow, brown recluse and hobo spiders are more serious. […] In the U.S., fewer than 3 people die every year from a spider bite. […] Black widow bites are the most serious. […] Bites from black widows or brown recluses are most dangerous to children (because of their small size) and people age 60 and older (who may be weaker or in poor health). […] Experts arent sure how many people get spider bites every year.
  • #45 Spiders | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/spiders
    Australia has about 2,000 species of spider, but most are relatively harmless to humans. […] Venomous spiders in Australia include funnel-web, mouse, redback and white-tailed spiders. […] Since the introduction of antivenom, there have been no recorded deaths in Australia from a confirmed spider bite. […] Some Australian spiders can cause potentially harmful bites including the funnel-web, mouse, redback, and white-tailed. […] Antivenoms are available for the treatment of redback and funnel-web spider bites. […] People who are at greater risk of severe reactions to spider venom include babies, young children, the elderly and people with an existing heart condition. […] Some people may also be allergic to certain venom and experience an adverse reaction, including anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction). Immediate medical treatment is recommended.
  • #46 Venomous Spiders at Work | Outdoor | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/venomous-spiders.html
    Venomous spiders found in the United States include the black widow and the brown recluse. […] These spiders can be dangerous to outdoor workers. […] Symptoms associated with spider bites can vary from minor to severe. Although extremely rare, death can occur in the most severe cases. […] Employers can protect their workers from spider bites by training them on their risk of exposure to spiders. […] Workers can take the following preventive steps: Inspect or shake out any clothing, shoes, towels, or equipment before use. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fact sheets provide information on spider identification, habitat, and bite symptoms.
  • #47 Common Spider Bites | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p869.html
    There are more than 30,000 species of spiders, most of which cannot inflict serious bites to humans because of their delicate mouthparts and impotent or prey-specific venoms. However, some spiders produce toxic venoms that can cause skin lesions, systemic illnesses, and neurotoxicity. […] The epidemiologic analysis of spider bites is confounded by several factors, including recall bias, the extensive differential diagnosis of dermonecrotic bite-like lesions, suspected versus confirmed bites and stings, and lack of entomologic identification of biting arthropods. […] Most spider bites are inflicted by spiders of minor medical importance; these bites generally occur outdoors or indoors during daytime activities in the spring and summer, when the potential for human-spider encounters is greatest. Spider bites may be prevented by wearing gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants tucked into socks when outdoors, especially when gathering firewood and clearing brush.
  • #48 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    Estimating the number of spider bites that occur is difficult as the spider involvement may not be confirmed or identified. Several researchers recommend only evaluating verified bites: those that have an eyewitness to the bite, the spider is brought in, and identified by expert. With „suspected arachnidism” the diagnosis came without a spider positively identified. […] Bites by the redbacks (Latrodectus hasselti) number a few thousand yearly throughout the country. Antivenom use is frequent but declining. Children may have fewer complications from bites. Funnel web spider bites are few 30-40 per year and 10% requiring intervention. The Sydney funnel web and related species are only on the east coast of Australia. […] In Switzerland about ten to one hundred spider bites occur per one million people per year. During epidemics of latrodectism from the European black widow upwards of 150 bites a year were documented.
  • #49 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    Systemic involvement, although uncommon, occurs more frequently in children than in adults. […] Data regarding mortality rates are not reliable because diagnostic tests to detect brown recluse venom in tissue are not readily available. […] Although deaths have been attributed to presumed brown recluse envenomation, severe outcomes are rare.
  • #50 Black Widow Spider Bite Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/black-widow-spider-bite
    Black widow spiders are a member of the Latrodectus family. People report about 2,600 Latrodectus-species bites to the National Poison Data System every year. […] Healthcare providers can’t identify a particular spider based on its bite mark. There are no tests to confirm what kind of spider bit you. […] Black widow bites are serious. Children younger than 16 and people older than 60 may need hospitalization to treat: breathing issues, heart problems, high blood pressure, severe muscle pain and cramping. […] The prognosis for black widow bites is generally good. With prompt treatment, you should make a full recovery within 24 to 48 hours. Some people experience long-term pain or muscle spasms after black widow bites, but this is rare.
  • #51 Spider Bites: Identification & Treatment | Pest Health Guide
    https://www.pestworld.org/news-hub/pest-health-hub/spider-bites/
    Most spider bites occur when humans accidentally trap or brush up against a spider and receive a defensive bite. […] Research has shown that 80 percent of presumed spider bites are actually bites from other insects, or due to skin infections such as MRSA (a resistant staph infection). […] The rate of a bacterial infection due to a spider bite is low (less than one percent). […] The two spiders of greatest concern in the United States are the brown recluse and the black widow spiders, most commonly found in southern states. […] Typically, black widow bites are less common, but more severe than brown recluse bites. […] Generally, brown recluse spider bites are reported much more frequently than black widow bites, but while the brown recluse bite may cause very significant local skin reactions, it is much more unusual for these spider bites to cause generalized symptoms. […] Seek medical attention for any severe spider bite symptoms and signs, or if they continue to worsen for more than 24 hours. […] If generalized spider bite symptoms set in, be concerned.
  • #52 Health Check Video: Spider Bites
    https://www.pestworld.org/multimedia-center/videos/health/health-checks-spider-bites/
    Most spider bites do not require professional medical attention. […] If a local reaction continues to get worse for more than 24 hours, it may be time to seek medical attention. […] In very rare cases, there have been reports of spider bites causing allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock. […] Research has shown that more than 80% of presumed spider bites are actually bites from other insects or due to skin infections such as MRSA.
  • #53 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/
    In Brazil, the wandering spider (Phoneutria sp, aka the banana spider or armed spider) is responsible for thousands of bites each year. […] The hobo spider (Tegenaria agrestis) is native to Europe but was introduced and subsequently settled in the Pacific Northwest US. […] Diagnosis of spider bites relies heavily on the history of an actual bite being observed. […] Every year, thousands of spider bites are reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, and likely many more go unreported. […] However, many reported bites are erroneous; a recent study found that of 182 patients reporting to a US emergency department, only 7 (3.8%) had confirmed spider bites. […] The overwhelming majority of these spider bites proved to be skin and soft tissue infections. […] Spider venoms contain a number of active proteins and chemicals responsible for clinical symptoms.
  • #54 SciELO Brazil – Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/wQrfMGpmjygxpVBGSsFDgRp/
    Despite the disrepute spiders have had for centuries, their bite is a rare occurrence. […] The rarity of spider bites is evident when considering, for instance, that their annual frequency in Switzerland is estimated on average at 55 per million inhabitants, and only 2% of them are brought to medical attention. […] Misdiagnosing a wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care, cause adverse or even fatal outcomes and have medical-legal implications. […] The habit of attributing skin lesions of uncertain etiology to spider bites is not limited to Italy or the modern age and is popular among healthcare professionals too. […] Misdiagnosing a dermonecrotic wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care and cause adverse or even fatal outcomes. […] Concerningly, misinformation on spider bites also affects the medical literature.
  • #55 SciELO Brazil – Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/wQrfMGpmjygxpVBGSsFDgRp/
    Despite the disrepute spiders have had for centuries, their bite is a rare occurrence. […] The rarity of spider bites is evident when considering, for instance, that their annual frequency in Switzerland is estimated on average at 55 per million inhabitants, and only 2% of them are brought to medical attention. […] Misdiagnosing a wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care, cause adverse or even fatal outcomes and have medical-legal implications. […] The habit of attributing skin lesions of uncertain etiology to spider bites is not limited to Italy or the modern age and is popular among healthcare professionals too. […] Misdiagnosing a dermonecrotic wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care and cause adverse or even fatal outcomes. […] Concerningly, misinformation on spider bites also affects the medical literature.
  • #56 SciELO Brazil – Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/wQrfMGpmjygxpVBGSsFDgRp/
    The general management and treatment of any unknown spider bite should be conservative and aimed at easing the symptoms. […] In the Mediterranean area, the risk of serious medical consequences after a spider bite is really close to zero. […] Patients that develop severe dermonecrosis or systemic symptoms should be hospitalized for observation and treatment.
  • #57 SciELO Brazil – Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/wQrfMGpmjygxpVBGSsFDgRp/
    Despite the disrepute spiders have had for centuries, their bite is a rare occurrence. […] The rarity of spider bites is evident when considering, for instance, that their annual frequency in Switzerland is estimated on average at 55 per million inhabitants, and only 2% of them are brought to medical attention. […] Misdiagnosing a wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care, cause adverse or even fatal outcomes and have medical-legal implications. […] The habit of attributing skin lesions of uncertain etiology to spider bites is not limited to Italy or the modern age and is popular among healthcare professionals too. […] Misdiagnosing a dermonecrotic wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care and cause adverse or even fatal outcomes. […] Concerningly, misinformation on spider bites also affects the medical literature.
  • #58 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    The American Association of Poison Control Centers reported that they received calls regarding nearly 10,000 spider bites in 1994. The spiders of most concern in North America are brown recluse spiders, with nearly 1,500 bites in 2013 and black widow spiders with 1,800 bites. The native habitat of brown recluse spiders is in the southern and central United States, as far north as Iowa. Encounters with brown recluse outside this native region are very rare and bites are thought to be suspect. […] Numerous spider bites are recorded in Brazil with 5000+ annually. Loxosceles species are responsible for the majority of reports. Accidents are concentrated in the southern state of Parana with rates as high as 1 per 1,000 people. Bite from Phoneutria (Brazilian wandering spider) number in the thousands with most being mild. Severe effects are noted in 0.5% of cases, mostly in children.
  • #59 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    In the United States, reports of severe envenomations by brown spiders began to appear in the late 1800s, and today, in endemic areas, brown spiders continue to be of significant clinical concern. […] Although various species of Loxosceles are found throughout the world, L reclusa is found in the United States from the East to the West Coast, with predominance in the south. Recently, reports of persons with „spider bites” presenting to emergency departments have reached near urban legend proportions, prompting many physicians to question the diagnosis of a brown recluse bite in nonendemic areas. […] The 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers recorded 790 individual exposures to brown recluse spiders, with 174 moderate outcomes, 24 major outcomes, and 0 deaths.
  • #60 Spider Bites | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/spider-bites
    It is estimated that less than three deaths per year occur from spider bites. However, most victims are children. […] The Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention, based at Boston Children’s, provides 24-hour treatment and advice to health care professionals and the public on all types of poisoning, including spider bites. […] Prompt treatment is essential to avoid more serious complications, especially in children.
  • #61 Spider Bites | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/poison-control-center/spider-bites
    The Poison Control Center receives many calls about spider bites year-round. […] If untreated, the lesion may blister, ulcerate and eventually result in dead tissue. […] Brown Recluse bites require prompt medical attention.
  • #62 Swiss prospective study on spider bites
    https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/1742/2367?inline=1
    Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. […] In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. […] There are no useful data for estimating the incidence of spider bites in Switzerland or for providing helpful information about their clinical course. This information is also lacking for other central European countries. […] Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite. […] In our study, no widow (Lactrodectus) or recluse (Loxosceles) spiders were found. They do not occur in Switzerland, but due to climate change, Mediterranean spiders may spread and enlarge their native area into Switzerland and other central European countries. […] Therefore, the need to identify the actual spider in any case of clinically important arachnidism has been confirmed by our study. […] In Switzerland, spider bites have a generally benign clinical course characterised by minor symptoms, and patients show rapid and complete recovery.
  • #63 Clinical characteristics of redback spider bites | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text
    https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-014-0062-3
    Redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti) (RBSs) are venomous spiders that have recently spread to Asia from Australia. Since the first case report in 1997 (Osaka), RBS bites have been a clinical and administrative issue in Japan; however, the clinical characteristics and effective treatment of RBS bites, particularly outside Australia remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of RBS bites and to clarify the effectiveness of the administration of antivenom for treatment. […] The surveillance period of the questionnaire spanned 5 years, i.e., from January 2009 to December 2013. […] Approximately one third of cases developed systemic symptoms, and antivenom was administered effectively and safely in severe cases. Further research is required to identify clinically applicable indications for antivenom use.
  • #64 Top Published Expert Doctors for Spider Bites
    https://findexpertmd.com/d/Spider_Bites?physician=physician
    286 top medical experts on Spider Bites across 52 countries and 33 U.S. states, including 139 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 2 including 2 Completed.
  • #65 The global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of spider bites – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15306718/
    Spiders are carnivorous arthropods that coexist with humans and ambush or ensnare prey. […] However, approximately 200 species from 20 genera of spiders worldwide can cause severe human envenomings, with dermonecrosis, systemic toxicity, and death. […] Spider bites can usually be prevented by simple personal and domestic measures. Early species identification and specific management may help prevent serious sequelae of spider bites.
  • #66 Common Spider Bites | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p869.html
    There are more than 30,000 species of spiders, most of which cannot inflict serious bites to humans because of their delicate mouthparts and impotent or prey-specific venoms. However, some spiders produce toxic venoms that can cause skin lesions, systemic illnesses, and neurotoxicity. […] The epidemiologic analysis of spider bites is confounded by several factors, including recall bias, the extensive differential diagnosis of dermonecrotic bite-like lesions, suspected versus confirmed bites and stings, and lack of entomologic identification of biting arthropods. […] Most spider bites are inflicted by spiders of minor medical importance; these bites generally occur outdoors or indoors during daytime activities in the spring and summer, when the potential for human-spider encounters is greatest. Spider bites may be prevented by wearing gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants tucked into socks when outdoors, especially when gathering firewood and clearing brush.
  • #67 Venomous Spiders at Work | Outdoor | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/venomous-spiders.html
    Venomous spiders found in the United States include the black widow and the brown recluse. […] These spiders can be dangerous to outdoor workers. […] Symptoms associated with spider bites can vary from minor to severe. Although extremely rare, death can occur in the most severe cases. […] Employers can protect their workers from spider bites by training them on their risk of exposure to spiders. […] Workers can take the following preventive steps: Inspect or shake out any clothing, shoes, towels, or equipment before use. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fact sheets provide information on spider identification, habitat, and bite symptoms.
  • #68 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places. […] To reduce your exposure to potentially dangerous spiders: Remove spider webs from around your home. Seal any cracks or openings around your home and install window screens. Wear protective clothing such as long covered sleeves, long pants, hats, gloves and boots when handling piles of materials, lumber, rocks, etc. Eliminate tall grasses and reduce debris and rubble from outdoor work areas. Inspect and shake out clothing and shoes before getting dressed.
  • #69 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places. […] To reduce your exposure to potentially dangerous spiders: Remove spider webs from around your home. Seal any cracks or openings around your home and install window screens. Wear protective clothing such as long covered sleeves, long pants, hats, gloves and boots when handling piles of materials, lumber, rocks, etc. Eliminate tall grasses and reduce debris and rubble from outdoor work areas. Inspect and shake out clothing and shoes before getting dressed.
  • #70 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places. […] To reduce your exposure to potentially dangerous spiders: Remove spider webs from around your home. Seal any cracks or openings around your home and install window screens. Wear protective clothing such as long covered sleeves, long pants, hats, gloves and boots when handling piles of materials, lumber, rocks, etc. Eliminate tall grasses and reduce debris and rubble from outdoor work areas. Inspect and shake out clothing and shoes before getting dressed.
  • #71 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places. […] To reduce your exposure to potentially dangerous spiders: Remove spider webs from around your home. Seal any cracks or openings around your home and install window screens. Wear protective clothing such as long covered sleeves, long pants, hats, gloves and boots when handling piles of materials, lumber, rocks, etc. Eliminate tall grasses and reduce debris and rubble from outdoor work areas. Inspect and shake out clothing and shoes before getting dressed.
  • #72 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/
    Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places. […] To reduce your exposure to potentially dangerous spiders: Remove spider webs from around your home. Seal any cracks or openings around your home and install window screens. Wear protective clothing such as long covered sleeves, long pants, hats, gloves and boots when handling piles of materials, lumber, rocks, etc. Eliminate tall grasses and reduce debris and rubble from outdoor work areas. Inspect and shake out clothing and shoes before getting dressed.
  • #73 Venomous Spiders at Work | Outdoor | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/venomous-spiders.html
    Venomous spiders found in the United States include the black widow and the brown recluse. […] These spiders can be dangerous to outdoor workers. […] Symptoms associated with spider bites can vary from minor to severe. Although extremely rare, death can occur in the most severe cases. […] Employers can protect their workers from spider bites by training them on their risk of exposure to spiders. […] Workers can take the following preventive steps: Inspect or shake out any clothing, shoes, towels, or equipment before use. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fact sheets provide information on spider identification, habitat, and bite symptoms.
  • #74 Venomous Spiders at Work | Outdoor | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/venomous-spiders.html
    Venomous spiders found in the United States include the black widow and the brown recluse. […] These spiders can be dangerous to outdoor workers. […] Symptoms associated with spider bites can vary from minor to severe. Although extremely rare, death can occur in the most severe cases. […] Employers can protect their workers from spider bites by training them on their risk of exposure to spiders. […] Workers can take the following preventive steps: Inspect or shake out any clothing, shoes, towels, or equipment before use. […] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fact sheets provide information on spider identification, habitat, and bite symptoms.
  • #75 The global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of spider bites – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15306718/
    Spiders are carnivorous arthropods that coexist with humans and ambush or ensnare prey. […] However, approximately 200 species from 20 genera of spiders worldwide can cause severe human envenomings, with dermonecrosis, systemic toxicity, and death. […] Spider bites can usually be prevented by simple personal and domestic measures. Early species identification and specific management may help prevent serious sequelae of spider bites.
  • #76 Spider Bites | VCA Canada Animal Hospitals
    https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/spider-bites
    Female black widows are significantly larger and more venomous than males. […] The only way to definitively diagnose a spider bite is to collect and identify the spider responsible for causing the bite.
  • #77 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/
    In Brazil, the wandering spider (Phoneutria sp, aka the banana spider or armed spider) is responsible for thousands of bites each year. […] The hobo spider (Tegenaria agrestis) is native to Europe but was introduced and subsequently settled in the Pacific Northwest US. […] Diagnosis of spider bites relies heavily on the history of an actual bite being observed. […] Every year, thousands of spider bites are reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, and likely many more go unreported. […] However, many reported bites are erroneous; a recent study found that of 182 patients reporting to a US emergency department, only 7 (3.8%) had confirmed spider bites. […] The overwhelming majority of these spider bites proved to be skin and soft tissue infections. […] Spider venoms contain a number of active proteins and chemicals responsible for clinical symptoms.
  • #78 Spider Bites – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/bites-and-stings/spider-bites
    Brown spiders are present in the Midwest and south central United States, not in the coastal and Canadian border provinces. […] Widow spiders are present throughout the United States. […] Spider bites cause 3 deaths/year in the United States, usually in children. […] Diagnosis is typically suspected based on history and physical signs, but confirmation is rare because it requires witnessed biting, identification of the spider (the spider is rarely recovered intact), and exclusion of other causes. […] In nonendemic areas, a brown spider bite should not be diagnosed without identifying the spider. […] Severe cases of latrodectism should be distinguished from acute abdomen, rabies, or tetanus. […] Diagnose spider bites (often mistakenly identified by patients) clinically.
  • #79 Spiders | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/spiders
    If you can, catch the spider and take it with you to hospital so that medical staff can identify the species and quickly administer the correct treatment. […] To assess your risk of spider bites, familiarise yourself with the kinds of spider that tend to live around your home and garden. […] Mouse spider bites are uncommon, but they can cause potential toxicity to people. […] Redbacks are common in Australia, and are often found in backyards. […] Only the female redback spider bite is dangerous and may require antivenom. […] White-tailed spiders are common and found in most homes throughout Australia. […] Most bites occur indoors, at night and in warmer months. […] Necrotising arachnidism is a type of skin inflammation and ulceration that is caused by the bite of some spiders.
  • #80 Spider bites
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/spider-bite
    Although many people attribute an episode of bacterial infection (especially cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis) to an unseen spider bite, they are falsely blamed. Documented spider bites have not led to skin these infections. […] One of the most important aspects in treating spider bites it to try and identify the offending spider. The venom of spider bites is quite variable hence identification of the spider can be of value in determining the management of the condition. […] Specific treatment for bites from certain spiders include: Antivenin is available for bites by spiders of the Latrodectus and Loxosceles genera and is very effective if given soon after the bite.
  • #81 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=2997
    There are two types of spiders found in the U.S. that can cause illness in people. One type is the widow spider. The black widow is the best known. The other type is the recluse spider. The brown recluse is the best known. A bite by either type usually isn’t deadly, but it may make a person very sick. It’s important to get quick medical help if you think you’ve been bitten by either type of spider. […] Children are more sensitive than adults to spider bites because of their smaller body size. But deaths from bites either of the black widow or the brown recluse are very rare. It is important to protect children from spider bites as the symptoms described below can be more severe in children. […] A medicine called antivenin is available for black widow bites, but none is available for brown recluse bites. The antivenin is only used in the most severe cases. Other treatment is mostly to ease symptoms.
  • #82 How to treat spider bites and when you need to see your doctor – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-treat-spider-bites-and-when-you-need-to-see-your-doctor
    It’s not uncommon to be squeamish about spiders, but it is uncommon to be bitten by one. […] Black widow and brown recluse spiders, however, produce venom that can cause a serious reaction in humans including, rarely, death. […] It’s rare, but black widow spider bites can cause death. Young children, people who are ill, and older adults are at the greatest risk. […] Death from brown recluse spider bites is more common in children than adults. […] If you think you’ve been bitten by a brown recluse or a black widow spider, alert your doctor right away. […] You may receive antivenom (a medicine to counteract the venom, also called antivenin) if you were bitten by a black widow spider. There is no antivenom for brown recluse spider bites. […] Seek immediate emergency treatment if you have trouble breathing, an elevated heart rate, or facial swelling. These can be signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).
  • #83 SciELO Brazil – Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/wQrfMGpmjygxpVBGSsFDgRp/
    The general management and treatment of any unknown spider bite should be conservative and aimed at easing the symptoms. […] In the Mediterranean area, the risk of serious medical consequences after a spider bite is really close to zero. […] Patients that develop severe dermonecrosis or systemic symptoms should be hospitalized for observation and treatment.
  • #84 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/
    Widow spiders produce a toxin called alpha-latrotoxin, which has been isolated from the Mediterranean black widow (L tredecimguttatus) and is probably present in the venom of all widow spiders. […] The venom of the brown recluse contains several enzymes and proteins, the most important of which is the enzyme sphingomyelinase D (SMD). […] Funnel-web spiders produce a number of peptide toxins termed atracotoxins. […] Systemic signs and symptoms of black widow spider envenomation include arthralgias, muscle rigidity, bronchorrhea, diaphoresis, fever, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, ptosis, restlessness, tremors, and salivation. […] While brown recluse spider bites generally cause only a cutaneous injury, occasionally envenomation results in a severe systemic reaction. […] Funnel web spider bites are considered a medical emergency as systemic symptoms can rapidly occur within minutes of envenomation. […] Most bites from wandering spiders can be managed with the above listed pain control measures.
  • #85 Spider bites factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
    https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/spider-bites-factsheet
    Australia has some of the most venomous spiders in the world. Some spider bites can be harmful and need emergency medical treatment. […] In Australia, some common types of spiders have venom that is dangerous to humans. […] If your child is bitten by a funnel-web or another large, black spider, they will need hospital treatment, as these bites can be life-threatening. […] Bites from redback or other spiders can usually be treated at home with first aid. […] Bites from funnel-web or other big, black-coloured spiders are a medical emergency. […] Your child will be monitored for symptoms in the hospital. Anti-venom may be used for funnel-web bites to prevent the venom from causing further harm.
  • #86 SciELO Brazil – Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/wQrfMGpmjygxpVBGSsFDgRp/
    The general management and treatment of any unknown spider bite should be conservative and aimed at easing the symptoms. […] In the Mediterranean area, the risk of serious medical consequences after a spider bite is really close to zero. […] Patients that develop severe dermonecrosis or systemic symptoms should be hospitalized for observation and treatment.
  • #87 Spider Bites | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/spider-bites
    Most spiders found in the U.S. are harmless, except for the brown recluse and the black widow spiders. […] Black widow spider bites release a poison (toxin) that can damage the nervous system. These bites need emergency medical care. […] Venom from the brown recluse spider often causes local skin tissue damage. […] Black widow spider bites release a poison that can damage the nervous system. Emergency care is needed right away. […] Prompt treatment of both types of spider bites is key to preventing more serious complications, especially in children.
  • #88 Spider Bites | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/spider-bites.html
    Most spiders found in the U.S. are harmless, except for the brown recluse and the black widow spiders. […] Black widow spider bites release a poison (toxin) that can damage the nervous system. These bites need emergency medical care. […] A spider bite is diagnosed based on your history and your symptoms. […] In most cases, a spider bite is not the cause of the symptoms. […] Quick treatment of both types of spider bites is key to preventing more serious complications, especially in children. […] Possible exposure to dangerous spider bites can be decreased by: […] Symptoms of a black widow spider bite include cramping pain and muscle stiffness. There may also be weakness, tremors, or paralysis, especially in the legs. […] Prompt treatment of both types of spider bites is key to preventing more serious complications, especially in children.
  • #89 Spider Bites
    https://livinghealthy.hawaiipacifichealth.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/NonTraumatic/85,P00860
    Most spiders found in the U.S. are harmless, except for the brown recluse and the black widow spiders. […] Black widow spider bites release a poison (toxin) that can damage the nervous system. These bites need emergency medical care. […] A spider bite is diagnosed based on your history and your symptoms. […] In most cases, a spider bite is not the cause of the symptoms. […] Quick treatment of both types of spider bites is key to preventing more serious complications, especially in children. […] Tetanus spores can infect spider bites. Keep tetanus boosters up-to-date (every 10 years). […] Possible exposure to dangerous spider bites can be decreased by: […] Prompt treatment of both types of spider bites is key to preventing more serious complications, especially in children.
  • #90 Common Spider Bites | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p869.html
    There are more than 30,000 species of spiders, most of which cannot inflict serious bites to humans because of their delicate mouthparts and impotent or prey-specific venoms. However, some spiders produce toxic venoms that can cause skin lesions, systemic illnesses, and neurotoxicity. […] The epidemiologic analysis of spider bites is confounded by several factors, including recall bias, the extensive differential diagnosis of dermonecrotic bite-like lesions, suspected versus confirmed bites and stings, and lack of entomologic identification of biting arthropods. […] Most spider bites are inflicted by spiders of minor medical importance; these bites generally occur outdoors or indoors during daytime activities in the spring and summer, when the potential for human-spider encounters is greatest. Spider bites may be prevented by wearing gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants tucked into socks when outdoors, especially when gathering firewood and clearing brush.
  • #91 Spider bite – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite
    Estimating the number of spider bites that occur is difficult as the spider involvement may not be confirmed or identified. Several researchers recommend only evaluating verified bites: those that have an eyewitness to the bite, the spider is brought in, and identified by expert. With „suspected arachnidism” the diagnosis came without a spider positively identified. […] Bites by the redbacks (Latrodectus hasselti) number a few thousand yearly throughout the country. Antivenom use is frequent but declining. Children may have fewer complications from bites. Funnel web spider bites are few 30-40 per year and 10% requiring intervention. The Sydney funnel web and related species are only on the east coast of Australia. […] In Switzerland about ten to one hundred spider bites occur per one million people per year. During epidemics of latrodectism from the European black widow upwards of 150 bites a year were documented.
  • #92 List of medically significant spider bites – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medically_significant_spider_bites
    A number of spiders can cause spider bites that are medically important. Almost all spiders produce venom but only a few are able to cause significant harm to humans. […] Medical reports have been criticized for poor evidence. […] Only ten genera (Phoneutria, Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Sicarius, Hexophthalma, Hadronyche, Illawarra, Macrothele and Missulena) are considered medically significant. […] Deaths by verified spider bites are exceedingly rare (e.g. not one in Australia since 1979). […] The widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), such as the black widow, redback spider, and katip are spiders that carry a neurotoxic venom which can cause a set of symptoms known as Latrodectism. […] The Australian red-back and North American widow species live near humans and bites are frequent, numbering thousands yearly.
  • #93 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview
    Systemic involvement, although uncommon, occurs more frequently in children than in adults. […] Data regarding mortality rates are not reliable because diagnostic tests to detect brown recluse venom in tissue are not readily available. […] Although deaths have been attributed to presumed brown recluse envenomation, severe outcomes are rare.
  • #94 Common Spider Bites | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p869.html
    There are more than 30,000 species of spiders, most of which cannot inflict serious bites to humans because of their delicate mouthparts and impotent or prey-specific venoms. However, some spiders produce toxic venoms that can cause skin lesions, systemic illnesses, and neurotoxicity. […] The epidemiologic analysis of spider bites is confounded by several factors, including recall bias, the extensive differential diagnosis of dermonecrotic bite-like lesions, suspected versus confirmed bites and stings, and lack of entomologic identification of biting arthropods. […] Most spider bites are inflicted by spiders of minor medical importance; these bites generally occur outdoors or indoors during daytime activities in the spring and summer, when the potential for human-spider encounters is greatest. Spider bites may be prevented by wearing gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants tucked into socks when outdoors, especially when gathering firewood and clearing brush.
  • #95 Swiss prospective study on spider bites
    https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/1742/2367?inline=1
    Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. […] In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. […] There are no useful data for estimating the incidence of spider bites in Switzerland or for providing helpful information about their clinical course. This information is also lacking for other central European countries. […] Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite. […] In our study, no widow (Lactrodectus) or recluse (Loxosceles) spiders were found. They do not occur in Switzerland, but due to climate change, Mediterranean spiders may spread and enlarge their native area into Switzerland and other central European countries. […] Therefore, the need to identify the actual spider in any case of clinically important arachnidism has been confirmed by our study. […] In Switzerland, spider bites have a generally benign clinical course characterised by minor symptoms, and patients show rapid and complete recovery.
  • #96 Poisonous spider bites – itjem
    https://www.itjem.org/2019/02/13/poisonous-spider-bites/
    We also can find in literature only two reports of fatal issue: one in Thailand (Chomphuphuang et al 2016) and one from Southern Italy(Pezzi et al. 2016). […] The increasing globalization and development of tourism, with increasing amounts of imported goods and people being transported to almost any part of the world, as well as global warming causing the expansions of the species areas north-wards, many non-autochthonous spider species are predicted to reach Europe and appear in our closer living environment. […] Therefore, awareness and knowledge of lesser-known of even foreign spider species sporadically occurring in our surroundings seem to be increasingly important, not only for toxicologist but also for emergency and internal medicine doctors, in order to provide appropriate treatment of spider bites when necessary.
  • #97 Swiss prospective study on spider bites
    https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/1742/2367?inline=1
    Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. […] In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. […] There are no useful data for estimating the incidence of spider bites in Switzerland or for providing helpful information about their clinical course. This information is also lacking for other central European countries. […] Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite. […] In our study, no widow (Lactrodectus) or recluse (Loxosceles) spiders were found. They do not occur in Switzerland, but due to climate change, Mediterranean spiders may spread and enlarge their native area into Switzerland and other central European countries. […] Therefore, the need to identify the actual spider in any case of clinically important arachnidism has been confirmed by our study. […] In Switzerland, spider bites have a generally benign clinical course characterised by minor symptoms, and patients show rapid and complete recovery.
  • #98 Poisonous spider bites – itjem
    https://www.itjem.org/2019/02/13/poisonous-spider-bites/
    We also can find in literature only two reports of fatal issue: one in Thailand (Chomphuphuang et al 2016) and one from Southern Italy(Pezzi et al. 2016). […] The increasing globalization and development of tourism, with increasing amounts of imported goods and people being transported to almost any part of the world, as well as global warming causing the expansions of the species areas north-wards, many non-autochthonous spider species are predicted to reach Europe and appear in our closer living environment. […] Therefore, awareness and knowledge of lesser-known of even foreign spider species sporadically occurring in our surroundings seem to be increasingly important, not only for toxicologist but also for emergency and internal medicine doctors, in order to provide appropriate treatment of spider bites when necessary.
  • #99 Swiss prospective study on spider bites
    https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/1742/2367?inline=1
    Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. […] In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. […] There are no useful data for estimating the incidence of spider bites in Switzerland or for providing helpful information about their clinical course. This information is also lacking for other central European countries. […] Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite. […] In our study, no widow (Lactrodectus) or recluse (Loxosceles) spiders were found. They do not occur in Switzerland, but due to climate change, Mediterranean spiders may spread and enlarge their native area into Switzerland and other central European countries. […] Therefore, the need to identify the actual spider in any case of clinically important arachnidism has been confirmed by our study. […] In Switzerland, spider bites have a generally benign clinical course characterised by minor symptoms, and patients show rapid and complete recovery.

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