Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming

  An estimated 5.4 million people worldwide are bitten by snakes each year with 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomings. […] Around 81 410 to 137 880 people die each year because of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually. […] Snake bite is a neglected public health issue in many tropical and subtropical countries. […] In Asia up to 2 million people are envenomed by snakes each year, while in Africa there are an estimated 435 000 to 580 000 snake bites annually that need treatment. […] Health systems in many countries where snake bites are common often lack the infrastructure and resources to collect robust statistical data on the problem. […] Under-reporting of snake bite incidence and mortality is common.

• #2 Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012080

  Incidence and mortality rates noted here highlight the global impact of snakebite and underscore the critical need to address the burden of snakebite envenoming. It also reveals that while reported snakebite incidence was higher in lower-middle-income countries, the burden of mortality was greatest among inhabitants of low-income countries, again emphasising the need for greater efforts to tackle this neglected tropical disease. […] […] According to the WHO, there are approximately 5.4 million snakebites and 1.8-2.7 million cases of envenomation globally each year, including 81,410-137,880 deaths and around three times as many individuals suffering from permanent disfigurement and/or disabilities, including limb amputations. […] […] The pooled global incidence and mortality was 69.4 /100,000 population (95%CI: 36.8 to 101.9) and 0.33/100,000 population (95%CI, 0.14 to 0.52) per year, respectively. […]

• #3 Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11020954/

  Snakebite envenoming represents a significant and often neglected public health challenge, particularly in rural communities across tropical and subtropical regions. An estimated 1.25-5.5 million people are envenomed by snakebites annually. More than 125,000 of these bites are fatal, and 34 times as many results in disability/disfigurement. Despite its prevalence, collecting accurate epidemiological data on snakebite is challenging. This systematic review and meta-analysis collates global epidemiology data on snakebite morbidity and mortality. […] The pooled global incidence and mortality was 69.4 /100,000 population (95%CI: 36.8 to 101.9) and 0.33/100,000 population (95%CI, 0.14 to 0.52) per year, respectively. […] Incidence and mortality rates noted here highlight the global impact of snakebite and underscore the critical need to address the burden of snakebite envenoming. It also reveals that while reported snakebite incidence was higher in lower-middle-income countries, the burden of mortality was greatest among inhabitants of low-income countries, again emphasising the need for greater efforts to tackle this neglected tropical disease. […] The highest mortality was reported in Asia at 0.96/100,000 population (95% CI: 0.22 to 1.70), and Africa 0.44/100,000 population (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.84).

• #4 Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012080

  Stratified by continents, Asia had the highest incidence of 130.7/100,000 population (95%CI: 48.3 to 213.1) while Europe has the lowest with 0.7/100,000 population (95%CI: -0.2 to 1.5). The highest mortality was reported in Asia at 0.96/100,000 population (95% CI: 0.22 to 1.70), and Africa 0.44/100,000 population (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.84). […] […] The actual magnitude of snakebite burden may not be accurately represented in recorded data due to methodological differences among included studies. However, incidence and mortality rates mentioned in this report serve as a stark reminder of the worldwide significance of snakebites and emphasise the urgent necessity to address the burden they impose.

• #5 Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012080

  Stratified by continents, Asia had the highest incidence of 130.7/100,000 population (95%CI: 48.3 to 213.1) while Europe has the lowest with 0.7/100,000 population (95%CI: -0.2 to 1.5). The highest mortality was reported in Asia at 0.96/100,000 population (95% CI: 0.22 to 1.70), and Africa 0.44/100,000 population (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.84). […] […] The actual magnitude of snakebite burden may not be accurately represented in recorded data due to methodological differences among included studies. However, incidence and mortality rates mentioned in this report serve as a stark reminder of the worldwide significance of snakebites and emphasise the urgent necessity to address the burden they impose.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming

  An estimated 5.4 million people worldwide are bitten by snakes each year with 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomings. […] Around 81 410 to 137 880 people die each year because of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually. […] Snake bite is a neglected public health issue in many tropical and subtropical countries. […] In Asia up to 2 million people are envenomed by snakes each year, while in Africa there are an estimated 435 000 to 580 000 snake bites annually that need treatment. […] Health systems in many countries where snake bites are common often lack the infrastructure and resources to collect robust statistical data on the problem. […] Under-reporting of snake bite incidence and mortality is common.

• #7 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Because there is no reliable reporting system in place and because most victims never report their injury to health care facilities, these numbers are uncertain. […] The variability of these estimates is indicative of the difficulty in accurately assessing snakebite morbidity and mortality. […] In sub-Saharan Africa, over 50% of snakebite injuries are not appropriately treated. […] In many sub-Saharan countries, poor availability of expensive antivenom contributes to morbidity, and snakebites continue to remain a neglected health problem. […] According to the most conservative estimates, at least 81,000 snake envenomings and 11,000 fatalities occur in India each year, making it the most heavily affected country in the world.

• #8 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Most snakebites are caused by non-venomous snakes. Of the roughly 3,700 known species of snake found worldwide, only 15% are considered dangerous to humans. […] Since reporting is not mandatory in many regions of the world, snakebites often go unreported. Consequently, no accurate study has ever been conducted to determine the frequency of snakebites on the international level. However, some estimates put the number at 1.2 to 5.5 million snakebites, 421,000 envenomings, resulting in perhaps 20,000 deaths, but the actual number of deaths may be as high as 94,000. […] Most snake envenomings and fatalities occur in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, with India reporting the most snakebite deaths of any country. […] An analysis cross-referencing exposure to venomous snakes and accessibility of medical treatment identified that 93 million people worldwide are highly vulnerable to dying from snakebite.

• #9 Try Answering This: How Many People Die from Snake Bites in India?

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/try-answering-how-many-people-die-from-snake-bites-india-singla-6luyf

  India continues to be the country most significantly affected by snakebite cases. About 60000 every year I.e. nearly half of global figure. […] India, with 10-15 deadly species, sees over 58,000 deaths annually. (India numbers are just the reported ones. Actual numbers are said to be much higher. Also, beyond deaths, snakebites lead to disabilities, mental health issues, and social stigma)

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-023-00309-5

  We explored the current priority given to snakebites in 26 countries of the Americas. To describe the epidemiological characteristics of the snakebites in the Americas and the Caribbean, we looked at information collected from epidemiological sources, publications, and available from PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS. […] Many countries do not keep official reports of the snakebite incidents. […] Snakebite surveillance needs improvement in several countries, and access to prompt treatment needs to be facilitated. […] For prevention and management initiatives, it is important to highlight that the typical profile of the snakebite victim is a young male farmer with low literacy. […] Poisoning and death from venomous snakebites are a serious public health problem worldwide. Snakebite envenoming usually requires hospitalization and results in significant morbidity and mortality.

• #11 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011732

  Epidemiological studies from Africa and Asia show snakebite envenoming to disproportionally affect rural, farming and impoverished populations. Children and young adults comprise the majority of the cases followed, to a lesser extent, by the elderly. In addition, susceptibility to snakebite is increased in situations where individuals live in houses whose construction does not prevent snake ingress and that have limited lighting and sanitation facilities or where people need to collect firewood, factors that are underpinned by poverty. Understanding and modelling risk of snakebite may be one strategy to reduce the incidence and improve treatment outcomes of snakebite. […] Eswatini, a landlocked country in southern Africa, has a population of 1.3 million, of which almost 80% live rurally and 30% have a household income of under US$1.90 a day. Despite its small area and population, snakebite is an important and challenging public health issue. The country is geographically diverse, with four distinct agroecological zones determined by elevation and rainfall, creating suitable habitat for over 60 snake species in 39 genera. Eleven of these species are venomous and medically important, including seven species that bite frequently and are associated with serious or life-threatening envenoming.

• #12 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Available evidence on the effect of climate change on the epidemiology of snakebite is limited but it is expected that there will be a geographic shift in risk of snakebite: northwards in North America and southwards in South America and in Mozambique, and increase in incidence of bite in Sri Lanka. […] Worldwide, snakebites occur most frequently in the summer season when snakes are active and humans are outdoors. […] Agricultural and tropical regions report more snakebites than anywhere else. […] In North America, the victims are typically male and between 17 and 27 years of age. […] Children and the elderly are the most likely to die. […] Approximately 1 million snakebites occur in sub-Saharan Africa each year, resulting in up to 500,000 envenomations, 25,000 deaths and another 25,000 permanent disabilities.

• #13 Snakebite: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168828-overview

  Worldwide, snakebites disproportionately affect low socioeconomic populations in more rural locations. They often occur as bites to the lower extremities sustained by farmers or workers who step on or disturb a snake in the field or rice paddies, or they can present as a bite to the head or trunk in individuals who sleep outside on the ground. […] Although snakebites can occur throughout the year, they are most common in the summer months (from June to September in the Northern Hemisphere). […] Children younger than 13 years old accounted for 2044 (10.9%) of the 18,678 snakebites reported to the AAPCC (now America’s Poison Centers) between 2020 and 2023. […] Children age 12 and younger accounted for 28.2% of snakebite patients recorded in the NASBR between 2013 and 2015. […] During the period 2013-2015, according to NASBR data, 69.3% of victims were male and 30.7% were female. […] During the same period, 84.5% of US victims of snakebites were White.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-023-00309-5

  We explored the current priority given to snakebites in 26 countries of the Americas. To describe the epidemiological characteristics of the snakebites in the Americas and the Caribbean, we looked at information collected from epidemiological sources, publications, and available from PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS. […] Many countries do not keep official reports of the snakebite incidents. […] Snakebite surveillance needs improvement in several countries, and access to prompt treatment needs to be facilitated. […] For prevention and management initiatives, it is important to highlight that the typical profile of the snakebite victim is a young male farmer with low literacy. […] Poisoning and death from venomous snakebites are a serious public health problem worldwide. Snakebite envenoming usually requires hospitalization and results in significant morbidity and mortality.

• #15 Snakebite Epidemiology in Bangladesh—A National Community Based Health and Injury Survey

  https://file.scirp.org/Html/12-8203611_64732.htm

  Snakebite is a global public health issue, and in majority of cases it is undermined. […] This study has looked at the epidemiological status of snakebite poisoning from national representative survey findings. […] Annually an estimated 15,372 (10.98/100,000) individuals were bitten by snakes and of them 1709 (1.22/100,000) died every year. […] Rural populations were also 10.54 times higher at risk than the populations living in the urban areas. […] Snakebite is often an under recognized public health issue in Bangladesh. […] In Bangladesh, snakebite is considered as a common health problem among the rural population. However, due to lack of nationally representative data, the exact magnitude is still unknown. […] Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey (BHIS) national data has explored the annual incidence of snakebite which was 10.98/100,000 populations. Annually an estimated 15,372 individuals were bitten by snakes and of them 1,709 died in Bangladesh. […] The majority of the victims (63%) received snake bites in lower extremities. […] Snake bite is an important but neglected public health issue, especially for populations living in the rural areas.

• #16 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Available evidence on the effect of climate change on the epidemiology of snakebite is limited but it is expected that there will be a geographic shift in risk of snakebite: northwards in North America and southwards in South America and in Mozambique, and increase in incidence of bite in Sri Lanka. […] Worldwide, snakebites occur most frequently in the summer season when snakes are active and humans are outdoors. […] Agricultural and tropical regions report more snakebites than anywhere else. […] In North America, the victims are typically male and between 17 and 27 years of age. […] Children and the elderly are the most likely to die. […] Approximately 1 million snakebites occur in sub-Saharan Africa each year, resulting in up to 500,000 envenomations, 25,000 deaths and another 25,000 permanent disabilities.

• #17 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011732

  The number of bites by these medically important snakes in Eswatini has not previously been reported. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the number of snakebites in Eswatini by compiling those reported to health facilities; 2) describe the epidemiology of snakebite in the country and associated factors; and 3) to develop two risk maps: one for the probability of getting a snakebite and another for the probability of a poor outcome for a snakebite victim. […] A total of 932 snakebites were recorded between October 2019 and September 2021. Most patients were bitten during the summer months between November to March each year, peaking in January. The average rainfall was 126 mm, and mean minimum and maximum temperatures were 17 C and 27 C respectively during the peak biting months. Patients reported being bitten throughout the 24-hour period, with 30% of snakebite patients reporting being bitten between 18:00 and 22:00.

• #18 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011732

  The number of bites by these medically important snakes in Eswatini has not previously been reported. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the number of snakebites in Eswatini by compiling those reported to health facilities; 2) describe the epidemiology of snakebite in the country and associated factors; and 3) to develop two risk maps: one for the probability of getting a snakebite and another for the probability of a poor outcome for a snakebite victim. […] A total of 932 snakebites were recorded between October 2019 and September 2021. Most patients were bitten during the summer months between November to March each year, peaking in January. The average rainfall was 126 mm, and mean minimum and maximum temperatures were 17 C and 27 C respectively during the peak biting months. Patients reported being bitten throughout the 24-hour period, with 30% of snakebite patients reporting being bitten between 18:00 and 22:00.

• #19 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011732

  More male than female snakebite patients were reported at the 16 health facilities, with the relative risk for males to females calculated as 1.29. Age of snakebite patients ranged from 0-100 years, with 55% of bites occurring in those under the age of 30 years. Most snakebite patients (35%) were students, followed by those unemployed (23%). […] Most bites occurred outdoors, 13% were indoors, and over half (60%) of all bites were to the lower extremities of the foot, ankle, heel or toe. Prior to arrival at a health facility, 66% of patients had self-administered or received some form of first aid. The polyvalent and monovalent snake antivenoms are registered for use in Eswatini. Over 75% of reported snakebite cases did not receive antivenom. Out of the 932 patients that presented with snakebite, 93% made a full recovery. Ten patients (1%) died, and 8 patients were left with long term physical impairment.

• #20

  https://www.ijmedicine.com/index.php/ijam/article/view/763

  Snakebite is a common medical emergency and an occupational hazard for majority of Indian population especially farmers. […] Epidemiological data on snake bite from the East India is sparse. […] Majority of victims belonged to the age group of 15-45 (60%), resident of rural areas (92%) and were involved in agricultural activities (60%). […] The study population was predominately bitten outdoors (66%), in the lower extremity (86%), at night (82%). […] Snakebite is an important occupational hazard, though preventable in principle remains to be one of the common medical emergencies.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming

  An estimated 5.4 million people worldwide are bitten by snakes each year with 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomings. […] Around 81 410 to 137 880 people die each year because of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually. […] Snake bite is a neglected public health issue in many tropical and subtropical countries. […] In Asia up to 2 million people are envenomed by snakes each year, while in Africa there are an estimated 435 000 to 580 000 snake bites annually that need treatment. […] Health systems in many countries where snake bites are common often lack the infrastructure and resources to collect robust statistical data on the problem. […] Under-reporting of snake bite incidence and mortality is common.

• #22 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Most snakebites are caused by non-venomous snakes. Of the roughly 3,700 known species of snake found worldwide, only 15% are considered dangerous to humans. […] Since reporting is not mandatory in many regions of the world, snakebites often go unreported. Consequently, no accurate study has ever been conducted to determine the frequency of snakebites on the international level. However, some estimates put the number at 1.2 to 5.5 million snakebites, 421,000 envenomings, resulting in perhaps 20,000 deaths, but the actual number of deaths may be as high as 94,000. […] Most snake envenomings and fatalities occur in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, with India reporting the most snakebite deaths of any country. […] An analysis cross-referencing exposure to venomous snakes and accessibility of medical treatment identified that 93 million people worldwide are highly vulnerable to dying from snakebite.

• #23 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Because there is no reliable reporting system in place and because most victims never report their injury to health care facilities, these numbers are uncertain. […] The variability of these estimates is indicative of the difficulty in accurately assessing snakebite morbidity and mortality. […] In sub-Saharan Africa, over 50% of snakebite injuries are not appropriately treated. […] In many sub-Saharan countries, poor availability of expensive antivenom contributes to morbidity, and snakebites continue to remain a neglected health problem. […] According to the most conservative estimates, at least 81,000 snake envenomings and 11,000 fatalities occur in India each year, making it the most heavily affected country in the world.

• #24 Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/54076

  Our nationally representative mortality study documents about 1.2 million snakebite deaths from 2000 to 2019. […] While rates of childhood and young adult snakebite mortality have fallen, those in middle age have not. […] Over 260 million Indians live in areas of moderate risk of about 1 in 167. […] We show that public facility-based reporting of deaths captures only 10% of expected deaths in public and private hospitals. […] Improved surveillance is required of venomous snake species as well as the human consequences of bites. […] The Government of India relies on reporting via public hospitals to track snakebites and deaths.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/prevalence

  In neighbouring Bangladesh, a nationwide epidemiological survey estimated that 589 919 snakebites occurred each year, resulting in 6041 deaths. […] In Sub-Saharan Africa, where data are even more incomplete, up to a million people are reported as being bitten each year, with estimates of 700020 000 deaths annually. […] Case-fatality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are almost certainly under-reported, given that in West Africa alone there are 35575450 deaths. […] Gaining a complete understanding of the size of the problem is compounded by the dependence of many people on traditional medicine. […] A study in Mali reported 49.7% of victims seeking initial treatment from traditional sources, and in Nepal 56% of victims resorted to traditional medicine as primary health-seeking behaviour, while in Kenya the figure is at least 68%.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/prevalence

  In neighbouring Bangladesh, a nationwide epidemiological survey estimated that 589 919 snakebites occurred each year, resulting in 6041 deaths. […] In Sub-Saharan Africa, where data are even more incomplete, up to a million people are reported as being bitten each year, with estimates of 700020 000 deaths annually. […] Case-fatality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are almost certainly under-reported, given that in West Africa alone there are 35575450 deaths. […] Gaining a complete understanding of the size of the problem is compounded by the dependence of many people on traditional medicine. […] A study in Mali reported 49.7% of victims seeking initial treatment from traditional sources, and in Nepal 56% of victims resorted to traditional medicine as primary health-seeking behaviour, while in Kenya the figure is at least 68%.

• #27 :: JGHS :: Journal of Global Health Science

  https://e-jghs.org/DOIx.php?id=10.35500/jghs.2023.5.e8

  The WHO has called for country studies to address knowledge gaps to support country health systems in effectively addressing this neglected health problem of snakebites. […] This study found that the unavailability of ASVs in health facilities affected the management of snakebites. […] The delay in reporting to health facilities was particularly due to prehospital treatment where most participants preferred traditional treatment. […] The high cost of snakebite treatment prevents most victims from seeking or rejecting care. […] The adherence to snakebite treatment protocols in the study districts was found to be low in the current treatment. […] The effective implementation of this NHIS policy could improve health-seeking behavior among snakebite victims and help the country progress toward achieving UHC and SDGs by 2030. […] We found in this study that the unavailability of ASVs in health facilities affected the management of snakebites. Snakebite victims delayed seeking treatment at the health facility rather than preferred traditional treatment in their homes.

• #28 Snakebite victim profiles and treatment-seeking behaviors in two regions of Kenya: results from a health demographic surveillance system | Tropical Medicine and Health | Full Text

  https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-022-00421-8

  However, up to 80% of snakebite victims in Kenya consult traditional healers before seeking services from a formal health facility. […] Our results indicate that use of traditional healers was associated with delays in receiving treatment from formal sources. While many snakebites are not serious, even short delays in treatment can lead to worse outcomes.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming

  In situations where data on snakebite envenoming are poor, it is difficult to accurately determine the need for antivenoms. […] WHO urges regulators, producers, researchers, clinicians, national and regional health authorities, and international and community organizations to work together to improve the availability of reliable epidemiological data on snake bites, the regulatory control of antivenoms and their distribution policies.

• #30

  https://www.infontd.org/bibcite/export/marc/bibcite_reference/98167

  This report provides preliminary data for 2020 from the health systems of 14 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that were obtained with a standardized data collection module for snakebite envenoming developed for the WHO integrated data platform (WIDP). […] This module receives data from ministries of health which represents health system data at national, regional, and district level, providing a snapshot of snakebite surveillance in those health systems. […] The WIDP data collection module provides insights for improving the quality of the data and identifying and resolving any reporting gaps. […] It is a useful tool for countries to integrate snakebite envenoming into national health plans and policies.

• #31 Snakebites declared a ‘Notifiable Disease’ in India; Health experts anticipate improved surveillance and compliance – Healthcare News | The Financial Express

  https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-snakebites-declared-a-notifiable-disease-in-india-health-experts-anticipate-improved-surveillance-and-compliance-3684959/

  Snakebites continues to major public health challenge in India. […] The government has now urged all states to make snakebite cases and deaths a notifiable disease under relevant provisions of the State Public Health Act or other applicable legislation making it mandatory for all government and private health facilities (including medical colleges) to report all suspected, probable snakebite cases and deaths. […] A robust surveillance system is essential for accurately tracking snakebite incidents and deaths, which will provide valuable data to inform and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, Srivastava said in the letter on November 27. […] Therefore, a mandatory notification of all snakebite cases and deaths is required to strengthen snakebite surveillance, she emphasised. […] Further, notification of snakebite cases and deaths will also improve reporting from private health facilities, she said.

• #32 Snakebites declared a ‘Notifiable Disease’ in India; Health experts anticipate improved surveillance and compliance – Healthcare News | The Financial Express

  https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-snakebites-declared-a-notifiable-disease-in-india-health-experts-anticipate-improved-surveillance-and-compliance-3684959/

  Snakebites continues to major public health challenge in India. […] The government has now urged all states to make snakebite cases and deaths a notifiable disease under relevant provisions of the State Public Health Act or other applicable legislation making it mandatory for all government and private health facilities (including medical colleges) to report all suspected, probable snakebite cases and deaths. […] A robust surveillance system is essential for accurately tracking snakebite incidents and deaths, which will provide valuable data to inform and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, Srivastava said in the letter on November 27. […] Therefore, a mandatory notification of all snakebite cases and deaths is required to strengthen snakebite surveillance, she emphasised. […] Further, notification of snakebite cases and deaths will also improve reporting from private health facilities, she said.

• #33 Snakebites declared a ‘Notifiable Disease’ in India; Health experts anticipate improved surveillance and compliance – Healthcare News | The Financial Express

  https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-snakebites-declared-a-notifiable-disease-in-india-health-experts-anticipate-improved-surveillance-and-compliance-3684959/

  We welcome the directive of Ministry of Health in announcing snakebite a notifiable disease. While this will make it mandatory for all government and private health facilities to report all suspected, probable snakebite cases and deaths, it will eliminate underreporting of snakebite deaths in the country. […] Stronger surveillance system is pivotal for reducing morbidity, mortality, and its associated complications in humans due to snakebite, Alok Khettry, COO, India Business, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited (BSV) told Financial Express.com. […] Surveillance in public health is a continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data for action. […] Data generated from reporting will help to identify at-risk regions and communities, occupational and demographic profiles, distribution of venomous species, ecological and climatic factors and location of snakebite hot spots, understand usage of Anti snake venom serums (ASVS) and adoption of treatment guidelines, Khettry said.

• #34 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37948462/

  Halving snakebite morbidity and mortality by 2030 requires countries to develop both prevention and treatment strategies. […] The paucity of data on the global incidence and severity of snakebite envenoming causes challenges in prioritizing and mobilising resources for snakebite prevention and treatment. […] This study sought to investigate Eswatini’s snakebite epidemiology and outcomes, and identify the socio-geographical factors associated with snakebite risk. […] An average of 466 snakebites was recorded annually in Eswatini. […] Two cluster risk maps indicated areas of the country with a high probability of snakebite and a high probability of poor snakebite outcomes. […] The areas with the highest rate of snakebite risk were primarily in the rural and agricultural regions of the country. […] These models can be used to inform better snakebite prevention and treatment measures to enable Eswatini to meet the global goal of reducing snakebite morbidity and mortality by 50% by 2030.

• #35 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011732

  Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini […] Halving snakebite morbidity and mortality by 2030 requires countries to develop both prevention and treatment strategies. The paucity of data on the global incidence and severity of snakebite envenoming causes challenges in prioritizing and mobilising resources for snakebite prevention and treatment. In line with the World Health Organisations 2019 Snakebite Strategy, this study sought to investigate Eswatinis snakebite epidemiology and outcomes, and identify the socio-geographical factors associated with snakebite risk. […] Programmatic data from the Ministry of Health, Government of Eswatini 2019-2021, was used to assess the epidemiology and outcomes of snakebite in Eswatini. An average of 466 snakebites was recorded annually in Eswatini. Bites were recorded across the entire country and peaked in the evening during summer months. Two cluster risk maps indicated areas of the country with a high probability of snakebite and a high probability of poor snakebite outcomes. The areas with the highest rate of snakebite risk were primarily in the rural and agricultural regions of the country.

• #36 Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011732

  These models can be used to inform better snakebite prevention and treatment measures to enable Eswatini to meet the global goal of reducing snakebite morbidity and mortality by 50% by 2030. The supply chain challenges of antivenom affecting southern Africa and the high rates of snakebite identified in our study highlight the need for improved snakebite prevention and treatment tools that can be employed by health care workers stationed at rural, community clinics. […] In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated snakebite envenoming a neglected tropical disease, which was followed two years later by the launch of the Snakebite Strategy with the aim of halving mortality and morbidity from snakebite by 2030. The WHO estimates that each year 5 million people are bitten by snakes, with up to 2.7 million people becoming critically ill, 130,000 suffering mortality, and a further 400,000 becoming physically disabled. In sub-Saharan Africa, annual estimates are 1 million snakebites with only 360,000 presenting to health facilities resulting in approximately 20,000 deaths.

• #37 Redefining snakebite envenoming as a zoonosis: disease incidence is driven by snake ecology, socioeconomics and anthropogenic impacts | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.21264438v1.full-text

  Improved epidemiological models for snakebite could fill a major current void in understanding snakebite, improving mitigation efforts and maximising the efficacy of post-bite treatment systems. […] Recasting snakebite as a zoonosis and formally applying conventional epidemiological models provides a novel way forward in understanding snake bite epidemiology, which in future studies will allow us to better anticipate risks and potentially help achieve ambitious mitigation targets in a rapidly changing world.

• #38 Epidemiology of snakebites – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites

  Available evidence on the effect of climate change on the epidemiology of snakebite is limited but it is expected that there will be a geographic shift in risk of snakebite: northwards in North America and southwards in South America and in Mozambique, and increase in incidence of bite in Sri Lanka. […] Worldwide, snakebites occur most frequently in the summer season when snakes are active and humans are outdoors. […] Agricultural and tropical regions report more snakebites than anywhere else. […] In North America, the victims are typically male and between 17 and 27 years of age. […] Children and the elderly are the most likely to die. […] Approximately 1 million snakebites occur in sub-Saharan Africa each year, resulting in up to 500,000 envenomations, 25,000 deaths and another 25,000 permanent disabilities.

• #39 Snakebite – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakebite

  Earlier estimates for snakebite vary from 1.2 to 5.5 million, with 421,000 to 2.5 million being envenomings, and causing 20,000 to 125,000 deaths. […] More recent modelling estimates that in 2019, about 63,400 people died globally from snakebite, with 51,100 of these deaths happening in India. […] Since reporting is not mandatory in much of the world, the data on the frequency of snakebites is not precise. […] Many people who survive bites have permanent tissue damage caused by venom, leading to disability. […] Most snake envenomings and fatalities occur in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, with India reporting the most snakebite deaths of any country. […] Available evidence on the effect of climate change on the epidemiology of snakebite is limited but it is expected that there will be a geographic shift in the risk of snakebite: northwards in North America and southwards in South America and Mozambique, and increase in the incidence of bite in Sri Lanka.

• #40 Document | Latin American Journal of Clinical Sciences and Medical Tecnology

  https://lajclinsci.com/vD-1-16

  Even though Secretara de Salud reported about 3,700 new cases by 2017, some authors suggest this figure may reach 27,000 per year. […] Direccin General de Epidemiologa from Secretara de Salud is the governing body responsible for counting the snakebite cases. […] The latest research has suggested that factors like urbanization and even changes in biodiversity may explain the increase in the number of cases; nevertheless, it is necessary to make changes in the epidemiological surveillance because it should emphasize the implementation of mechanisms that better identify the implicated species. […] Thus, the resulting epidemiological information would translate into concrete actions focused on supplying antivenoms and into concentrating the existing resources in the most vulnerable zones.

• #41 Global mortality of snakebite envenoming between 1990 and 2019 | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33627-9

  Few studies on the global disease burden of snakebite envenoming have been conducted. In 1998, Chippaux estimated over 100,000 deaths were caused by snakebite envenoming. In 2008, Kasturiratne and colleagues found that snakebite envenoming caused between 20,000 and 94,000 annual deaths globally. […] Snakebite envenoming accounted for 63,400 deaths and 2.94 million YLLs in 2019, globally. This was equal to an age-standardized rate of 0.8 deaths per 100,000 and 38 YLLs per 100,000. From 1990 to 2019, the global age-standardized rate of death and YLLs per 100,000 decreased significantly by 36% and 40%, respectively. […] Mortality due to snakebite envenoming showed substantial regional variation. South Asia had the greatest burden, with 54,600 deaths and 2.54 million YLLs, accounting for 86% of global deaths and 86% of global YLLs.

• #42 Global mortality of snakebite envenoming between 1990 and 2019 | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33627-9

  By 2050, the rate of snakebite envenoming mortality globally is expected to decrease to an age-standardized rate of 0.7 deaths per 100,000. This is equivalent to 68,800 absolute deaths annually, which is greater than the number of deaths that occurred in 2019, due to forecasted population increases. […] Snakebite envenoming caused 63,400 deaths and 2.9 million YLLs in 2019, which makes it the deadliest NTD according to GBD 2019. Over time, the global age-standardized rate of death has decreased by 36%, which shows progress; however, this annual rate of change would be insufficient to accomplish WHO’s 2019 goal of halving the burden by 2030. […] Our estimates corroborate previous reports that populations in the middle of humanitarian, migration, and environmental crises are at high risk and surveillance efforts should be scaled up targeting these populations. […] Our analysis also relied on WHO venomous snake distribution data to decide which locations could reliably be identified as having venomous snakes of medical importance and which did not.

• #43 Global mortality of snakebite envenoming between 1990 and 2019 | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33627-9

  By 2050, the rate of snakebite envenoming mortality globally is expected to decrease to an age-standardized rate of 0.7 deaths per 100,000. This is equivalent to 68,800 absolute deaths annually, which is greater than the number of deaths that occurred in 2019, due to forecasted population increases. […] Snakebite envenoming caused 63,400 deaths and 2.9 million YLLs in 2019, which makes it the deadliest NTD according to GBD 2019. Over time, the global age-standardized rate of death has decreased by 36%, which shows progress; however, this annual rate of change would be insufficient to accomplish WHO’s 2019 goal of halving the burden by 2030. […] Our estimates corroborate previous reports that populations in the middle of humanitarian, migration, and environmental crises are at high risk and surveillance efforts should be scaled up targeting these populations. […] Our analysis also relied on WHO venomous snake distribution data to decide which locations could reliably be identified as having venomous snakes of medical importance and which did not.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/prevalence

  An ongoing crisis restricting access to safe, effective antivenom treatment in many regions, and particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, is one factor that contributes to the predisposition for seeking help through traditional medicine. […] Many victims fail to reach hospital in time or seek medical care after a considerable delay because they first seek treatment from traditional healers. […] In addition to mortality, some snakebite victims survive with permanent physical damage due to tissue necrosis, spat venom-ophthalmia, persistent nerve damage and, sometimes, psychological consequences. […] Because of issues relating to treatment costs, loss of earning capacity and ongoing disability, the economic impact of snakebite can be considerable.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/prevalence

  An ongoing crisis restricting access to safe, effective antivenom treatment in many regions, and particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, is one factor that contributes to the predisposition for seeking help through traditional medicine. […] Many victims fail to reach hospital in time or seek medical care after a considerable delay because they first seek treatment from traditional healers. […] In addition to mortality, some snakebite victims survive with permanent physical damage due to tissue necrosis, spat venom-ophthalmia, persistent nerve damage and, sometimes, psychological consequences. […] Because of issues relating to treatment costs, loss of earning capacity and ongoing disability, the economic impact of snakebite can be considerable.

• #46 Snakebite envenoming | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201763

  Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that kills 100,000 people and maims 400,000 people every year. […] Snakebite envenoming perpetuates the cycle of poverty. […] Confronting snakebite envenoming at a global level demands the implementation of an integrated intervention strategy involving the WHO, the research community, antivenom manufacturers, regulatory agencies, national and regional health authorities, professional health organizations, international funding agencies, advocacy groups and civil society institutions. […] This study highlights the relationship between snakebite envenoming and poverty. […] This study analyses the impact of snakebite envenoming in terms of disability-adjusted life years in 16 countries in West Africa. […] These are the WHO guidelines for snakebite envenoming in Africa, which are to be used in the training of health staff on the correct diagnosis and management of envenomings.

• #47 Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/54076

  The World Health Organization call to halve global snakebite deaths by 2030 will require substantial progress in India. […] We estimate that India had 1.2 million snakebite deaths (average 58,000/year) from 2000 to 2019. […] Most occurred at home in the rural areas. […] About 70% occurred in eight higher burden states and half during the rainy season and at low altitude. […] The risk of an Indian dying from snakebite before age 70 is about 1 in 250, but notably higher in some areas. […] More crudely, we estimate 1.11-1.77 million bites in 2015, of which 70% showed symptoms of envenomation. […] Prevention and treatment strategies might substantially reduce snakebite mortality in India. […] Snakebite deaths and envenomation are largely neglected topics in global health. […] However, in 2017, the WHO included snakebite envenoming in the priority list of neglected tropical diseases and launched in 2019 a strategy for prevention and control of snakebite, aiming to halve the numbers of deaths and cases of serious disability by 2030 as compared to 2015 baseline.

• #48 Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/54076

  Our nationally representative mortality study documents about 1.2 million snakebite deaths from 2000 to 2019. […] While rates of childhood and young adult snakebite mortality have fallen, those in middle age have not. […] Over 260 million Indians live in areas of moderate risk of about 1 in 167. […] We show that public facility-based reporting of deaths captures only 10% of expected deaths in public and private hospitals. […] Improved surveillance is required of venomous snake species as well as the human consequences of bites. […] The Government of India relies on reporting via public hospitals to track snakebites and deaths.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/snakebite-envenoming/prevalence

  An ongoing crisis restricting access to safe, effective antivenom treatment in many regions, and particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, is one factor that contributes to the predisposition for seeking help through traditional medicine. […] Many victims fail to reach hospital in time or seek medical care after a considerable delay because they first seek treatment from traditional healers. […] In addition to mortality, some snakebite victims survive with permanent physical damage due to tissue necrosis, spat venom-ophthalmia, persistent nerve damage and, sometimes, psychological consequences. […] Because of issues relating to treatment costs, loss of earning capacity and ongoing disability, the economic impact of snakebite can be considerable.

• #50 Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012080

  Incidence and mortality rates noted here highlight the global impact of snakebite and underscore the critical need to address the burden of snakebite envenoming. It also reveals that while reported snakebite incidence was higher in lower-middle-income countries, the burden of mortality was greatest among inhabitants of low-income countries, again emphasising the need for greater efforts to tackle this neglected tropical disease. […] […] According to the WHO, there are approximately 5.4 million snakebites and 1.8-2.7 million cases of envenomation globally each year, including 81,410-137,880 deaths and around three times as many individuals suffering from permanent disfigurement and/or disabilities, including limb amputations. […] […] The pooled global incidence and mortality was 69.4 /100,000 population (95%CI: 36.8 to 101.9) and 0.33/100,000 population (95%CI, 0.14 to 0.52) per year, respectively. […]

• #51 Anti Venom Market to Hit USD 2.8 Billion by 2034

  https://media.market.us/anti-venom-market-news/

  Sub-Saharan Africa faces a high rate of snakebites, with up to 1 million cases reported annually. Of these, about 25,000 to 30,000 people die due to a lack of timely treatment. In South Asia, India alone accounts for approximately 58,000 snakebite-related deaths every year. These figures highlight the urgent need for improved access to anti-venom and emergency medical care in affected regions. Many of these deaths are preventable if proper medical infrastructure and anti-venom supplies are available. […] One major challenge in using anti-venom is its species-specific nature. Many anti-venoms are designed to work against venom from a single type of snake. This makes treatment difficult in areas with many venomous species. Another issue is the method of production. Anti-venoms are often made using antibodies derived from animals like horses. This can cause allergic reactions in some patients and limits how much can be produced. The supply of anti-venoms often falls short of the actual demand.

• #52 Snakebite-Associated Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 110 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/110/5/article-p874.xml

  Snakebites still constitute a significant public health problem in developing countries and are considered a neglected tropical condition by the WHO. […] The objective of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of snakebite infections and characterize the bacteria isolated from these infections. […] The pooled prevalence of infection due to snakebite was 27.0% (95% CI: 22.0-32.0%), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 99.7%). The prevalence was higher in Asia (32%) than in the Americas (21%). […] Snakebite infections required surgical interventions in 68% (95% CI: 37.0-98.0%). […] A high prevalence of snakebite-associated infection has been described, primarily due to M. morganii, with the corresponding implications for empirical therapy. […] The principal microorganisms responsible are Aeromonas hydrophila, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus sp., and Enterococcus spp.

• #53 Snakebite-Associated Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 110 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/110/5/article-p874.xml

  The prevalence of snakebite infection was 27.0% (95% CI: 22.0-32.0%), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 99.7%). […] Snakebite infection may require surgical intervention, such as surgical debridement for extensive skin and soft-tissue necrosis, as reported in most cases (67%) in the present review. […] The leading group of pathogens identified corresponded to Gram-negative bacteria (63%), particularly M. morganii (32%), and also Gram-positive cocci (40%), especially Enterococcus spp. (23%) and S. aureus (15%). […] Rational use of antimicrobials is recommended and should guide initial empirical treatment.

• #54 Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/54076

  The World Health Organization call to halve global snakebite deaths by 2030 will require substantial progress in India. […] We estimate that India had 1.2 million snakebite deaths (average 58,000/year) from 2000 to 2019. […] Most occurred at home in the rural areas. […] About 70% occurred in eight higher burden states and half during the rainy season and at low altitude. […] The risk of an Indian dying from snakebite before age 70 is about 1 in 250, but notably higher in some areas. […] More crudely, we estimate 1.11-1.77 million bites in 2015, of which 70% showed symptoms of envenomation. […] Prevention and treatment strategies might substantially reduce snakebite mortality in India. […] Snakebite deaths and envenomation are largely neglected topics in global health. […] However, in 2017, the WHO included snakebite envenoming in the priority list of neglected tropical diseases and launched in 2019 a strategy for prevention and control of snakebite, aiming to halve the numbers of deaths and cases of serious disability by 2030 as compared to 2015 baseline.

• #55

  https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2013803

  Shri Apurva Chandra, Union Health Secretary launched a National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-SE) in India, here today. With a vision to reduce snakebite deaths by halve by 2030, NAPSE provides a broad framework for states to develop their own action plan for management, prevention and control of snakebites through the One Health approach. […] The National One Health Programme for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses was also onboarded on the Integrated Health Initiative Platform. This initiative will help in strengthening the surveillance of zoonotic diseases in the country. […] In India, around 50,000 deaths occur of an estimated 3-4 million snakebites annually which accounts for half of all snakebite deaths globally. […] The strategic action for human health component includes ensuring provision of anti snake venom at all health facilities, strengthening surveillance of snake bite cases and deaths in humans, strengthening of emergency care services at District Hospitals/ CHCs including services for ambulance, institutionalization of Regional Venom Centres and inter-sectoral coordination. […] Surveillance is a key element in NAPSE so that problems can be easily identified, and actions could be undertaken taken in a timely manner.

• #56

  https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2013803

  Shri Apurva Chandra, Union Health Secretary launched a National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-SE) in India, here today. With a vision to reduce snakebite deaths by halve by 2030, NAPSE provides a broad framework for states to develop their own action plan for management, prevention and control of snakebites through the One Health approach. […] The National One Health Programme for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses was also onboarded on the Integrated Health Initiative Platform. This initiative will help in strengthening the surveillance of zoonotic diseases in the country. […] In India, around 50,000 deaths occur of an estimated 3-4 million snakebites annually which accounts for half of all snakebite deaths globally. […] The strategic action for human health component includes ensuring provision of anti snake venom at all health facilities, strengthening surveillance of snake bite cases and deaths in humans, strengthening of emergency care services at District Hospitals/ CHCs including services for ambulance, institutionalization of Regional Venom Centres and inter-sectoral coordination. […] Surveillance is a key element in NAPSE so that problems can be easily identified, and actions could be undertaken taken in a timely manner.

• #57 Brief Report: Medical Encounters for Snakebite Envenomation, Active and Reserve Components, U.S. Armed Forces, 2016–2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2021/06/01/Brief-Report-June-2021

  This analysis demonstrates that the vast majority of medically diagnosed SBEs in U.S. service members during 2016-2020 occurred in the U.S. In accordance with the findings of a recent report on the epidemiology of snakebites in the U.S., male service members were disproportionately affected by SBEs. […] In the U.S., service member SBEs occur more frequently during warm weather months. Preventive measures for avoiding SBE include precautions such as avoiding snakes in the wild, wearing long pants or boots when working or walking outdoors, and wearing gloves when handling brush or reaching into areas that might house snakes. Anyone bitten by a snake should seek medical attention as soon as possible. […] Although this analysis demonstrates that the majority of service members’ SBEs occur in the U.S., appropriate precautions should be taken to avoid SBE during deployment outside of the U.S. Planning for deployment should include education in the medically important snake species and the appropriate medical management of snakebites specific to deployment location. In 2020, the Joint Trauma System published a Clinical Practice Guideline for Global Snake Envenomation Management (CPG ID:81) which provides a comprehensive guide to snakebite management by combatant command.

• #58 Snakebite envenoming | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201763

  Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that kills 100,000 people and maims 400,000 people every year. […] Snakebite envenoming perpetuates the cycle of poverty. […] Confronting snakebite envenoming at a global level demands the implementation of an integrated intervention strategy involving the WHO, the research community, antivenom manufacturers, regulatory agencies, national and regional health authorities, professional health organizations, international funding agencies, advocacy groups and civil society institutions. […] This study highlights the relationship between snakebite envenoming and poverty. […] This study analyses the impact of snakebite envenoming in terms of disability-adjusted life years in 16 countries in West Africa. […] These are the WHO guidelines for snakebite envenoming in Africa, which are to be used in the training of health staff on the correct diagnosis and management of envenomings.

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