Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spider bite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite

  A primary concern of the bite of a spider is the effect of its venom. A spider envenomation occurs whenever a spider injects venom into the skin. Not all spider bites involve injection of venom, and the amount of venom injected can vary based on the type of spider and the circumstances of the encounter. The mechanical injury from a spider bite is not a serious concern for humans. However, it is generally the toxicity of spider venom that poses the most risk to human beings; several spiders are known to have venom that can cause injury to humans in the amounts that a spider could inject when biting. While venoms are by definition toxic substances, most spiders do not have venom that is directly toxic (in the quantities delivered) to require medical attention and, of those that do, severity is typically mild.

• #2 Common Spider Bites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p869.html

  There are more than 30,000 species of spiders, most of which cannot inflict serious bites to humans because of their delicate mouthparts and impotent or prey-specific venoms. However, some spiders produce toxic venoms that can cause skin lesions, systemic illnesses, and neurotoxicity. […] A bite from a widow spider results in muscle spasms and rigidity starting at the bite site within 30 minutes to two hours. […] Most bites from these spiders occur early in the morning and are initially painless. These bites usually progress to ulcerating dermonecrosis at the bite site. […] The epidemiologic analysis of spider bites is confounded by several factors, including recall bias, the extensive differential diagnosis of dermonecrotic bite-like lesions, suspected versus confirmed bites and stings, and lack of entomologic identification of biting arthropods.

• #2 Spider bite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite

  Spider venoms work on one of two fundamental principles; they are either neurotoxic (attacking the nervous system) or necrotic (attacking tissues surrounding the bite). In some cases, the venom affects vital organs and systems. The venoms of the widow spiders, Brazilian wandering spider and Australian funnel-web are neurotoxic. Heart muscle damage is an unusual complication of widow venom that may lead to death. Pulmonary edema, which is fluid accumulation in the lungs, is a feared and potentially serious but uncommon complication of funnel-web venom. Recluse and South African sand spider venoms are necrotic. Recluse venom may also cause severe hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), though this is typically uncommon.

• #3 Spider bites

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/spider-bite

  The venom produced by spider bites is generally either neurotoxic or cytotoxic. […] The signs and symptoms from a bite from a spider with neurotoxic venom differ to those produced by a spider with cytotoxic venom. […] The severity of the symptoms depends on the species of the spider as the symptoms of bites from different species of Loxosceles can range from unremarkable (requiring no care), localised (usually self-healing), dermonecrotic (slow-healing ulcerated lesion requiring treatment), to systemic (vascular, renal damage and sometimes life-threatening). […] Features of neurotoxic venom bite include severe pain in the chest and abdomen, breathing difficulties, heart palpitations, and symptoms usually start about 1-3 hours after being bitten. […] Features of cytotoxic venom bite affect cellular tissue and usually restricted to the area of the bite, with symptoms developing about 28 hours later, leading to necrotic lesions.

• #4 Spider bites – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spider-bites/symptoms-causes/syc-20352371

  Spider bites can cause redness, pain and swelling, or you might not notice them at all. […] Severe spider bite symptoms occur as a result of the venom that the spider injects. Symptom severity depends on the type of spider, the amount of venom injected and how sensitive your body is to the venom.

• #5 Learning Series: Pathophysiology of Spider Bites – Apex Pest Control

  https://www.apex-pestcontrol.com/pathophysiology-of-spider-bites/

  Receiving a spider bite is rarely a pleasant experience. What happens to your skin after a spider bite? What causes the damage to your skin? This brief guide to the pathophysiology of spider bites will tell you more about why and how spider bites affect you. […] Any time the skin is pierced, infection may set in if the wound is not properly cared for. Even with proper wound care, further injury from a spider bite is still possible, and usually occurs due to the venom spiders inject into the area. […] In general, spider venoms act in one of two ways: […] Neurotoxic venoms are the venoms spiders use to paralyze their prey. When injected into a large mammal such as a human, neurotoxic venoms work to excite the nervous system. Venoms affecting the motor nerves can cause muscle spasms, cramps, and twitching. Venoms affecting the autonomic nerves can cause goose bumps, sweating, drooling, and increase heart rate and blood pressure.

• #6 Black Widow Spider Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499987/

  The venom of the black widow spider is a combination of biologically active proteins, peptides, and proteases. The primary toxin found in the venom of the black widow is alpha-latrotoxin. It binds irreversibly to the protein receptors on presynaptic neurons and creates calcium ([Ca2+])-permeable channels within the lipid bilayers. This influx of [Ca2+] ions results in massive exocytosis of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and glutamate. It is this release of neurotransmitters that leads to the characteristic symptomatology of pain, muscle rigidity, vomiting, and sweating.[6] […] Symptoms of envenomation range from local irritation and pain to a more systemic syndrome termed latrodectism. Latrodectism is characterized by variations in presentations ranging from autonomic disturbances to widespread pain and rigidity. Treatment ranges from simple analgesia to the administration of antivenom. […] Latrodectism is caused by the bite of a female black widow spider.[3]

• #7 Spider Bites | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/spider-bites/

  Spider bites are a rare cause of morbidity. […] Brown recluse and black widow spiders are the most common causes of serious systemic reactions in the United States. The brown recluse spider contains a necrotizing venom that can lead to a painful, blistering, necrotic wound, which can be complicated by fevers, myalgias, hemolysis, seizures, and renal failure. […] Black widow spiders have a neurotoxic venom that can cause muscle cramping and rigidity, vital sign instability, lacrimation and salivation, ptosis, and respiratory distress. […] Brown recluse spider: Necrotizing venom, cytotoxic, and hemolytic. […] Black widow spider: Neurotoxic venom that affects neuromuscular transmission and autonomic function. […] Alpha-latrotoxin is the primary toxin: Binds irreversibly to receptors on presynaptic neurons, causes an influx of calcium ions, and results in the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

• #8 Prevention and Treatment of Spider Bites

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prevention-and-treatment-of-spider-bites

  Widow spider venom contains several different neurotoxins, known as latrotoxins, that act to impair or destroy nerve tissue. Of particular note is that latrotoxins seem to target specific types of animals. For example, some latrotoxins exert their effects only on insects; another type affects only crustaceans; and yet another targets only vertebrates. For vertebrates, the selective latrotoxin in widow spider venom is alpha-latrotoxin, which exerts its effects by two different mechanisms. After binding to a neuronal receptor, alpha-latrotoxin can enter the plasma membrane to form a pore or it can activate the receptor, leading to intracellular signaling. Both mechanisms result in a sizable release of presynaptic neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and norepinephrine. The release of these neurotransmitters can cause severe, painful muscle contractions.

• #9 Penetrating Spider Bites and Neuropsychiatric Insights

  https://www.genome.gov/27542928/2011-news-feature-penetrating-spider-bites-and-neuropsychiatric-insights

  The female black widow spider is notorious for both her venomous bite and her reputation for using it on her own partner after mating. Her venom contains latrotoxin, among other toxins, which is a small protein that for years has been used in biochemical research to study cell signaling and neurotransmitter release in neurons. […] An individual’s susceptibility to latrotoxin results from specific receptors on the neuron’s surface. The major receptor that binds latrotoxin is called latrophilin (LPHN). […] When latrotoxin binds to latrophilin in the cell surface, two things happen. The toxin uses the receptor as an anchor to insert itself into the cell membrane, opening a channel for a massive influx of calcium into the cell. As a result, there is an uncontrolled release of neurotransmitters from the cell, which is what causes the effects of latrotoxin. The venom also acts at the nerve ends to prevent muscle relaxation, causing constant, strong and painful contractions.

• #10 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/

  The venom of the brown recluse contains several enzymes and proteins, the most important of which is the enzyme sphingomyelinase D (SMD). SMD interacts with sphingomyelin on cell membranes causing endothelial cell disruption, intravascular hemolysis, platelet aggregation and thrombi formation. […] Funnel-web spiders produce a number of peptide toxins termed atracotoxins. These toxins affect voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in excessive and repetitive action potentials, excessive release of neurotransmitters, and ultimately in the autonomic and somatic symptoms seen clinically. […] Systemic signs and symptoms of black widow spider envenomation include arthralgias, muscle rigidity, bronchorrhea, diaphoresis, fever, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, ptosis, restlessness, tremors, and salivation. […] While brown recluse spider bites generally cause only a cutaneous injury, occasionally envenomation results in a severe systemic reaction. […] Funnel web spider bites are considered a medical emergency as systemic symptoms can rapidly occur within minutes of envenomation.

• #11 Spider bites and venoms – The Australian Museum

  https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/spider-bites-and-venoms/

  There are basically two types of venom that have an effect on humans: neurotoxic and cytotoxic (or necrotic) venoms. Neurotoxic venoms work directly on the nervous system. The best known example is the venom of the Black Widow/Redback spiders (Latrodectus species). Necrotic venoms cause damage to the tissues, such as blisters and lesions. […] The main effect of a neurotoxic venom is to block nerve impulses to the muscles, causing cramps and rigidity and also disrupting many of the body’s functions. It also overstimulates the production of the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and norephinephrine, causing paralysis of the entire nervous system. The combined effect causes sudden and severe stress to the entire human body. In extreme cases, this can result in death due to respiratory or circulatory failure. Funnel-web Spider venom – known as atracotoxin – acts directly upon the nervous system in this way.

• #12 Learning Series: Pathophysiology of Spider Bites – Apex Pest Control

  https://www.apex-pestcontrol.com/pathophysiology-of-spider-bites/

  Necrotic venoms cause tissue death in order to kill their prey. When injected into human skin, there may be no ill effects at first. Within two to eight hours, the bite becomes painful and itchy, worsening over the next 12 to 36 hours. Necrosis sets in over the next few days and may transform the red, swollen bite into a dry, black ulcer. The damaged tissue may develop gangrene and fall away, healing only after months or even years.

• #13 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview

  Brown recluse spider bites can cause significant cutaneous injury with tissue loss and necrosis. […] Brown recluse venom, like many of the other brown spider venoms, is cytotoxic and hemolytic. It contains at least 8 components, including enzymes such as hyaluronidase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase. Sphingomyelinase D is thought to be the protein component responsible for most of the tissue destruction and hemolysis caused by brown recluse spider envenomation. The intense inflammatory response mediated by arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, and chemotactic infiltration of neutrophils is amplified further by an intrinsic vascular cascade involving the mediator C-reactive protein and complement activation. Laboratory studies have shown a decrease in hemolysis from brown recluse venom in the presence of complement inhibitors. […] These and other factors contribute to the local and systemic reactions of necrotic arachnidism.

• #14 Spider Bites – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/bites-and-stings/spider-bites

  Sphingomyelinase D is the protein component that seems to be responsible for most of the tissue destruction and hemolysis caused by brown spider envenomations. The most toxic component of widow spider venom seems to be a peptide, alpha-latrotoxin, that affects neuromuscular transmission. […] Loxoscelism, a venom-induced systemic syndrome, may not be detected until 24 to 72 hours after the bite and is uncommon but more prevalent in children and adolescents. Systemic effects (eg, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, arthralgias, myalgias, generalized rash, seizures, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, renal failure) are responsible for all reported fatalities. […] Latrodectism, a systemic syndrome caused by neurotoxic venom components of widow spider bites, manifests as restlessness, anxiety, sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, salivation, weakness, diffuse erythematous rash, pruritus, ptosis, eyelid and extremity edema, respiratory distress, increased skin temperature over the affected area, and cramping pain and muscular rigidity in the abdomen, shoulders, chest, and back. Abdominal pain may be severe and mimic acute surgical abdomen, rabies, or tetanus. Symptoms tend to resolve over 1 to 3 days, but residual spasms, paresthesias, agitation, and weakness can last weeks to months.

• #15 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/

  The venom of the brown recluse contains several enzymes and proteins, the most important of which is the enzyme sphingomyelinase D (SMD). SMD interacts with sphingomyelin on cell membranes causing endothelial cell disruption, intravascular hemolysis, platelet aggregation and thrombi formation. […] Funnel-web spiders produce a number of peptide toxins termed atracotoxins. These toxins affect voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in excessive and repetitive action potentials, excessive release of neurotransmitters, and ultimately in the autonomic and somatic symptoms seen clinically. […] Systemic signs and symptoms of black widow spider envenomation include arthralgias, muscle rigidity, bronchorrhea, diaphoresis, fever, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, ptosis, restlessness, tremors, and salivation. […] While brown recluse spider bites generally cause only a cutaneous injury, occasionally envenomation results in a severe systemic reaction. […] Funnel web spider bites are considered a medical emergency as systemic symptoms can rapidly occur within minutes of envenomation.

• #16 Prevention and Treatment of Spider Bites

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prevention-and-treatment-of-spider-bites

  Recluse spider venom contains several toxic enzymes, the most damaging one being sphingomyelinase D. Sphingomyelinases exert their effects on the body via multiple mechanisms. First, they can activate the complement system and the membrane attack complex by recruiting inflammatory cells to the site of the bite. The membrane attack complex and complement system, which are part of the body’s immune system, work together to clear cells of invading organisms and damaged host cells. The activation of the complement system from recluse spider venom induces dermonecrosis. Sphingomyelinase D also activates neutrophils, which can cause a breakdown of collagen fibers in the skin. There is an increase in the expression of gelatinase, which may lead to the development of skin breakdown. This process is also known as necrotic arachnidism.

• #17 Brown Spider Venom Phospholipases D: From Potent Molecules Involved in Pathogenesis of Brown Spider Bites to Molecular Tools for Studying Ectosomes, Ectocytosis, and Its Applications

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/2/70

  PLDs play a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of both cutaneous and systemic loxoscelism. […] Research has advanced over the years, and it is now well-established that PLDs are responsible for the necrotic lesions observed after bites. […] The involvement of PLDs in necrotic events is also supported by immunological evidence. […] The role of PLDs in systemic loxoscelism is well-supported by laboratory and experimental evidence. […] Their involvement in intravascular hemolysis and hemolytic anemia—two major clinical manifestations of systemic loxoscelism—is strongly demonstrated by their hemolytic activity on sheep and human red blood cells in vitro. […] These data offer an explanation for previously unexplained results in the literature, which show that recombinant PLD isoforms with mutations in various amino acid residues—despite being inactive from a biochemical and functional perspective—can still induce cell activation with cytokine and chemokine production upon exposure to cultured cells.

• #18 Brown Recluse Spider Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537045/

  Brown recluse spider venom is cytotoxic and hemolytic. It has many enzymes that contribute to the clinical manifestations. Sphingomyelinase D, one of the more well-studied components, has been shown to direct toxin-mediated hemolysis and complement-mediated erythrocyte destruction. It does this by activating the complement system. Within the venom, there are additional proteases that degrade collagen, fibronectin, fibrinogen, gelatin, elastin basement membranes that on their own may not be able to cause the local reaction seen with brown recluse bites but seem to have a synergistic effect with sphingomyelinase D leading to many of the cutaneous findings. Hyaluronidase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and ATPase also seem to have effects leading to the cutaneous manifestations of bites.[4] […] The brown recluse spider venom is very toxic but rarely causes much damage because of the small quantity. One of the active enzymes in the venom causes significant damage to blood vessels and cell death to the tissue at the envenomation site. Also, the venom causes the patient’s body to release inflammatory cells like interleukins and cytokines to help deal with the venom, but these cells can cause harm to the patient once they are activated; this results in red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), platelet destruction (thrombocytopenia), end-organ damage (kidney injury and coma).

• #19 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/772295-overview

  Brown recluse spider bites can cause significant cutaneous injury with tissue loss and necrosis. […] Brown recluse venom, like many of the other brown spider venoms, is cytotoxic and hemolytic. It contains at least 8 components, including enzymes such as hyaluronidase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase. Sphingomyelinase D is thought to be the protein component responsible for most of the tissue destruction and hemolysis caused by brown recluse spider envenomation. The intense inflammatory response mediated by arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, and chemotactic infiltration of neutrophils is amplified further by an intrinsic vascular cascade involving the mediator C-reactive protein and complement activation. Laboratory studies have shown a decrease in hemolysis from brown recluse venom in the presence of complement inhibitors. […] These and other factors contribute to the local and systemic reactions of necrotic arachnidism.

• #20 Black Widow Spider Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499987/

  The venom of the black widow spider is a combination of biologically active proteins, peptides, and proteases. The primary toxin found in the venom of the black widow is alpha-latrotoxin. It binds irreversibly to the protein receptors on presynaptic neurons and creates calcium ([Ca2+])-permeable channels within the lipid bilayers. This influx of [Ca2+] ions results in massive exocytosis of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and glutamate. It is this release of neurotransmitters that leads to the characteristic symptomatology of pain, muscle rigidity, vomiting, and sweating.[6] […] Symptoms of envenomation range from local irritation and pain to a more systemic syndrome termed latrodectism. Latrodectism is characterized by variations in presentations ranging from autonomic disturbances to widespread pain and rigidity. Treatment ranges from simple analgesia to the administration of antivenom. […] Latrodectism is caused by the bite of a female black widow spider.[3]

• #21 Spider Bites – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/bites-and-stings/spider-bites

  Sphingomyelinase D is the protein component that seems to be responsible for most of the tissue destruction and hemolysis caused by brown spider envenomations. The most toxic component of widow spider venom seems to be a peptide, alpha-latrotoxin, that affects neuromuscular transmission. […] Loxoscelism, a venom-induced systemic syndrome, may not be detected until 24 to 72 hours after the bite and is uncommon but more prevalent in children and adolescents. Systemic effects (eg, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, arthralgias, myalgias, generalized rash, seizures, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, renal failure) are responsible for all reported fatalities. […] Latrodectism, a systemic syndrome caused by neurotoxic venom components of widow spider bites, manifests as restlessness, anxiety, sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, salivation, weakness, diffuse erythematous rash, pruritus, ptosis, eyelid and extremity edema, respiratory distress, increased skin temperature over the affected area, and cramping pain and muscular rigidity in the abdomen, shoulders, chest, and back. Abdominal pain may be severe and mimic acute surgical abdomen, rabies, or tetanus. Symptoms tend to resolve over 1 to 3 days, but residual spasms, paresthesias, agitation, and weakness can last weeks to months.

• #22 Spider and Scorpion Bites in Animals – Toxicology – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/venomous-arthropods/spider-and-scorpion-bites-in-animals

  The venom of a bark scorpion contains neurotoxins that block potassium and sodium channels, inhibiting neuromuscular transmission. […] The venom is made up of several components, including the neurotoxin alpha-latrotoxin that causes a release of neurotransmitters at synaptic junctions. […] A large release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, and enkephalins depletes these neurotransmitters, leading to the neurotoxin blocking neurotransmission and inhibiting reuptake. […] In severely symptomatic patients, hypertension, respiratory distress, and partial paresis can occur. […] Treatment of black widow envenomation in most cases is supportive care, to manage pain and muscle cramping.

• #23 Spider Bites – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/bites-and-stings/spider-bites

  Sphingomyelinase D is the protein component that seems to be responsible for most of the tissue destruction and hemolysis caused by brown spider envenomations. The most toxic component of widow spider venom seems to be a peptide, alpha-latrotoxin, that affects neuromuscular transmission. […] Loxoscelism, a venom-induced systemic syndrome, may not be detected until 24 to 72 hours after the bite and is uncommon but more prevalent in children and adolescents. Systemic effects (eg, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, arthralgias, myalgias, generalized rash, seizures, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, renal failure) are responsible for all reported fatalities. […] Latrodectism, a systemic syndrome caused by neurotoxic venom components of widow spider bites, manifests as restlessness, anxiety, sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, salivation, weakness, diffuse erythematous rash, pruritus, ptosis, eyelid and extremity edema, respiratory distress, increased skin temperature over the affected area, and cramping pain and muscular rigidity in the abdomen, shoulders, chest, and back. Abdominal pain may be severe and mimic acute surgical abdomen, rabies, or tetanus. Symptoms tend to resolve over 1 to 3 days, but residual spasms, paresthesias, agitation, and weakness can last weeks to months.

• #24 Septic Limb Necrosis, Secondary to a Brown Recluse Spider Bite | Cirugía Española (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-cirugia-espanola-english-edition–436-articulo-septic-limb-necrosis-secondary-brown-S2173507715003257

  Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) bites are uncommon in our setting, but it is important to consider the possibility of these lesions in the differential diagnosis of cellulitis because they can lead to fatal consequences. […] Symptoms range from asymptomatic patients, local signs around the bite area, to systemic repercussion with kidney failure. […] The anaphylactic condition caused by the poison is known as loxoscelism, which can cause systemic failure if not controlled (14% of cases). […] Diagnosis is purely clinical and based on the combination of signs, symptoms and proper patient anamnesis, as there is no laboratory test to identify the condition. […] Treatment of the wound involves local cleansing, maintained limb elevation, analgesia, antihistamines, tetanus vaccine if not correctly vaccinated, and antibiotic treatment.

• #25 Spider bites

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/spider-bite

  Interestingly, it appears that bites that become systemic do not also develop necrotic wounds. […] One of the most important aspects in treating spider bites is to try and identify the offending spider. […] Antivenin is available for bites by spiders of the Latrodectus and Loxosceles genera and is very effective if given soon after the bite.

• #26 Spider bites – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spider-bites/symptoms-causes/syc-20352371

  Spider bites can cause redness, pain and swelling, or you might not notice them at all. […] Severe spider bite symptoms occur as a result of the venom that the spider injects. Symptom severity depends on the type of spider, the amount of venom injected and how sensitive your body is to the venom.

• #27 The Surprising Cause of Most 'Spider Bites’ | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/37974-he-surprising-cause-of-most-spider-bites.html

  Most so-called „spider bites” are not actually spider bites, according to researchers and several recent studies. […] The bite of widow spiders like the black widow is one of the only well-recognized spider bites in North America, with obvious, unmistakable symptoms, said Rick Vetter, a retired arachnologist at the University of California at Riverside. Signs can include intense pain and muscle contractions, which occur because the bite interferes with nerves in muscles. […] The vast majority of „spider bites” are caused by something else, research shows. One study Vetter cited found that of 182 Southern California patients seeking treatment for spider bites, only 3.8 percent had actual spider bites, while 85.7 percent had infections. […] And a national study found that nearly 30 percent of people with skin lesions who said they had a spider bite actually had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Other things that can cause symptoms that mimic spider bites include biting fleas or bedbugs, allergies, poison oak and poison ivy, besides various viral and bacterial infections, Vetter said.

• #28 Spider bite could mean big trouble | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/40048/spider_bite_could_mean_big_trouble

  Should you pick up the newspaper at night and see something scurry across the floor it could be a brown recluse spider, the second installment of the Oklahoma creepy critters series. […] Because this spider may be found anywhere inside or outside the house, it should be considered a dangerous year-round adversary. […] When the spider bites, it injects venom into the wound. This venom varies from almost none to a full dose depending on the bite site, the length of time the fangs are in the wound and the quantity of venom injected. […] Individuals react differently to the bite; some people may not be aware of it for two or three hours, while others may have an immediate painful reaction. A stinging sensation is usually followed by intense pain. Within eight hours, a small puss-filled blister usually rises, and a large area around the bite becomes red and swollen.

• #29 Spider Bites

  https://livinghealthy.hawaiipacifichealth.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/NonTraumatic/85,P00860

  Most spiders found in the U.S. are harmless, except for the brown recluse and the black widow spiders. […] Venom from the brown recluse spider often causes local skin tissue damage. […] Black widow spider bites release a poison that can damage the nervous system. Emergency care is needed right away. […] Symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite include a deep blue or purple area around the bite, surrounded by a whitish ring and large red outer ring like a target or bulls-eye. […] Symptoms of a black widow spider bite include cramping pain and muscle stiffness. There may also be weakness, tremors, or paralysis, especially in the legs. […] Prompt treatment of both types of spider bites is key to preventing more serious complications, especially in children.

• #30 How to treat spider bites and when you need to see your doctor – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-treat-spider-bites-and-when-you-need-to-see-your-doctor

  It’s not uncommon to be squeamish about spiders, but it is uncommon to be bitten by one. […] Black widow and brown recluse spiders, however, produce venom that can cause a serious reaction in humans including, rarely, death. […] Signs and symptoms of a black widow spider bite include: […] It’s rare, but black widow spider bites can cause death. Young children, people who are ill, and older adults are at the greatest risk. […] Signs and symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite include: […] Rarely, a brown recluse spider bite may lead to: […] Death from brown recluse spider bites is more common in children than adults. […] If you think you’ve been bitten by a brown recluse or a black widow spider, alert your doctor right away. […] You may receive antivenom (a medicine to counteract the venom, also called antivenin) if you were bitten by a black widow spider. There is no antivenom for brown recluse spider bites. […] Seek immediate emergency treatment if you have trouble breathing, an elevated heart rate, or facial swelling. These can be signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).

• #31 Spider bite could mean big trouble | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/40048/spider_bite_could_mean_big_trouble

  Should you pick up the newspaper at night and see something scurry across the floor it could be a brown recluse spider, the second installment of the Oklahoma creepy critters series. […] Because this spider may be found anywhere inside or outside the house, it should be considered a dangerous year-round adversary. […] When the spider bites, it injects venom into the wound. This venom varies from almost none to a full dose depending on the bite site, the length of time the fangs are in the wound and the quantity of venom injected. […] Individuals react differently to the bite; some people may not be aware of it for two or three hours, while others may have an immediate painful reaction. A stinging sensation is usually followed by intense pain. Within eight hours, a small puss-filled blister usually rises, and a large area around the bite becomes red and swollen.

• #32 Brown Recluse Spider Bite Treatment and First Aid Information

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/spider-bite-brown-recluse-spider-bite-treatment

  These bodywide symptoms are more likely to occur in children. They are also more severe. If a spider bite causes these symptoms, especially in children, call a doctor or go to the emergency room right away. […] Brown recluse bites change over time. Heres what you can expect: The bite: Usually, the bite itself is painless. But some people notice a stinging feeling. […] In 2-8 hours: The red area will get bigger, while the center of the bite will become pale. This ring will form a bulls-eye. You may also get a bruise and pain at the site. Some people also get muscle pain, nausea, headaches, or fatigue. These symptoms are more severe in children and can lead to seizures and other complications. […] Brown recluse venom can cause dangerous complications in children. If you think a child was bitten by a brown recluse, go to the emergency room. Depending on how severe the bite is, they may need hospitalization or skin graft surgery.

• #33 Spider Bites | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/spider-bites

  It is estimated that less than three deaths per year occur from spider bites. However, most victims are children. Most of the 20,000 species of spiders found in the United States are poisonous, but their fangs are too short or too fragile to break through human skin. The bites of most spiders cause only minor, local reactions. […] In the United States, the two spiders that can cause serious problems are the black widow spider and the brown recluse spider (sometimes called the violin spider). Both of these spiders are found in warm climates. […] Venom from the brown recluse spider usually causes local tissue damage. The following are the most common symptoms of a bite from a brown recluse spider bite. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: […] A black widow spider is a small, shiny black button-shaped spider with a red hourglass mark on its abdomen and that prefers warm climates. Widow spider bites release a toxin that can cause damage to the nervous system, thus, emergency medical treatment is necessary.

• #34 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/

  Spider bites can cause myriad symptoms, ranging from a mild discomfort or burning to life-threatening systemic organ failure, hemolytic anemia, and death. […] Only a few groups of spiders cause medically important bite reactions. The most serious spider bites in the United States are caused by the black widow (Latrodectus mactans). […] The initial bite of the black widow may produce an immediate, sharp pain or may be painless. At first, the bite reaction is minimal, with slight erythema and swelling and the appearance of a set of small, red fang marks. However, within 2 hours of envenomation, systemic manifestations begin to appear as vascular dissemination of the venom occurs. […] Symptoms begin with dull muscle cramping or severe pain with numbness (usually around the area of the bite but may extend to involve larger muscle groups). Severe abdominal pain with abdominal muscle spasm can occur, which may mimic a surgical abdomen.

• #35 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/

  Spider bites can cause myriad symptoms, ranging from a mild discomfort or burning to life-threatening systemic organ failure, hemolytic anemia, and death. […] Only a few groups of spiders cause medically important bite reactions. The most serious spider bites in the United States are caused by the black widow (Latrodectus mactans). […] The initial bite of the black widow may produce an immediate, sharp pain or may be painless. At first, the bite reaction is minimal, with slight erythema and swelling and the appearance of a set of small, red fang marks. However, within 2 hours of envenomation, systemic manifestations begin to appear as vascular dissemination of the venom occurs. […] Symptoms begin with dull muscle cramping or severe pain with numbness (usually around the area of the bite but may extend to involve larger muscle groups). Severe abdominal pain with abdominal muscle spasm can occur, which may mimic a surgical abdomen.

• #36 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/

  Spider bites can cause myriad symptoms, ranging from a mild discomfort or burning to life-threatening systemic organ failure, hemolytic anemia, and death. […] Only a few groups of spiders cause medically important bite reactions. The most serious spider bites in the United States are caused by the black widow (Latrodectus mactans). […] The initial bite of the black widow may produce an immediate, sharp pain or may be painless. At first, the bite reaction is minimal, with slight erythema and swelling and the appearance of a set of small, red fang marks. However, within 2 hours of envenomation, systemic manifestations begin to appear as vascular dissemination of the venom occurs. […] Symptoms begin with dull muscle cramping or severe pain with numbness (usually around the area of the bite but may extend to involve larger muscle groups). Severe abdominal pain with abdominal muscle spasm can occur, which may mimic a surgical abdomen.

• #37 Spider Bites (Venomous spider bites) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/spider-bites-venomous-spider-bites/

  The venom of the brown recluse contains several enzymes and proteins, the most important of which is the enzyme sphingomyelinase D (SMD). SMD interacts with sphingomyelin on cell membranes causing endothelial cell disruption, intravascular hemolysis, platelet aggregation and thrombi formation. […] Funnel-web spiders produce a number of peptide toxins termed atracotoxins. These toxins affect voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in excessive and repetitive action potentials, excessive release of neurotransmitters, and ultimately in the autonomic and somatic symptoms seen clinically. […] Systemic signs and symptoms of black widow spider envenomation include arthralgias, muscle rigidity, bronchorrhea, diaphoresis, fever, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, ptosis, restlessness, tremors, and salivation. […] While brown recluse spider bites generally cause only a cutaneous injury, occasionally envenomation results in a severe systemic reaction. […] Funnel web spider bites are considered a medical emergency as systemic symptoms can rapidly occur within minutes of envenomation.

• #38 Spider Bites – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/bites-and-stings/spider-bites

  Serious injuries from spider bites can include severe wounds caused by the tissue-destroying venom of brown spiders and bodywide poisoning caused by the nerve-toxic venom of widow spiders. […] The bite of a widow spider usually causes a sharp pain, somewhat like a pinprick, followed by a dull, sometimes numbing, pain in the area around the bite. […] The bite of a brown spider may cause little or no immediate pain, but some pain develops in the area around the bite within about an hour. Pain may be severe and may affect the entire injured area, which may become red and bruised and may itch. […] For a widow spider bite, muscle pain and spasms can be relieved with benzodiazepines (which sedate and may help relax muscles) and opioids (analgesics). Antivenom is given for severe and sometimes for moderate symptoms such as muscle cramping or other bodywide symptoms.

• #39 Spider Bites — Louisville Lectures

  http://www.louisvillelectures.org/the-ll-blog-1/spiderbites/lehto

  The initial bite is almost painless, however within a few hours itching, swelling, redness, and tenderness develop over the bite. The lesion progresses to an area of central ischemia to a blue/gray macule surrounded by a pale ring, also know as the red, white, and blue sign. […] By the third or fourth day the base becomes necrotic with a central black eschar. Full thickness necrotic ulceration occurs by 1-2 weeks. […] Management depends on whether or not symptoms are local or systemic. […] Patients with systemic findings including nausea, vomiting, fever, and myalgias should be evaluate for hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and DIC. […] The primary treatment for acute hemolytic anemia consists of blood transfusions for patients with rapidly falling hematocrit or uncompensated anemia. Alkalinization of the urine may be required to prevent hemoglobin-induced renal failure.

• #40 Spider Bites — Louisville Lectures

  http://www.louisvillelectures.org/the-ll-blog-1/spiderbites/lehto

  The initial bite is almost painless, however within a few hours itching, swelling, redness, and tenderness develop over the bite. The lesion progresses to an area of central ischemia to a blue/gray macule surrounded by a pale ring, also know as the red, white, and blue sign. […] By the third or fourth day the base becomes necrotic with a central black eschar. Full thickness necrotic ulceration occurs by 1-2 weeks. […] Management depends on whether or not symptoms are local or systemic. […] Patients with systemic findings including nausea, vomiting, fever, and myalgias should be evaluate for hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and DIC. […] The primary treatment for acute hemolytic anemia consists of blood transfusions for patients with rapidly falling hematocrit or uncompensated anemia. Alkalinization of the urine may be required to prevent hemoglobin-induced renal failure.

• #41 Spider Bites | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/spider-bites

  Bites from spiders usually cause pain, swelling, redness, and itching at the site of the bite. […] A few people have severe reactions to the toxin injected by spiders. A toxic reaction occurs when the spider venom acts like a poison in the body. This type of reaction can occur from one bite from a highly toxic spider, or from multiple bites from spiders not normally considered poisonous. […] Symptoms of a toxic reaction vary depending on the spider, the toxicity of the venom, and the amount of venom injected. Most often, symptoms improve or go away within 48 hours. […] A toxic reaction may require immediate medical care or may lead to death. Signs and symptoms of a toxic reaction may include: Nausea or vomiting. Diarrhea. Fever. Weakness. Lightheadedness. Rapid swelling at the site of the bite or sting. Muscle spasms. Headache. Drowsiness. Fainting.

• #42 How to treat spider bites and when you need to see your doctor – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-treat-spider-bites-and-when-you-need-to-see-your-doctor

  It’s not uncommon to be squeamish about spiders, but it is uncommon to be bitten by one. […] Black widow and brown recluse spiders, however, produce venom that can cause a serious reaction in humans including, rarely, death. […] Signs and symptoms of a black widow spider bite include: […] It’s rare, but black widow spider bites can cause death. Young children, people who are ill, and older adults are at the greatest risk. […] Signs and symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite include: […] Rarely, a brown recluse spider bite may lead to: […] Death from brown recluse spider bites is more common in children than adults. […] If you think you’ve been bitten by a brown recluse or a black widow spider, alert your doctor right away. […] You may receive antivenom (a medicine to counteract the venom, also called antivenin) if you were bitten by a black widow spider. There is no antivenom for brown recluse spider bites. […] Seek immediate emergency treatment if you have trouble breathing, an elevated heart rate, or facial swelling. These can be signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).

• #43 Spider bites factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/spider-bites-factsheet

  Symptoms include severe pain, sweating, nausea and vomiting, drooling, headache, watery eyes, difficulty breathing, confusion and anxiety, numbness, tingling and twitching in the mouth, tongue and muscle spasms. […] Symptoms include severe pain that can spread away from the bite, redness and swelling, headaches, nausea and vomiting, sweating, muscle aches, tiredness, weakness. […] Some children may have a severe allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis, to spider bites. […] If your child is bitten by a funnel-web or another large, black spider, they will need hospital treatment, as these bites can be life-threatening. […] Bites from funnel-web or other big, black-coloured spiders are a medical emergency. […] Pressure bandaging prevents the venom from travelling further into the body. […] Anti-venom treats funnel-web spider bites by stopping the venom from working.

• #44 Hand–Foot Syndrome Caused by Brown Spider Bite | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.1080/00015555-0082

  Handfoot syndrome (HFS) is a rare erythematous skin lesion of the palmoplantar areas of hands and feet. […] Our case is the first report in the medical literature that documents HFS as a result of spider bite. […] The brown recluse spider of genus Loxosceles is also known as the violin or fiddleback spider (L. reclusa) because of a violin-shaped mark on its head. […] The brown recluse spiders bites usually causes some pain or burning in the first 10 min, accompanied by itching. […] The ulcer can enlarge and involve underlying skin and muscle tissue. […] Brown spider bites may go unnoticed, cause a mild local reaction (see above), or a severe local reaction in a few cases. […] HFS as a complication of spider bite has never been described in the literature. […] While the occurrence and incidence is known to be dose dependent (9) the exact pathogenesis remains obscure. […] It has been hypothesized that HFS is an inflammatory phenomenon mediated by over-expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) (7). […] Although HFS is self-limiting, and requires only conservative treatment, the patient frequently requires treatment because of intolerable pain.

• #45 Spider bite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_bite

  Spider venoms work on one of two fundamental principles; they are either neurotoxic (attacking the nervous system) or necrotic (attacking tissues surrounding the bite). In some cases, the venom affects vital organs and systems. The venoms of the widow spiders, Brazilian wandering spider and Australian funnel-web are neurotoxic. Heart muscle damage is an unusual complication of widow venom that may lead to death. Pulmonary edema, which is fluid accumulation in the lungs, is a feared and potentially serious but uncommon complication of funnel-web venom. Recluse and South African sand spider venoms are necrotic. Recluse venom may also cause severe hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), though this is typically uncommon.

• #46 Prevention and Treatment of Spider Bites

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prevention-and-treatment-of-spider-bites

  Despite being a source of fear for many people, the only clinically relevant spider bites in the U.S. are from two genera of spiders: widow spiders and recluse spiders. While these bites are rarely fatal, both types contain venom that can lead to local and systemic effects. Widow spider venom acts on neurons to cause a sizable neurotransmitter release, resulting in powerful and painful muscle cramping. Recluse spiders cause an increase in immune-system signaling, resulting in necrosis and ulceration of the skin.

• #47 Prevention and Treatment of Spider Bites

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prevention-and-treatment-of-spider-bites

  Despite being a source of fear for many people, the only clinically relevant spider bites in the U.S. are from two genera of spiders: widow spiders and recluse spiders. While these bites are rarely fatal, both types contain venom that can lead to local and systemic effects. Widow spider venom acts on neurons to cause a sizable neurotransmitter release, resulting in powerful and painful muscle cramping. Recluse spiders cause an increase in immune-system signaling, resulting in necrosis and ulceration of the skin.

• #48 Spider Bites | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/spider-bites/

  Diagnosis of spider bite is based on recent history and signs and symptoms. Specific diagnosis may be difficult to confirm without identification of the spider. […] If bitten by a spider, individuals should take the following steps: […] Though rare, spider bites do occur. Your risk of being bitten increases if you live in areas where there is clutter and debris or if their habitat has been disturbed. Widow spiders prefer warm climates and dark, dry places.

Zobacz więcej