Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Snakebites: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-snake-bites/basics/art-20056681

  Most snakes aren’t dangerous to people. Only about 15% of snakes worldwide and 20% in the United States can inject poison when they bite. These snakes are called venomous. In North America, these include the rattlesnake, coral snake, water moccasin, also called cottonmouth, and copperhead. Their bites can cause serious injuries and sometimes death. […] If a venomous snake bites you, call 911 or your local emergency number right away, especially if the bitten area changes color, swells or is painful. Many emergency rooms have antivenom drugs, which may help you. […] Typical symptoms of a nonvenomous snakebite are pain, injury and scratches at the site of the bite. […] After a venomous snakebite, there usually is serious pain and tenderness at the site. This can worsen to swelling and bruising at the site and all the way up the arm or leg. Other symptoms are nausea, labored breathing and feelings of weakness, as well as an odd taste in the mouth.

• #2 Snake Bites: Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15647-snake-bites

  A snake bite is a wound caused by a snakes fangs piercing your skin. A snake bite can cause an injury and, in some cases, it can be life-threatening. […] Yes, snake bites are dangerous. Some types of snake bites are more serious than others: […] Even with a less serious type of bite, every snake bite should be treated as a medical emergency unless youre sure that the bite came from a nonvenomous snake. […] Its best to treat all snake bites as a medical emergency. […] A venomous snake bite is a medical emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency services number or visit the emergency room immediately if you experience any symptoms after a snake bite. […] You should treat every snake bite as a medical emergency, as some snakes are venomous and their bite can be life-threatening. […] After calling for help, take the following steps:

• #3 Snake bite warning signs and first aid | VCU Healthic_closeGroup

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/news/snake-bite-warning-signs-and-first-aid/

  Snake bite warning signs and first aid […] About five individuals die from venomous snake bites each year in the United States, but health experts say that number would be much higher if people did not seek medical care. […] Around 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States each year. About five of those individuals die from their injuries, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that number would be much higher if people did not seek medical care. […] To ensure you have the resources you need in case of an emergency, the Virginia Poison Center has tips on snake bite care and prevention. […] Symptoms may vary depending on the snake, but someone who has been bitten by a venomous snake may have puncture marks at the wound, as well as redness, bruising or swelling around the bite.

• #4 Snake Bites: Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/snake-bites

  About 7,000 venomous snake bite cases are reported every year in the United States. A bite from a venomous snake is rarely deadly about 6 fatalities are reported every year but it should always be treated as a medical emergency. […] First aid steps you can take after a snake bite occurs include cleaning the wound, remaining calm, and immobilizing the affected area. However, its essential to get to a medical facility immediately for emergency treatment. If treated in time, the outlook for recovery is good. […] Should you be bitten by a snake, its essential to get emergency treatment as quickly as possible. […] The most important thing to do for a snake bite is to get emergency medical help as soon as possible. […] The outlook for a person with a snake bite is highly variable. For a non-venomous snake bite, the outlook is excellent if the wound is cleaned and treated promptly. For a venomous bite, the outlook is good if the victim receives emergency care very soon after the bite has occurred. […] Snake bites can be prevented in many cases. Its best to refrain from approaching or handling snakes in the wild.

• #5

  https://www.medicalcityhealthcare.com/healthy-living/blog/snakebite-emergency-how-to-provide-care-when-someone-gets-bit

  Did you know that you need a full-service ER for snakebites? Because poison can travel fast, affect underlying tissue and cause permanent damage. […] It’s important to go to a full-service ER as soon as possible after a snakebite. Bites can produce an array of symptoms, including pain and swelling, nausea, convulsions and even paralysis. Quick treatment is essential for the best outcome. […] While its never a good idea to wait and see if someones going to have a reaction to a snakebite before seeking emergency care, its smart to learn the signs and symptoms. […] Here are a few of the common signs that a snakebite may have been venomous, provided by Texas Health and Human Services (THHS): Fang marks, Pain/swelling/numbness/tingling/skin discoloration in the bite area, Blurred vision, dizziness, excessive sweating, fainting, nausea, vomiting.

• #6

  https://stjohnwa.com.au/online-resources/first-aid-information-and-resources/snake-bite?srsltid=AfmBOoofoLMFEGSpI59jXAnucsnD9jThOthMDXg2-tcOmRU0IcwghOTj

  Do not wash the venom off the skin (it may aid in identification). […] Do not cut the bitten area and try to suck the venom out of the wound. […] Do not use a tourniquet. […] Do not try and catch the snake. […] Visible in an hour or more after the person has been bitten. […] In children, signs and symptoms may appear within minutes. […] Paired fang marks, but often only a single mark or a scratch mark may be present. Marks or scratches may bleed. […] Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. […] Headache, drowsiness, giddiness or faintness. […] Double or blurred vision, drooping eyelids. […] Voice changes, trouble speaking or swallowing. Pain or tightness in the throat, chest or abdomen. […] Breathing difficulties, respiratory weakness or arrest.

• #7 Snakebites: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-snake-bites/basics/art-20056681

  After you call 911 or your local emergency number, if possible, take these steps while waiting for medical help: Move far away from the snake. Stay still and calm. Remove any jewelry, watches or tight clothing before swelling starts. Sit or lie down so that the bite is in a neutral, comfortable position. Clean the bite with soap and water. Cover or wrap it loosely with a clean, dry bandage. […] Don’t tie off the bite area, called using a tourniquet, or apply ice. Don’t cut the bite or try to remove the venom. Don’t drink caffeine or alcohol. Don’t take pain-relieving medicine, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). Doing so can increase your risk of bleeding. Don’t try to catch or trap the snake. Try to remember its color and shape so that you can describe it. If possible, take a picture of the snake from a safe distance. Knowing what kind of snake bit you can help with treatment.

• #8

  https://www.medicalcityhealthcare.com/healthy-living/blog/snakebite-emergency-how-to-provide-care-when-someone-gets-bit

  Follow these tips if someone is bitten by a snake: Move yourself and the victim safely away from the snake, Stay calm and keep the victim calm, Remove jewelry and constricting clothing quickly, before any swelling begins, Position the affected limb so that its level with the heart (not above or below), Wash the bite wound gently with soap and water, if available, Help the victim avoid any unnecessary movement of the limb or exertion by bringing transport to them, if possible, Seek medical attention immediately by calling 911 or, if faster, driving to the nearest hospital or full-service ER. […] Trying to treat a snakebite on your own can cause further damage and lead to greater opportunity for infection. […] DONT: Try to cut or suck the venom from a bite wound, Apply a tourniquet, ice, cold packs or electrical shocks, Give the victim pain relievers or other medications unless instructed to do so by a physician, Offer alcohol, Attempt to catch the snake or bring it to the ER; snakebites are treated based on local and systemic symptoms, Administer antivenin in the field, Try other home remedies or something you saw online!

• #9 Snake Bites: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/venomous-snake-bites?srsltid=AfmBOoq7mXn3FHTINWLuz4C5KlnFiwGxX5lZ6uQoo0LGxkHTA9rxtd2Q

  Prompt medical care significantly reduces the likelihood of dying from a venomous snake bite. […] Call 9-1-1 for any snakebite immediately. Do not take time looking for or trying to catch the snake. […] Wash wound with soap and water. […] Cover bite with a clean, dry dressing. […] Do not apply ice or a tourniquet to a venomous snake bite.

• #10 Venomous Snakebites 101 • Pre-Hospital Care + Treatment

  https://wildsafe.org/resources/ask-the-experts/venomous-snakebites/

  All information regarding the care and treatment of suspected North American venomous snakebites was written and edited by C. Castleman, S. Greene (MD), B. Abo (DO, Paramedic), and K. Wyatt (MS); in partnership with the National Snakebite Support group. […] The following treatment protocols are recommended by Dr. Spencer Greene, one of the leading toxicologists and emergency physicians in the country, as well as the National Snakebite Support group. […] Arrange to get to the hospital as quickly as possible. That may mean calling a friend or 911. Definitely call 911 for any serious symptoms. Do NOT drive yourself. […] Do remove any constrictive clothing and jewelry. […] Elevate the affected extremity (please see the article explaining why we elevate). Absolutely DO NOT place the affected extremity *below* heart level.

• #10 Venomous Snakebites 101 • Pre-Hospital Care + Treatment

  https://wildsafe.org/resources/ask-the-experts/venomous-snakebites/

  Here are the most important steps to be taken in-hospital: Suspected venomous snakebite elevation. Keep the affected extremity elevated. […] If you do not feel you’re getting appropriate care, advocate for yourself. Request they involve an expert. If necessary, request transfer to a more appropriate facility. […] Elevation reduces the hydrostatic pressures that contribute to tissue injury. […] Elevating the extremity ABOVE heart level can actually aide in reducing the swelling, and patients often report significant pain relief with elevation. […] Most of the interventions that had once been proposed to treat snakebites in the prehospital environment (tourniquets, ice packs, cutting and sucking and even electrical shock) have failed to show benefit, and have actually proven to be harmful.

• #11 Snake Bites | Boy Scouts of America

  https://www.scouting.org/health-and-safety/safety-moments/snake-bites/

  Most snake bites happen when someone accidentally steps on the snake. […] Learn to identify the snakes in the areas of your activities, because the ability to identify the type of snake or the bite marks will help determine the potential severity of the bite and the care that is needed. […] If you are not sure whether the snake is venomous, assume it is and seek medical care. […] Care for a non-venomous snake bite is the same as for any minor wound: Wash with soap and water, apply antibiotic ointment—if you are not allergic—and apply a bandage. […] For all venomous snake bites: Get everyone away from the snake. […] DO NOT try to capture the snake. […] Keep the victim quiet. […] Immobilize the injured part of the body. […] Gently wash the bite with soap and water. […] Seek medical care immediately!

• #11 Snake Bites | Boy Scouts of America

  https://www.scouting.org/health-and-safety/safety-moments/snake-bites/

  The nature of our outdoor programs puts Scouts in the natural habitats of a variety of venomous and non-venomous snakes. […] Snakes will usually try to avoid humans but may strike if they feel threatened. […] If you remain aware of your surroundings and wear the proper clothing for the environment (high-top leather boots, thick loose-fitting denim or canvas pants, and leather gloves are some examples), you can reduce the chances of being bitten. […] Bites of non-venomous snakes are generally harmless to humans, though complications can arise if a tooth remains in the wound or an infection develops. […] Of an estimated 45,000 snake bites each year in the United States, about 8,000 are by venomous snakes, and the majority of these are from rattlesnakes. […] Venomous snake bites generally will have two fang marks unless the snake is missing a fang.

• #12 Snake Bites: Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15647-snake-bites

  When emergency services arrive, theyll administer antivenom quickly to reduce the effects of snake venom. […] A side effect of antivenom is serum sickness disease. […] Your outlook after a snake bite varies based on what type of snake bit you and the amount of venom it injected into your body. If treated with antivenom quickly, youll have a more positive outlook. […] Contact 911 or your local emergency services number if you have a snake bite. Treat every snake bite as a medical emergency unless you know for certain that the snake is nonvenomous.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/treatment

  Early access to medical care in a health facility that has personnel trained and capable of diagnosing snakebite envenoming is essential. This means, a health centre which is equipped with the basic resources needed to provide immediate emergency treatment needs, including the administration of antivenom and other adjunct therapy. […] People who suspect they have been bitten by a venomous snake should be transported to a health facility without delay. First aid should be applied. […] Health facilities should treat all snakebite cases as emergencies and give priority to assessing these patients and instituting treatment without delay. […] Improving the clinical outcomes for the victims of snake bite needs much more than just access to safe antivenoms. […] Administered early, antivenoms are not just life-saving, but can also spare patients some of the suffering caused by necrotic and other toxins in snake venom, leading to faster recovery, less time in hospital and a more rapid transition back to a productive life in their communities.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/treatment

  Antivenoms remain the only specific treatment that can potentially prevent or reverse most of the effects of snakebite envenoming when administered early in an adequate therapeutic dose. […] Early access to safe, affordable and effective antivenoms is critical for minimizing morbidity and mortality, and improving this access is a major component of an emerging WHO strategy to control snakebite envenoming. […] In addition to antivenom, additional medical measures, including administration of other drugs, artificial respiration, kidney dialysis, wound care, reconstructive surgery and prosthesis as well as comprehensive rehabilitation services, are needed to effectively treat snakebite patients. […] According to the WHO World Report on Child Injury Prevention (2008), there may be as many as 400,000 cases of snakebite each year where disability is caused by the effects of the injected venom.

• #14 Managing snakebite

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9278408/

  Bites from venomous snakes can result in bleeding, paralysis, long term disability, and death. […] Immobilise the bitten limb when transporting the patient to a medical facility; the universal use of pressure immobilisation is controversial, and tourniquets are not recommended. […] Assess vital parameters and initiate resuscitation measures if the patient is clinically unstable with signs of bleeding, shock, paralysis, or respiratory distress. […] Intravenous antivenom is recommended in patients with systemic symptoms; the dose and type depend on likely snake species, local guidelines, and availability. […] Snakebite affects between 1.8 to 2.7 million people worldwide each year, and it is estimated to cause between 80000 and 138000 deaths. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment can worsen prognosis.

• #14 Managing snakebite

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9278408/

  The World Health Organization recognised snakebite as a neglected tropical disease in 2017 and called for concerted global action to reduce deaths and disability. […] In this clinical update, we present an approach to evaluation and management of snakebites for primary care providers in resource-limited settings in endemic regions. […] Snakebite envenoming can quickly worsen into a life-threatening emergency. Assess vital parameters to identify if the patient is critical or at risk for shock, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. […] Admit all snakebite patients for observation for a minimum of 24 hours. […] Guidelines from the WHO recommend antivenom treatment for patients with shock, spontaneous systemic bleeding, uncoagulable blood, neurotoxicity, black urine, acute kidney injury, rapidly progressive local swelling, and bites by species known to cause local necrosis and digital bites.

• #14 Managing snakebite

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9278408/

  Early administration of antivenom prevents or limits haemodynamic alterations, progression of coagulopathy to clinically overt bleeding, postsynaptic neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, acute kidney injury, and local tissue damage. […] Patients with persistent bleeding despite repeated antivenom treatment or having respiratory and renal failure may require urgent supportive measures such as blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation, and renal replacement therapy respectively. […] Patients who are clinically stable or asymptomatic with persistently negative 20WBCT after 24 hours may be discharged. […] There is insufficient data on long term sequelae after a snakebite. […] Snakebite survivors also have higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression compared with matched controls.

• #15 Snakebite Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168828-treatment

  Analgesia is an essential component of snakebite management. IV opioids are preferred initially. NSAIDs are discouraged because of the potential hematologic effects. […] There is a consensus that in a pit viper envenomation, the affected limb should be elevated once the patient has arrived at the hospital. […] The definitive treatment for pit viper envenomations is antivenom, and each patient should be assessed individually to determine if antivenom is indicated. […] Indications for antivenom use include progression of local tissue findings, evidence of systemic toxicity (eg, hematotoxicity, airway swelling, cardiovascular collapse), or both. […] The decision to use one of these two antivenoms over the other will likely be based on several variables, including availability, cost, and safety concerns (eg, prior sensitization to equine- or ovine-derived products).

• #15 Snakebite Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168828-treatment

  The general approach to snakebite management is as follows: […] Treatment includes both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. […] The most important prehospital interventions are establishing a patent airway, ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation, and maintaining euvolemia. […] Analgesia should be provided. Opioids are preferred. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are not recommended, because of their potential hematologic effects, which could combine with venom-induced coagulopathies. […] Proper positioning of the affected extremity in the prehospital setting has been controversial. […] Once the patient has arrived at the hospital, any life-threatening airway, breathing, and circulatory issues must be definitively managed in the emergency department (ED).

• #15 Snakebite Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168828-treatment

  Most snake envenomations do not require prolonged hospitalization. […] Patients with a pit viper envenomation should be instructed to keep the affected extremity elevated as much as possible. […] Although surgeons are often involved in the management of snake envenomation in the United States, it is essential to recognize that snakebites are a medical, not a surgical, condition. […] Coral snake envenomations are not characterized by tissue injury and do not require surgical intervention. […] Antivenom-associated complications are rare but may include immediate (anaphylaxis, type I) and delayed (serum sickness, type III) hypersensitivity reactions. […] While in the hospital and for approximately 1 week after discharge, the patient should not bear weight with the affected extremity. […] Prevention is key; people who live in snake-endemic areas should wear appropriate footwear and avoid placing their hands and feet where they cannot see.

• #16 Snake Bites | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/snake-bites

  Initial treatment includes: Move your child to a nearby safe area, away from the snake. […] Call for emergency assistance immediately. Antivenin should be given within four hours when possible. It is not usually effective if given more than 12 hours after the bite. […] Hospital treatment may include the use of antivenin (an antidote to snake venom). Treatment may also include lab work, pain or sedation medications, tetanus booster, antibiotics and supportive care.

• #17 Snakebites: What To Do If You Are Bitten

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/snakebite

  A snakebite is an injury that happens when you’re bitten by a snake. A snakebite can be dangerous if a snake is venomous. […] Any snakebite victim should go to a hospital emergency department unless the snake is positively identified by an expert as nonvenomous. Remember, misidentification of the snake species could be a fatal error. […] The doctor treats life-threatening conditions first. A victim who’s not breathing well may need a tube placed in their throat and a ventilator machine. People who are in shock require intravenous fluids and possibly other medicines to keep blood flowing to vital organs. […] Antivenom: This is a kind of medicine that boosts the immune system. Doctors give it to victims with significant symptoms if appropriate and available. This therapy can be lifesaving or limb-saving.

• #18 Snake bites – first aid, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/snake-bites

  All snake bites must be treated as potentially life-threatening. If you have been bitten by a snake, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] If you think you have been bitten by a snake you need to go to hospital. […] All snake bites must be treated as potentially life-threatening. If you have been bitten by a snake, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Snake bites should always be looked at by a doctor even if you seem well. […] About 5 in 100 people bitten by a snake will be given antivenom. Antivenom stops the snake’s venom from working. Antivenom is injected into your bloodstream. […] Your doctor will work with a clinical toxicologist (a doctor who specialises in managing poisonings) to decide if you need this treatment. […] In some people, snake bites can cause you to bleed a lot. The doctor will treat this after you have been given antivenom.

• #18 Snake bites – first aid, treatment and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/snake-bites

  Some people may need to have surgery. […] Sometimes, snake bites can cause rhabdomyolysis (where your muscle tissue starts breaking down). If this happens, you will be taken to the intensive care unit (ICU) and given intravenous (IV) fluids through a drip. […] You can help to prevent snake bites by knowing where snakes live and what to do if you see a snake. […] For advice on snake bites, contact the National Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26. […] St John Ambulance Australia has a quick guide to the first aid management of snake bites. […] The Australian Red Cross also has a handy guide on how to treat snake bites.

• #19 Antibiotic Therapy and Prophylaxis for Snake-Bitten Patients in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 110 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/110/5/article-p845.xml

  Considering the frequently isolated bacteria in snakebite-related infection, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, or a third-generation cephalosporin are the most appropriate antibiotics for empiric therapy. After identification of the causal bacteria, antibiotics must be changed to narrower spectrum drugs based on the microbiological results. Little information is available to guide the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy or the value of combination drug therapy. Available data report antibiotic use for 7 to 10 days with several proposed therapeutic regimens without documented advantages of one strategy over another. […] In conclusion, the study by Bonilla-Aldana et al. accurately shows the prevalence and microbiological patterns of snakebite-related infections. On the basis of the international literature, there is no evidence for the effectiveness of routinely administered prophylactic treatment. Nevertheless, empiric antibiotics can be used in targeted cases with high suspicion of infection, mainly those with necrosis or local signs suggestive of cellulitis. The most appropriate empiric antibiotics are piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, or a third-generation cephalosporin. First-line AMC should no longer be considered because it is ineffective against most bacteria involved in snakebite-related infection. Once the microbiological results are available, de-escalation is necessary to provide the narrowest spectrum drug active against the responsible microorganism. Finally, efficiently managing snakebite envenoming requires not only safe and effective antivenom but also appropriate antibiotics, both of which are, unfortunately, often unavailable in poor and disadvantaged regions.

• #19 Antibiotic Therapy and Prophylaxis for Snake-Bitten Patients in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 110 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/110/5/article-p845.xml

  According to the new report from Bonilla-Aldana et al., secondary infection after snakebite occurred in 32% in Asia, 21% in the Americas, and 29% in Africa. Therefore, antibiotics are useless in almost 70% of cases. Moreover, many authors have shown that administering prophylactic antibiotics in snake-bitten patients is ineffective in preventing infection, but may promote bacterial resistance. […] To improve management, empiric antibiotics should be directed toward patients at particular risk or suspected of snakebite-related infection. Houcke et al. demonstrated that tissue necrosis, rhabdomyolysis, and thrombocytopenia can predict secondary infection after snakebite. Local envenoming signs should not be confused with infectious manifestations. However, snakebite-related infection can be suspected in the case of frank local inflammatory symptoms, and this presentation justifies empiric antibiotic prescription. A definite diagnosis of infection can only be made and targeted treatment provided when the responsible microorganism is isolated.

• #20 Snake bite

  https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/for-health-professionals/emergency-department-guidelines/snake-bite

  To guide staff with the assessment and management of snake bite. […] Treat all suspected snake bites as envenomed until proven otherwise. […] Ensure pressure bandage with immobilisation (PBI) is applied. […] The patient must be transferred to a hospital that has a doctor able to manage snake bite, a 24 hour laboratory and adequate antivenom stocks for further management. […] If any systemic and/or tissue specific signs of envenomation become evident, document and report immediately to the medical team. […] Minimum of hourly observations should be recorded whilst in the emergency department. […] Any significant changes should be reported immediately to the medical team.

• #21 Nursing Care For Snake Bite – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-for-snake-bite/

  Snake bites are a medical emergency that require prompt and effective nursing care to ensure the best possible outcome for the affected individual. Nursing care plans for snake bites focus on assessing and managing the patients condition, preventing complications, and promoting recovery. […] Nurses play a critical role in the care of patients with snake bites, working collaboratively with the healthcare team to provide immediate interventions and ongoing support. The nursing care plan involves thorough assessment, monitoring, and prompt initiation of appropriate interventions to minimize the effects of venom and prevent complications associated with snake bites. […] Patient education is another crucial aspect of the nursing care plan for snake bites. This includes providing information on snake bite prevention, recognizing early signs of envenomation, and teaching first aid measures.

• #21 Nursing Care For Snake Bite – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-for-snake-bite/

  It is important to note that nursing care plans for snake bites should be individualized based on the patients specific needs, assessment findings, and healthcare providers recommendations. By providing patient-centered care and adhering to evidence-based practice, nurses contribute to optimizing outcomes and promoting the recovery of individuals affected by snake bites. […] Regular reassessment and documentation are essential to monitor the patients condition, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and detect any potential complications. Collaboration with the healthcare team, adherence to evidence-based practice, and maintaining ethical standards are crucial for delivering effective and person-centered care for patients with snake bites. […] The nursing care plan for snake bites is crucial in providing comprehensive and effective care to individuals affected by this potentially life-threatening emergency. By implementing appropriate nursing interventions, monitoring the patients condition, and collaborating with the healthcare team, nurses play a critical role in the management of snake bites and improving patient outcomes.

• #21 Nursing Care For Snake Bite – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-for-snake-bite/

  Nurses also provide psychological support and education to patients and their families, addressing fears and concerns associated with snake bites. By empowering patients with knowledge about snake bite prevention, first aid measures, and follow-up care, nurses promote a sense of control and enable individuals to make informed decisions regarding their health. […] By delivering patient-centered care, adhering to evidence-based practice, and maintaining ethical standards, nurses contribute to the successful management of snake bites. Through their vigilance, expertise, and compassionate approach, nurses play a vital role in supporting the physical and emotional well-being of individuals affected by snake bites.

• #22 Assessment and management of snake bites in the emergency department

  https://journals.rcni.com/emergency-nurse/evidence-and-practice/assessment-and-management-of-snake-bites-in-the-emergency-department-en.2021.e2113

  Assessment and management of snake bites in the emergency department. […] It is important that nurses are aware of how to assess and manage these presentations and understand the importance of ascertaining information on factors such as the type of snake involved and how long the snake was biting the patient for. […] This article uses a case study to discuss the assessment and management of snake bites, and provides information on the steps nurses should take to manage patients presenting with a snake bite.

• #23 Snake Bites: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.snake-bites-care-instructions.ut2882

  You have been bitten by a snake. Most snakes are not poisonous. If the snake that bit you was poisonous, you may have been treated with antivenom. Sometimes, a snake bites but does not inject venom. Taking good care of the wound at home will help it heal quickly and reduce your chance of infection. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If your doctor told you how to care for your wound, follow your doctor’s instructions. If you did not get instructions, follow this general advice: Wash the area with clean water 2 times a day. Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol, which can slow healing.

• #23 Snake Bites: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.snake-bites-care-instructions.ut2882

  Some pain is normal with a snake bite, but do not ignore pain that is getting worse instead of better. You could have an infection. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have pain at or near the bite that is getting worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #24 Snake and spider bite | Clinical tool | Emergency Care Institute

  https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/eci/clinical/tools/snake-spider-bite

  The clinical management of snake bites is primarily focused on determining whether the patient experiences any signs of envenomation, requiring early administration of the appropriate antivenom. […] Consult early with a clinical toxicologist or the NSW Poisons Information Centre 13 11 26 before blood results are available to make a clinical decision regarding antivenom administration. […] Early antivenom treatment for those with clinical signs or symptoms of envenomation. […] All patients, regardless of whether there are signs of envenomation, require a facility with on-site pathology and the ability to manage ongoing clinical monitoring, antivenom administration and anaphylaxis management. […] Patients and their carers must be informed and kept updated regarding factors that contribute to any treatment decision. This includes risks and benefits of the treatment plan and any consultation with experts.

• #25 Venomous Snakebites in the United States: Management Review and Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0401/p1367.html

  The ovine (sheep-derived) antivenin, CroFab, received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of snakebites in October 2000; its use is still limited because of availability and expense, but it is likely to soon replace the equine crotalid antivenin. […] The unpredictable nature of snakebites often makes assessment and management difficult. […] The decision to use antivenin requires a careful analysis of the risks and benefits. […] Although once popular, surgical intervention with fasciotomy for venomous snakebite is now reserved for selected rare cases and should never be performed prophylactically. […] Physicians should educate their patients on ways to prevent snakebites, as prevention is far preferable to treatment.

• #26 UAB’s new snakebite program, one of the nation’s first, offers cutting-edge care – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/health-medicine/uab-s-new-snakebite-program-one-of-the-nation-s-first-offers-cutting-edge-care

  Our snakebite patients are much younger, from 5 to 30 or so; but the same techniques apply, Shapshak said. And they can make the difference between lifelong complications and a full recovery. […] The UAB Comprehensive Snakebite Program is staffed by toxicologists, wound-care experts, pharmacists and physical therapists. It cares for adults and children as young as 5 years old. […] What were doing is cutting-edge. No one else is thinking this deeply about snakebites and follow-up. […] Many patients find their questions unanswered, including Do I elevate my limb? Do I do physical therapy? How long will the swelling last? and When can I get back to work? […] Snakebites are relatively rare, and any one provider may not see too many patients with complications from snakebites, Kelly said.

• #26 UAB’s new snakebite program, one of the nation’s first, offers cutting-edge care – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/health-medicine/uab-s-new-snakebite-program-one-of-the-nation-s-first-offers-cutting-edge-care

  UABs new snakebite program, one of the nations first, offers cutting-edge care. […] A first-of-its-kind snakebite program at UAB aims to provide better long term treatment of venomous bites, as well as gain a better understanding of the medical consequences of snakebite. […] So many people in the Southeastern United States, especially have persistent wounds, bad swelling and morbidity issues after snake envenomation, and there was no good place to send them for follow-up, said William Rushton, M.D., associate professor in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Emergency Medicine in the Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine. […] Last year, Rushton and wound-care expert Dag Shapshak, M.D., associate professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine, launched the first-of-its-kind UAB Comprehensive Snakebite Program, including one of the nations first dedicated snakebite follow-up clinics, which treats patients in the hospital, provides follow-up, and studies new approaches and protocols in snakebite.

• #27

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2882

  You have been bitten by a snake. Most snakes are not poisonous. If the snake that bit you was poisonous, you may have been treated with antivenom. […] Taking good care of the wound at home will help it heal quickly and reduce your chance of infection. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. […] If your doctor told you how to care for your wound, follow your doctor’s instructions. If you did not get instructions, follow this general advice: Wash the area with clean water 2 times a day. Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or alcohol, which can slow healing. […] Some pain is normal with a snake bite, but do not ignore pain that is getting worse instead of better. You could have an infection. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have pain at or near the bite that is getting worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #28 UAB Comprehensive Snakebite Program

  https://www.uabmedicine.org/specialties/uab-comprehensive-snakebite-program/

  Patients who arrive at UAB Medicine are treated by Emergency Medicine physicians who have special training in snakebite treatment. […] A medical toxicologist trained in snake envenomation works with the patients healthcare team to provide a detailed antivenom plan. […] Treatment may continue after hospital discharge. Outpatient follow up is available at the UAB Comprehensive Wound Care Clinic, where specialists work closely with the APIC for long-term lab monitoring of potential venom injury while providing strategies for treatment of limb swelling and localized wound care. […] In addition to providing world-class clinical services, the Comprehensive Snakebite Program is committed to advancing research and care in the field.

• #28 UAB Comprehensive Snakebite Program

  https://www.uabmedicine.org/specialties/uab-comprehensive-snakebite-program/

  In the United States, most snakebites are caused by the Crotalidae family of snakes, also known as pit vipers. […] Because it is often difficult to identify snakes to determine if they are non-venomous, all snakebites should be considered venomous and treated as a medical emergency. A delay in getting treatment can result in serious injury or, in rare cases, death. […] Venomous snakebites are treated with antivenom, which is a medicine used to stop snake venom from binding to tissues and causing serious blood, tissue, or nervous system conditions. […] In addition to antivenom, additional treatment such as artificial respiration, kidney dialysis, wound care, and comprehensive rehabilitation services are needed to effectively treat snakebite. […] UAB Medicine provides highly specialized care for snakebite through the UAB Comprehensive Snakebite Program, which involves many disciplines.

• #29 Snakebite

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Snakebite/

  Antivenom is indicated in all children where there is evidence of envenomation. […] Giving antivenom should occur in consultation with a clinical toxicologist. Give one vial of tiger and one vial of brown snake antivenom without delay. […] The child should be in a critical care environment with monitoring. […] All children with evidence of envenomation should be admitted to hospital (refer to Location of care information in treatment section above). […] Envenomed children should be discussed with a clinical toxicologist (Poisons Information Centre 13 11 26, 24 hrs/day) and considered for transfer to a tertiary centre depending on clinical signs. […] If antivenom was administered, ensure that the family is given advice on how to recognise serum sickness: […] Occurs in about 30% of children given antivenom.

• #30 Snakebite (Snake Bite): Types, Symptoms, Medical Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/snake_bite/article.htm

  Most snakebites, when quickly and appropriately treated, have a good prognosis. […] After a snake bite, there are two phases of treatment. […] The second phase of treatment consists of stabilization and supportive care, and when medically indicated, administration of antitoxin (antivenin) specific for the snake species and a tetanus booster vaccine. […] Most snakebites, when quickly and appropriately treated, have a good prognosis. If left untreated for various increasing lengths of time after the snake bites, the prognosis usually diminishes while the complications increase. […] The complications of venomous snake bites can range from mild to severe and may mimic other human diseases like hemorrhagic fever, ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), and autoimmune disease, for example. […] Many snake bites can be prevented as most snakes are not aggressive toward humans unless they sense danger.

• #31 Management of Snake Bite Injuries — NUEM Blog

  https://www.nuemblog.com/blog/snake-bites

  Consider using CroFab antivenom if the local area of injury and erythema is expanding. […] Observe the affected limb for compartment syndrome. […] Because of their potential devastating neurologic effects, coral snake bites should be empirically treated with antivenom and monitored for respiratory deterioration. […] Consult your regional poison center (1-800-222-1222) or staff medical toxicologist when managing snakebites!

• #32 Venomous Snakes at Work | Outdoor | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/venomous-snakes.html

  Venomous snakes can be dangerous to outdoor workers. […] Although most people do not die from snake bites, there can be lasting effects. […] Workers are more likely to suffer long-term injuries than to die from snake bites. For those bitten by rattlesnakes, 10-44 percent will have lasting injuries. […] Antivenom is recommended for the treatment of signs of progressive envenomation (e.g., worsening of local tissue injury, systemic symptoms). […] If bitten, receiving antivenom as soon as possible helps limbs to recover faster and it lessens the chance that a limb will be disabled after copperhead snake envenomation. […] Employers can protect their workers from venomous snake bites by training them about their risk of being bitten by venomous snakes. […] Seek emergency medical attention as soon as possible to start antivenom (if needed) and stop irreversible damage. […] Do not wait for symptoms to appear; get medical help right away.

• #33 Snake Bit! — Texas Parks & Wildlife Department

  https://tpwd.texas.gov/education/resources/texas-junior-naturalists/snakes-alive/snake-bit

  If feasible, try to identify the snake, but do not put another member of the party in danger. […] Most hospitals in the United States treat venomous snakebite with antivenin administered intravenously. Antivenin should be started within six hours after the bite, and is most beneficial in the first hour. […] Thanks to modern medical care, deaths from venomous snakebite are becoming a thing of the past. If you find yourself on the receiving end of a venomous snake’s fangs, seek treatment immediately; failure to do so can result in amputation of the bitten limb and other permanent disabilities.

• #34 Snake Bites and Children — Pediatric EM Morsels

  https://pedemmorsels.com/snake-bites-and-children/

  They have snake bite instructions that they can fax you. […] They can connect you with a Toxicologist. […] Talk with a Toxicologist before giving antivenom as they can help with the decision-making regarding this expensive treatment. […] Reassure the patient that most bites are nonfatal and 50% of bite from venomous snakes are dry bites. […] Do NOT do the following for snake bites: Apply a tourniquet. […] Cut the wound with a knife or use venom extractors. […] Apply ice or immerse the bite site in water. […] Give NSAIDs. […] Monitor patients who have been bitten for at least 8-12 hours as some symptoms can be delayed in onset. […] For copperhead and rattlesnake bites, often elevation of the extremity above the level of the heart is recommended. […] Anti-venom could fill up an entire morsel by itself!

• #35 – Division of Research Safety | Illinois

  https://drs.illinois.edu/Page/SafetyLibrary/Snakes

  Antivenin is the treatment for serious venomous snake bites. The sooner antivenin is administered, the sooner irreversible damage can be stopped. […] If you have never received a tetanus vaccine or have not had a booster in the last five years, seek evaluation by a medical professional. […] Snakes are not aggressive and tend only to bite when stepped on, picked up, or cornered. Take the following steps to reduce the chances of a bite: […] Know when to expect snakes […] Know where to expect snakes […] Know what to wear […] Know what to do when you encounter a snake […] Know how to spot a threatened/provoked snake. […] Download the CroFab Snakebite911 app available for Android and iPhone devices. This app provides education about North American pit vipers, can help track the progression of a bite, and find a hospital nearby.

• #36 Snake bite warning signs and first aid | VCU Healthic_closeGroup

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/news/snake-bite-warning-signs-and-first-aid/

  If you or someone you’re with are bitten by a venomous snake, you should get to an emergency room as soon as possible. […] First aid should be applied while waiting for medical professionals: Lay or sit down in a neutral position. Moving around a lot will make the venom spread faster through the body. […] Do not wait for symptoms to appear if you or someone you are with are bitten by a snake. Get medical attention immediately. […] Additionally, applying the correct first aid is critical after a snake bite, but there are some measures that could do more harm than good. […] Snakes are generally nonaggressive and secretive creatures. They tend to be found in brushy, wooded, overgrown or rocky areas where they can hide and search for their prey. […] Have a question? Call the Virginia Poison Center’s 24/7 hotline at (800)-222-1222 and speak with a registered nurse poison specialist.

• #37 Snakebites in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/snakebites-in-children

  Treat all snakebites as if they are venomous. Take your child to a hospital emergency room as fast as possible. […] Your child’s healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment for your child. Treatment may include: […] Call 911 for emergency help right away. Medicine called antivenin should be given within 4 hours when possible. […] Teach your child to leave snakes alone.

• #38 Snakebite season: Here is how to respond if you are bitten by a venomous snake – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/news-you-can-use/snakebite-season-here-is-how-to-respond-if-you-are-bitten-by-a-venomous-snake

  Patients who are bitten by a snake within the Birmingham area can take advantage of the UAB and Childrens of Alabama Snakebite Program, where they will be treated by a collaborative team of health care providers who are specifically trained in treating snakebites. […] The Alabama Poison Information Center provides information for treatment on both venomous and non-venomous snakebites. If bitten by a snake, call the APIC at 1-800-222-1222. […] UAB Comprehensive Snakebite Program is the only program in the state to offer snakebite care in an outpatient setting. […] Patients treated at UAB and Childrens will immediately be met with an interdisciplinary team who have specialized training in snakebite treatment. Treatment continues after hospital discharge. […] Outpatient follow up for all patients age 5 or older is available at the UAB Comprehensive Wound Care Clinic, where wound care specialists coordinate care with medical toxicology.

• #39 Comprehensive Snakebite Program | Children’s of Alabama

  https://www.childrensal.org/comprehensive-snakebite-program

  In addition to antivenom, additional treatment such as artificial respiration, kidney dialysis, wound care, and comprehensive rehabilitation services are needed to effectively treat snakebite. […] Treatment may continue after hospital discharge. Outpatient follow up is available at the UAB Comprehensive Wound Care Clinic, where specialists work closely with the APIC for long-term lab monitoring of potential venom injury while providing strategies for treatment of limb swelling and localized wound care. Physical therapy is available for those patients who require improved limb function recovery. […] In addition to providing world-class clinical services, the Comprehensive Snakebite Program is committed to advancing research and care in the field.

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