Twardzina
Etiologia i przyczyny

Twardzina układowa (scleroderma) to rzadka choroba autoimmunologiczna charakteryzująca się nadprodukcją kolagenu i jego akumulacją w skórze oraz narządach wewnętrznych, prowadząc do ich stwardnienia i zwłóknienia. Patogeneza obejmuje nieprawidłową odpowiedź immunologiczną, w której uszkodzeniu ulegają komórki śródbłonka małych naczyń, fibroblasty oraz limfocyty, co skutkuje stanem zapalnym, niedokrwieniem i nadprodukcją kolagenu. Czynniki genetyczne, w tym warianty genów HLA-DQA1 i HLA-DRB1 oraz region MHC, predysponują do rozwoju choroby, a ekspozycja na czynniki środowiskowe takie jak krzem, rozpuszczalniki organiczne, infekcje wirusowe (CMV, HHV-5, parwowirus B19) i bakterie (Borrelia burgdorferi) może wyzwalać lub nasilać proces chorobowy. Kobiety w wieku rozrodczym chorują 7-12 razy częściej niż mężczyźni, co sugeruje udział hormonów płciowych w etiologii. Uszkodzenie naczyń prowadzi do objawów Raynauda, owrzodzeń palców, przełomu nerkowego i nadciśnienia płucnego, a choroba często współistnieje z innymi autoimmunologicznymi schorzeniami tkanki łącznej (15-25% przypadków).

Diagnostyka i leczenie twardziny układowej opierają się na identyfikacji autoprzeciwciał specyficznych dla choroby oraz monitorowaniu uszkodzeń narządowych. Obecnie brak jest terapii przyczynowej, jednak stosuje się leki modulujące przebieg choroby, takie jak nintedanib (Ofev) i rytuksymab, zwłaszcza w przypadkach progresywnych. Badania koncentrują się na zrozumieniu interakcji genetyczno-środowiskowych, roli układu immunologicznego oraz mechanizmów uszkodzenia naczyń i zwłóknienia, co ma na celu opracowanie bardziej skutecznych strategii terapeutycznych. Kompleksowa opieka powinna uwzględniać zarówno kontrolę objawów naczyniowych, jak i immunomodulację, aby poprawić jakość życia pacjentów z twardziną układową.

Etiologia twardziny układowej (Scleroderma)

Twardzina układowa (scleroderma) jest rzadkim schorzeniem autoimmunologicznym, charakteryzującym się nadmierną produkcją kolagenu i jego gromadzeniem się w tkankach organizmu. Kolagen jest włóknistym białkiem, które tworzy tkankę łączną organizmu, w tym skórę. To prowadzi do stwardnienia i zwłóknienia skóry oraz, w niektórych przypadkach, narządów wewnętrznych12. Pomimo intensywnych badań, dokładna przyczyna twardziny pozostaje nieznana. Uważa się jednak, że na rozwój choroby wpływa kombinacja wielu czynników, w tym zaburzenia układu immunologicznego, predyspozycje genetyczne oraz czynniki środowiskowe13.

Podłoże autoimmunologiczne

Twardzina jest uznawana za chorobę autoimmunologiczną, w której układ odpornościowy nieprawidłowo atakuje własne tkanki organizmu45. W twardzinie układ odpornościowy wywołuje stan zapalny i uszkodzenie komórek wyściełających naczynia krwionośne. To z kolei aktywuje komórki tkanki łącznej, zwłaszcza fibroblasty, do produkcji nadmiernych ilości kolagenu i innych białek6. Fibroblasty w twardzinie żyją dłużej niż normalnie, co prowadzi do nagromadzenia kolagenu w skórze i innych narządach67.

Reakcja autoimmunologiczna w twardzinie układowej wpływa głównie na trzy typy komórek:

  • Fibroblasty – których aktywność jest zwiększona, co skutkuje nadmierną produkcją kolagenu w skórze i narządach wewnętrznych
  • Komórki śródbłonka małych naczyń krwionośnych – których zniszczenie prowadzi do niedokrwienia i dysfunkcji zaatakowanych narządów
  • Limfocyty – zwane również białymi krwinkami, które wytwarzają specyficzne dla choroby autoprzeciwciała atakujące organizm i przyczyniające się do rozwoju i powikłań twardziny89

Czynniki genetyczne

Badania wskazują, że istnieje pewien komponent genetyczny w rozwoju twardziny, chociaż nie jest to typowa choroba dziedziczna przekazywana z rodzica na dziecko62. Osoby z krewnymi pierwszego stopnia chorującymi na twardninę mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju choroby niż populacja ogólna6. Badania genomowe potwierdziły udział regionu genetycznego głównego kompleksu zgodności tkankowej (MHC) w twardzinie układowej, podobnie jak w innych chorobach autoimmunologicznych, takich jak toczeń rumieniowaty układowy i reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów3.

Niektóre warianty genetyczne zostały powiązane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju twardziny. Na przykład, pewne warianty genów takich jak HLA-DQA1 i HLA-DRB1 zostały powiązane z tą chorobą10. Badania przeprowadzone wśród rdzennych Amerykanów z plemienia Choctaw w Oklahomie wykazały, że częstość występowania twardziny układowej była 20 razy wyższa niż w populacji ogólnej, co wskazuje na silny komponent genetyczny w tej grupie11.

Czynniki środowiskowe

Liczne czynniki środowiskowe zostały powiązane z rozwojem twardziny lub chorób przypominających twardninę3. Do najczęściej wymienianych należą:

  • Ekspozycja na krzem (silika) – narażenie na pył krzemowy wiąże się z twardniną układową, szczególnie u mężczyzn1213
  • Rozpuszczalniki organiczne – w tym chlorek winylu, trichloroetylen, żywice epoksydowe, benzen, czterochlorek węgla1415
  • Czynniki zakaźne – takie jak cytomegalowirus (CMV), ludzki herpeswirus 5 i parwowirus B19, które zostały zaproponowane jako wirusowe czynniki przyspieszające rozwój choroby143
  • Borrelia burgdorferi – gatunek bakterii znany z powodowania choroby Lyme16
  • Leki – w tym bleomycyna i inne leki chemioterapeutyczne, penicilamina, leki hamujące apetyt, witamina K i kokaina1716
  • Radioterapia – zgłaszano, że terapia radiacyjna może powodować miejscowe zmiany twardzinopodobne (morphea) lub pogarszać istniejącą twardninę1816

Niektóre schorzenia przypominające twardninę związane są z konkretnymi ekspozycjami środowiskowymi, takie jak zespół toksycznego oleju spowodowany zanieczyszczonym olejem rzepakowym czy zespół eozynofilii-mialgii związany z L-tryptofanem19.

Nieprawidłowa odpowiedź immunologiczna

Patogeneza twardziny układowej jest złożona i wciąż nie w pełni poznana. Większość hipotez dotyczących patogenezy twardziny skupia się na wzajemnym oddziaływaniu wczesnych zdarzeń immunologicznych i zmian naczyniowych, które prowadzą do powstawania populacji aktywowanych fibrogennych fibroblastów, uważanych za komórki efektorowe w tej chorobie20.

W twardzinie układowej, nieprawidłowa odpowiedź immunologiczna prowadzi do produkcji autoprzeciwciał specyficznych dla choroby21. Autoprzeciwciała te można traktować jako „ślady” procesu chorobowego twardziny, ponieważ są wytwarzane tylko w bardzo specyficznych warunkach typowych dla twardziny układowej21. Nie jest jednak jeszcze jasne, jaką dokładnie rolę odgrywają one w uszkadzaniu naczyń krwionośnych lub stymulowaniu nadprodukcji kolagenu21.

Czynniki hormonalne

Podobnie jak w przypadku większości chorób autoimmunologicznych, twardzina układowa występuje częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. W okresie rozrodczym (w wieku 30-55 lat) kobiety rozwijają twardninę 7-12 razy częściej niż mężczyźni22. Ta przewaga płci żeńskiej sugeruje, że różnice hormonalne między kobietami a mężczyznami mogą odgrywać rolę w chorobie, chociaż rola estrogenów lub innych hormonów żeńskich nie została jeszcze potwierdzona2223.

Uszkodzenie naczyń krwionośnych

W twardzinie układowej małe naczynia krwionośne ulegają uszkodzeniu i zwężeniu. To właśnie ten proces powoduje objaw Raynauda i bolesne owrzodzenia, które mogą występować na palcach. Uszkodzenie naczyń występuje również w narządach wewnętrznych i jest odpowiedzialne za przełom nerkowy twardziny i nadciśnienie płucne21.

Nie jest jasne, czy transformacja komórek fibroblastów jest wynikiem uszkodzenia małych naczyń dostarczających krew do narządów naszego ciała, czy też choroba naczyń krwionośnych skutkuje reakcją zwłóknieniową wokół zaatakowanych narządów824.

Potencjalne czynniki wyzwalające

Zakłada się, że twardzina układowa rozwija się u osób genetycznie predysponowanych, u których dochodzi do ekspozycji na określone czynniki wyzwalające25. Twardzina jest najlepiej rozumiana jako choroba o dwóch komponentach: podatności genetycznej i zdarzeniu wyzwalającym25.

Potencjalne czynniki wyzwalające obejmują:

  • Zakażenia – niektóre badania sugerują, że podgrupa pacjentów z twardniną może mieć zakażenia mykoplazmą lub bakteryjne jako możliwy czynnik wyzwalający ich twardninę25
  • Uraz skóry – na przykład po operacji, który może wyzwolić miejscową twardninę16
  • Stres – niektórzy pacjenci zgłaszają, że stres może być czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do rozwoju choroby26
  • Ciąża – jedna z teorii sugeruje, że pozostałe komórki płodowe mogą krążyć w krwiobiegu matki dziesiątki lat po ciąży i mogą odgrywać pewną rolę w wyzwalaniu zmian autoimmunologicznych leżących u podstaw twardziny27

Współwystępowanie z innymi chorobami

Twardzina układowa może współwystępować z innymi chorobami autoimmunologicznymi. Około 15-25% osób z twardniną wykazuje również objawy innych chorób tkanki łącznej, takich jak:

  • Zapalenie wielomięśniowe (polymyositis)
  • Zapalenie skórno-mięśniowe (dermatomyositis)
  • Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów
  • Zespół Sjögrena
  • Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy285

Przypadki te określane są jako niezróżnicowana choroba tkanki łącznej lub zespół nakładania się chorób (overlap syndrome)5.

Perspektywy badawcze

Badania nad twardniną układową koncentrują się na lepszym zrozumieniu mechanizmów choroby i identyfikacji potencjalnych celów terapeutycznych. Kilka kierunków badań obejmuje:

  • Badania genetyczne – zidentyfikowanie genów i interakcji gen-gen zaangażowanych w rozwój twardziny29
  • Badania immunologiczne – zrozumienie roli układu odpornościowego i autoprzeciwciał w patogenezie choroby13
  • Badania nad czynnikami środowiskowymi – określenie, które czynniki środowiskowe mogą wyzwalać chorobę u osób podatnych genetycznie30
  • Badania nad nowymi terapiami – w tym nintedanib (Ofev) lub rytuksymab, które mogą być stosowane u pacjentów z bardziej progresywną chorobą31

Aktualnie, chociaż nie ma znanego lekarstwa na twardninę, istnieją metody leczenia pomagające w zarządzaniu objawami i poprawie jakości życia pacjentów3231.

Podsumowanie

Twardzina układowa jest złożoną chorobą autoimmunologiczną o niejasnej etiologii. Aktualny stan wiedzy wskazuje, że choroba rozwija się na skutek kombinacji czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i immunologicznych. Nieprawidłowa odpowiedź immunologiczna prowadzi do uszkodzenia naczyń krwionośnych, nadmiernej produkcji kolagenu i zwłóknienia tkanek. Chociaż dokładna przyczyna twardziny pozostaje nieznana, postępy w zrozumieniu mechanizmów choroby przyczyniają się do rozwoju nowych strategii terapeutycznych133.

Dalsze badania nad interakcjami między genami a środowiskiem, rolą układu odpornościowego oraz mechanizmami uszkadzania naczyń krwionośnych i zwłóknienia są niezbędne do opracowania skuteczniejszych metod leczenia tej rzadkiej, ale poważnej choroby34.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Scleroderma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scleroderma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351952
    Scleroderma happens when the body produces too much collagen and it builds up in body tissues. Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes up the body’s connective tissues, including the skin. […] Experts don’t know exactly what causes this process to begin, but the body’s immune system appears to play a role. Most likely, scleroderma is caused by a combination of factors, including immune system problems, genetics and environmental triggers.
  • #2 Scleroderma | Scleroderma Symptoms | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/scleroderma.html
    Scleroderma means „hard skin.” It’s the name of an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and thickening in the skin and other areas of the body. This inflammation causes you to have areas of tight, hard skin. Scleroderma may affect just one area of your body, or it can affect many systems in your body. […] The exact cause of scleroderma is unknown. Researchers think that several factors may play a part in causing the disease: […] Certain genes can increase the chance that you will develop scleroderma. They may also play a role in which the type of scleroderma you have. Scleroderma is not passed from parent to child, but you are more likely to develop it if a close relative has it. […] Exposure to certain things in the environment, such as viruses or chemicals, may trigger scleroderma. […] When your immune system changes, it can trigger your cells to make too much collagen in the body. Too much collagen causes patches of tight, hard skin. […] Hormonal or immune system differences between women and men might play a part in the disease.
  • #3 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430875/
    The exact etiology of systemic sclerosis is not completely understood, and it is believed that both genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to its development. […] Systemic sclerosis shows familial clustering and is associated with clusters of multiple other autoimmune diseases within families. […] Genomewide association studies have confirmed the involvement of the major histocompatibility complex genetic region in systemic sclerosis, akin to other autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Several environmental triggers are associated with the subsequent development of systemic sclerosis, including infectious agents such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, and parvovirus B19. […] Exposure to silica dust is also associated with systemic sclerosis, along with occasional exposure to other agents such as organic solvents, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, and polyvinyl chloride.
  • #4 Scleroderma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/scleroderma
    Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders happen when your immune system accidentally attacks your body instead of protecting it. Experts dont know why your immune system turns on you. Its like it can no longer tell the difference between whats healthy and whats not between whats you and whats an invader like bacteria or a virus. […] Experts dont know for sure what causes scleroderma. Some studies have found that it can run in families (meaning biological parents can pass it on to their children), but this is rare enough that theres no definite proof its a genetic disorder. […] Because experts dont know what causes it, theres no way to prevent scleroderma.
  • #5 Scleroderma Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/scleroderma
    Scleroderma is a type of autoimmune disorder. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissue. […] The cause of scleroderma is unknown. A buildup of a protein normally found in the body (called collagen) in the skin and other organs leads to the symptoms of the disease. […] Some people with scleroderma have a history of being around silica dust and polyvinyl chloride, but most do not. […] Widespread scleroderma can occur with other autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and polymyositis. These cases are referred to as undifferentiated connective tissue disease or overlap syndrome.
  • #6 What Is Scleroderma? Symptoms & Causes| NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/scleroderma
    The cause of scleroderma is unknown. However, researchers think that the immune system overreacts and causes inflammation and injury to the cells that line blood vessels. This triggers connective tissue cells, especially a cell type called fibroblasts, to make too much collagen and other proteins. The fibroblasts live longer than normal, causing a buildup of collagen in the skin and other organs, leading to some of the signs and symptoms of scleroderma. There can also be injuries to blood vessels. […] Researchers do not know the exact cause of scleroderma, but they suspect that several factors may contribute to the disease: […] Genes can increase the chance for certain people to develop scleroderma and play a role determining the type of scleroderma they have. You cannot inherit the disease, and it is not passed from parent to child like some genetic diseases. However, first-degree relatives of people with scleroderma are at higher risk of developing scleroderma than the general population.
  • #7 Scleroderma Systemic Sclerosis (SSC) Causes
    https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/scleroderma-systemic-sclerosis-ssc/causes
    While the cause of scleroderma is unknown, we do know that it is an autoimmune disease. This means the body’s natural immune system does not behave normally. Instead of serving to fight off infections from bacteria, viruses and the like, the immune system of a person with scleroderma attacks its own body. This damages blood vessels. […] The body’s response to damage to its own blood vessels is to make specific proteins, called collagen. The collagen repairs the damage by forming diffuse scars (fibrosis) throughout the blood vessels. The excess collagen can deposit in the skin, in turn causing the many skin changes seen with scleroderma. In addition, the fibrosis (growth of scar tissue) of the blood vessels leads to involvement of many of the internal organs.
  • #8 What causes Scleroderma? | Sclerodermie
    https://sclerodermie.ca/en/information-2/causes/
    It is difficult to say precisely what triggers this autoimmune disease, but some contributing factors have been identified : […] For these families, there is a genetic predisposition or susceptibility to the presence of those diseases. […] In scleroderma, the immune system gets confused and begins to kill off its own cells instead of defending itself from outside threats. This self-destruction by the immune system is called autoimmunity. This is why scleroderma is considered an autoimmune disease. […] It is unclear whether the fibroblast cell transformation is the result of damage to small vessels that supply blood to the organs of our body, or if the blood vessels disease results in a fibrosis reaction around the affected organs. […] Environment may also be contributing to triggering a cascade reaction resulting in scleroderma. For now, the cause for this disease is not known for the majority of patients. […] Autoimmune reaction primarily affects three types of cells: […] Lymphocytes, also called white blood cells, produce disease-specific autoantibodies that attack the body and contribute to the development and complications of SSc.
  • #9 What are the causes? – Scleroderma BC
    https://sclerodermabc.ca/scleroderma/causes/
    Environment may also be contributing to triggering a cascade reaction resulting in scleroderma. For now, the cause for this disease is not known for the majority of patients. […] Autoimmune reaction primarily affects three types of cells: Fibroblasts whose activity is increased resulting in excessive collagen production in the skin and internal organs; Endothelial cells of small blood vessels (capillaries) whose destruction leads to lack of blood flow (ischemia) and dysfunction of affected organs; Lymphocytes, also called white blood cells, produce disease-specific autoantibodies that attack the body and contribute to the development and complications of SSc.
  • #10 Scleroderma: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention Guide
    https://www.apollo247.com/blog/article/scleroderma-definition-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention
    Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis or systemic scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissues in the body. […] Research suggests that genetics play a role in the development of scleroderma. Individuals with a family history of autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma, may be at a higher risk. […] Some genetic mutations have been associated with an increased susceptibility to scleroderma. For example, certain variations in genes like HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DRB1 have been linked to the condition. […] Occupational exposure to certain environmental factors, such as silica dust or organic solvents used in industrial settings, has been studied as potential triggers for scleroderma. […] Some medications, particularly those used in cancer chemotherapy, have been associated with triggering scleroderma-like symptoms.
  • #11 Risk factors for and possible causes of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-factors-for-and-possible-causes-of-systemic-sclerosis-scleroderma
    Risk factors for and possible causes of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) […] The etiology of SSc is unknown. The remarkable complexity of its pathogenesis suggests that no single gene or environmental trigger is, by itself, likely to be responsible for the development of SSc. Nevertheless, genetic factors appear to influence disease susceptibility as well as patterns of disease expression and disease-associated autoantibodies. […] Exposure to viruses or to certain environmental toxins and drugs appears to trigger the development of disease in genetically susceptible hosts. […] Evidence for genetic factors contributing to disease susceptibility in systemic sclerosis (SSc) comes from a variety of observations. Studies of the Choctaw Native Americans in Oklahoma showed that the prevalence of SSc was 20 times higher than in the general population. Furthermore, disease expression in this cohort was remarkably homogeneous, with diffuse skin disease, lung involvement, and anti-topoisomerase I (Scl-70) antibodies detected in almost all affected individuals. The risk of SSc in first-degree relatives of individuals with SSc is markedly increased.
  • #12 Scleroderma: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/scleroderma-causes
    Scleroderma is rare. The Scleroderma Foundation estimates that about 300,000 people in the United States have some type of scleroderma. […] Researchers are looking into what actually causes scleroderma. We do know that this group of rare diseases is: NOT contagious, NOT a type of cancer, NOT an infection. […] We also know that a person develops scleroderma when the body makes too much collagen. This excess collagen is what causes the skin to thicken and harden. It can also cause hardening and thickening in the tendons, joints, and parts of the internal organs. […] Why this happens is still a bit of a mystery. Its believed that something in the persons immune system goes wrong, causing the body to make too much collagen. […] Its also possible that something in the persons environment could trigger scleroderma. […] As far back as 1914, weve noticed that scleroderma is more common in people exposed to silica dust. […] We also know that children who develop morphea, the most common type of scleroderma, are more likely to have a blood relative who has morphea. Genes may play a role.
  • #13 What Causes Scleroderma? – HealthyWomen
    https://www.healthywomen.org/ask-expert/what-causes-scleroderma
    We do not know what causes scleroderma, but some early research suggests the involvement of both environmental and genetic factors. […] It appears likely that some people are genetically predisposed to scleroderma. […] And some research shows that certain environmental factors or combinations of factors – exposure to certain chemicals, for example – may play a role in triggering the disease. […] Occupational exposure to silica dust (not silicone) has been linked to a scleroderma-like disease, particularly in men. […] Other substances linked to the development of scleroderma include paint thinners and certain chemotherapy drugs. […] Scleroderma, like other autoimmune diseases, develops when the immune system turns its infection-fighting weapons including antibodies against the body’s own healthy tissues. […] Researchers have discovered autoantibodies in scleroderma patients that are not seen in other autoimmune diseases. […] Learning how and why these antibodies form will lead to better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this disorder.
  • #14 Scleroderma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331864-overview
    The exact etiology of systemic sclerosis is not known. Systemic sclerosis is not inherited, although a genetic predisposition plays an important role in its development. In individuals with a genetic predisposition, environmental factors (eg, triggers or accelerators) may contribute to the development of systemic sclerosis. […] These factors include the following: Silica exposure, Solvent exposure (vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, epoxy resins, benzene, carbon tetrachloride), Radiation exposure or radiotherapy. […] Case reports describe the development of scleroderma in patients treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab for metastatic melanoma. […] Cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 5, and parvovirus B19 have been proposed as viral accelerating factors. However, evidence of their involvement is inconclusive.
  • #15 Scleroderma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroderma
    Scleroderma is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Mutations in HLA genes seem to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of some cases; likewise silica, aromatic and chlorinated solvents, ketones, trichloroethylene, welding fumes, and white spirits exposure seems to contribute to the condition in a small proportion of affected persons. […] The cause is unknown, but it may be due to an abnormal immune response. Risk factors include family history, certain genetic factors, and exposure to silica. The underlying mechanism involves the abnormal growth of connective tissue, which is believed to be the result of the immune system attacking healthy tissues.
  • #16 Scleroderma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/scleroderma
    Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease in which the body produces too much collagen, a fibrous protein that is a major component of the body’s connective tissues, including the skin, muscles, bones, tendons, and cartilage. […] Though doctors don’t yet know what causes scleroderma, it’s thought to be caused by a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have linked a number of genes to scleroderma that may make people more susceptible to the condition. People with a first-degree relative with scleroderma or certain autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, are at increased risk for the condition. Environmental exposures to certain chemicals, drugs, or viral infections have also been associated with the condition. […] Localized scleroderma has been associated with the following: Radiation therapy, Certain infections, including cytomegalovirus and Borrelia burgdorferi (a species of bacteria known to cause Lyme disease), among others, Certain medications, including the chemotherapy drug bleomycin and the opioid pentazocine, among others, Skin injury for instance, from surgery.
  • #17 Scleroderma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/scleroderma
    Scleroderma is a long-lasting autoimmune condition that can affect your skin, connective tissues, and internal organs. […] Doctors dont know what causes scleroderma. Its one of a group of conditions known as autoimmune conditions. Autoimmune conditions can run in families. Some of the factors that may play a part in your development of scleroderma include: […] Genetics. If your parents, siblings, or children have scleroderma, you have a higher chance of getting it than other people. […] Exposure to a triggering event. Some triggering events include exposure to certain chemicals, including silica gel, trichloroethylene, welding fumes, and some chlorinated or aromatic solvents. Other triggers include some prescription and recreational drugs, such as bleomycin and other chemotherapy drugs, penicillamine, appetite suppressants, vitamin K, and cocaine.
  • #18 Scleroderma Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/scleroderma
    Occupational exposure to certain chemicals can cause blood vessel constriction and attacks of Raynaud’s phenomenon. […] Studies have found, however, that certain industrial toxins are significantly associated with severe lung problems in people with scleroderma. The toxins most likely to be associated with severe disease include epoxy resins, pesticides, white spirit, organic solvents, and silica mixed with welding fumes. […] Radiation therapy has been reported to cause local patches of scleroderma (morphea) or worsen preexisting scleroderma in people.
  • #19 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430875/
    Notably, cigarette smoking is not a proven risk factor for systemic sclerosis. […] Several scleroderma-like disorders, which can be distinguished from systemic sclerosis by clinical, histopathological, and laboratory features, are associated with environmental exposures such as contaminated rapeseed cooking oil causing toxic oil syndrome and L-tryptophan linked to eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. […] In addition, certain drugs, such as bleomycin and cocaine, have been associated with developing systemic sclerosis-like illnesses.
  • #20 Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-systemic-sclerosis-scleroderma
    The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is complex and remains incompletely understood. Immune activation, vascular damage, and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix with deposition of increased amounts of structurally normal collagen are all known to be important in the development of this illness. […] Most hypotheses of the pathogenesis of SSc focus on the interplay between early immunological events and vascular changes, which result in the generation of a population of activated fibrogenic fibroblasts generally considered to be the effector cell in the disease. […] There is no doubt that vascular and immunologic processes are central to the pathogenesis of scleroderma, although it is unclear what the initial events are and how different processes respectively trigger, amplify, and facilitate the development of the skin- and organ-based fibrosis with vasculopathy that is the hallmark of the disease.
  • #21 About Scleroderma | Scleroderma Canada
    https://www.scleroderma.ca/about-scleroderma
    In systemic sclerosis the small blood vessels are damaged and become narrowed. It is this process that causes Raynauds Phenomenon and the painful ulcers that can occur on the fingers. Vascular damage also occurs in the internal organs and is responsible for scleroderma renal crisis and pulmonary hypertension. […] Systemic sclerosis immune system dysfunction results in an attack on the bodys own tissues and leads to inflammation. One way to detect activation of the immune system is to find antibodies in the blood that target the bodys own tissues. Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells, and are the foundation of our immune system. The term autoantibody is used when describing antibodies that target the bodys own tissues. […] A very specific set of autoantibodies is found in scleroderma, however it is not yet clear what role they play in damaging blood vessels or stimulating collagen overproduction. The autoantibodies found in systemic sclerosis patients can be thought of as footprints of the scleroderma disease process because they are only made under the very specific conditions typical of scleroderma.
  • #22 Scleroderma | Catalina Pointe Rheumatology
    https://www.catalinapointe.com/scleroderma
    While genes seem to put certain people at risk for scleroderma and play a role in its course, the disease is not passed from parent to child like some genetic diseases. […] Research suggests that exposure to some environmental factors may trigger sclerodermalike disease (which is not actually scleroderma) in people who are genetically predisposed to it. Suspected triggers include viral infections, certain adhesive and coating materials, and organic solvents such as vinyl chloride or trichloroethylene. But no environmental agent has been shown to cause scleroderma. […] By the middle to late childbearing years (ages 30 to 55) women develop scleroderma 7 to 12 times more often than men. Because of female predominance at this and all ages, scientists suspect that hormonal differences between women and men play a part in the disease. However, the role of estrogen or other female hormones has not been proven.
  • #23 Scleroderma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/scleroderma
    Changes in your immune system. If your immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in your blood vessels, the cells in your skin and connective tissues react by making too much collagen, which can cause the symptoms of scleroderma. […] Hormones. Like most autoimmune conditions, people assigned female at birth (AFAB) get scleroderma more often than people assigned male at birth (AMAB). Researchers think this may be because of hormone differences between these two groups of people.
  • #24 What are the causes? – Scleroderma BC
    https://sclerodermabc.ca/scleroderma/causes/
    It is difficult to say precisely what triggers this autoimmune disease. Some contributing factors have been identified: […] It is very rare to find another case of scleroderma within the same family. However, some family members may have Raynauds phenomenon or suffer from a collagenosis or a connective tissue disease. […] For these families, there is a genetic predisposition or susceptibility to the presence of those diseases. […] In scleroderma, the immune system gets confused and begins to kill off its own cells instead of defending itself from outside threats. This self-destruction by the immune system is called autoimmunity. This is why scleroderma is considered an autoimmune disease. […] It is unclear whether the fibroblast cell transformation is the result of damage to small vessels that supply blood to the organs of our body, or if the blood vessels disease results in a fibrosis reaction around the affected organs.
  • #25 Causes of Scleroderma – Scleroderma Education Project
    https://sclerodermainfo.org/faq/causes/
    The exact cause of scleroderma is unknown. There are a number of environmental factors that appear to be related to scleroderma or scleroderma-like illnesses, including exposure to silica dust, vinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and other organic solvents. Several studies have shown some evidence of geographic clustering, which is also consistent with possible environmental risk factors. Scleroderma is best thought of as a disease with two components: genetic susceptibility and a trigger event, for example, exposure to silica dust. […] A number of researchers have investigated the possible link between scleroderma and silicone breast implants (e.g., Lipworth et al. 2011). To date, all of these studies have shown no causal link. […] There is some research support for the idea that a subset of scleroderma patients may have mycoplasma or bacterial infections as a possible trigger for their scleroderma. It also appears that a significant percentage of Lyme disease patients may also have mycoplasma or other co-infections (Berghoff 2012). While there have not been any studies directly linking Lyme disease to scleroderma, the linkage between Lyme disease and mycoplasma co-infections suggest this may be a possible trigger for scleroderma in susceptible patients.
  • #26 Reddit – The heart of the internet
    https://www.reddit.com/r/scleroderma/comments/1aho1li/scleroderma_root_cause/
    It comes to around 2 to 3 persons in one lakh.. What is the major reason behind its development ones human body?? […] In my case what I feel is stress, and no genetic predisposition is causing auto immunity.
  • #27 Scleroderma – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/scleroderma-a-to-z
    Scleroderma is a poorly understood illness that causes widespread hardening of the skin, especially on the hands and face. […] The cause is unknown. For some reason, cells called fibroblasts make too much scar-type tissue in the skin and in organs throughout the body. […] A number of theories have been proposed to explain this, including abnormalities in blood vessel function, abnormal proteins and antibodies in the circulation, and abnormal amounts of chemical messengers instructing fibroblasts to become overly active. […] One theory suggests that leftover fetal cells can still be circulating in the mother’s bloodstream decades after pregnancy, and may play some role in triggering the autoimmune changes behind scleroderma. Genetic factors and infectious triggers have also been proposed.
  • #28 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma): Pictures, Symptoms, Causes
    https://www.healthline.com/health/scleroderma
    Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) causes the body to destroy healthy tissue. […] Systemic sclerosis (SS) is an autoimmune disorder that causes atypical growth of connective tissues. […] SS causes an immune response that destroys healthy tissue as an autoimmune disease because your body’s immune system mistakenly thinks your tissue is a foreign substance or infection. […] As previously mentioned, SS occurs when your body begins to overproduce collagen and it accumulates in your tissues. Collagen is the main structural protein that makes up all of your tissues. […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes the body to produce too much collagen. […] Experts may not know a cause, but the immune system and a combination of other risk factors play a role. […] Since scleroderma is an autoimmune condition, it may occur because your immune system destroys your connective tissues. […] An estimated 15 to 25 percent of people with SS also show signs of other connective tissue disorders, such as: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus. […] This overlap is also known as scleroderma overlap syndrome.
  • #29 Causes of Scleroderma: DNA, Genetics, Race
    https://sclero.org/scleroderma/causes/genetics/a-to-z.html
    Expression quantitative trait loci, (eQTL) analysis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) identifies new candidate genes associated with multiple aspects of disease pathology. […] Association of functional (GA)n microsatellite polymorphism in the FLI1 gene with susceptibility to human systemic sclerosis (SSc). Extended repeat alleles of FLI1 (GA)n microsatellite may be associated with lower FLI1 mRNA levels and susceptibility to human SSc. […] Defining genetic risk factors for scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) : IRF5 and STAT4 gene variants are associated with scleroderma while STAT4 is protective against scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. […] Changes in macrophage transcriptome associate with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and mediate GSDMA contribution to disease risk.
  • #30 Causes of Scleroderma | SRUK
    https://www.sruk.co.uk/scleroderma/understanding-scleroderma/causes-scleroderma/
    The cause of scleroderma is still unknown, although medical professionals are continuing to carry out research into possible causes and some connections have been made. […] There is some evidence of a genetic link to systemic sclerosis, although most people will not have a family member with the condition. […] Scleroderma is not contagious, so you cannot catch it or give it to anyone else.
  • #31 Scleroderma
    https://rheumatology.org/patients/scleroderma
    Scleroderma results from an overactive immune system causing inflammation and tissues changes, especially fibrosis. […] While there is no cure for scleroderma, there are treatments to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. […] In patients with even more progressive disease, treatment with nintedanib (Ofev) or rituximab can be tried.
  • #32 Scleroderma | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/scleroderma.html
    Scleroderma is thought to be an autoimmune disease. This means the symptoms are caused by the body attacking its own healthy tissues. Genes play a role in the disease, but the environment may also play a role. Family members of people with scleroderma have a mildly increased risk of developing scleroderma. But many people with scleroderma don’t have family members with the condition. […] There is no known cure. Treatment is focused on easing pain and slowing down further damage to the body.
  • #33 Scleroderma Definition, Symptoms, Diagnosis | Scleroderma Research Foundation
    https://srfcure.org/living-with-scleroderma/about-scleroderma/
    The cause of scleroderma is unknown. Doctors don’t know exactly what causes the abnormal collagen production to begin, but the body’s immune system appears to play a role. […] Therefore it’s thought that scleroderma may be caused by a combination of factors, including immune system problems, genetics, hormone changes, and environmental triggers.
  • #34 Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-systemic-sclerosis-scleroderma
    Considering the clinical differences between scleroderma and other autoimmune rheumatic diseases and the relatively modest effects that have been observed in clinical trials of immunosuppressive agents, it is perhaps surprising that genetic and serologic approaches to understanding scleroderma pathogenesis have highlighted the importance of cellular and humoral immunity. […] The multiple factors felt to be involved in the pathogenesis of SSc are reviewed here. The possible causes of SSc, as well as the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder, are discussed separately.